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But, experimental study on RC members is very difficult. The aim of axial load level, section dimension and vertical and horizontal
the study is to obtain the MC relationship of RC shear walls. reinforcement. It is known that the best way is experimental
Additionally, it is aimed to determine the parameters which affect
study to determine parameters [10]. Moreover, in recent
MC relationship. While obtaining MC relationship of RC members,
XTRACT which can represent robustly the MC relationship is used. studies, it is tried to determine the parameters affecting
Concrete quality, longitudinal and transverse reinforcing ratios, are curvature ductility of RC columns by applying pushover
selected as parameters which affect MC relationship. As a result of analysis which has to be calculated to evaluate performance
the study, curvature ductility and effective flexural stiffness are and global ductility of RC structures [11]. Additionally, it is
determined using this parameter. Effective flexural stiffness is also researched in recent studies with MC curves considering
compared with the values defined in design codes.
asymmetrically reinforced cross-sections for RC beams [12].
Keywords—Moment-curvature, reinforced concrete, shear wall,
numerical. II. MOMENT AND CURVATURE
The behavior of RC structural members can be understood
I. INTRODUCTION by their MC relationships. These members can be subjected to
I T is known that the shear walls are the most critical bending or combination of bending and axial load. Strength,
elements of any RC building under earthquake loads. stiffness, and ductility characteristics of the cross sections can
Failure of one of shear walls could lead the building to be determined by the MC relationship [13]-[15]. Curvature (C)
collapse. Thus, behavior of the structures has to be known to is a geometrical parameter which represents deformation of a
design structures against earthquake loads. The behavior of cross section under bending load. The derivative of the
RC structures is determined according to the behavior of their inclination of the tangent with respect to arc length (Fig. 1) is
members. The behavior of RC members is evaluated with obtainable.
respect to the behavior and properties of the cross section. MC
relationship is one of the best expressions to represent cross d d2y 1
Curvature : (1)
sectional behavior. Cross sectional behavior can be best dy dx 2
determined by experimental studies. Experimental study is
difficult and not practical for these entire RC shear walls. For M EI: Flexural stiffness (2)
this reason, some complicated numerical iteration methods are EI
used to define MC relationship. In this study, XTRACT
program using one of these iteration method is utilised to MC relationship can be specified experimentally and
estimate the MC relationship. analytically. Because it is difficult to test RC members when
In recent years, many engineering applications [1], [2] are the MC is needed, factual analytical methods are highly
used to formulate MC relationship and to determine important. In the study, in order to obtain MC relationship for
parameters which can change MC relationship for RC RC shear walls, XTRACT program is used instead of
members. There are several formulations to determine MC experimental study. MC relationships of RC shear walls are
relationship [3], [4]. RC shear walls behave like columns obtained by using a cross sectional analysis program [16]. It is
an interactive program to analyze cross sections. The program
G. Dok is with the Civil Engineering Department, Sakarya University, can constitute MC relationship for concrete, steel, prestressed
Sakarya, 54050 Turkey (corresponding author, phone: +902642957415; e- and composite structural cross sections. It can analyze input of
mail: gdok@sakarya.edu.tr). any permissive cross section and any material input from the
H. Ozturk and A. Demir are with the Civil Engineering Department,
Sakarya University, Sakarya, 54050 Turkey (phone: +902642957037; e-mail:
nonlinear material models. MC relationship of RC shear wall
hakanozturk@ sakarya.edu.tr, aydindemir@ sakarya.edu.tr). is derived from XTRACT, and its bilinearized curves are
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 11(9) 2017 1209 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
Fig. 1 MC relationship
Fig. 2 MC bilinearization
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 11(9) 2017 1210 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
rectangular shear walls. Curvature ductility of each using curvature parameters, yield curvature (ϕy) and ultimate
rectangular cross section shear wall gets different values when curvature (ϕu) and moment parameters, yield moment (My)
reinforcing ratios and material type change. Each cross and ultimate moment (Mu), flexural stiffness (Effective EI)
sectional analysis is compared according to criteria which can and curvature ductility were created respectively. Having
change curvature ductility of rectangular shear wall cross performed the numerical analyses, these values of each cross
sections. Axial force value of shear walls is evaluated sections were compared according to the analysis results for
according to the codes which are shown in (3) and (4): each material class. Analyses results are given in Fig. 5, for
C20, C30, C40, C50.
Ndm 0.5 fckAc (TEC 2007) (3) In the study, three different longitudinal and five different
transverse reinforcing ratios are used for each concrete
Ndm 0.6 fckAc (TS 500) (4) material class. It can be understood from Fig. 6 that ductility
of the members improves as transverse reinforcing ratio
TABLE II
increases. Moreover, a grouping is experienced in MC
REINFORCEMENT CONFIGURATION OF CROSS SECTIONS relationship according to longitudinal reinforcing ratios. For
Web these reasons, it seems that the MC of all rectangular cross
Trans. Trans.
Concrete Longt. Rein. Longt. Rein sections shows nearly the same behavior. It is seemed from
Type Rein.
Trans. Rein.
Fig. 7 that curvature ductility of the cross sections decreases as
Open Science Index, Structural and Construction Engineering Vol:11, No:9, 2017 waset.org/Publication/10007841
8ф/14
Single ф12/250 the longitudinal reinforcing ratios increases.
8ф/18 ф8/100
Hoop ф8/100
8ф/22
TABLE III
Single 8ф/14 NUMBER OF ANALYSIS#
1 Tie ф12/250
8ф/18 ф8/100 Concrete Trans. Type Longt. Rein. Analysis #
ф8/100
C20 8ф/22 8ф/14 1
C30 Single 8ф/14 Single Hoop 8ф/18 2
2 Ties ф12/250
C40 8ф/18 ф8/100 8ф/22 3
ф8/100
C50 8ф/22 8ф/14 4
Double 8ф/14 Single
ф12/250 8ф/18 5
Hoop 8ф/18 ф8/100 1 Tie
ф8/100 C20 8ф/22 6
8ф/22 8ф/14 7
8ф/14 C30 Single
Triple ф12/250 C40 8ф/18 8
8ф/18 ф8/100 2 Ties
Hoop ф8/100 8ф/22 9
8ф/22 C50
8ф/14 10
Double Hoop 8ф/18 11
In all analyses, axial load is assumed to be constant and
8ф/22 12
1500 kN. 8ф/14 13
Triple Hoop 8ф/18 14
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8ф/22 15
C 20 1
3500 2
3
3000
4
5
2500
6
Moment (kN-m)
7
2000
8
9
1500
10
1000 11
12
500 13
14
0 15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Curvature (1/m)
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
3500
C 30 1
2
3
3000
4
5
2500
Moment (kN-m) 6
7
2000
8
1500 9
10
1000 11
12
500 13
14
0 15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
C 40 1
3500
2
3
3000
4
5
2500
6
7
Moment (kN-m)
2000
8
9
1500
10
1000 11
12
500 13
14
0 15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
C 50 1
3500
2
3
3000
4
5
2500
6
7
Moment (kN-m)
2000
8
9
1500
10
1000 11
12
500 13
14
0 15
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
Fig. 5 (d) MC relationship for C50
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
C 20
2500
2000
Moment (kN-m)
1500
1
1000
4
7
500
10
13
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Curvature (1/m)
Open Science Index, Structural and Construction Engineering Vol:11, No:9, 2017 waset.org/Publication/10007841
2500
C 30
2000
Moment (kN-m)
1500
1
1000
4
7
500
10
13
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
Fig. 6 (b) MC relationship with different transverse reinforcement type
C 40
2500
2000
Moment (kN-m)
1500
1
1000
4
7
500
10
13
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
2500
C 50
2000
1500
Moment (kN-m)
1
1000
4
7
500
10
13
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
Open Science Index, Structural and Construction Engineering Vol:11, No:9, 2017 waset.org/Publication/10007841
C 20
3500
3000
2500
Moment (kN-m)
2000
1500
13
1000
14
500
15
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Curvature (1/m)
Fig. 7 (a) MC relationship with longitudinal reinforcement type
3500
C 30
3000
2500
Moment (kN-m)
2000
1500
13
1000
14
500
15
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
Fig. 7 (b) MC relationship with longitudinal reinforcement type
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
3500
C 40
3000
2000
1500
13
1000
14
500
15
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
Open Science Index, Structural and Construction Engineering Vol:11, No:9, 2017 waset.org/Publication/10007841
3500
C 50
3000
2500
Moment (kN-m)
2000
1500
13
1000
14
500
15
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Curvature (1/m)
Fig. 7 (d) MC relationship with longitudinal reinforcement type
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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
Vol:11, No:9, 2017
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