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10/6/2003 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1 10/6/2003 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 3
FIR H ( e jωˆ ) = h[0] + h[1] e − jωˆ + h[2] e − j 2ωˆ + h[3] e − j 3ωˆ + "
ω̂ ω̂
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Ex: DELAY by 2 SYSTEM DELAY by 2 SYSTEM
Find h[n ] and H (e jωˆ ) for y[n ] = x[n − 2] Find h[n ] and H (e jωˆ ) for y[n ] = x[n − 2]
x[n] y[n] bk = { 0, 0, 1 } x[n]
δ [n − 2] y[n]
h[n ] M
h[n ] = δ [n − 2] H ( e ) = ∑ δ [k − 2] e − jωˆ k
jωˆ
H ( e jω̂ )
k =0
H ( e jω̂ )
x[n] y[n]
e − j 2ω̂
x[n] y[n] k = 2 ONLY
ω̂ ω̂ ω̂ ω̂
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Find h[n ] and H (e jωˆ ) for y[n ] = x[n − nd ] START with H (e jω̂ ) and find h[n ] or bk
h[n ] = δ [n − nd ] x[n]
h[n ] y[n]
h[n ] = ?
M
H ( e ) = ∑ δ [k − nd ] e − jωˆ k = e − jωˆ nd
jωˆ
H ( e jωˆ ) = 7e − j 2ωˆ cos(ωˆ )
k =0
x[n] y[n]
ONLY ONE H ( e jω̂ )
non-ZERO TERM
for k at k = nd ω̂ ω̂
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FREQ DOMAIN --> TIME PREVIOUS LECTURE REVIEW
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π to +π
DENSE GRID (ww) from -π π
ww = -pi:(pi/100):pi;
HH = freqz(bb,1,ww) jωˆ
H (e ) = ( 2 + 2 cos ωˆ )e − jωˆ
RESPONSE at π/3
ω̂
k =0
π
−10/6/2003 π
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ω̂ (radians)
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EXAMPLE 6.2 EXAMPLE 6.2 (answer)
Find y[n ] when H ( e jωˆ ) is known Find y[n ] when x[n ] = 2 cos( π3 n + π4 )
and x[n ] = 2 cos( π3 n + π4 ) 2 cos( π3 n + π4 ) = e j (π n / 3+π / 4 ) + e − j (π n / 3+π / 4 )
x[n] y[n] ⇒ x[n ] = x1[n ] + x2 [n ]
H ( e jω̂ )
ω̂ ω̂ y1[n ] = H ( e jπ / 3 )e j (π n / 3+π / 4 )
H ( e ) = ( 2 + 2 cos ωˆ )e − jωˆ
jωˆ y2 [n ] = H ( e − jπ / 3 )e − j (π n / 3+π / 4 )
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⇒ y[n ] = y1[n ] + y2 [n ]
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EX: COSINE INPUT (ans-2) SINUSOID thru FIR
y[n ] = 3e j (π n / 3−π / 12 )
+ 3e − j (π n / 3−π / 12 ) ⇒ y[n ] = A H ( e jωˆ1 ) cos(ωˆ1n + φ + ∠ H ( e jωˆ1 ))
⇒ y[n ] = 6 cos( π3 n − 12
π )
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H ( e jω̂ )
x(t) x[n] y[n] y(t)
A-to-D D-to-A
ω ω̂ ω̂ ω
ω SPECTRUM of x(t) (SUM of SINUSOIDS)
SPECTRUM of x[n]
ω̂ Is ALIASING a PROBLEM ?
SPECTRUM y[n] (FIR Gain or Nulls)
ω Then, OUTPUT y(t) = SUM of SINUSOIDS
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FREQUENCY SCALING 11-pt AVERAGER Example
x(t)
A-to-D
x[n]
H (e jω̂ ) y[n]
D-to-A
y(t) x(t)
A-to-D
x[n]
H (e jω̂ ) y[n]
D-to-A
y(t)
10
ω ωˆ ωˆ ω
ω ωˆ ωˆ ω
y[n ] = ∑ 111 x[n − k ]
TIME SAMPLING: t = nTs 250 Hz
k =0
IF NO ALIASING:
FREQUENCY SCALING
ωˆ = ωTs = ω
25 Hz H (e ) =
sin( 112 ωˆ ) − j 5ωˆ
jωˆ
11sin( 2 ωˆ )
1
e ?
fs
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x (t ) = cos(2π (25)t ) + cos(2π ( 250)t − 12 π )
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x(t)
A-to-D
x[n]
H (e jω̂ ) y[n]
D-to-A
y(t) x(t)
A-to-D
x[n]
H (e jω̂ ) y[n]
D-to-A
y(t)
ω ωˆ ωˆ ω ω ωˆ ωˆ ω
H ( e jω̂ )
H ( e j 2π ( 25) /1000 )
MAG SCALE
fs = 1000
PHASE CHANGE EFFECTIVE RESPONSE
H ( e j 2π ( 250) /1000 ) LOW-PASS FILTER
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FILTER TYPES B & W IMAGE
LOW-PASS FILTER (LPF)
BLURRING
ATTENUATES HIGH FREQUENCIES
HIGH-PASS FILTER (HPF)
SHARPENING for IMAGES
BOOSTS THE HIGHS
REMOVES DC
BAND-PASS FILTER
(BPF)
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LPF:
BLUR
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ROW of B&W IMAGE FILTERED ROW of IMAGE
BLACK = 255
WHITE = 0
ADJUSTED DELAY by 5 samples
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