Michael

Baxandall
Michael David Kighley Baxandall, FBA (18 August 1933 – 12 August 2008) was a British art historian and a professor
emeritus of Art History at the University of California, Berkeley. He taught at the Warburg Institute, University of London,
and worked as a curator at the Victoria and Albert Museum. His book Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy
was profoundly influential in the social history of art, and is (2018) widely used as a textbook in college courses.[1]

Contents
Career
Books
Death and legacy
Publications
See also
References
External links

Career
Baxandall was born in Cardiff, the only son of David Baxandall, a curator who was at one time director of the National
Gallery of Scotland. He went to Manchester Grammar School and studied English at Downing College, Cambridge, where
he was taught by F. R. Leavis. In 1955 he departed for the Continent. He spent a year at Pavia University (1955–56), then
taught at an international school in St. Gallen in Switzerland (1956–57), and finally went to Munich to hear the art
historian Hans Sedlmayr and where he worked with Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich on the court of Urbino at the
Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte. On his return to London in 1958 he began a long association with the Warburg
Institute, initially working in the photographic collection, where he met Kay Simon, whom he married in 1963. From 1959
to 1961 he was a junior fellow, working on his never-completed PhD, Restraint in Renaissance behaviour, under Ernst
Gombrich.

From 1961, he was Assistant Keeper in the Department of Architecture and Sculpture at the Victoria and Albert Museum,
returning to the Warburg Institute in 1965 as lecturer in Renaissance Studies. He was appointed to a chair by the
University of London in 1981, but increasingly spent his time in the United States. He was A. D. White Professor-at-Large
at Cornell University and became a half-time Professor of the History of Art at the University of California, Berkeley, in
1987. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991.[2] He was Slade Professor of Fine Art
at the University of Oxford for 1974–75.[3]

Books
His book Giotto and the Orators was published in 1971. This was followed in 1972 by Painting and Experience in Fifteenth
Century Italy, now considered a classic of art history, in which he developed the influential concept of the period eye.
These were followed by The Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany (1980), Patterns of Intention (1985), Tiepolo
and the Pictorial Intelligence (1994, with Svetlana Alpers), Shadows and Enlightenment (1994) and Words for Pictures
(2003). In all his work, Baxandall was concerned to illuminate artworks by a thorough exploration of the conditions of
their production – intellectual, social, and physical. In Limewood Sculptors this took the form of using "carvings as lenses
bearing on their own circumstances".

Despite his impact in "social" art history, Baxandall often retreated from Marxist or overly "contextual" approaches.[4] At
one point, he declared that he was just "trying to do Roger Fry...in a different way," and he often cited the impact of
Heinrich Wölfflin's book Classic Art.[5]

Death and legacy

Baxandall died in London from pneumonia associated with Parkinson's Disease. His concept of the period eye has
continued to gain in importance since his death.

Publications
Giotto and the Orators. Humanist observers of painting in Italy and the discovery of pictorial composition 1350-1450,
(1971), Oxford University Press.
Painting and Experience in 15th century Italy, (1972), (Oxford University Press).
The Limewood Sculptors of Renaissance Germany, (1980), (Yale University Press) (paperback 1982).
Patterns of Intention: On the Historical Explanation of Pictures, (1985)
Tiepolo and the Pictorial Intelligence, (with Svetlana Alpers), (1994)
Shadows and Enlightenment (1995)
Words for Pictures, (2003)
Pictures for words, (2004) (published under a pseudonym)

See also
Period eye

References
1. Shone, Richard and Stonard, John-Paul, eds.. The Books That Shaped Art History: From Gombrich and Greenberg to
Alpers and Krauss. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
2. "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf)
(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
3. "Oxford Slade Professors, 1870–present" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150213123228/http://www.hoa.ox.ac.uk/filea
dmin/hoa/documents/pdf/Oxford_Slade_Professors.pdf) (PDF). University of Oxford. 2012. Archived from the original
(http://www.hoa.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/hoa/documents/pdf/Oxford_Slade_Professors.pdf) (PDF) on 13 February 2015.
Retrieved 27 January 2015.
4. Baxandall, Michael. "The Language of Art History." New Literary History 10, no. 3 (1979): 453-65.
5. Shone, Richard and Stonard, John-Paul, eds.. The Books That Shaped Art History: From Gombrich and Greenberg to
Alpers and Krauss. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.

External links
Works by or about Michael Baxandall (https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-117251) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
The New York Times (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/arts/design/31baxandall.html)
"Obituary", (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2575466/Michael-Baxandall.html) Daily Telegraph, 17 August
2008
 Elizabeth McGrath "Obituary: Michael Baxandall", (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/26/historyand
historyofart) The Guardian 26 August 2008
Charles Saumarez Smith "Obituary: Michael Baxandall", (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-mi
chael-baxandall-influential-art-historian-with-a-rigorously-cerebral-approach-to-the-study-of-painting-and-sculpture-90
1782.html) The Independent, 19 August 2008
"Obituary", (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4613783.ece) The Times, 27 August 2008
Allan Langdale, ‘Interviews with Michael Baxandall, 3 and 4 February 1994, Berkeley, CA’ (http://arthistoriography.wor
dpress.com/number-1-december-2009/) Journal of Art Historiography Number 1 December 2009

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