Tutorial S40 Time frame : 20 minutes

Date:

$ PROPERTIES OF METALS

- describe the general physical and *chemical properties of metals. (See Tutorial:S13).
- explain why metals are often used in the form of alloys
- identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures
- describe the idea of changing the properties of iron by the controlled use of additives to form alloys called steels
- state the uses of mild steel(car bodies and machinery) and stainless steel(chemical plant and cutlery)

Properties of Metals
The general physical properties and chemical properties of metals are learnt in Tutorial S13.

Afloys
An alloy is a uniform m........... of two or more metallic elements. C.................., in the form of graphite
may be a component, too.
An alloy is made by m............. the components together and solidifying the mixture.

Properties of alloys
The uses of a particular metal are governed by its c......................and p........................properties. In most
cases, a pure metal does not p...............all the desirable properties. To improve on its properties, this metal is
alloyed with one or more substances (usually metals or carbon).

Example 1:
Pure iron is soft.
When it is alloyed with silicon, carbon, manganese, chromium and vanadium, the resultant chromium-
vanadium steel is h ............... . It is used for making gears or tools which can w........................great pressure
without breaking.

Example 2:
Pure aluminium is soft.
It is mixed with copper, manganese and magnesium to form duralumin. Duralumin is a light but tough alloy
used for air ................. and bu ....................... structures.

Example 3:
Pure iron rusts and corrodes easily.
It is alloyed with carbon, chromium, nickel to form stainless steel. The alloy is sh.........in appearance and does
not corrode. It is a used extensively for making cutlery, tools , surgical instruments, etc.

Structural representation of Pure Metals and Alloys

A pure metal An a................

* Layers of atoms of a pure metal * The foreign atoms introduced,

are able to move I slide over each interlock between the atoms
other easily. and prevent them from sliding.
Some Common Alloys

Alloy Composition Advantages Some Uses

Brass 70% Cu Stronger and more malleable than For making musical instruments,
30% Zn copper; more attractive in ornaments and electrical contacts.
appearance.

Bronze 90% Cu
10% Sn ;
Stronger and more resistant to
corrosion more attractive in
appearance
For making sculptures, coins
and medals.

Duralu- 95% Al Light but much stronger than For construction of aircrafts,
mm 5% Cu/Mg aluminium. building structures.

Steel 99% Fe Harder and stronger than iron, For construction of machinery,
1%C has high tensile strength. bridges, ships and building.

Stainless 75% Fe; Hard, resistant to corrosion. For making cutlery and surgical
Steel 16% Cr Shiny and attractive in appearance. instruments.
8% Ni, l%C

Solder 70% Pb Low melting point, but high tensile For joining metals (welding)
30% Sri strength and plumbing.

'' means 'approximate'

Iron and its uses

Metal alloy Uses

(a)

-
Cast iron or
Pig-iron
Tapped from
It contains a high percentage (- 4.5%) of carbon,
and other impurities like su............, ph .................
and si ............... .It can be cast into different shapes
easily. It is heavy and brittle.
. Making cookers, stoves,
railings, engine blocks.

Blast Furnace

(b)
- Wrought iron
m.p 1500°C
Ox...........is passed over cast iron to burn off most
impurities in a special furnace,
Making iron chain, iron
gates, electromagnets.

(c) Mild steel % %

It is the pu .............. form of iron. It is malleable.

0.1 to 0.4 of carbon is added to wrought iron Making mo.......................

(d) Hard steel %

to make mild steel. It is not SO hard.

It contains 0.5-1.5 of carbon.

It is hard and can wit ................ high tensile stress
and strain.
bodies, tin-plates, piping.

C .................... of buildings,
bridges, ships, locomotives
etc and making tools.

(e) Stainless steel It contains 73% of iron, 1810/0 chromium, Making cu.................
8% nickel and 1% carbon. It is resistant to surgical tools, and widely
Co................ ..and has a sh...............appearance. used in chemical plants.
Exercise 40:

1. Which is NOT the reason for using an alloy and not a pure metal?
A. The alloy gives a better appearance.
B. The alloy always reacts faster than its pure metals.
C. The alloy is harder and stronger.
D. The alloy resists corrosion.

2. Which of the following is not an alloy?

A. tungsten B. type metal
C. tin amalgam D. German silver

3. Which one of the diagrams below represents the structure of an alloy?

A. 0 0 B. 0000 C. D.
0000 o•o
oocoo •o•o
oco o•o•

4. Match the alloy with its main constituent elements and suggest use.

Main constituent elements Alloys Uses

copper and tin • Solder • Making electrical connection

tin and lead • • Stainless steel • • Making medals, statues

copper and zinc • • Duralumin • Construction of aircrafts

iron and chromium • • Bronze • Joining metals together

aluminium and magnesium • • Brass • . Making cutlery, surgical tools

 Tutorial: S41 Time frame: 25 minutes
Date:

REACTIVITY SERIES I

- place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc with reference to
(a) the reaction, if any, of the metals with (i) water or steam (ii) dilute hydrochloric acid
(b) *the reduction, if any, of their oxides with carbon and hydrogen respectively
- account for the apparent unreactivity of aluminium in terms of the presence of an oxide layer which adheres to the metal

Reactivity Series of1 Metals

Metals are said to be electropositive because they lose their va ............. ci ................ (s) easily.
Na - e —* Na (univalent)
Al - 3e - A13 (trivalent)
Zn - 2e — Zn 2+ (divalent)

When metals are arranged in order of electropositivity, the electro-chemical series (ECS) is obtained.
This series also shows the order of the r........................of the metals and their compounds, thus called the
REACTIVITY SERIES of metals.

Consider the following metals:

K potassium — most electropositive, most reactive, forms most stable oxide
Na sodium
Ca calcium
Mg magnesium TREND I:Down the series
Al aluminium These metals become
Zn zinc less electropositive,
Fe iron less reactive and form
Sn tin less stable oxides.
Pb lead
(H) hydrogen * (Hydrogen is used as comparison.)
Cu copper
Ag silver - least electropositive, least reactive, forms least stable oxide

Reaction with water / steam and dilute hydrochloric acid

Metals displace(take over or 'kick out') hydrogen from cold water, steam and dilute acids. The conditions of
reaction vary with reactivity of the metals.

K These metals react with c.............water and displace hydrogen from water.
Na —> They react violently with dilute acids to give hydrogen.
Ca Ca ± 2H20 -> Ca(OH)2 + H2

Mg Excluding Al:
Magnesium reacts with hot water slowly.
(Al)* --4 These metals displace hydrogen from s..............when they are hot.
Zn They react with reducing acids, e.g dii HCl, to give hydrogen.
Fe ' These metals are commonly used in the laboratory to prepare h......................gas.

:1E
 v
Q: Complete the following equations:
Mg + 214200) - > Mg(OH)2 + ..............(g)
Zn + 2H20(g) —> ZnO + ..............(g)
3Fe + 4H20(g) -.- Fe30 + 4............(g)
Mg + 2HCI(aq) - > .............+ ..............(g)
Zn + 2HC1(aq) -> .............+ ..............(g)
Fe + 2HC1(aq) -> .............+ ..............(g)
Pb - It does not displace hydrogen from water or steam.
It only reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
(H)
Cu These metals are unr ....................... .
Ag J They do not dis................hydrogen from water or reducing acids.
They dissolve in concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

Note: (Al)* Al does not react with water or steam because it is covered by a layer of aluminium o ........... .
This oxide is ins......................in water. It makes the aluminium passive.
When Al is added to dilute acid, this oxide layer slowly d.................... ., thus exposing the metal.
The metal then reacts with acid liberating hydrogen gas.
Commercially, aluminium is anodised to give a thicker coating of aluminium oxide, hence
makes it more resistance to c ....................... .

Note Nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acids behave as ox....................agents. They oxidise
copper metal to Cu2 ions, and hydrogen is not liberated.

Reduction of oxides by Hydrogen, Carbon or, Carbon Monoxide

When a metal is reactive, it forms an oxide which is very stable. It is not easily reduced to the metal. Hydrogen,
carbon and carbon monoxide are reducing agents. They are arranged in increasing reducing property.

Na These metals are reactive, their oxides are very st ............... . They are not reduced by
Ca —> hydrogen, carbon or carbon monoxide to give the metals.
Mg
Al
Zn - Zinc oxide is not reduced by hydrogen, but it is reduced by carbon and carbon monoxide
to zinc.
ZnO + 2C0 > Zn + CO2

Fe These metal oxides are reduced by hydrogen, carbon and carbon monoxide.
Pb - CuO + H2 - Cu + H20
Cu PbO + H2 -> Pb + H20
Fe203 + .....CO > ...Fe + CO2

Hg Oxides of these metals are very unstable. They are easily decomposed
Ag ) by heat I light to give pure m ........... .
2HgO 2Hg + 02
Exercise 41j

1. A metal Z reacts very slowly with water but decomposes steam when at red hot. Z is likely to be
A. copper B. iron
C. magnesium D. potassium ( )

2. Which of the following oxides require the least energy to decompose?

A. silver oxide B. copper(II) oxide
C. zinc oxide D. sodium oxide ( )

3. During an experiment, dry hydrogen is passed over 2 heated solids.

solid 1 solid 2 hydrogen burning

Dry hydrogen

Solid 1 changed colour from black to red brown. Solid 2 remained white.
Which of the following could be the identity of the two solids?
Solid 1 Solid 2
A. iron(II) oxide magnesium oxide
B. iron(III) oxide zinc oxide
C. lead(II) oxide silver oxide
D. copper(II) oxide calcium oxide ( )

4. A certain reactivity series is given below:

most reactive least reactive

X Fe Pb Cu Hg Y

(a) Predict the products formed when oxide of X and oxide of Y are being heated strongly. Give reasons.

(b) Write a balanced equation to show each reaction, if any.

(i) X203
5. Given a reactivity series:
P Na Q Mg R Fe Cu S

Write down the metal P, Q , R or S which

(a) reacts with cold water violently. : ........................

(b) reacts with dilute acid but not hot water.

(c) does not react with dilute acid but dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid.

(d) reacts with cold water slowly.

(e) is recovered when its chloride is exposed to light. : ........................

(f) is extracted by reducing its oxide using carbon monoxide.

(g) is stored under oil. . ........................

(h) is used for making ornaments.

6. Which one of the apparatus is most suitable for investigating the reaction of a metal M with water?
Use each metal once only:

Iron Sodium Magnesium Calcium 1

hydrogen
(a) hydrogen (b)
—o M

steam
M1

M2 ................................

(c) (d) hydrogen

dilute hydrochloric acid

effervescent M3
M4 -

M3
 Tutorial : S42 Time frame: 25 minutes
Date:

REACTIVITY SERIES II

*describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive ion, illustrated by its reaction with
(a) aqueous ions of the other listed metals
(b) the oxides of the other listed metals
.*describe the action of heat on the carbonates of the listed metals
- deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of experimetntal results

Reactivy
it Series of Metals
Considering these metals:
K potassium - forms positive ions most readily, forms more stable compounds
Na sodium
Ca calcium
Mg magnesium TREND II:Down the series
Al aluminium These metals
Zn zinc form ions less readily, and
Fe iron form less stable carbonates.
Sn tin
Pb lead
(H) hydrogen * (It is used as comparison.)
Cu copper
Ag silver - forms positive ions least readily, prefers to remain as pure metals

Displacement reaction of one metal by another metal

Due to its readiness to give away electrons, a more reactive metal (more electropositive) displaces a
I...............reactive metal from
(a) an aqueous salt solution provided the more reactive metal does not react with w..................
(b) its oxide, when heated together.

r7 (a) Displacement From Salt Solutions:

Examples: Note the colour change in each case.'

(i) Zinc displaces copper from copper (II) sulphate solution.

In copper (II) sulphate solution , there are free Cu2 ions. When a piece of granulated zinc is
added to it, zinc metal dissolves. Being more electropositive, the Zn metal loses electrons
readily forming Zn2 ions. Cu2 ions ac............ the electrons and are deposited as copper metal.

grey blue solution colourless soin pink deposit

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) - ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) - ............(aq) + ............(s)

(ii) Copper displaces silver from silver nitrate(V) solution.

tpink colourless soin blue solution silver deposit

+ 2AgNO3(aq) - .............(aq) ± .............(s)
Cu(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag +(aq) -> Cu2+(aq) + 2......(s)

S
 Q Describe what happens when an iron nail is dropped into a solution of copper (II) sulphate.
Write a chemical equation and an ionic equation for the reaction.

(i) (s) + CuSO4(aq) —> ............. (aq) + ..........(s)

.........(s) + Cu 2+(aq) (aq) + ..........(s)

Exceptions: Very reactive metals, e.g. p..................and s........................react with water first and do
not displace other metals from aqueous salt solutions.

(b) Displacement From Its Oxide:

The reactants are mixed and heated strongly. The less reactive metal is formed.

(i) Al(s) + Fe203(s) - A1203(s) + Fe(s)

(ii) Mg(s) + ZnO(s) - (s)

........... + ........(s)

of heat on carbonates

Stability of carbonates of these metals decreases down the reactivity series.

Sodium and potassium carbonates are NOT decomposed by heat.

Na

Ca Carbonates of these metals decompose on heating to form the

Mg o ................ and c ................. d .................... .
Al
500'
Zn — CaCO3 C> CaO + CO2
Fe
Pb Decomposition of these carbonates occurs with in........................ease as it goes
(H) J down the series.
Cu -" MgCO3 - + CO2
FeCO3 - + CO2
Fe2(CO3)3 —> ........... + ......CO2
ZnCO3 — + CO2
CuCO3 — + CO2

Exercise 42:

1. Copper displaces silver from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate(V) because

A. copper atoms lose electrons more readily than silver atoms.
B. copper atoms can oxidise silver ions to silver atoms.
C. copper has a lower electrical conductivity than silver.
D. copper reacts more vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid than silver. ( )

2. Which of the following carbonates decomposes most readily when heated?

A. magnesium carbonate B. iron(II) carbonate
C. copper(II) carbonate D. zinc carbonate ( )

H~
3. Iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron metal by the following reaction:
Fe203 ± 3M ---> 2Fe + 3M0
Which could be M?
A. potassium B. calcium
C. aluminium D. lead
4. The table below shows the properties of four metals, J, K, L and M.

Element Reaction with a dilute acid Heat on carbonate

J Vigorously No effect
K No reaction K is obtained
L Slow Oxide of L is obtained
M No reaction Oxide of M is obtained

The correct order of these metals arranged in decreasing reactivity is

A. JKLM B. LJKM
C. J L M K D. K L M J ( )

5. Zinc, magnesium, silver and copper powder were added in excess to individual samples of iron(II)
sulphate(VI) solution. How many solutions remain green after a few days?
A. 3 B. 2
C. 1 D. 0 ()

6. Sodium does not displace magnesium from an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride because
A. sodium reacts with water first to liberate hydrogen gas.
B. sodium is less reactive than magnesium.
C. magnesium atoms are very soluble in water.
D. a layer of oxide coating is formed on sodium. ( )

7. Which one of the following reactions would you expect to take place?
A. Mg(s) + Ca 2,(aq) >Mg2 (aq) + Ca(s)
B. Cu (aq) + 2Na,(aq) - Cu2+(aq) + 2Na(s)
C. 3Zn(s) + 2Al(aq) > 3Zn2+(aq) + 2A1(s)
D. Fe(s) + 2Ag(aq) - Fe2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) ( )

8. A strip of metal X is dipped in the solution of Y and Z as shown:

metal X metal X

solution Y solution Z
metallic deposits
(a) Arrange the metals X, Y and Z in increasing reactivity, from left to right.

(b) Explain what would be observed if a strip of metal Z is dipped into a solution of Y.
9. (a) Write down the equation to show the reaction between:
(i) zinc and dilute sulphuric acid,

(ii) zinc and copper(II) sulphate solution.

(b) Pure zinc reacts slowly with dilute sulphuric acid to produce hydrogen gas. A little copper(II) sulphate
solution is added to speed up the reaction.
Explain why the volume of hydrogen formed decreases if more copper(II) sulphate solution is added.

(c) Describe briefly what you would observe if excess zinc granules are added to an aqueous solution of
copper(Ii) sulphate.
 Tutorial : S43 Time frame: 25 minutes
Date:

EXTRACTION OF METALS

- describe the ease in obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to the reactivity series
* describe the essential reactions in the extraction of iron from haematite

Extraction of Metals
The compound in which a metal is commonly and abundantly found is called the 'ore'.

Manuftire of;, raw materials

Iron is manufactured from iron ore, haematite. waste gases

It contains mainly ir ........ (III) o........, Fe203.
. 2000C
A BLAST FURNACE (about 30m high, 8m in
diameter), as shown in the Diagram 43(a),
is used. It is lined with firebricks.
BLAST FURNACE
Raw materials.
A powdered mixture of iron ore, coke and
limestone, is fed into the furnace through
the double-cone hopper at the top. I OOOC
Hot air is introduced through the ring main ring main
hot air
system. The air is preheated by the hot —molten slag
waste gases leaving the furnace. .. ---)Molten iron

Diagram 43(a)
The following reactions take place in the blast furnace:

Extraction of iron
(a) Coke bums to form carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide by red-hot coke.

C(s) ± 02(g) - ............(g) A H = -ye

(coke) (oxygen in air)

CO2 (g) + C(s) - 2..........(g) A H = +ve

Burning of coke releases a lot of h ........... . At the bottom, the temperature of the furnace is about 1600°C.
With other reactions taking place in the furnace, the temperature decreases up the furnace.

(b) Carbon monoxide or carbon reduces iron(III) oxide to iron.

Fe203(s) + C0(g) > ..... Fe(l) + CO2(g)

Fe203(s) + C(s) - .....Fe(l) ± CO2 (g)

The extracted iron is collected as molten iron (m.p. 1500°C) at the bottom. It is called cast iron.
C...............d.................and carbon m....................together with nitrogen and rare gases, leave the blast
furnace as waste gases.

H
I I
 Removal of Acidic Impurities
(c) The main impurity found in iron ore is si.............di..............(silica). It is an acidic oxide.
Limestone is first decomposed to ca............oxide, a basic oxide. Calcium oxide combines with silicon
dioxide to form slag, calcium silicate.
CaCO3 - CaO + ...............
CaO + Si02 - Ca...........
slag

Slag, being less dense than iron, floats on top of molten iron. It prevents the molten iron from coming
into contact with incoming hot ............ and becoming oxidised again.

Reactive metals form very stable compounds. Great amount of energy is needed to separate (extract) these
metals from their ore. In the process electrolysis, electricity provides the energy required for the extraction.
These metals are therefore costly to extract.
Unreactive metals tend to remain as elements. Their compounds are easily decomposed.

A Summary of Common Extraction Methods

Reactivity Metal Main Ore Method of Extraction

1
Potassium K
Chlorides
Sodium Na
Very Calcium Ca Electrolysis of molten ore
Carbonates
reactive Magnesium Mg
Aluminium Al bauxite, A1203

Zinc Zn zinc blende, ZnS Roasting of carbonates

Moderately) Iron Fe haematite, Fe203 and sulphides to form oxides;
reactive Tin S tinstone, Sn02 Reduction of oxides by carbon
Lead Pb galena, PbS or carbon monoxide

( Copper Cu malachite, CuCO3

cinnabar, HgS Roasting in air
Least ) Mercury Hg
reactive
Silver Ag
Free elements Mined as free elements.
Gold Au

Exercise 43:

1. Which substance cannot reduce iron(III) oxide to iron?

A. carbon monoxide B. hydrogen
C. chlorine D. carbon ( )

2. Which process is used to extract aluminium metal from its ore, bauxite?
A. Electrolysis of molten ore B. Roasting in air
C. Reduction by zinc D. Reduction using carbon monoxide ( )

E19
3. Which of the following metals requires the least energy to be extracted from its sulphide ore?
A. magnesium from magnesium sulphide B. iron from iron(II) sulphide
C. lead from lead(II) sulphide D. zinc from zinc sulphide ( )

4. Iron is extracted from its ore in a blast furnace.

(a) What is the main ore of iron?
(b) Name two other raw materials which are added
to the blast furnace through the double-cone hopper.
(c) What is the gas mixture that is introduced through
the ring main system at the base?
(d) Write down the reactions between this gas mixture
and the raw materials, leading to the extraction of
iron.

(e)(i) Name two gases, besides nitrogen, which are found

in the waste gases leaving the furnace.
(ii) Explain why nitrogen is present in the waste gas.

(iii) The waste gas leaving the furnace is hot,

suggest how it may be useful.
(f) Silica is the main impurity found in the ore.
Explain with equation, how it is removed.

(g) Name the substance floating on molten iron.

(h) Explain why molten iron does not react with hot air

26