Electrostatics: - (Electro Means Charge and Static Means Rest)

Mushtaq Ahmed M.
Sc Physics PISJ Jeddah 0596967706
Unit -13 Electrostatics

Electrostatics:_( Electro means charge and static means rest)
The branch of physics which deals with the study of properties of charges at
rest is known as electrostatics or static electricity.
Q. Define an electric charge. How electric charges can be produced?
Electric charge:
Definition: ''Charge is a basic property of a material body due to which it attracts
or repels another object."
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a
force when close to other electrically charged matter.
OR Charge is the intrinsic property associated with matter due to
which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects.
Production of electric charges:
Friction produces two different types of charges on different materials
1) If a plastic comb is run through the hair and then brought near small pieces
of paper, the comb attracts them.
2) Amber when rubbed with silk. It attracts the small pieces of paper.
This property of attraction or repulsion between substances is due to the
electric charges they acquire during rubbing.
3) Electric charge can also be produced by rubbing a neutral body with another
neutral body
Activity 1:
Take a plastic rod. Rub it with fur and suspend it horizontality by a silk thread.
Now take another plastic rod and rub it with fur and bring it near to the suspended
rod. We will observe that both the rods will repel each other. It means during the
rubbing both the rods were charged.
Mushtaq Ahmed M.Sc Physics PISJ Jeddah 0596967706
Conclusion: Both rods are of plastic and both of them have been rubbed with fur.
Therefore we assume that charge of both rods would be of the same kind.
Activity 2:
Take a glass rod and rub it with silk and suspend it horizontally. When we bring
the plastic rod rubbed with fur near to the suspended glass rod. we observe that
both the rods attract each other.
Conclusion:
Rods are unlike and their attraction imply that charge on the two rods are not of the
same kind but of opposite nature.
These opposite charges are conventionally called positive and negative charges.
During the process of rubbing negative charge is transferred from one object to
another object.
Q . What are types of charges? How we confirm the charges on the body.
Type of charges
The charges are of two types,
Positive charges and negative charges
Confirmation of charges;
1._when two glass rod are rub together with silk, and are suspended together at a
distance they begin to repel each other.
2- When these two rods are rub together with ebonite or fur and repeat the
experiment, they will also repel each other.
3- If one glass rod is rubbed with silk and other with fur or ebonite and repeat the
above experiment, they will begin to attract each other.
Results:
1, The repulsion between two rode is due to similar charges.
2, The attraction is due to dissimilar charges.
Properties of charges
1. Charge is a basic property of a substance due to which it attracts or repels
another object,
2. Two different type of charge can be produced by friction.
3. Same (like) charges always repel each other.
4. Opposite (unlike) charges always attract each other.
5. The force of attraction./repulsion depends up the quantity of charges and the
distance between the charges.
6. Repulsion is test to detect the presence of charge on a body.

Q. Do you think that amount of positive charge on the glass rod after rubbing with
silk cloth will be equal to the amount of negative charge on the silk ? Explain.
1. Matter is made up of electrically-neutral atoms. Each atom consists of a
positive charged nucleus with outer cloud of negatively charged electrons.
2. When body is neutral (i.e not charged), it does not mean that the neutral
body has no charge, it means that the number of positive charge is equal to
the number of negative charges.
3. When we rub the glass rod with the silk cloth the electrons are transferred to
the silk cloth. But in glass rod the number of electrons and positive charges
are equal.
4. So the same amount of positive charges produced on glass will be equal to
the same amount of negative charges transferred to the silk.
.Q.3. Define positive and charges? Explain the method of charging bodies by
electrostatic induction?
1. Positive Charge: A positive charge exists on an object when it has
deficiency of electrons.
2. Negative Charge: A negative charge exists on an object when it has excess
of electrons.
Q what is electrostatic induction? Explain it.
Electrostatic Induction
Definition:-The process, in which a charge body changes the charge distribution of
a nearby neutral body, is known as electrostatic induction.
Explanation:- When a charged body is brought near by a neutral body then the
negative and positive charges of neutral body rearranges
themselves on the surface as well as in the interior of the body. This effect is
known as electrostatic induction.
This process occurs in insulator as well as in conductor. The neutral body
regains its original state when the charged body is removed. In the presences of
charged body, a conductor behavior is called electrostatic induction.
Q. How we charge an insulator by induction
Charging an insulator by induction:
1. When a charged comb is brought near a neutral insulator, the atoms of the
insulator induce itself in such a way that partial positive charge is produced
on one end of the atom and partial negative on the other end forms a dipole
as shown in the figure.
2. One dipole induces another dipole. This phenomenon is known as
polarization. In this way the comb attracts the insulator towards itself.
Q. How does the electrostatic induction differ from charging by friction?

1. Take two metals spheres and fix them on insulated stands.
2. These two insulated metal spheres A and B are placed together, so that they
touch one another like a single conductor.
3. A positively charged rod brought near to the sphere A. The positively
charged rod attract the negative charge toward it and repels the positive
charge away from it.
4. The negative charges will appear on the left side (close to charged rod).
While the positive charge appears on the right of the of metallic sphere ‘B’.
5. Still keeping the charged rod in position, the sphere “B’ is moved a short
distance from sphere ‘A”. This time two spheres are oppositely charged and
attracts each other.
6. The charged rod is now removed these charges on the spheres rearrange
themselves as shown in figure. Now increase the distance between these
spheres. The charges are uniformly distributed over the spheres.
CONCLUSION:
Above activities show that, an equal and opposite charge can be developed on
each metal sphere.
The process in which charge a body without physical contact is called charging by
induction. But in friction charges are only produced when bodies are in physical
contact with each other.
Q . What is gold leaf electroscope? Discuss its working principle with label
diagram.
GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
The gold leaf electroscope is a sensitive device which is used for detecting and
testing the nature of charge on a body.
Construction
1. Gold leaf electroscope consists of a brass rod which has a brass disc on the
upper side and two gold leaves attached at its lower end.
2. This brass rod passes through an insulator (cork) and adjusted in such a way
that, the gold leaves hanging vertically downward inside the glass jar while
the brass disc should outside the glass jar.
3. This brass rod should not in contact with glass jar anywhere. An aluminum
foil is attached at the lower portion of glass jar.
4. This aluminum foil is grounded with a copper wire. This protects the gold
leaves from the external electrical disturbances.
Detecting the presence of charge

1. If we want to detect the presence of charge on anybody, bring that body
close to the brass disc of an uncharged electroscope.
2. If the body is neutral (i.e has no charge) there will be no deflection of the
leaves.
3. If the body is negatively or positively charged, then the gold leaves will
diverge. This divergence of leaves depends upon the quantity of the charge.
4. If body is negatively charged, Then due to electrostatic induction positively

charge will appear on the disk, while negative charges will appear on the
leaves.
5. The negative charges will appear on the gold leaves and deficiency of
electrons on brass disc. Both of gold leaves has negative charge on it so they
will repel each other and leaves will diverge.
Charging the electroscope by electrostatic induction

1. Electroscope can be charged by the process of electrostatic induction. To
produce positive charge on electroscope, bring a negatively charged body
close to the disk.
2. The positive charge will appear on disk and negative shifted on leaves.
3. Now connect the disk of the electroscope with the earthed aluminum foil by
conducting wire.
4. The –ve charge of leaves will flow toward the earth. Now we will disconnect
the wire connection and remove the rod,
5. in this way electroscope gets positively charged. Similarly electroscope can
be charged with the help of positively charged rod.
Detecting the type of Charge

1. To detect the type of charge on a body. First electroscope charged positively
or negatively consider the electroscope is charged by conduction method.
2. Now bring the charged body near to disk of positive charged electroscope. If
the body having negative charge on it.
3. Then it will attract the positive charge from the gold leaves, in this way
distance between the leaves decreases.
4. On the other hand, if the body contains positive charge on it then it will repel
the positive charge from disk to leaves, the distance between leaves
increases.
5. In this way we can detect the type of charge on anybody with the help of
charged electroscope.
Q. How we identify conductors and insulators?
Identification of conductors and Insulators
1. Electroscope can also be used to identify the conductor and insulator. Touch
the disk of charged electroscope with body which is under test.
2. If a body is good conductor it will attract the charges of electroscope and
distance between gold leaves will decrease.
3. If the body is an insulator then it will not attract the charge of electroscope
and distance between leaves don’t change.
Q . State and explain coulomb’s law and give its limitations.
Coulomb’s law :-
Statement :- The forces of attraction or repulsion between the two charges
is directly proportional to product of the charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
Mathematical form : consider two point charges q1 and q2 are placed at distance r
from each other ,
According to the statement of the coulomb’s law,
𝐅 ∝ 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
𝟏
𝐅 ∝ 𝐫𝟐
q1 and q2 is the amount of charge on the two point charges. Where r is the
distance of the two charges .
q1q2
F ∝ r2
𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
𝐅 = (𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭)
𝐫𝟐
q1 q2
F=K r2
Where K is the constant of proportionality and its value depends upon the nature of
the medium.
1
K = 4π ε = 9 × 109 N. m2 c −2
o
∈0 =permittivity of free space= epsilon not
when the medium between the two charges is free space or air
𝟏 𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
𝐅=
𝟒𝛑 𝛆𝐨 𝐫 𝟐
This is the equation of the coulomb’s law

Limitation of Coulomb’s Law
1. Coulomb’s law is valid for the point charges whose size is very
small as compared to the distance between them.
2. Like other forces, electric forces also obey newton’s third law.
Q. what is the test charge?
Unit Positive Charge Or Test Charge :- The charge which is used to detect the
electric field is called test charge . It has one coulomb positive charge.
Q. what is meant by electric field and electric field intensity?
Electric field :_ The space or region around the charge where its
electrostatic effect can be felt is called electric field .
OR
“The imaginary sphere around a charge within which other charges influenced by
it.”
Electric field Intensity:- The force experienced by the test charge when placed in
the electric field of other charge is called is called electric field intensity.
OR
Force per unit charge experience by the test charge is called electric field intensity.
It is denoted by qo.
𝐅
Mathematically 𝐄=
𝐪𝟎
Unit:- Newton per coulomb
F=q0E
Direction of electric intensity
Being a force, electric intensity is a vector quantity. The direction of electric
intensity is along with the direction of force which acts on test charge q0. If the test
charge gets free in electric field, it will move in the direction of electric intensity.
Q.What are electric field lines? How field lines are related to the electric field
intensity?
Electric Field Lines
In electric field, the direction of electric intensity can be indicated by lines. These
lines are known as electric lines of force. Michael Faraday introduced the concept
of electric lines of force. An electric field can be represented by the lines of force.
Definition: “The path along which a unit positive charge moves in electric field is
called electric lines of force or electric field line.”
Electric lines of force are imaginary lines starting from positive charge and ending
on negative charge.
Properties of electric field lines
(1) Electric field lines are originated from position charge and terminate at
negative charge.
(2) The lines of electric field do not intersect each other. (3)
As it is impossible to have two different directions at a single point.
(4) The lines of electric field are always shown by the help of directional lines (or
curves) the arrow show the direction of electric intensity.
(5) Smaller the distance between the lines of force, the larger is value of electric
intensity and vice versa.
6) When the electric line is curved then the direction of electric

field intensity is always in the direction of tangent to electric field lines at that
point.
Q :- What is the Electrical Potential energy ?

Electrical Potential Energy:
The work done by an external force in moving the charge against the electric field
increases the electric potential energy of the charges.
Let WAB be work done by the force in carrying the positive charge q o keeping the
charge in equilibrium condition as shown
The change in its potential energy
UB-UA= WAB
∆U = WAB
Where UA and UB are the potential energy at point A and B respectively.
Q Define and explain Potential difference.

Potential difference:-
The potential difference between two points A and B is defined as the work done
in carrying a test positive charge from A to B while keeping the charge in
equilibrium, that is
𝑊
∆V = VB - VA = 𝐴𝐵
𝑞𝑜
∆𝑈
∆V = --------- (1)
𝑞𝑜
Where VA and VB are the potential difference at point A and B respectively.
Q Relation b/w potential energy difference and electrical potential difference.

Potential energy difference and electrical potential difference between points A
and B is related by
Change in Potential energy =work done from A to B
UB-UA= WAB
∆U = WAB --------- (1)
𝑊
∆V = VB - VA = 𝐴𝐵 -------( 2 )
𝑞𝑜
Putting value of WAB in equation ( 1 )
∆𝑈
∆V = ---------- ( 3 )
𝑞𝑜
∆Vqo = ∆𝑈
Potential difference is defined as the difference of potential energy per unit
charge.
Unit : The unit of potential difference is joule per coulomb, it is called VOLT.
1 Volt :- A potential difference of 1 volt exists between two points if work
done in moving unit positive charge from one point to another is one joule
1 joule
1 Volt =
1 coulomb
It is a scalar quantity.
Electron Volt:- This is small unit of energy and is often used in atomic and
nuclear physics.
Definition :- It is defined as the amount of energy gain or lost by an electron as it
passes through a potential difference of one volt.
Mathematical Expression :- If a particle of charge q move from point A with a
potential VA to a point B at Potential VB keeping the electrostatic equilibrium. The
𝑊
change in potential energy of the electron ∆V = VB - VA = 𝐴𝐵
𝑞
∆𝑈
∆V =
𝑞
∆ V q = ∆𝑈 --- (1 )
If there is no external force acts in the charge to maintain equilibrium, this change
in potential energy will appear in the form of change in K.E .
Suppose q =1.6×10-19coulombs is the charge on an electron moves across a
potential difference of 1 volt . The Kinetic energy gain by the charge will be
If ∆ V =1 volt ∆𝑈=∆K.E =∆Vq
=(1volt )(1.6×10-19coulombs)
∆K.E =1.6×10-19 Joule
The amount of energy equal to 1.6×10-19 Joule is called one electron volt and is
denoted by 1 ev
1ev =1.6×10-19 Joule
Q. Describe capacitor as an energy storing device. What do you meant by

capacitance of a capacitor? Define units of capacitance?
Capacitor: A device used for storing electric charge is called capacitor.
Construction: A simplest capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates,
separated by small plates by air or some insulating material known as dielectric.
Charging a capacitor:
The capacitor can be charged by placing one of the plates with the
positive terminal of the battery while the other is connected to the negative
terminal of the battery. Charge +Q and –Q appears on the plates. These charges
attract each other due to mutual attraction and thus remain on the surface of the
plates after the removal of the battery.
Capacitance of a capacitor:
The ability of the capacitor to store charge is known as capacitance of
a capacitor.
EQUATION :- The amount of charge stored on the capacitor is directly
proportional to the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor. Q ∝
V
Q = CV
Where c is constant called capacitance of the capacitor.
It depends upon the shape of the plates and the medium between the plates. It is the
ability to store charge.
Capacitance Of parallel plate capacitor
The ability of the capacitor to store charge is called capacitance of the capacitor.
OR The capacitance of the capacitor can be defined as the amount of charge on
one plate necessary to raise the potential that plate by one volt with respect to the
other.
Unit :- C =Q/V
= one coulombs/one volt
The SI unit of capacitance is coulombs/ Volt. It is called farad. After the name of
the English Scientist Farad
Farad :- It is charge of one coulomb given to one of the plate of the parallel
plate capacitor, it will produce a potential difference
of one volt between them, then the capacitance of the capacitor is called one farad.
Q.. How are the capacitors connected in parallel? Describe the characteristic
features of this combination.
. Parallel combination of Capacitors:
Definition :-
When a number of capacitors are connected together in such a way that right side
plates of all the capacitors are connected to one common terminal and their left
side plates are connected to another single common point, the these capacitors are
said to be connected in parallel.
Characteristics:
(1) The potential difference across each capacitor is same, for capacitors connected
in parallel.
(2) The amount of charge stored on capacitor depends upon nature of capacitor
although potential difference across each capacitor is same.
Mathematical form
Let us denote capacitances of all the capacitors by C1, C2, C3 and amount of
charge stored as Q1, Q2, Q3 respectively. Then the resultant charge stored on
whole of the parallel combination in given by.
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Here, charge stored on each capacitor is given by
Q1 =C1V , Q2 = C2 V , Q3 = C3 V
Putting these values we get.
Q=C1V+C2V+C3V
Q =(C1 + C2+ C3)V
Q
= CI + C2 + C3
V
equivalent capacitor
The combination acts like a single capacitor, whose capacitance is denoted by Ceq.
Its equation is written as follows.
Q=CeqV
Putting this value in above equation we get.

Ceq = C1+ C2 + C3
This is formula for the calculation of equivalent capacitance:
For n number of capacitors connected in parallel, the equivalent capacitance is
—
calculated as follows.
Ceq = C1+ C2 + C3 +………… Cn
Result
This shows that equivalent capacitance is equal to sum of all capacitances
connected in parallel. The equivalent capacitor is greater than the value of
maximum capacitance in the parallel arrangement.
Q. How are the capacitors connected in series? Describe the characteristic feature
of this combination?
. Series combination of Capacitors:
Definition :-
If a number of capacitors are connected together in such a way that right plate of
the first is connected to the left plate of the next, then these are said to be
connected in series. This type of combination of capacitors has the following
characteristics.
Explanation
i. When capacitors in series are connected to a battery, then charge stored on
each capacitor in this combination stores equal amount of charge. The
battery supplies positive charge (+ Q) to left plate of capacitor of
capacitance C1 .
ii. Due to induction -Q is induced on its right plate and +Q is induced on left
plate of the next capacitor of capacitance, C2 . This process continues up to
the last capacitor in series combination.
Mathematical form:-
As charge stored on all capacitors of different capacitance is same, so value of
electric potential difference across individual capacitor is different which we
devote by V1 , V2 , V3 . Their value are calculated by using equation of
capacitor (Q = CV). Therefore we write.
V1= 𝐶𝑄 , V2= 𝐶𝑄 , V3= 𝐶𝑄

1 2 3
Using voltage rule we can write
V= V1 + V2 + V3
Where V is voltage of battery. Putting values of V1 ,V2 , V3 in the above equation
we get
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑉= + +
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
1 1 1
𝑉=Q( + + )
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
equivalent capacitor
If all the capacitors in series combination are supposed to be acting like a single.
Q
Capacitor (equivalent capacitor). Then equation for it is written as V=
Ceq
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
V = Q( 𝐂𝟏
+𝐂 + 𝐂 )
𝟐 𝟑
𝐐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=Q ( +𝐂 + 𝐂 )
𝐂𝐞𝐪 𝐂𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=( +𝐂 + 𝐂 )
𝐂𝐞𝐪 𝐂𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
For n — number of capacitors connected in series the formula for the equivalent
capacitance is ‘written as
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +𝐂 + 𝐂 +………………. 𝐂
𝐂𝐞𝐪 𝐂𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝐧
Result:-
this shows that inverse of equivalent of inverses of capacitances of individual
capacitance connected in series. In this case the equivalent capacitance, Ceq is less
than smallest value of capacitance, in the series combination
Q. what are types of capacitors
Types Of Capacitor
Capacitor have been classified into various types depending upon their
construction used in them.
There are four main types of capacitors,
(I) Fixed capacitors. (ii) Paper capacitors. (iii) Mica capacitors
(iv) Variable capacitors.
i) Fixed Capacitor:
If plates of capacitor are fixed and not moveable. then such type of capacitor is
called fixed capacitor. Its value does not change.
(ii) Paper Capacitor :-The capacitor in which dielectric is used as medium is

called paper capacitor.
Example :- It is an example of fixed capacitor.
Its shape is cylindrical, Usually a paper capacitor consists of an oiled or greased
paper used as a dielectric medium between two aluminum foils which act as plates
of capacitor.
It is rolled and confined in a plastic case.
(iii) Mica Capacitor:-
The capacitor, in which mica is used as dielectric medium, is called mica capacitor.
Example :- It is also an example of fixed capacitor.

It has plastic case, the connection wires come out of the case of such a capacitor.
A large number of conducting plates are piled are upon the other with dielectric
(mica) sheets between even two plates to form a parallel plate capacitance of
comparatively large value of capacitance.
(vi) Variable Capacitor:

If arrangement is made such that interfacing area of parallel plates of capacitor is
changeable. then its capacitance is also changeable. Such a capacitor is called
variable capacitor.
This type of capacitance in made up by the help of two sets of conducting
plates separated by air gap. One set remains constant while the other set of
conducting plates is rotatable so that distance between the plates remains same but
interfacing area is changeable. This changes value of capacitance.
Q .What are uses of capacitor.

Uses Of Capacitor: Capacitors are widely used in electrical circuits. For Smooth
working of the home appliance, the capacitors are used in table fan, ceiling fan,
and exhaust fans, fan motor in air conditioner, coolers, motors, washing machine
and air conditioner.
1. Capacitors are used in motors and fans.
2. Capacitors are used transmitters and receivers.
3. Capacitors are used in a transistor radios.
4. Capacitors are used in resonant circuits for the tuning of particular also known
as filter circuits.
5. Capacitors are used in electrical and electronic circuits to identify high
frequency and low frequency signals.
6. All capacitors are not suitable for all type of circuits. One type of ceramic
capacitors are generally superior to other type of capacitors are used in vast range
of applications.
Application of Electrostatic:
Static electricity plays an important role in everyday life which include car
painting, photocopying, extracting dust particles from chimneys of industrial
machinery and from the dirty carpets.
Electrostatic Air Cleaner
An electrostatic air cleaner is a device which is used to relieve to discomfort of
allergy sufferers.
1. This device consists of two mesh plates. One of the plate is positively
charged while other negatively changed.
2. The dust and pollen mixed air enters to device and first pass through from
positively charged plate.
3. The air born particles become positively charged when they are in contact
with plate. When this air pass through from second negatively charged plate,
the positively charged dust particles attracted towards the negatively charged
mesh plate due to electrostatic force.
4. The dust particles sticks with second negatively charged mesh plate.
Through this process at very high percentage we can remove the
contaminants of air stream.
Spray painting
1. Static electricity is used in automobile industry to paint cars. The body of car
is earthed.
2. When the particles of paint emerge out from the nozzle of sprayer, they
acquire the negative charge.
3. When these negative charged paint reach near the body of car.Due to
electrostatic induction the surface of the car body gets +vely charged and –
vely charges will repel and go into the earth due to the earth wire leaving
behind the +ve charges on the body of the car body.
4. So negatively charged paint particles will stick firmly to the positively
charged body of the car.
Q . What are the Hazards of Static Electricity?
Hazards of Static Electricity:
Lightening: The thunderclouds are charged due to friction of water molecules
present in thunderclouds and air molecules. When the large quantity of charges
builds up in heavy thunder-clouds then phenomenon of lightening occurs. When
sufficiently high charge are on thunderclouds, it produces positive and negative
charges in the air. The large amount of negative charge is discharged to the highest
object on the earth and can harm them.
Precautions
1• During thunderstorm its very dangerous to swim in open sea.
2• During thunderstorm don’t play in open field.
3• During thunderstorm, hide yourself under the tree or in building.
Lightening Conductor
1. A conductor is fixed at the top of building and earthed with a copper wire to
prevent lightening from damaging the buildings.
2. This conductor provides a steady discharge path for the large amount of
negative charge in the air to flow from the top of building to the earth.
3. In this way the chance lightening can be minimized
Fire Or Explosion
1. Static electricity is a major cause of fire and explosions.
2. This fire or an explosion occurs due to excessive build-up of electric charges
produces due to friction.
3. Static electricity is produced by friction of gasoline, when it is being pumped
into vehicle or containers.
4. When a vehicle moves with high speed due friction of air and vehicle the
static electricity produced.
5. If these static charges are allowed to discharge through the areas where the
petrol vapours are present a fire can occur.
Precautions
1. During filling the container should place on earth, in this way static charges
transferred to earth.
2. Discharged the container before filling the container with gasoline.
3. During gasoline filling in a container, the container should be on ground and
the nozzle should be kept in contact.
4. Do not fill the container inside the vehicles.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:
Q.1 A balloon is negatively charged by rubbing and then clings to the wall. Does
this mean that the wall is positively charged? Why does the balloon eventually
fall?
Ans. A negatively charged balloon first cling to the wall, because due to its
electric field the point of contact on the wall polarized positively due to
electrostatic induction and attract the balloon due to electrostatic force of
attraction and thus clings.
Later on the balloon is neutralized because the wall is grounded and due to
gravity the balloon eventually falls.
Q.2 Why is it not a good idea to seek shelter under a tree during a lightning storm?
Ans: When charged clouds pass over a tall tree, then an opposite charge is
induced on the tall tree due to phenomenon of electrostatic induction. As a
result electrostatic force of attraction exist between the tree and the clouds
due to which there is a greater possibility of for lightning discharge to take
place between the tree and the clouds. Therefore it is not a good idea to seek
shelter under a tree during a lightning storm.
Q.3 A charged comb often attracts small bits of dry paper that then fly away when
they touch the comb. Explain?
Ans: When comb is brought near the bits, due to polarization, bits gets
oppositely charged, hence they are attracted by the comb. When they touch
the comb, at point of contact the charge is neutralized but the further points
on the comb and bits have similar static charges so due to repulsion fly away.
Q. 4 Define the term volt?
Ans: Volt is the SI unit of potential difference. It is defined as;
“If one joule of work is done in carrying one coulomb of charge from one
point to another against the electric field, then the potential difference between
these two points will be one volt.
Mathematically:
1j
1v 
1C
Q .5 What is meant by charging of an object electrically?
Ans: When positive and negative charge appears on a body, it means that the
object is charged electrically. When the number of protons and electrons in an
object are equal then the object is electrically neutral. Now when electrons are
added to the body or removed from the body then the neutrality of the body is
disturbed and is said to be charged.
Negative charge appears on the body if the number of protons exceeds the
number of protons while positive charge appears if the number of protons exceeds
the number of electrons.
Q .6 Two isolated copper spheres A, B are initially uncharged. They are placed
near each other as shown in the figure. What is the charge distribution on A when
B is given a negative charge?
Ans: When the negative charged sphere ‘B’ is brought near neutral sphere ‘A’,
then charge is induced on sphere A due to electrostatic induction. The positive
charges on sphere A are arranged on the side which is closer to A while the
negative charges are arranged to the left side of the sphere as shown in the figure.
Q .7 Why electric charge is produced on bodies by friction?

Ans: When two bodies are rubbed together, then electrons are transferred
from one body to another due to friction. The body which loses electrons
becomes positively charged while the body which gain electron becomes
negatively charged.
Q .8 Two capacitors with capacitance 1 F and 0.01 F are charged to the same
potential? Which will give more intense shocked if touched?
Ans: Given data:
C1  1  F
 1  10 6 F
 10 6 F
C 2  0.01F
 0.01  10 6 F
 10 8 F
V1  V2  V
Also we know that;
Q1  C1 V and Q2  C2 V
Putting the values we get;
Q1  10 6 V and Q2  10 8 V
From above equations it is clear that Q1  Q2 for the same potential. T
Q .8 A chain hanging from the rear side of the petrol supply tanker. What is its
purpose?
Ans: Petrol is highly inflammable fluid. The chain should be touching the
ground to keep tanker’s body at zero potential and avoid a spark discharge
due to which petrol can catch fire.
Q 9 The tyres of an aircraft are made from special rubber that conducts electricity.
Explain why?
Ans: Aircraft’s when moving in air with high speed become charged due to friction
due to friction with air molecules and with various cloud. When the aircraft is
landing and touches the ground, the charges flows to the ground through tyres, the
aircraft body becomes neutral and thus avoids the sparking. In this way the aircraft
remains in safe and sound condition.
Numerical Problems
13.1 The charge of how many negatively ·charged particles would be equal to 100
J.LC. Assume charge on one negative particle is 1.6 x 10-19 C?
Answer
Number of negatively charged particle s.
.

Electrostatics: - (Electro Means Charge and Static Means Rest)

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Mushtaq Ahmed M.

Sc Physics PISJ Jeddah 0596967706

Unit -13 Electrostatics

6. Repulsion is test to detect the presence of charge on a body.

Q. How does the electrostatic induction differ from charging by friction?

Detecting the presence of charge

4. If body is negatively charged, Then due to electrostatic induction positively

Charging the electroscope by electrostatic induction

Detecting the type of Charge

This is the equation of the coulomb’s law

Properties of electric field lines

6) When the electric line is curved then the direction of electric

Q :- What is the Electrical Potential energy ?

Q Define and explain Potential difference.

Q Relation b/w potential energy difference and electrical potential difference.

Q. Describe capacitor as an energy storing device. What do you meant by

Putting this value in above equation we get.

V1= 𝐶𝑄 , V2= 𝐶𝑄 , V3= 𝐶𝑄

called fixed capacitor. Its value does not change.

(ii) Paper Capacitor :-The capacitor in which dielectric is used as medium is

Example :- It is also an example of fixed capacitor.

(vi) Variable Capacitor:

Q .What are uses of capacitor.

Q .7 Why electric charge is produced on bodies by friction?

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