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Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems: A Review

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 REVIEW ARTICLE

Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems: A Review

M Sowjanya1, Ch Venkata Prasada Rao1, P Srinivasa Babu1, Pallavi K1*
Abstract: Generally oral drug delivery systems do distribute the drug with no exacting release pattern and reach the targeted
system with less control effective concentration subsequently random plasma concentration. To overcome this difficulty a lot of
study and improvement had done, which has involved into NDDS i.e. novel drug delivery system. It’s a huge system dealing with
different release pattern like matrix, diffusion, osmotic floating liposome, nano particles, microsphere etc. These days aged as
well as innovative disease treatments utilize presently developed systems for its avoidance and heal which includes NDDS which
is beneficiary for patients. In NDDS, among all, osmotic drug delivery system is presently trendy in market because of its some
qualities over other delivery systems. In this review article collection of old to latest technologies of osmotic delivery systems
has been incorporated. Osmotic system is based on osmosis and osmotic pressure which is driving force for the solvent to pass
through semi permeable membrane until equilibrium occur between the two compartments i.e. internal and external. It mostly
consists of three things-a semi permeable membrane, a core and a delivery orifice.

INTRODUCTION imbibitions of fluid from external atmosphere into the

Conventional drug delivery systems have small control
over their drug release and almost no control over the
successful concentration at the target site. This kind of
dosing pattern may result in continuously varying, random
plasma concentrations. Drugs can be delivered in a
controlled prototype over a long period of time by the
controlled or altered release drug delivery systems. They
contain dosage forms for oral and transdermal
organization as well as inject able and implantable systems.
For most of drugs, oral route remains as the most
satisfactory route of administration. Definite type of
molecules may have low oral bioavailability because of
solubility or permeability limitations. Development of an
extended release dosage form also requires sensible
absorption throughout the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT).
Among the obtainable techniques to improve the
bioavailability of these drugs production osmotic drug
delivery system is the most appropriate one. Osmotic drug
delivery systems (OSCDDS) discharge the drug with the
zero order kinetics which does not depend on the initial
concentration and the physiological factors of GIT. [1]
CONCEPT OF OSMOSIS
Osmolarity
Osmolarity is the number of osmoses per liter of solution.
Osmolality
Osmolality is the number of osmoses per Kg of water.
Osmosis
Osmosis refers to the process of association of solvent
molecules from lesser concentration to higher
concentration across a semi permeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a solution in
which the scale of osmotic pressure of the solution is self
governing on the number of separate entities of solute
present in the solution. Osmotic pressure produced due to
dosage form regulates the delivery of drug from osmotic
device. Speed of drug release from osmotic pump is
straightly proportional to the osmotic pressure developed
due to imbibitions of fluids by Osmogens. [2]
Principles of Osmosis [3-5]
The first information of an osmotic effect dated to
Abbenollet (1748). But Pfeffer obtained the first
quantitative measurement in 1877. In Pfeffer investigation,
a membrane porous to water but opposing to sugar is used
to separate a sugar solution from pure water. A flow of
water then takes place into the sugar solution that cannot
be halted until a pressure π is helpful to the sugar solution.
Pfeffer showed that this pressure, the osmotic pressure π of
the sugar solution is straightly relative to the solution
concentration and the absolute temperature. Within few
years, Vant Hoff had shown the resemblance between these
results and ideal gas laws by the express:
π = Ø C RT
Where, Ø = Osmotic pressure, π = osmotic coefficient, C
= molar absorption, R = gas constant, T = Absolute
temperature.
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, which
depends on concentration of solute that contributes to
osmotic pressure. Solutions of dissimilar concentrations
having the similar solute and solvent system disclose an
osmotic pressure relative to their concentrations. Thus a
steady osmotic pressure and there by a constant influx of
water can be achieved by an osmotic delivery system that
outcomes a constant zero order release rate of drug.
Osmotic pressure for concentrated solution of soluble
solutes typically used in controlled release formulation are
chiefly high ranging from 30 atm for sodium phosphate up
to 500 atm for a lactose-fructose mixture, as their osmotic
pressure can generate high water flow across semi
permeable membrane. The osmotic water flow through a
membrane is given by the equation;

dv\dt = A Q Δ π\ L
1Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi-522213, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh,
India.
E-mail: pallavi1203@gmail.com Where, dv\dt = water stream across the membrane of
*Corresponding author area A in cm2, L = thickness, Q = permeability, Δ π = the

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 REVIEW ARTICLE
Figure 1: Basic components of OSCDDS system
osmotic pressure dissimilarity between the two solutions
on either side of the membrane. This equation is strictly for
totally perm discriminating membrane that is membrane
porous to water but completely impermeable to osmotic
agent.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
About 75 years after finding the osmosis principle, it was
first used in the plan of drug delivery systems. [6] Rose and
Nelson, the Australian scientists, were initiators of osmotic
drug delivery. In 1955, they industrialized an implantable
pump, which contains three chambers: a drug chamber, a
salt chamber contains overload solid salt and a water
chamber. The drug and water chambers are alienated by
unbending semi permeable membrane. The dissimilarity in
osmotic pressure across the membrane moves water from
the water chamber into the salt chamber. The quantity of
the salt chamber increases because of this water flow,
which distends the latex diaphragm unraveling the salt and
drug chambers, thereby pumping drug out of the device.
The plan and device of this pump is similar to new push-
pull osmotic pump. The main negative aspect of this pump
was the water chamber, which must be stimulating before
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use of the pump. The pumping speed of this push-pull
pump is given by the equation;
dM/dt = dV/dt x c
In common, this equation, with or without some
modifications, applies to all other type of osmotic systems.
Numerous modifications in Rose-Nelson pump were
prepared by Alza Corporation in early 1970s. The Higuchi-
Lee per pump is personalized version of Rose Nelson
pump. It has no water chamber and the device is activated
by water imbibed from the near environment. The pump
is activated when it is implanted in the body. This pump
consists of a hard accommodation and the semi
permeable membrane (SPM) is supported on a perforated
frame. It has a salt chamber containing a fluid solution
with overload solid salt. Recent alterations in Higuchi-Lee
per pump accommodated pulsatile drug delivery. The
pulsatile release was achieved by the invention of a grave
pressure at which the delivery orifice opens and releases
the drug. [6-7] Further simplified variant of Rose-Nelson
pump was developed by Higuchi and The Euwes. This
pump comprises a rigid, rate controlling outer semi
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Table 1: Basic Components of OSCDDS System

Components Examples
Water-soluble salts of inorganic acids
Magnesium chloride or sulfate; lithium, sodium, or potassium chloride; sodium or potassium
hydrogen phosphate
Water-soluble salts of organic acids
Sodium and potassium acetate, magnesium succinate, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium
Osmotic Agents ascorbate
Carbohydrates
Mannose, sucrose, maltose, lactose
Water-soluble amino acids and organic polymeric Osmogens
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Hydroxy ethyl methyl cellulose,
Methylcellulose, Polyethylene oxide, Polyvinyl pyrollidone etc.
Hydrophilic polymers
Hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, carboxyl methylcellulose, hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose, high molecular
Hydrophilic and
weight poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)
Hydrophobic Polymers
Hydrophobic polymers
Ethyl cellulose and wax materials
Hydrophilic substances
Polyethethylene glycols (300 to 6000 Da), polyhydric alcohols, polyalkylene glycols
Flux Regulating agents
Hydrophobic materials
Phthalates substituted with an alkyl or alkoxy (e.g., diethyl phthalate or di methoxy ethyl phthalate)
Colloidal silicon dioxide, kaolin, titanium dioxide, alumina, niacinamide. sodium lauryl sulphate
Wicking agent (SLS), poly (vinyl pyrrolidone), m-pyrol, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate, polyester and
polyethylene
Cellulose acetate, cellulose dilacerate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate
Semi permeable Polymers
butyrate, ethyl cellulose and eudragits
Methylene chloride, acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate,
Coating solvent
cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, water
Di alkyl phthalates and other phthalates, tri octyl phosphates and other phosphates, alkyl adipates,
Plasticizers tri ethyl citrate and other citrates, acetates, propionates, glycolates, glycerolates, myristates,
benzoates, sulphonamides and halogenated phenyls
Alkaline metal salts
such as sodium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, potassium
sulphate, potassium phosphate etc.,
Alkaline earth metals
Pore forming agents
such as calcium chloride and calcium nitrate,
Carbohydrates
such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannose, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol and diols Polyols such as
poly hydric alcohols and polyvinyl pyrrolidone

permeable membrane surrounding a solid layer of salt 9. The release rate of osmotic systems is highly expected
coated on the inside by an elastic diaphragm and on the and can be planned by modulating the release control
outside by the membrane. In use, water is osmotically parameters.
drawn by the salt chamber, forcing drug from the drug
chamber. [8] DISADVANTAGES [9, 10, 14, 15]
1. Special equipment is necessary for making an orifice in
ADVANTAGES [9-13] the system.
1. They typically give a zero order release summary after 2. It may cause irritation or ulcer due to release of soaked
an initial lag. solution of drug.
2. Deliveries may be belated or pulsed if preferred. 3. Dose dumping.
3. Drug discharge is free of gastric pH and hydrodynamic 4. Retrieval therapy is not possible in the case of
state. unpredicted adverse events.
4. They are well unspoken and characterized. 5. Luxurious.
5. The release mechanisms are not dependent on drug. 6. If the coating process is not well controlled there is a
6. A high quantity of in-vitro and in-vivo correlation (ivivc) danger of film defects, which outcome in dose
is obtained in osmotic systems. discarding.
7. Superior release rates are promising with osmotic 7. Size hole is dangerous.
systems compared with predictable diffused controlled
drug delivery systems. LIMITATIONS
8. The release from osmotic systems is modestly affected 1. It may cause frustration or ulcer due to release of
by the presence of food in gastro intestinal tract. soaked solution of drug.

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 REVIEW ARTICLE
Figure 2: Laser drilling process [31]
2. Extraordinary equipment is necessary for creating the
orifice in the system.
3. Habitation time of the system in the body varies with
the gastric motility and food eating.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DESIGN OF OSMOTIC
CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Drug Solubility
For the osmotic system, solubility of drug is one of the most
essential parameters affecting drug release kinetics from
osmotic pumps. The kinetics of osmotic drug release is
directly related to the drug solubility within the drug core.
Assuming a tablet core of pure drug, the portion of core
released with zero-order kinetics is given by equation. [16]
F(z) = 1 – S/ρ (1)
Where, F (z) = fraction released by zero-order kinetics,
S = drug’s solubility (g/cm3) and ρ = density (g/cm3) of the
core tablet.
Drugs with a density of unity and the solubility ≤ 0.05
g/cm3 would be released with ≥ 95% zero order kinetics,
according to Eq. (1). At the same time, highly water-soluble
drugs would reveal a high release rate that would be zero-
order for a small percentage of the primary drug load.
Thus, the inherent of water solubility of many drugs might
prohibit them from amalgamation into an osmotic pump.
[17]
Applicant drugs for osmotic delivery have water
solubility in the range 50–300 mg/ml. Some of the
approaches that have been used to change the drug
solubility within the core include (1) co-compression of the
drug with excipients, which change the drug’s solubility
within the core, [18] (2) use of fizzy mixtures to speed up the
release of badly soluble drug from the orifice, [19] (3) use of
various cyclo dextrin derivatives to solubilize poorly water
soluble drug, [20-22] (4) use of substitute salt form that has
best possible water solubility, [23] (5) use of encapsulated
excipients, [24] (6) use of lyo tropic crystals, [24, 25] (7) use of
wicking agents. [26, 27]
Delivery Orifice
Greater part of osmotic delivery systems contain at least
one delivery orifice formed in the membrane for drug
release. Size of delivery orifice must be optimized to
manage the drug release from osmotic system. The size of
the delivery orifice must be lesser than a maximum size to
minimize drug delivery by diffusion through the orifice.
Additionally the area must be sufficiently large, above a
maximum size to minimize hydrostatic pressure increase in
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the system. If not the hydrostatic pressure can demolish
the membrane and affect the zero-order delivery rate
consequently, the cross-sectional area of the oral cavity
should be maintained between the minimum and maximum
values. [28, 29] Methods to produce a delivery orifice in the
osmotic tablet coating are:
1. Laser Drill
This skill is well recognized for producing sub-millimeter
size hole in tablets. Normally, CO2 laser beam (with output
wavelength of 10.6 μ) is used for drilling purpose. It offers
outstanding consistency characteristics at low costs. [30, 31]
In simple words, the tablets in which holes are to be
formed are stimulating in the hopper. The tablets drop by
gravity into the slots of the revolving feed wheel and are
approved at an approved velocity to the passageway
forming location.
At the passageway forming location, each tablet is
tracked by an optical tracking system.
2. Indentation that is Not Covered During the Coating
Process [32]
Indentation is made in core tablets by using customized
punches having needle on upper punch. This indentation is
not enclosed during coating process which acts as a trail for
drug release in osmotic system.
3. Use of Leachable Substances in the Semi Permeable
Coating
Inclusion of water-soluble additives in the membrane wall
is the most extensive reported method for the
configuration of pores in CPOP take place. Examples are
shown in the Table 1, these water-soluble additives
dissolved and coming in make contact with water, leaving
behind pores in the membrane through which drug release
takes place. [32]
4. Systems with Passageway Produced In-Situ
The system consists of a tablet core of the drug along with
water-swell able polymer and osmotic agents, which is
bounded by a rate-controlling membrane. In contact with
the aqueous environment, water is imbibed osmotic ally at
a prohibited rate and water swell able polymer expands as
the osmotic agents dissolves and increases the osmotic
pressure within the tablet. This results in a rate-
controlled small development of the partly hydrated core.
The development of core causes a small opening to form at
the edge of the tablet from where the formulation is
released. [33]
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Table 2: Classification of Osmotic Drug Delivery System

Type of Osmotic
Composition Mechanism of Action Advantages Figures
Pump
Imbibes water through
Osmotic core
the SPM because of the
(containing drug with
osmotic pressure
or without an
gradient and forms a
Osmogens) coated Suitable for delivery
Single chamber saturated solution inside
with a semi of drugs having
Osmotic Pump the device. This increases
permeable moderate water
Elementary Osmotic the hydro static pressure
membrane (SPM) solubility
Pump [35, 36] inside the tablet and
and a small orifice is
forces the soaked drug
created in the
solution through the oral
membrane
cavity present in the
membrane.

Purpose of second
Multi-chamber chamber is either dilution
Osmotic Pump with devices comprise of of drug solution exit the Relatively un soluble
Non-Expanding systems containing a device (mostly useful in drugs can also be
Second Chamber [37] non-expanding managing drugs with high delivered
second chamber. incidence of GI irritation)
or immediate delivery of
two drugs

When the dosage form

comes in contact with the
Two compartments:
aqueous environment,
Upper compartment
both compartments Delivers both greatly
(drug compartment)
ingest the water at the water-soluble
Multi chamber contains the drug
same time. (oxybutynin
osmotic pump along with osmotic
Because the lower hydrochloride) and
Push-pull osmotic ally active agents.
segment is devoid of any basically water-
pump (PPOP) [38, 39] Lower compartment
orifice, it expands and insoluble (nifedipine,
(push compartment)
pushes the diaphragm glipizide) drugs.
contains the
into the higher drug
polymeric osmotic
chamber, thereby
agents.
releasing the drug via the
release orifice.
CPOPs are related to After coming in contact Eliminates the need
EOP, the only with water, water soluble for a separate
variation is being preservatives present in modern step and
that the delivery the coating dissolves and (creating an orifice
Modified Osmotic
orifice from which it results in an in situ using a laser drilling
Pumps
the drug discharge formation of a micro machine).
Controlled
takes place is porous membrane as Is Suitable for
porosity osmotic
produced by shown in figure. The delivery of drugs
pumps (CPOP)
[40-42]
integration of a release of drug takes having intermediate
water-soluble place through these micro water solubility and
preservative in the porous channels as limits of water
coating. shown in figure. solubility by some
modifications

The osmotic pressure

incline induces a water
Pellets containing influx, resulting in a rapid
Multi particulate
drug with or without expansion of the
Delayed-Release
osmotic agent are membrane, leading to the
System [43, 44]
coated with an SPM. formation of pores. The
osmotic component and
the drug are free through
these pores

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Water imbibitions by the MOTS for a water-

A simple diffusion of vigorous agent takes unsolvable drug were
Monolithic Osmotic a water-soluble place that ruptures the industrialized by
tablet Systems mediator is made in a polymer matrix capsule using gum Arabic as
(MOTS) [45] polymer matrix. surrounding the agent, the osmotic,
thus healing it to the suspending and
outside environment. growing agent.

Directly after eating, hard

gelatin capsule shell
dissolves. Enteric coating
System can be a on the system prevents
single osmotic unit or entry of fluid from
it may include as stomach to the system
OROS-CT many as 5–6 push– and it dissolves after in
[46] pull units enclosed coming into intestine. The
within a hard gelatin drug is delivered out of
capsule. the orifice at a rate
controlled by the rate of
water transport
transversely the
membrane.

After approaching in
Tablet core
contact with the aqueous
Sandwiched consisting of a center
environment, the middle System delivers drug
osmotic tablet push layer and two
push layer containing from two opposed
(SOTS) [47] attached drug layers
swelling agent swells and orifices.
is coated with a SPM.
the drug is free from the
delivery orifices.

Two types: L-OROS

Soft cap and L-OROS
hard cap. The growth of the
In Soft cap, Liquid osmotic layer results in
drug formulation is the development of
To deliver APIs as
present in a soft hydrostatic pressure,
liquid formulations
gelatin capsule, thereby forcing the liquid
and combine the
which is enclosed formulation to smash
Liquid OROS reimbursement of
with the barrier through the hydrated
controlled release comprehensive
layer, the osmotic gelatin capsule shell at
system (L-OROS) [48, release with high
layer and the release the delivery orifice.
49] bioavailability. It is
rate-controlling Water is imbibed across
appropriate for
membrane. the SPM, increasing the
controlled delivery of
In hard cap, it osmotic engine, which
lipophilic APIs
consists of a liquid pushes next to the fence,
drug layer and an releasing the drug
osmotic engine, all through the delivery
enclosed in a hard orifice.
gelatin capsule and
coated with SPM.

When it is located in
aqueous surroundings,
Similar to an EOP
Osmotic bursting water is imbibed and This system is helpful
expect delivery
osmotic pump [50] hydraulic pressure is to give pulsated
orifice is absent and
built up in until the wall release.
size may be lesser.
break and the content are
free to the surroundings.

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Provides the most

advantages for
OROS Push-Stick It consists of a bi
Alike as PPOP tablets compounds with low
Technology layer capsule formed
water solubility and
tablet.
dosage better than
150 mg.

Imbibitions of water
Asymmetric Capsule wall up of through the capsule wall High water
membrane capsule water insoluble semi and dissolving soluble permeability and
[51, 52] permeable polymer components within it and forbidden porosity
releasing from same wall
This tool contains of
two chambers, the As fluid is imbibed the
first contains the housing of the providing
Telescopic capsule
drug and an outlet device, the osmotic
for delayed release
[53, 54]
port and the second engine expand and exerts
contains osmotic pressure on the slid able
engine. Layer of wax- connected first and
like material divides second wall sections.
the two sections.

Table 3: Evaluation Parameters of Oral Osmotic Drug Delivery System

Evaluation of Powder Evaluation of Osmotic Tablet Stability Studies

Weight of powder Hardness Effect of osmotic pressure
Bulk density Thickness Effect of pH on drug release
Tapped density Friability Measurement of orifice diameter
Carr’s index Weight uniformity In vitro drug release
Angle of repose In vivo Evaluation

Table 4: List of Marketed Products

Trade Name Active Ingredient Design System Dose (mg)

Alpress LP Prazosin Push -Pull 2.5-5
Acutrim Phenylpropanolamine Elementary pump 75
Cardura XL Doxazosin Push-Pull with time delay 4,8
Covera HS Verapamil Push -Pull 180,240
Ditropan XL Oxybutinin chloride Push -Pull 5,10
Dynacirc CR Isradipine Push -Pull 5,10
Invega Paliperidone Push -Pull 3,6,9
Efidac 24 Chlorpheniramine maleate Elementary pump 4 IR,12 CR
Glucotrol XL Glipizide Push -Pull 5,10
Minipress XL Prazocine Elementary pump 2.5,5
Procardia XL Nifedipine Push -Pull 30,60,90
Sudafed 24 Pseudoephedrine Elementary pump 240
Volmax Sabutamol Elementary pump 4,8
Tegretol XR Carbamazepine 100,200,400
Viadur Leuprolide acetate Implantable osmotic system
Chronogesic Sufentanil Implantable osmotic system
Concerta Methyl phenidate Implantable osmotic system 18, 27, 36 and 54

Osmotic Pressure osmotic pressure, an additional osmotic agent must be

The subsequently release-controlling factor that must be
optimized is the osmotic pressure gradient between inside
the section and the external environment. The release rate
of a drug from an osmotic system is straightly proportional
to the osmotic pressure of the core relative to the osmotic
pressure of the core The simplest and most expected way
to achieve a constant osmotic pressure is to maintain a
soaked solution of osmotic agent in the compartment. If a
soaked solution of the drug does not possess enough
added to the core formulation. The addition of carbonate or
bicarbonate salt to the drug chamber offers an benefit since
the fizzy action prevents the precipitated drug from
overcrowding the delivery orifice in the tablet. [34]
Polymeric Osmogens are mainly used in the manufacture of
PPOPs and other customized devices for controlled release
of drugs with poor water solubility. These are swell able,
hydrophilic polymers that interact with the aqueous fluids
and swell or expand to a balanced state.

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Semi Permeable Membrane [28, 41]
Some of the membrane variables that are significant in the
devise of oral osmotic system are: Cellulose acetate,
cellulose dilacerate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose
propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose and
eudragits.
Type and Nature of Polymer
Any polymer porous to water but impermeable to solute
can be selected. Some of the polymers that can be used for
above purpose included in (Table 1).
Membrane Thickness
Thickness of the membrane has a perceptible result on the
drug discharge from osmotic system, which is inversely
relative to each other. It is helpful in the valuation of
OSCDDS which is shown in the (Table 3).
Type and Amount of Plasticizer
In pharmaceutical coatings, low molecular weight diluents
are added to change the physical properties and get better
film-forming individuality of polymers. Visco elastic
performance of polymers significantly. In particular,
plasticizers can turn a hard and fragile polymer into a
softer, more flexible material and possibly make it more
resistant to automatic stress. These changes also affect the
permeability of polymer films.
CONCLUSION
Osmotic pumps have come a long way in the field of drug
delivery, starting from complex systems developed for
research purposes to the osmotic pumps used for humans.
Osmotic drug delivery systems are based on utilization of
osmosis as driving force for drug delivery. Since its origin
25 years ago, osmotic drug delivery systems have come a
long way and are still used as research tool to study the
delivery of drugs with different physicochemical and
pharmacokinetic properties. The release of drug(s) from
these types of systems is affected by various formulation
factors such as solubility and osmotic pressure of the core
component(s), membrane characteristics and size of the
delivery orifice. By modulating these formulation factors, it
is possible to use these systems to deliver variety of drugs
of at a pre-programmed rate. The products available in the
market, patents done till date and effectiveness obtained
for osmotic products are indicative of success of this drug
delivery in future too.
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Cite this article as: M Sowjanya, Ch Venkata Prasada
Rao, P Srinivasa Babu et al. Osmotic Drug Delivery
Systems: A Review. Inventi Rapid: NDDS, 2017(3):1-9,
2017.
9 2017 pndds 22672 © Inventi Journals (P) Ltd
Published on Web 15/06/2017, www.inventi.in