Building Materials: Ar 213A: Building Technology 1

AR 213A: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1
BUILDING
MATERIALS
Arch. Gerick Morta Domingo, MSc.CM
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE
1 EARTHWORKS
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

SITE WORK
CONCRETE boulders: above 75 mm,

gravel: 75 mm to No.10 sieve,
MASONRY
coarse sand: No.10 to No.40 sieve,
METALS fine sand: No.40 to No.200 sieve.
WOOD AND
PLASTICS FILL MATERIALS:
MOISTURE AND soil, crashed stone, and sand used
THERMAL to raise existing grade, generally
PROTECTION
used under spread footing, pavers,
DOORS AND concrete slab on grade.
WINDOWS
FINISHES
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1 EARTHWORKS

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
RIPRAP (ROCK LINING):
constructed layer of stone to
MASONRY
prevent erosion, scouring or
METALS sloughing of a structure or
WOOD AND
embankment.
PLASTICS GABION SYSTEMS:
MOISTURE AND
wire enclosed riprap consisting of
THERMAL baskets fabricated from wire mesh
PROTECTION and filled with small riprap.
DOORS AND GEOSYNTHETICS:
WINDOWS (1) geotextiles, (2) geomembranes,
FINISHES (3) geocomposites, (4) geonets, (5)
geocells.
2 TERMITE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE PROOFING
MASONRY PHYSICAL BARRIERS:
METALS (1) termite resistant sand, (2)
termite mesh, (3) construction
WOOD AND
PLASTICS details.
CHEMICAL BARRIERS:
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL (1) pre-construction chemical
PROTECTION barriers, (2) vertical barriers, (3)
DOORS AND horizontal barriers.
WINDOWS
FINISHES

2 TERMITE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
PROOFING
MASONRY BAIT SYSTEM:
METALS the objective is to continuously
WOOD AND
attract the termite workers to forage
PLASTICS on a slow-acting insect growth
regulator (IGR) or hexaflumuron to
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL eliminate the entire termite colony.
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

3 ROADS AND

SITE WORK
CONCRETE PARKING
MASONRY SUBGRADE MATERIALS:
METALS (1) borrow materials, (2) base
coarse materials, (3) chocker
WOOD AND
PLASTICS aggregate.
SURFACE PAVING MATERIALS:
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL (1) concrete, (2) bituminous
PROTECTION surfacing (asphalt).
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

1 CEMENTING

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
MATERIALS
MASONRY LIME:
METALS a white, caustic odorless solid
obtained by heating forms of
WOOD AND
PLASTICS calcium carbonate, as shells or
limestone.
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL GYPSUM:
PROTECTION a soft mineral, hydrated calcium
DOORS AND sulfate, used as a retarder in
WINDOWS Portland cement and in the making
FINISHES of gypsum plaster.

1 CEMENTING

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
MATERIALS
MASONRY CEMENT:
METALS a calcined mixture of clay and
limestone, finely pulverized and
WOOD AND
PLASTICS used as an ingredient in concrete
and mortar.
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL STORAGE OF CEMENT:
PROTECTION stored in shed with wood flooring
DOORS AND elevated at 12” from the ground.
WINDOWS Vertical stacking is limited to 12
FINISHES sacks.

2 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE an artificial, stone-like building

material made by mixing cement
MASONRY
and various mineral aggregates
METALS with sufficient water to cause the
WOOD AND cement to set and bind the entire
PLASTICS mass.
MOISTURE AND CEMENT:
THERMAL AGGREGATES:
PROTECTION
(1) fine aggregate (sand): smaller
DOORS AND than ¼” in size, (2) coarse
WINDOWS
aggregate (gravel, crushed stone):
FINISHES larger than ¼” in size.
2 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:

to measure the consistency of
MASONRY
concrete mix. Metal cone (bottom
METALS opening: 8”, top opening: 4”, height:
WOOD AND 12”).
PLASTICS MAX. MIN.
MOISTURE AND Reinforced foundation walls 5” 2”
THERMAL and footings
PROTECTION
Plain footings, caissons 4” 1”
DOORS AND Slabs, beams, columns, 6” 3”
WINDOWS reinforced walls
FINISHES Pavement 3” 1”
Heavy mass construction 3” 1”
2 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE CONCRETE PROPORTIONS:

MASONRY Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3
Class “A” 1:2:4
METALS
Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5
WOOD AND
Class “C” 1:3:6
PLASTICS
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL MIXING OF CONCRETE:
PROTECTION
(1) machine mixing :truck mixer (5
DOORS AND cu.m.), (2) hand-mixing: use of
WINDOWS
concrete up to ½ hour.
FINISHES

2 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE CURING OF CONCRETE:

Columns 2 days (48 hours)
MASONRY
Beams
METALS Sides 3 days (36 hours)
Bottom 14 days (336 hours)
WOOD AND
PLASTICS Slabs 5 days (120 hours)
MOISTURE AND ADMIXTURES:
THERMAL
PROTECTION (1) accelerators, (2) retarders, (3) air-
entraining agents, (4) surface-
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
active agent, (5) water-reducing
agent, (6) coloring agent.
FINISHES

2 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE FORMS FOR CONCRETE:

(1) lumber forms, (2) plywood
MASONRY
forms, (3) steel forms.
METALS METAL REINFORCEMENT:
WOOD AND (1) steel bars, (2) wire fabric, (3)
PLASTICS welded wire, (4) expanded mesh,
MOISTURE AND (5) laths.
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

3 PROCESSED

SITE WORK
CONCRETE CONCRETE
MASONRY AEROCRETE:
METALS metallic aluminum powder, Portland
cement and sand of cinders.
WOOD AND
PLASTICS GUNITE:
sand and cement under high
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
pneumatic pressure.
PROTECTION PORETE:
DOORS AND
Portland cement with chemical
WINDOWS foam.
FINISHES
HAYDITE:
concrete with lightweight aggregate.
3 PROCESSED

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
MASONRY LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE:
METALS (1) volcanic origin (pumice, perlite),
(2) vermiculite, (3) expanded shales
WOOD AND
PLASTICS and clays, (4) by-product
aggregates (expanded slags,
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL foamed slags, cinders.
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

1 MORTARS AND

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
PLASTERS
MASONRY MORTAR:
METALS lime, water, sand used as a
bonding agent in masonry
WOOD AND
PLASTICS construction.
PLASTER:
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL lime, water, sand applied in a pasty
PROTECTION form to the surfaces of walls or
DOORS AND ceilings in a plastic state and
WINDOWS allowed to harden and dry.
FINISHES

1 MORTARS AND

SITE WORK
CONCRETE PLASTERS
MASONRY LIME PLASTER:
METALS hydrated lime and water.
GYPSUM PLASTER:
WOOD AND
PLASTICS plaster of Paris mixed with clay.
PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER:
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
mixed with water, sand and lime
PROTECTION putty.
DOORS AND
SGRAFFITO:
WINDOWS highly decorative type of plaster
FINISHES
work developed in Italy during the
Renaissance.
2 UNIT MASONRY

SITE WORK
CONCRETE : building with units of various

natural or manufactured products,
MASONRY
as stone, brick, or concrete block.
METALS (1) stone (rubble stone, dimension
WOOD AND stone), (2) bricks (common brick,
PLASTICS facing brick, glazed brick, fire brick),
MOISTURE AND (3) concrete block (stretchers,
THERMAL headers, corner blocks, jamb
PROTECTION
blocks, beam/lintel blocks), (4)
DOORS AND plaster block, (5) structural clay tile
WINDOWS
(load-bearing wall tile, non-load
FINISHES bearing, fire-proofing, partition,
furring tile).
1 ALUMINUM

SITE WORK
CONCRETE (1) aluminum sheet and strip, (2)

aluminum foil, (3) corrugated
MASONRY
aluminum, (4) structural aluminum,
METALS (5) aluminum doors and windows,
WOOD AND (6) aluminum panels.
PLASTICS ALUMINUM FINISHES:
MOISTURE AND (1) mechanical finishes, (2)
THERMAL chemical finishes, (3) electrolytic
PROTECTION
finishes, (4) electroplating, (5)
DOORS AND porcelain (powder-coating), (6) paint
WINDOWS
(lacquer, enamel).
FINISHES

2 IRON

SITE WORK
CONCRETE cast iron: for piping and fittings,

ornamental ironwork, hardware,
MASONRY
railings, vents, stairs, manhole
METALS covers, gratings. For production of
WOOD AND the many kinds of steel.
PLASTICS
MOISTURE AND
3 STEEL
THERMAL WROUGHT IRON STEEL:
PROTECTION (1) structural steel, (2) reinforcing
DOORS AND bars, (3) sheet and strip, (4)
WINDOWS corrugated steel, (5) steel mesh and
FINISHES wire cloth, (6) steel windows and
doors, (7) hardware.
SITE WORK 3 STEEL
CONCRETE ALLOY STEEL:
MASONRY
(1) high-strength low-alloy steel, (2)
stainless steel.
4 COPPER
METALS
WOOD AND
PLASTICS copper sheet and strip are used for
MOISTURE AND
roofing and flashing.
THERMAL
PROTECTION 5 TIN
DOORS AND
architectural uses of tin include
WINDOWS bronzes, brasses, terneplate,
FINISHES
mirrors, gilding, solders, hardware
and fusible alloys.
6 ZINC

SITE WORK
CONCRETE (1) as protective coatings on iron

and steel, (2) as die-casting metal,
MASONRY
(3) as an alloying element in
METALS brasses.
WOOD AND
PLASTICS
7 BRASS
in architecture, used for doors,
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL windows, door and window frames,
PROTECTION and for ornamental metalwork
DOORS AND (railings, grilles).
WINDOWS
FINISHES

8 BRONZE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
9 CHROMIUM
10 NICKEL
MASONRY
METALS
WOOD AND 11 LEAD

PLASTICS
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

12 METHODS OF

SITE WORK
CONCRETE METAL JOINING

MASONRY SOLDERING:
METALS (1) metal bath dip solder, (2)
soldering iron, (3) torch, (4) sweat
WOOD AND
PLASTICS method.
BRAZING:
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL type of soldering with higher
PROTECTION operating temperature. But lower
DOORS AND than in welding.
WINDOWS
FINISHES

12 METHODS OF

SITE WORK
CONCRETE METAL JOINING

MASONRY WELDING:
METALS two metals are joined that there is
actual union of the inter-atomic
WOOD AND
PLASTICS
bonds. (5,500 °F).
RIVETS:
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
metal pin having a head at one end,
PROTECTION used for uniting plates by passing
DOORS AND
the shank through a hole in each
WINDOWS piece and hammering down the
FINISHES
plain end to form a second head.

13 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
MASONRY (1) steel bars, (2) wire fabric, (3)
METALS expanded mesh, (4) laths.
STORAGE OF METAL:
WOOD AND
PLASTICS stored in racks above the ground
and away from moisture and
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL vegetation.
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

1 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
(1) soft wood: from conifers
(evergreen) which have needles
MASONRY
instead of leaves (pines), (2) hard
METALS wood: from deciduous trees.
WOOD AND
PLASTICS
2 STRUCTURE OF
MOISTURE AND WOOD
THERMAL
PROTECTION
(1) sapwood: softer, younger, outer
portion of a tree that lies between
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
the cambium and the heartwood, (2)
heartwood: older, harder, central
FINISHES
portion of a tree.
3 DEFECT

SITE WORK
CONCRETE OFWOOD
MASONRY
METALS
WOOD AND
PLASTICS
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES
www.atmwood .com.ua
4 METHODS OF

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
WOOD SAWING:
MASONRY (1) plain sawing: cut tangent to the
METALS annual rings (0°-45°). Preferred for
pleasing patterns., (2) quarter
WOOD AND
PLASTICS sawing: cut radially to the annual
rings (45°-90°). Desirable due to
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL less shrinkage than plain sawing.
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

SITE WORK 5 LUMBER
CONCRETE : wood used in construction.
(1) strips: <2” thick and 8” wide,
MASONRY
(2) board lumber: <2” and <5” in any
METALS dimension,
WOOD AND (3) dimension lumber: >2” and <5”
PLASTICS in any dimension,
MOISTURE AND (4) timber: 5” or more on the least
THERMAL dimension.
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

6 LUMBER

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
MEASUREMENT
MASONRY board-foot (bf)
METALS bf = thickness (in.) x width (in.) x
length (ft.) / 12
WOOD AND
PLASTICS
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

7 SEASONING OF

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
LUMBER
MASONRY wood used in construction.
METALS (1) air-drying: exposed to air,
(2) kiln-drying: superheated steam
WOOD AND
PLASTICS is used to release moisture.
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

8 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
PRESERVATIVES
MASONRY (1) oil-type preservative (coal-tar
METALS creosotes, pentachlorophenol: coal-
tar + petroleum oil), (2) water-borne
WOOD AND
PLASTICS preservative (chromated zinc
chloride, chromated copper
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL arsenate, ammoniacal copper
PROTECTION arsenate).
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

9 PHILIPPINE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE WOODS
MASONRY GROUP 1:
METALS
aranga, bansalagin, ipil, molave, narra,
supa, tindalo, yakal,
WOOD AND GROUP 2:
PLASTICS
banuyo, dungon, guijo, kalamansanai,
MOISTURE AND malugai, manggachapui, narig,
THERMAL GROUP 3:
PROTECTION
amamanit, amugis, apitong, lumbayao,
DOORS AND mayapis, pagatpat, palosapis, pine,
WINDOWS
red lauan, tanguile,
FINISHES GROUP 4:
almon, batete, lamog, white lauan.
10 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
COMPOSITES
MASONRY : products made from mixture of
METALS wood and other materials.
PLYWOOD:
WOOD AND
PLASTICS made by bonding veneers together
under heat and pressure.
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL Sizes: 3’ x 6’ (900 mm x 1800 mm)
PROTECTION 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
DOORS AND
WINDOWS (3/16”, 1/4”, 3/8”, 1/2”, 3/4”, 1”)
FINISHES

10 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE COMPOSITES
MASONRY HARDBOARD:
METALS dense, compressed wood
fiberboard.
WOOD AND
PLASTICS Sizes: 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
(1/8”, 3/16”, 1/4”)
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
(1) standard hardboard (dense),
PROTECTION (2) panel hardboard (denser),
DOORS AND
(3) tempered hardboard (densest).
WINDOWS
FINISHES
Brands: Lawanit, Lawanex,
Masonite
10 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE COMPOSITES
MASONRY CHIPBOARD/PARTICLE BOARD:
METALS made by bonding small wood
particles under heat and pressure.
WOOD AND
4’ x 4’ (1220 mm x 1220 mm)
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
PROTECTION
DOORS AND (1/4”- 1”)

WINDOWS
FINISHES

10 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE COMPOSITES
MASONRY MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD:
METALS made of wood and other plant fibers
compressed with a binder into rigid
WOOD AND
PLASTICS
sheets.
Sizes: 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION (3/16”, 1/4”, 1/2”, 3/4”)
DOORS AND
WINDOWS Brands: Celotex, Canex, Homasote,
FINISHES
Philtex, Bonotex

10 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE COMPOSITES
MASONRY GYPSUM BOARD:
METALS having a gypsum core faced with
paper on each side.
WOOD AND
(1/2”)
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
(1) wall board, (2) backing board
PROTECTION (denser), (3) coreboard, (4) type X
DOORS AND
gypsum board, (5) water-resistant
WINDOWS gypsum backing board, (6) gypsum
FINISHES
sheating, (7) gypsum formboard.
Brands: Boral, Elephant
10 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE COMPOSITES
MASONRY FIBER CEMENT BOARD:
METALS comprised of 72% Portland cement,
20% mineralized cellulose fibers
WOOD AND
PLASTICS derived from recycled materials,
and 8% calcium carbonate.
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
Sizes: 4’ x 8’ (1220 mm x 2440 mm)
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

11 MILLWORK

SITE WORK
CONCRETE : finished lumber which is further cut

and processed at a lumber mill.
MASONRY
(doors, windows, mouldings, trims
METALS etc.)
WOOD AND WOOD MOULDINGS:
PLASTICS
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

12 PLASTICS

SITE WORK
CONCRETE : synthetic or natural organic

materials that can be molded,
MASONRY
extruded, or drawn into objects or
METALS films.
WOOD AND THERMOPLASTICS:
PLASTICS (1) acrylics, (2) polyethylene, (3)
MOISTURE AND polystyrene, (4) polyvinyl chloride,
THERMAL (5) polycarbonates, (6)
PROTECTION
polypropylene, (7) nylons, (8)
DOORS AND fluroplastics, (8) acrylonitrile
WINDOWS
butadiene styrene.
FINISHES

12 PLASTICS

SITE WORK
CONCRETE THERMOSETTING PLASTICS:

(1) melamine and urea, (2) epoxy,
MASONRY
(3) alkyds, (4) phenolics, (5)
METALS polyester, (6) urethanes, (7)
WOOD AND silicones, (8) fluroplastics, (8)
PLASTICS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
MOISTURE AND
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

1 WATER-

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
PROOFING AND
DAMP-PROOFING
MASONRY
METALS
WATER-PROOFING:
WOOD AND membrane or coating applied to
PLASTICS
render a surface impervious to
MOISTURE AND water.
THERMAL
PROTECTION DAMP-PROOFING:
treatment of a masonry or concrete
DOORS AND
WINDOWS surface to retard the absorption of
water or penetration of water vapor.
FINISHES

1 WATER-

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
PROOFING AND
DAMP-PROOFING
MASONRY
METALS
WATER-PROOFING:
WOOD AND (1) impermeability through dense
PLASTICS
concrete, (2) water-proofing
MOISTURE AND coatings and washes, (3) integral
THERMAL
PROTECTION water-proofing compounds, (4)
membrane water-proofing.
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

2 ROOFING

SITE WORK
CONCRETE MATERIALS
MASONRY (1) sheet metal roofing (galvanized
METALS iron, aluminum), (2) tile roofing
(clay, concrete), (3) shingles (wood,
WOOD AND
PLASTICS asphalt).
MOISTURE AND 3 JOINT SEALANTS
THERMAL
PROTECTION (1) bituminous cement, (2) silicone
sealant.
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

1 GLASS

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
: hard, brittle substance produced
by fusing silica with flux and
MASONRY
stabilizer into a mass.
METALS SHEET GLASS:
WOOD AND
fabricated by drawing the molten
PLASTICS glass from a furnace.
MOISTURE AND
PLATE GLASS:
THERMAL formed by rolling molten glass into a
PROTECTION plate.
DOORS AND FLOAT GLASS:
WINDOWS manufactured by pouring molten
FINISHES glass onto a surface of molten tin
and allowing it to cool slowly.
1 GLASS

SITE WORK
CONCRETE OTHER TYPES OF GLASS:

(1) annealed glass, (2) heat-
MASONRY
strengthened glass, (3) tempered
METALS glass, (4) safety glass, (5) wire
WOOD AND glass, (6) patterned glass, (7)
PLASTICS spandrel glass, (8) insulating glass,
MOISTURE AND (9) tinted/heat-absorbing glass, (10)
THERMAL reflective glass, (11) low-emissivity
PROTECTION
glass (e-glass).
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

2 HARDWARE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE ROUGH HARDWARE:

bolts, nails, and metal fittings
MASONRY
concealed in a finished
METALS construction.
WOOD AND FINISH HARDWARE:
PLASTICS exposed hardware for decorative
MOISTURE AND and utilitarian purpose. (locks,
THERMAL hinges etc.).
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

2 HARDWARE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE NAILS:
(1) common wire nail, (2) finishing
MASONRY
nail, (3) brad, (4) box nail, (5) casing
METALS nail, (6) clinch nail, (7) roofing nail,
WOOD AND (8) metal lath nail, (9) staple, (10)
PLASTICS concrete nail.
MOISTURE AND SCREWS:
THERMAL (1) wood screw, (2) metal screw, (3)
PROTECTION
lag screw, (4) screw anchor, (5)
DOORS AND tekscrew.
WINDOWS
BOLTS:
FINISHES (1) machine bolt, (2) carriage bolt,
(3) toggle bolt, (4) expansion bolt.
2 HARDWARE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE DOOR HARDWARE:

(1) door hinges: butt hinge, olive
MASONRY
knuckle hinge, invisible hinge,
METALS spring hinge.
WOOD AND (2) latches and locksets: mortise
PLASTICS lock or latch, preassembled lock
MOISTURE AND and latch, bored lock and latch,
THERMAL interconnected lock.
PROTECTION
(3) bolts and fasteners: door
DOORS AND bolt/barrel bolt, chain door fastener,
WINDOWS
chain bolt, foot bolt, flush bolt,
FINISHES automatic door bottoms, weather
stripping, thresholds.
2 HARDWARE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE FURNITURE HINGES:

(1) butt hinge, (2) concealed hinge,
MASONRY
(3) pivot hinge, (4) T-hinge, (5)
METALS glass door hinge.
WOOD AND CABINET CATCHES:
PLASTICS (1) friction catch, (2) magnetic
MOISTURE AND pressure catch, (3) bullet/bull catch.
THERMAL CABINET KNOBS
PROTECTION
LID STAYS
DOORS AND LOCKS
WINDOWS
SHELF SUPPORTS
FINISHES

1 CONCRETE

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
SURFACE
MASONRY
METALS
FINISHES
WALL:
WOOD AND (1) stucco/cement plaster finish, (2)
PLASTICS
rubbed finish, (3) brushed finish, (4)
MOISTURE AND tooled finish, (5) sand-blast finish,
THERMAL
PROTECTION (6) exposed-aggregate finish.
FLOOR:
DOORS AND
WINDOWS (1) wood float finish, (2) steel-
trowelled finish, (3) integral colored-
FINISHES
cement finish.
2 GRANOLITHIC

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
AND TERRAZO
MASONRY
METALS
FLOOR FINISHES
GRANOLITHIC FINISH:
WOOD AND topping of mixture of one part
PLASTICS
cement, one part sand and one part
MOISTURE AND finely crushed stone.
THERMAL
PROTECTION TERRAZO FINISH:
mixture of cement, marble chips,
DOORS AND
WINDOWS aggregates and water laid as a
topping.
FINISHES

3 TILE FINISHES

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
CEMENT TILE:
topping of mixture of one part
MASONRY
cement, one part sand and one part
METALS finely crushed stone.
WOOD AND
CERAMIC TILE:
PLASTICS (1) glazed interior tiles, (2) ceramic
MOISTURE AND
mosaic tiles, (3) glazed weather-
THERMAL proofed tiles, (4) pavers.
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
4 RESILIENT FLOOR
WINDOWS
FINISHES
FINISHES TILES AND SHEETS: (1) asphalt,
(2) vinyl, (3) rubber, (4) linoleum.
5 WOOD

SITE WORK
CONCRETE
FLOORING
FINISHES
MASONRY
METALS
(1) strip flooring: tongue-and-groove
WOOD AND boards, (2) plank flooring: square-
PLASTICS
edged boards, (3) parquet tile
MOISTURE AND flooring: block flooring (square
THERMAL
PROTECTION pieces or blocks built in several
layers having a veneered surface).
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

6 CEILING

SITE WORK
CONCRETE FINISHES
MASONRY (1) ceiling board, (2) acoustic tile.
METALS 7 PAINT FINISHES
WOOD AND TRANSPARENT FINISHING
PLASTICS
MATERIALS
MOISTURE AND (1) wood stains, (2) wood fillers, (3)
THERMAL
PROTECTION shellac, (4) varnish, (5) lacquer.
OPAQUE FINISHING MATERIALS
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
PAINT: pigment and vehicle.
(1) oil paint, (2) synthetic latex paint, (3)
FINISHES Portland cement-based paint, (4) enamel
paint, (5) rust-inhibiting paint.
7 PAINT FINISHES

SITE WORK
CONCRETE PAINT DEFECTS

(1) blistering/peeling, (2) chalking,
MASONRY
(3) flaking, (4) fading, (5) cracking
METALS and alligatoring, (6)
WOOD AND peeling/cracking, (7) bleeding, (8)
PLASTICS mildew, (9) staining, (10) checking
MOISTURE AND and flaking.
THERMAL
PROTECTION
DOORS AND
WINDOWS
FINISHES

AR 222S1: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Arch. Gerick Morta Domingo, MSc.CM
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE
1 STAKING-OUT

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND : the process of relocating the point
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE of boundaries and property lines of
CONSTRUCTION the site.
2 LAYING THE
HEAVY
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
BATTERBOARDS
BATTER BOARDS (HORIZONTAL
STRUCTURAL
STEEL BOARDS)
CONSTRUCTION : to establish the height of the finish
ARCHITECTURAL foundation.
FINISHING SYSTEM
: to support the guidelines for the
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY excavation of footing trenches.
SURVEYING
3 FORMWORK

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
AND SHORING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION FORMWORK: to shape and support
HEAVY fresh concrete until cured.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
SHORING: temporary supports to
PRE-STRESSED carry forms for beams and slabs.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL LUMBER FORMS
STEEL AND SHORING
CONSTRUCTION
STEEL FORMS AND SHORING
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
4 TOOLS AND

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION HAND TOOLS:
HEAVY (1) pry bar, (2) measurement and
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
layout tools, (3) hammers, (4) screw
PRE-STRESSED drivers, (5) saws, (6) chisels, (7)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
specialized hand tools.
STRUCTURAL
POWER TOOLS:
STEEL (1) power drill, (2) power screw
CONSTRUCTION
driver/screw gun, (3) power saws, (4)
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
power hammer, (5) power nailers
SPECIFICATION
and staplers.
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
4 TOOLS AND

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT:
HEAVY (1) conveyor, (2) surveying
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
equipment, (3) pumps, (4) concrete
PRE-STRESSED mixer, (5) welding machines.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
EQUIPMENT:
STEEL (1) bulldozer, (2) cranes, (3)
CONSTRUCTION
excavator, (4) highway construction
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM equipment.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
5 MAJOR PARTS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
OF A BUILDING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION SUPERSTRUCTURE:
HEAVY above the ground.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
(1) slab on fill, (2) crawl space, (3)
PRE-STRESSED basement.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION SUBSTRUCTURE:
STRUCTURAL
below the ground.
STEEL FOUNDATION:
CONSTRUCTION
structural portion to transfer the loads
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM to the soil.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
6 FOUNDATION

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
BED
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION : the natural material on which the
HEAVY construction rests.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
(1) rock (solid rock, bed rock, ledge),
PRE-STRESSED (2) decayed rock (rotten rocks), (3)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION loose rock, (4) gravel, (5) boulders,
STRUCTURAL (6) sand, (7) clay, (8) hard pan, (9)
STEEL silt, (10) mud, (11) mould, (12) loam,
CONSTRUCTION
(13) peat, (14) filled ground.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
7 SITE
PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
INVESTIGATION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION EXPLORATION:
HEAVY (1) test pits, (2) test borings.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND LOADING TESTS:
PRE-STRESSED (1) test pits, (2) test borings.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
8 SOIL MECHANICS
STEEL COARSE-GRAINED SOIL:
CONSTRUCTION
relatively large particles.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
FINE-GRAINED SOIL:
SPECIFICATION
small particles (silt and clay).
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
9 EXCAVATION
PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
AND EARTHWORK
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (1) excavation, (2) leveling and
HEAVY grading, (3) soil stabilization, (4)
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND adjoining structure protection, (5)
PRE-STRESSED shoring, (6) needling and
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION underpinning, (7) dewatering.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL 10 SITE DRAINAGE
CONSTRUCTION
: to prevent erosion and to collect
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
excess water resulting from new
SPECIFICATION
construction.
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
10 SITE DRAINAGE

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE:
CONCRETE the underground piping network to
CONSTRUCTION
convey groundwater to a point of
HEAVY
REINFORCED
disposal (catch basins, culverts,
CONCRETE AND foundation drainage tile and pipe).
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
SURFACE DRAINAGE:
CONSTRUCTION the grading and surfacing to divert
STRUCTURAL rain and surface water into natural
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION drainage patterns (swales, area
ARCHITECTURAL drain, dry wells, ponds and marshes,
FINISHING SYSTEM absorption and disposal fields,
SPECIFICATION absorption trench).
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
11 SLOPE

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
PROTECTION AND
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
RETAINING
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
STRUCTURES
CONCRETE Ground slopes over 25% are subject
CONSTRUCTION
to erosion.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
(1) run-off diversion and terraces, (2)
CONSTRUCTION soil binders, (3) riprap, (4) cribbing
ARCHITECTURAL (5) bin wall, (6) gabions, (7) retaining
FINISHING SYSTEM
structures (gravity wall, cantilever
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
wall, counterfort).
SURVEYING
12 PAVEMENT

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE unit pavers of concrete, bricks, stone
CONSTRUCTION
on sand setting bed.
HEAVY
REINFORCED
RIGID PAVEMENTS:
CONCRETE AND reinforced concrete slabs or paving
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
units mortared over a concrete slab.
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
1 WOOD FRAMING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEMS
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION LIGHT WOOD FRAMING:
HEAVY (1) balloon frame: the lightest form of
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
framing. Studs and corner posts are
PRE-STRESSED set up in continuous lengths from first
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION floor line or sill to roof plate.
STRUCTURAL (2) combination frame: the
STEEL modification of the old braced frame.
CONSTRUCTION
Lighter timbers and less mortising
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM and pinning compared to heavy
SPECIFICATION timbers mortised and tenoned.
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
1 WOOD FRAMING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEMS
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (3) platform frame: the studs are only
HEAVY one storey high. The floor joists for
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND each storey rest on the top plates.
PRE-STRESSED HEAVY WOOD FRAMING:
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION the floor joists are carried by girders,
STRUCTURAL and trusses or rafters by girts which
STEEL frame into the posts.
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
2 JOINTS AND

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SPLICING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS:
HEAVY (1) lap joint, (2) butt joint, (3) oblique
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
joint, (4) scabbed joint, (5) scarf joint,
PRE-STRESSED (6) mortise and tenon joint, (7)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION halved joint, (8) rabbet joint, (9) dado
STRUCTURAL joint, (10) miter joint, (11) dovetail
STEEL joint, (12) coped joint.
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
2 JOINTS AND

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
SPLICING
CONSTRUCTION SPLICES:
HEAVY to connect two or more pieces of
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
timbers with equivalent strength of
PRE-STRESSED single timber.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
(1) splices for compression (scabbed
STRUCTURAL
or fished splice, halved splice), (2)
STEEL splice for tension (square splice), (3)
CONSTRUCTION
splice for bending (scarfed splice).
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
3 TIMBER

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONNECTORS
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION : metal devices used to provide
HEAVY added strength at bolted joints.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
(1) split rings: used for heavy
PRE-STRESSED construction. Sizes (2-1/2”, 4”, 6”
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION diameter, (2) toothed plates/rings:
STRUCTURAL used between two timber frames for
STEEL light construction. Sizes (2”, 2-5/8”,
CONSTRUCTION
4” diameter,
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
3 TIMBER

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONNECTORS
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (3) claw plates: used either singly
HEAVY (timber to metal connections) or in
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
pairs (timber to timber connections).
PRE-STRESSED One side clawed, other side smooth,
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (4) shear plates: used to develop
STRUCTURAL shear resistance in demountable
STEEL wood to wood connection or wood to
CONSTRUCTION
metal connections.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
4 MASONRY

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
WALLS
CONSTRUCTION : modular building blocks bonded
HEAVY together with mortar to form durable,
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
fire-resistant, and efficient walls.
PRE-STRESSED (1) unreinforced masonry walls:
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
incorporate horizontal joint
STRUCTURAL
reinforcement and metal wall ties to
STEEL bond wythes of a solid or cavity
CONSTRUCTION
walls, (2) reinforced masonry walls:
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
utilize steel reinforcing bars
SPECIFICATION
embedded in grout filled joints and
AND QUANTITY cavities to aid the masonry in
SURVEYING
resisting stresses.
4 MASONRY

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
WALLS
CONSTRUCTION TYPES:
HEAVY (1) bricks, (2) concrete blocks, (3)
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
structural clay tile, (4) structural glass
PRE-STRESSED block, (5) natural cast stone.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
MORTAR:
STRUCTURAL
a plastic mixture of cement or lime
STEEL with sand and water, used as a
CONSTRUCTION
bonding agent in masonry
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
construction. Type M (high strength),
SPECIFICATION
Type S (medium high strength), Type
AND QUANTITY N (medium strength), Type O (low
SURVEYING
strength), Type K (very low strength).
5 CHB WALL

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION TYPES:
HEAVY (1) stretcher (3-core), (2) corner, (3)
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND double corner or pier, (4) bull nose,
PRE-STRESSED (5) jamb, (6) stretcher (2-core), (7)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION partition, (8) beam or lintel.
STRUCTURAL WALL FOOTING:
STEEL a strip of reinforced concrete wider
CONSTRUCTION
than the wall which distributes the
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM loads to the soil. Reinforcement:
SPECIFICATION 0.2% to 0.3% of the gross cross
AND QUANTITY sectional area of the concrete.
SURVEYING
5 CHB WALL
PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION STIFFENERS:
HEAVY CHB partitions are supported against
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND lateral movements.
PRE-STRESSED (1) stiffener columns: vertical, (2)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION stiffener beams: horizontal.
STRUCTURAL LINTEL:
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
horizontal structural member over an
opening which carries the weight of
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM the wall above.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
6 ON GRADE

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION SLAB ON GRADE (SOG):
HEAVY (1) isolation joints: expansion joints.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND Allow movement between slab and
PRE-STRESSED column/walls, (2) construction joints:
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION provide a place for construction to
STRUCTURAL stop and then continue at the later
STEEL time, (3) control joints: control
CONSTRUCTION
cracking within the pre-determined
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM lines.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
6 ON GRADE

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION GRADE BEAMS:
HEAVY part of the foundation system which
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND supports the exterior wall of the
PRE-STRESSED superstructure.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
7 CONCRETE

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
PIERS ON
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
ISOLATED
FOOTING
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
(1) WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
PIERS
CONSTRUCTION (2) WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE
ARCHITECTURAL PIERS
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
8 POSTS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND : a stiff vertical support in timber
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE framing. Wood posts are loaded
CONSTRUCTION axially in compression.
HEAVY (1) solid sawn column, (2) built-up
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND columns, (3) spaced columns.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
WOOD POST-BEAM
CONSTRUCTION CONNECTIONS
STRUCTURAL
STEEL 9 WOOD FLOOR
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
FRAMING
(1) floor joist: series of small, parallel
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY beams for supporting floors, ceilings
SURVEYING or flat roofs,
9 WOOD FLOOR

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
FRAMING
CONSTRUCTION (2) common joist: a joist on which
HEAVY floor boards are laid, (3) binder: a
REINFORCED beam which supports the common
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED joists, (4) girder: a large beam used
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
to support concentrated loads along
its length, (5) bridging: an
STRUCTURAL
STEEL arrangement of braces between
CONSTRUCTION
joists to prevent their rotation or
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
lateral movement, (6) cross bridging:
diagonal bracing between adjacent
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY floor joists to prevent the joists from
SURVEYING
twisting.
9 WOOD FLOOR

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (7) solid bridging: short boards fixed
HEAVY vertically between floor joists to
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
stiffen the joists, (8) bridging floor:
PRE-STRESSED floor supported by common joists, (9)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION principal joist: a large joist carrying
STRUCTURAL the floor load, (10) sleeper joist: joist
STEEL resting directly on sleeper (horizontal
CONSTRUCTION
timber laid on concrete slab), (11)
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM ledger: a horizontal board let into
SPECIFICATION studding to carry the ends of joists,
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
9 WOOD FLOOR

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (12) ledger strip: a piece attached to
HEAVY the face of a beam at the bottom to
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
support the ends of joists, (13) sill:
PRE-STRESSED the lowest horizontal member resting
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION on and anchored to a foundation
STRUCTURAL
wall.
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM CONNECTIONS
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
10 WOOD FLOOR

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
FINISHES
CONSTRUCTION (1) strip flooring, (2) plank flooring,
HEAVY (3) parquet flooring, (4) parquet tile
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
flooring.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
11 WOOD WALL
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
FRAMING
CONSTRUCTION (1) studs: upright members of wood
ARCHITECTURAL forming the structural frame of a wall,
FINISHING SYSTEM (2) top plate: uppermost horizontal
SPECIFICATION member on which joists rest,
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
11 WOOD WALL

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (3) soleplate: the bottom horizontal
HEAVY member upon which a row of studs is
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
erected, (4) cripple: framing member
PRE-STRESSED as a stud above a door opening or
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION below window sill.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
12 WOOD BOARDS
CONSTRUCTION HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDING:
ARCHITECTURAL (1) bevel siding, (2) dolly varden siding,
FINISHING SYSTEM
(3) shiplap siding, (4) rustic siding.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
12 WOOD BOARDS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND VERTICAL BOARD SIDING:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE (1) T&G siding, (2) V-cut siding, (3)
CONSTRUCTION corrugated siding, (4) batten siding,
HEAVY (5) stone-cut siding.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED 13 WOOD
MANUFACTURED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION BOARDS
ARCHITECTURAL (1) plywood, (2) hardboard, (3)
FINISHING SYSTEM chipboard, (4) fiberboard, (5) gypsum
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
board, (6) fiber cement board, (7)
SURVEYING particle board.
14 WOOD CEILING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (1) ceiling joist: small beams which
HEAVY the ceiling of a room is attached, (2)
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
binder: beam which supports the
PRE-STRESSED common joists, (3) plate joist:
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION horizontal board which connects and
STRUCTURAL
terminates the ceiling joists, (4)
STEEL ceiling strap: strip of wood nailed to
CONSTRUCTION
the underside of floor joist from which
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM ceiling is suspended.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
15 ROOFING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND RIDGE:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE the horizontal line of intersection at the
CONSTRUCTION top between two sloping planes of a
HEAVY roof.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND HIP:
PRE-STRESSED the inclined projecting angle formed by
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION the junction of two adjacent sloping
STRUCTURAL sides of a roof.
STEEL VALLEY:
CONSTRUCTION
the intersection of two inclined roof
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
surfaces toward which rainwater flows.
SPECIFICATION
SHED:
AND QUANTITY the roof having a single slope.
SURVEYING
15 ROOFING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND GABLE:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE the triangular portion of wall enclosing
CONSTRUCTION the end of a pitched roof from ridge to
HEAVY eaves.
REINFORCED DORMER:
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED projecting structures built from a sloping
CONCRETE roof and housing a vertical window.
CONSTRUCTION
RAKE:
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
the inclined edge of a sloping roof.
CONSTRUCTION EAVE:
ARCHITECTURAL the overhanging lower edge of a roof.
FINISHING SYSTEM SOFFIT:
SPECIFICATION the underside of an overhanging roof
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING eave.
15 ROOFING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND TYPES
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE (1) SHED ROOF:
CONSTRUCTION a roof having a single slope.
HEAVY (2) GABLE ROOF:
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND a roof sloping downward in two parts
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
from a central ridge.
CONSTRUCTION (3) HIP ROOF:
STRUCTURAL a roof having sloping ends and sides
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
meeting at an inclined projecting
ARCHITECTURAL
angle.
FINISHING SYSTEM (4) PAVILION ROOF:
SPECIFICATION a pyramidal hip roof.
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
15 ROOFING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND TYPES
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE (5) GAMBREL ROOF:
CONSTRUCTION a ridged roof divided on each side
HEAVY into a shallower slope above a
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND stepper one.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
(6) MANSARD ROOF:
CONSTRUCTION a roof having on each side a stepper
STRUCTURAL lower part and a shallower upper
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
part.
ARCHITECTURAL
(7) SAWTOOTH ROOF:
FINISHING SYSTEM a roof composed of a series of small
SPECIFICATION parallel roofs of triangular cross
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
section.
15 ROOFING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
TYPES
CONCRETE (8) BUTTERFLY ROOF:
CONSTRUCTION
a roof having two slopes, each
HEAVY
REINFORCED
descending inward from the eaves.
CONCRETE AND (9) DOME:
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE a hemispherical form of roofs.
CONSTRUCTION (10) CONICAL ROOF:
STRUCTURAL a steep roof of circular section that
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION tapers uniformly from the circular
ARCHITECTURAL base to a central point.
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
15 RAFTER

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
FRAMING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION GABLE ROOF
HEAVY (1) common rafters:
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND the main rafters from a wall plate to a
PRE-STRESSED ridge board/beam, (2) collar ties:
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION connect two opposing rafters at a
STRUCTURAL point below the ridge, (3) ridge
STEEL board/beam: horizontal member
CONSTRUCTION
supporting the upper ends of rafters.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
15 RAFTER

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
FRAMING
CONSTRUCTION HIP ROOF
HEAVY (1) hip rafter:
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
form the junction of the sloping sides
PRE-STRESSED of a hip roof, (2) jack rafter: rafter that
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
is shorter than the full length of the
STRUCTURAL
roof slope, meeting a hip or a valley,
STEEL (3) hip jack: jack rafter extending
CONSTRUCTION
from a wall plate to a hip rafter, (4)
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
valley jack: jack rafter extending from
SPECIFICATION
a valley rafter to a ridge, (5) valley
AND QUANTITY rafter: rafter connecting the ridge to
SURVEYING
the wall plate along a valley.
16 TRUSS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND PARTS:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE (1) chord, (2) web, (3) king post, (4)
CONSTRUCTION collar beam: for rafters.
HEAVY TYPES:
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND (1) king-post truss, (2) queen-post
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
truss, (3) howe truss, (4) fink truss,
CONSTRUCTION (5) scissors truss.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL 17 ROOF COVER
CONSTRUCTION
(1) corrugated galvanized iron
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM roofing, (2) metal seam roofing, (3)
SPECIFICATION
batten seam roofing, (4) clay/cement
AND QUANTITY tile roofing.
SURVEYING
18 WOOD STAIRS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND LAYING OUT:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE formula: T + R = 45 cm.
CONSTRUCTION PARTS:
HEAVY (1) header, (2) trimmer, (3) stringer:
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND cut, rabbeted, cleated, built-up, (4)
PRE-STRESSED baluster, (5) balustrade, (6) newel,
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (7) rail, (8) bullnose step, (9) nosing,
STRUCTURAL (10) nosing strip.
19 DOORS
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
OPERATION:
SPECIFICATION
(1) swinging door, (2) bypass sliding
AND QUANTITY door, (3) surface sliding door, (4)
SURVEYING
pocket sliding door, (5) folding door.
19 DOORS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND WOOD FLUSH DOOR:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE door having smooth-surfaced faces.
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD PANEL DOOR:
HEAVY
REINFORCED
door having framework of stiles, rails.
CONCRETE AND HARDWARE:
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
(1) locksets, (2) hinges, (3) closers,
CONSTRUCTION (4) panic devices, (5) push/pull bars,
STRUCTURAL (6) kick plates, (7) door stops, (8)
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
thresholds, (9) weather stripping,
ARCHITECTURAL
(10) tracks/guides.
FINISHING SYSTEM OPENING CONVENTIONS:
SPECIFICATION (1) left hand, (2) right hand, (3) left
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING hand reverse, (4) right hand reverse.
20 WINDOWS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
FRAME:
CONCRETE (1) window frame, (2) head, (3) jamb,
CONSTRUCTION
(4) sill, (5) casing trim, (6) head/jamb
HEAVY
REINFORCED
casing, (7) apron, (80 architrave, (9)
CONCRETE AND plinth block.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE SASH AND GLAZING:
CONSTRUCTION SASH:
STRUCTURAL framework in which panes of glass
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION are set.
ARCHITECTURAL PANE:
FINISHING SYSTEM one of the divisions of window,
SPECIFICATION consisting of a single unit of glass set
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING in a frame.
20 WINDOWS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND GLAZING:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE the panes of glass set in sashes.
CONSTRUCTION
RAIL:
HEAVY
REINFORCED
horizontal members framing a
CONCRETE AND window sash.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
MUNTIN:
CONSTRUCTION rabbeted member for holding the
STRUCTURAL edges and panes within a sash.
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
STILE:
ARCHITECTURAL
upright member framing a sash.
FINISHING SYSTEM MULLION:
SPECIFICATION vertical member separating a series
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING of windows.
20 WINDOWS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
OPERATION:
CONCRETE (1) fixed window, (2) casement
CONSTRUCTION
window, (3) awning window, (4)
HEAVY
REINFORCED
hopper window, (5) sliding window,
CONCRETE AND (6) double-hung window, (7) jalousie
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE window, (8) pivoting window.
CONSTRUCTION GLAZING:
STRUCTURAL (1) face glazing: glazier’s point, putty,
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION face putty, glazing compound, (2)
ARCHITECTURAL wet glazing: glazing tape, sealant,
FINISHING SYSTEM glazing bead, heel bead, (3) dry
SPECIFICATION glazing: compression gasket, (4)
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING structural gasket glazing,
20 WINDOWS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
GLAZING:
CONCRETE (4) structural gasket glazing, (5)
CONSTRUCTION
glass setting tolerances: glass size,
HEAVY
REINFORCED
united inches, edge block, setting
CONCRETE AND block, face clearance, bite, edge
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE clearance.
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
21 SKYLIGHTS
STEEL : an opening in a roof or ceiling,
CONSTRUCTION
glazed with a transparent or
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM translucent material for admitting
SPECIFICATION daylight.
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
1 FOUNDATION

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEMS
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION SHALLOW FOUNDATION:
HEAVY (1) isolated footing, (2) strip footing,
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
(3) combined footing, (4) cantilevered
PRE-STRESSED footing, (5) continuous footing, (6)
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION mat foundation.
STRUCTURAL
DEEP FOUNDATION:
STEEL (1) pile foundation: wood pile,
CONSTRUCTION
concrete pile, steel pile, composite
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM pile, (2) caisson foundation.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
1 FOUNDATION

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WALLS
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION : wall occurring below the floor
HEAVY nearest grade to support and anchor
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
the superstructure.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
2 REINFORCED
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONCRETE COLUMN
CONSTRUCTION SHORT COLUMN
ARCHITECTURAL H < 10 (least dimension)
FINISHING SYSTEM LONG COLUMN
SPECIFICATION H < 10 (least dimension)
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
2 REINFORCED

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION TYPES:
HEAVY
(1) tied column, (2) spiral column, (3)
REINFORCED composite column, (4) combined
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED column, (5) lally column.
CONCRETE DOWEL:
CONSTRUCTION
short reinforcing bar extending
STRUCTURAL
STEEL equally into two abutting sections of
CONSTRUCTION concrete to prevent differential
ARCHITECTURAL settlement.
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
2 REINFORCED

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR
SYSTEMS
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
REINFORCED
SUSPENDED SLAB:
CONCRETE AND (1) one-way slab, (2) ribbed slab, (3)
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
two-way slab, (4) waffle slab, (5) flat
CONSTRUCTION plate, (6) flat slab.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
3 REINFORCED
ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE BEAMS
FINISHING SYSTEM
SIMPLE BEAM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY CANTILEVER BEAM
SURVEYING CONTINUOUS BEAM
3 REINFORCED

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION TYPES:
HEAVY (1) rectangular beam, T-beam, beam
REINFORCED with compression reinforcement,
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED cantilever beam, hollow box girder,
CONCRETE corbel.
CONSTRUCTION
ROOF DECK
STRUCTURAL
STEEL deck: the structural surface to which
CONSTRUCTION flooring or roofing is applied.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
4 WALL SYSTEMS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND TYPES:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE (1) bearing wall, (2) curtain wall:
CONSTRUCTION
panel wall, panel curtain wall: stick-
HEAVY
REINFORCED
type, unit and mullion type, grid type,
CONCRETE AND panel type, spandrel type, sheathed
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
type, (3) foundation wall, (4) retaining
CONSTRUCTION wall: gravity wall, cantilever wall,
STRUCTURAL counterfort wall, (5) spandrel wall.
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
5 PRESTRESSED

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION PRE-TENSIONING:
HEAVY to prestress a concrete member by
REINFORCED tensioning the reinforcing tendons
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED before the concrete is cast. The
CONCRETE tendons are first stretched between
CONSTRUCTION
two abutments until a predetermined
STRUCTURAL
STEEL tensile force is developed. Concrete is
CONSTRUCTION then cast in formwork around the
ARCHITECTURAL tendons and fully cured. Finally, the
FINISHING SYSTEM
tendons are cut, and the tensile stress
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
in the tendons are transferred to the
SURVEYING concrete through bond stresses.
5 PRESTRESSED

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONCRETE
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION POST-TENSIONING:
HEAVY to prestress a concrete member by
REINFORCED tensioning the reinforcing tendons after
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
the concrete has set. Unstressed tendons
CONCRETE are placed in the sheaths before concrete
CONSTRUCTION is cast in formwork around the tubes.
STRUCTURAL After the concrete has cured, the tendons
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
are clamped on one end and jacked
against the concrete on the other end
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM until the required force is developed. The
SPECIFICATION
tendons are then anchored on the jacking
AND QUANTITY end and the jack removed.
SURVEYING
6 PRECAST

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CONCRETE
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION : a concrete member or product that
HEAVY is cast and cured in a place other
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
than where it is to be installed in a
PRE-STRESSED structure.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
7 BUILDING
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION PROTECTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM SYSTEMS
SPECIFICATION WATER-PROOFING
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING DAMP-PROOFING
7 BUILDING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
PROTECTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
SYSTEMS
REINFORCED WATER REPELLING
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED THERMAL INSULATION
CONCRETE TERMITE PROOFING
CONSTRUCTION
RAT PROOFING
STRUCTURAL
STEEL FIRE PROOFING
CONSTRUCTION FLOOR PROTECTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
RUST PROOFING
DESCALER
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
7 BUILDING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
PROTECTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
SYSTEMS
REINFORCED WATER-PROOFING
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED (1) integral type, (2) membrane type,
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
(3) fluid type, (4) cementitious type.
LOCATIONS:
STRUCTURAL
STEEL (1) top of roof deck, (2) top of
CONSTRUCTION
concrete
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
terrace/balcony/ledge/canopy, (3)
SPECIFICATION
under-sheathing for tile roofing, (4)
AND QUANTITY interior surface of water tank,
SURVEYING
7 BUILDING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
PROTECTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
SYSTEMS
REINFORCED LOCATIONS:
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED (5) exterior surfaces of concrete roof
CONCRETE gutters, (6) inside surfaces of plant
CONSTRUCTION
boxes, (7) kitchen floor, (8) toilet, (9)
STRUCTURAL
STEEL basement floor and wall, (10)
CONSTRUCTION elevator pit, (11) swimming pool, (12)
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
pump room, (13) refrigeration and
cold storage room.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
7 BUILDING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
PROTECTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
SYSTEMS
REINFORCED THERMAL INSULATION:
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED (1) loose fill, (2) blanket insulation,
CONCRETE (3) block/rigid slab insulation, (4)
CONSTRUCTION
foamed-in place insulation, (5)
STRUCTURAL
STEEL sprayed-on insulation.
CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
1 STRUCTURAL

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
STEEL SHAPES
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION (1) square bar, (2) round bar, (3)
HEAVY plate bar, (4) angle bar, (5) channel,
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
(6) I-beam, (7) tee beam, (8) H-
PRE-STRESSED column, (9) wide flange, (10) zee.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
2 STRUCTURAL
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION STEEL FRAMING
ARCHITECTURAL (1) one-way beam system, (2) two-
FINISHING SYSTEM
way beam system, (3) three-way
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
beam system.
SURVEYING
3 STEEL COLUMN

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND (1) strut of one/two angle, (2) starred
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE angle, (3) latticed column, (4) rolled
CONSTRUCTION H-column, (5) built-up column, (6) top
HEAVY chord section, (7) column for bent,
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND (8) battened column.
PRE-STRESSED LALLY COLUMN
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION COMPOSITE COLUMN
STRUCTURAL
STEEL 4 STEEL BEAM
CONSTRUCTION
(1) plate girder, (2) box girder.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
CONNECTIONS:
SPECIFICATION
(1) moment connection, (2) shear
AND QUANTITY connection, (3) semi-rigid
SURVEYING
connection.
5 STEEL JOIST

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
OPEN WEB JOIST:
CONCRETE light weight, shop fabricated steel
CONSTRUCTION
members having a trussed web.
6 METAL DECKING
HEAVY
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED : galvanized sheet steel
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION strengthened for use as floor or roof
STRUCTURAL decking by cold-rolled a series or ribs
STEEL or flutes into it.
CONSTRUCTION
FORM DECKING:
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM metal decking serving as permanent
SPECIFICATION formwork for a reinforced slab until
AND QUANTITY the slab can support itself.
SURVEYING
6 METAL DECKING

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND COMPOSITE DECKING:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE metal decking serving as permanent
CONSTRUCTION
formwork and tensile reinforcement
HEAVY
REINFORCED
for a concrete slab bonded to it by a
CONCRETE AND deformed or dovetail rib pattern.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CELLULAR DECKING:
CONSTRUCTION metal decking manufactured by
STRUCTURAL welding a corrugated steel sheet to a
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION flat steel sheet, forming a series of
ARCHITECTURAL
raceways for electrical wires and
FINISHING SYSTEM cables.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
7 STEEL TRUSS

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND TRUSS:
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE structural frame based on the
CONSTRUCTION
geometric rigidity of the triangle and
HEAVY
REINFORCED
composed of linear members subject
CONCRETE AND only to axial tension or compression.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
TOP CHORD
CONSTRUCTION BOTTOM CHORD
STRUCTURAL WEB MEMBERS
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
TYPES:
ARCHITECTURAL
(1) fink truss, (2) howe truss, (3) pratt
FINISHING SYSTEM truss, (4) scissors truss, (5) hammer-
SPECIFICATION beam truss, (6) sawtooth truss, (7)
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING warren truss, (8) pettit truss.
8 RIGID FRAMES

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
structural frame of linear members
CONCRETE rigidly connected at their joints.
CONSTRUCTION
MOMENT RESISTING-FRAME.
9 JOINING STEEL
HEAVY
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
MEMBERS
(1) riveting, (2) bolting: carbon-steel
STRUCTURAL
STEEL bolt, high-strength bolt, (3) welding:
CONSTRUCTION
fillet weld, groove weld, slot weld.
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
10 STANDARD

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
SYSTEMS
REINFORCED 1. WOOD.
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
2. STEEL.
CONCRETE 3. CONCRETE.
CONSTRUCTION
4. MASONRY.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL 5. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION.
CONSTRUCTION 6. WALLS AND THE BUILDING
ARCHITECTURAL ENVELOPE.
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
11 COMPLEX

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
SYSTEMS
REINFORCED 1. TRUSSES.
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED 2. ARCHES.
CONCRETE 3. RIGID FRAMES.
CONSTRUCTION
4. SPACE FRAMES.
STRUCTURAL
STEEL 5. FOLDED PLATES.
CONSTRUCTION 6. THIN SHELL STRUCTURES.
ARCHITECTURAL 7. STRESSED SKIN STRUCTURES.
FINISHING SYSTEM
8. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY 9. INFLATABLE STRUCTURES.
SURVEYING
1 DRYWALL

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION WALL BOARD:
HEAVY
any of various sheet materials used in
REINFORCED covering a wall or ceiling as a substitute
CONCRETE AND for plaster or paneling.
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION TRACKS
STRUCTURAL STUDS
STEEL GYPSUM BOARD
CONSTRUCTION
ROCKWOOL INSULATION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
JOINT TAPE
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
2 SUSPENDED

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
CEILING SYSTEM
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION a ceiling suspended from an overhead
HEAVY floor or roof structure to provide space for
REINFORCED pipes, ductwork, lighting fixtures, or other
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
service equipment.
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION CROSS TEE
STRUCTURAL MAIN RUNNER
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
SPLINE
TIE RODS
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM GYPSUM BOARD/ACOUSTIC BOARD
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
1 SPECIFICATION

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAME AND The part of the contract documents
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
consisting of a detailed description of the
CONSTRUCTION technical nature of the materials,
HEAVY standards, and quality of execution of the
REINFORCED work to be placed under contract.
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
CONSTRUCTION
DESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATION
STRUCTURAL REFERENCE SPECIFICATION
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATION
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
2 UNIFORM

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
(MASTERFORMAT)
REINFORCED 16-DIVISION UNIFORM
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
CONSTRUCTION INDEX:
CONCRETE Division 1: General Requirements
CONSTRUCTION Division 2: Site Work
STRUCTURAL Division 3: Concrete
STEEL Division 4: Masonry
CONSTRUCTION
Division 5: Metal
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
Division 6: Wood and Plastics
Division 7: Thermal and Moisture
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY Protection
SURVEYING
2 UNIFORM

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
HEAVY
(MASTERFORMAT)
REINFORCED Division 8: Doors and Windows
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
Division 9: Finishes
CONCRETE Division 10: Specialties
CONSTRUCTION Division 11: Equipment
STRUCTURAL Division 12: Furnishings
STEEL Division 13: Special Construction
CONSTRUCTION
Division 14: Conveying Systems
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM
Division 15: Mechanical
Division 16: Electrical
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
3 THREE-PART

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SECTION FORMAT
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION Part 1: GENERAL:
HEAVY defines the specific administrative and
REINFORCED procedural requirements unique to this
CONCRETE AND
PRE-STRESSED
section
CONCRETE Part 2: PRODUCTS:
CONSTRUCTION describes, in detail, the quality of items
STRUCTURAL that are required for incorporation into the
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
project under this section.
Part 3: EXECUTION:
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM describes, in detail, preparatory actions
and how the products are incorporated
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY into the project.
SURVEYING
4 QUANTITY

PREPARATION FOR
CONSTRUCTION
SURVEYING
WOOD FRAME AND
LIGHT REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE:
HEAVY EXAMPLE: How many pieces of
REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND
6”x8”x16” concrete hollow blocks can
PRE-STRESSED be used for a trapezoidal wall with
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION 4.00 meters length and 3.20 meters
STRUCTURAL
height at the lower side and inclined
STEEL to the other side by 20 degrees?
CONSTRUCTION
Consider 2% contingency for
ARCHITECTURAL
FINISHING SYSTEM wastage.
SPECIFICATION
AND QUANTITY
SURVEYING
REFERENCES:
Ching, F.D.K. A Visual Dictionary of
Architecture. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fajardo, M.B. (2000). Project Construction
Management (2nd Edition). Philippines
Fajardo, M.B. (2001). Simplified Methods on
Building Construction. Philippines
Salvan, G.S. & Buhangin, J. (1996).
Architectural and Structural Topics.
Philippines: JMC Press, Inc.
Data:image/jpeg. Retrieved August 05, 2018,
from http://www.atmwood .com.ua
Rosen H.J. et al. (2010). Construction
Specifications Writing. New Jersey: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
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TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
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REFERENCES:
Salvan, G.S. (2005). Architectural Practice
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Goodwill Trading Co., Inc.
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TECHNOLOGY
3

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AR 213A: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

Arch. Gerick Morta Domingo, MSc.CM

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE boulders: above 75 mm,

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE an artificial, stone-like building

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE CONCRETE PROPORTIONS:

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE CURING OF CONCRETE:

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE FORMS FOR CONCRETE:

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE : building with units of various

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE (1) aluminum sheet and strip, (2)

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE cast iron: for piping and fittings,

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE (1) as protective coatings on iron

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

WOOD AND 11 LEAD

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE METAL JOINING

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

CONCRETE METAL JOINING

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

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