Benha University

Faculty of Nursing
Nursing administration department
Methods of Research
1st Term 4th Year
Final Exam
Date: 26 /1 /2011 time : 2 hours degree: 100

All questions to be answered:

i. Define the following : ( 10 degree)

1- Veracity
Obligation to tell the truth

2- Clinical nursing research:

Is research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to
improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients.

3- Sampling
Is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire
population.

4- Research Design.
i. a plan for gathering data for answering specific research questions.
ii. the framework used to conduct the research.

5- Research proposals:
i. are documents describing what researchers propose to study, prepared
before a project has commenced.
ii. Are Clear, concise, well-organized document that spells out what it is you
propose to do and why you are proposing to do it.

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ii. Short Answers ( 20 degree)

1- The specific purposes of nursing research include:-

1- identification,
2- description,
3- exploration,
4- explanation,
5- prediction,
6- and control

-:Research reports can take various forms as - 2

1- papers,
2- dissertations,
3-journal articles,
4-presentations at professional conferences
3-major class of quantitative study are:
 1- Experimental designs:
o Experimental
o Quasi-experimental
 2- Non-experimental designs:
o 􀀹 Descriptive
o 􀀹 Correlational

4- Types of biophysiologic measures are :-

1-in vivo measures.
2-in vitro measures.

5-List ( 5) Qualitative Research Methods:-

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 • Observation
• In-depth interviews
• Focus groups
• Discourse/content analysis
• Case studies
• Oral history
 Video
 Text and Image analysis (documents, media data)

6- Types of qualitative self-report techniques are:-

1- -Completely unstructured interviews
2- Semi-structured (or focused) interviews
3- Focus group interviews.
4- Life histories
5- The think aloud method
6- Personal diaries
7- The critical incidents technique .

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iii. -Identify which of the following research could be Quantitative Research
and which are Qualitative Research. ( 5 degree)

1- Bournes and Mitchell (2002) undertook an in-depth study to describe the

experience of waiting in a critical care waiting room.
The Answer ………………… Qualitative Research …………………………………………………….

2- Hupcey (2000) undertook a study that involved the development of a model

explaining the psychosocial needs of patients in the intensive care unit. Feeling
safe was the overwhelming need of patients in the intensive care unit.
The Answer …………………… Quantitative Research ………………………………………………………

3- McDonald, Freeland, Thomas, and Moore (2001) conducted a study to determine

the effectiveness of a preoperative pain management intervention for relieving pain
among elders undergoing surgery.
The Answer …………………… Quantitative Research ……………………………………………………

4- Sadala and Mendes (2000) explored the experiences of 18 nurses who cared for
patients who had been pronounced brain dead but kept alive to serve as organ
donors.
The Answer …………… Qualitative Research ……………………………………………………………….
5-Reynolds and Neidig (2002) studied the incidence and severity of nausea
accompanying combinative antiretroviral therapies among HIV infected patients,
and explored patterns of nausea in relation to patient characteristics.
The Answer …………………… Quantitative Research ……………………………………………………

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 iv. matching ( 5 degree)

No A No B
1 Person undertaking the study 1 Directional hypothesis
2 System of organizing concepts 2 dependent Variable
3 Relationship between a single independent 3 Study participant
variables and a single dependant variable
4 Information gathered 4 Concepts
5 variables that the researcher creates. 5 Deductive reasoning
6 It is a process by which specifics are 6 Qualitative Research
inferred from general principles.
7 Build theories 7 Theory
8 Person contributing information 8 active variables
9 Specifies not only the existence but the 9 Simple hypothesis
expected direction of the relationship
10 That which is being investigated 10 Inductive reasoning
11 Quantitative Research
12 Data
13 Investigator

The 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
answer
13 7 9 12 8 5 6 3 1 4

v. - True or false ( 15 degree)

No Statement T F
1 Research is not systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to T
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 answer questions or solve problems.
2 A problem statement is an expression of dilemma or disturbing T
situation that needs investigation .
3 Closed ended questions allow participants to respond to question in F
their own words
4 Interview after the possibility of complete anonymity. F
5 When an attribute is extremely varied in the group under T
investigation, the group is said to be heterogeneous
6 in non experimental research, researchers make observations of T
existing situations and characteristics without intervening.
7 Research questions direct rewording of statements of purpose T
interrogatively rather than declaratively.
8 Background of the problem need to provide a brief, focused review of T
the literature
9 The proposal is comprehensible to only expert in the field F
10 The most common scaling technique is the visual analog scale. F
11 Sample in Qualitative Research is large sample. F
12 Life histories are narrative self disclosures about individual life T
experiences
13 Researcher used standardized instruments in Qualitative Research. F
14 Open ended questions are more difficult to construct F
15 Qualitative Research is test theories F

vi. -- Differentiate ( 15 degree)

1- Basic research and applied research.

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 Basic research
 Undertaken to advance
knowledge in a given area, helps the
researcher understand relationships
among phenomena.
 Pursuit of knowledge or finding
truth
 Generates, refines or tests theory
 Often uses laboratory setting
 Findings may not be directly useful
in practice
May be used later in development of
treatment/ drug/ theory
2- Probability sampling and non Probability sampling
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applied research
 Undertaken to remedy a
particular problem or modify a situation,
helps the researcher to make decisions or
evaluate techniques. (Clinical nursing
problems).
 Knowledge intended to directly
influence clinical practice
 Conducted in actual practice
conditions
 Solve problems, make decisions,
predict/control outcomes
 Evaluate interventions
 Test/validate theories
 Evaluate “Basic” research knowledge
for usefulness
 Probability sampling Non Probability sampling
(random sample): It is a sample which is (non-random sample): This is sample
chosen so that every member of the chosen according to the person's own
population is equally likely to be a member of judgment so result cannot be generalized
the sample. to the whole population.
A- Simple random sample: This a
sample drawn in such way that every There are three types of non
individual in the population has an equal probability sampling:
chance of appearing in the sample.

B- Stratified random sample: In this case, A- convenience sampling: It uses

we start by dividing the population into participants who are easily accessible to
different strata according to their the researcher and who meet the criteria
characteristics (e.g. male and female, of the study.
different age groups, rural and urban). Then
Snawball sampling: It is a particular
from each of those strata, we choose a
type of convenience sampling in which
random sample from each stratum, the final
the researcher net works with a small
sample is the total of the samples from
sample of accessible participants and use
different strata.
them to assist in identifying other
C- Cluster sampling: In this case the participants with the specific trait.
population first divided in to clusters or
B- Quota sampling: In this case the
groups as sample units rather than individuals
population are divided into strata then
and all the elements within the chosen cluster
the researcher determines which strata
are examined (e.g. house holds, schools) and
are to be studied, then computers
the sample is selected from these clusters by
number of participants needed for each
simple random method.
strata, once quota for each strata is
D-Multistage sampling: in this case the determined, the subjects are solicited via
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sample is taken in a series of stages. a convenience sampling method.

 First, start by big clusters (e.g. zones) C- Purposive/theoretical/judgemental

from this draw a sample, each zone is
then divided into cities and villages,
and from each of these you can choose
a sample, from each city choose a
district or house by random method,
and then randomly draw a sample of
families or individuals.
sampling: In this type, the researcher
based on knowledge and expertise of the
subject, selects or hand picks the
elements of the study. The chosen
element are though to best represent the
phenomena being studied.

E- Systematic sampling: Relies on arranging

the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting elements
at regular interval through the ordered list. In
this case we choose every Nth individual e.g.
every 5th, 10th, etc., the first one to be
included should be randomly selected.

vii. -Write one research proposal, either quantitative or qualitative for

problem you select. ( 25 degree)

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According to the problem you select, you must present it in this
sequence:-
- Title
- Introduction
- Significance of the problem
- Aim of the study
Research question
- Subject and methods
Research design
Setting
Subject
Tools of data collection
Methods of data collection
- Results
- discussion
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- Reference

Good luck

Dr : Mahboba Sobhy
Dr: Latifa Tawfik

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