Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 221

2 - 19

The Innovative Architectural Concepts

and Building Components
for Fishermen Settlements in Surabaya
(Study of Typological Form, Element and
Architectural Component)
Dewi Septanti38, Irvansyah39, Wahyu Setyawan40

ABSTRACT
Provision of affordable housing for people who are generally classified
fishermen economic weakness can be done through the design of the
building that includes optimal space efficiency and selection of appropriate
building components is a challenge at a time problem which needs to be
solved together. This paper will describe research result on the user
satisfaction and needs toward building component and social-economic
aspect in fishermen settlements. The paper relevance is to provide the
proposals and recommendations for the implementation of the concept of
architectural and building components for the fishermen settlement in
Surabaya, the proposed optimal utilization of local raw materials used, the
draft guidelines of the house and the use of building elements and
components that are suitable for low-income people in settlement of
fishermen and the matrix of priorities, elements and components of the
building that meets the needs of social and economic development for low
income communities, with various forms of alternative building.
Keywords: building components, fishermen settlements

38
Unit Architecture Design and Engineering, Facuilteit Boukunde, Technische Universiteit of
Eindhoven, the Netherlands. E-mail : d.septanti@tue.nl; dewi_s@arch.its.ac.id
39
Departement of Architecture, Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember of Surabaya. e-mail :
irvansjah@arch.its.ac.id
40
Departement of Architecture, Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember of Surabaya
e-mail : wahyu_s@arch.its.ac.id
III - 222 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

1. BACKGROUND

Rapid urbanization and uneven urban development are continually

contributing to the existence of slums settlements in urban areas. Surabaya,
the second largest city of Indonesia with more than 3 million inhabitants,
located in East Java, also faces problems within its slum areas, especially in
fishermen settlements along the coast. Indonesia has more than 17.508
islands with 81.000 km coastal line which makes that more than 25 % of the
people in Indonesia live in a settlement along the coast. (Dahuri,R, et all;
2001) The housing conditions in these settlements are improper for
habitation; infrastructure, services and physical facilities are still limited; clean
water is difficult to get and sanitation is improper. The population here has a
relatively low income level. The majority of them is fisherman with a lack of
knowledge about modern fishing technology and low abilities and skills which
do not support productivity and diversification of their activities. Other
economic activities take place in a traditional way and are limited to fish
products only. Only few credit providing institutions are located in the coastal
area settlements which make it even more difficult for the villagers to develop
their economic ability (Dahuri 2001).
Diverse sustainable housing strategies, design concepts and building
technologies have been developed all over the world, not all of them have
shown to be adequate or widely accepted for implementation in tropical
developing countries alike in the situation of the coastal areas of Java in
Indonesia (ADB 2003).
‘Formal’ approaches as for example official housing programs often fail
because of their lack of adaptation to the economical and social
requirements of the residents. (UNHABITAT, 2003). The house should be
flexible in social demands according to many households; home based
enterprises are essential for a sustainable livelihood in some other
developing countries (Graham Tipple, et.al, 2002).

1.1 Problem Statements

There is lack of appropriate architectural concepts and building components

for low cost housing in fishermen settlements in urban coastal tropical
settlements. From the description above, some of the problems have been
examined are:
1. What kind of classification of housing typology, architectural
elements and components in the fishermen settlements in
Surabaya?
2. What kind of architectural components which meet the needs of
the most social and economic community is seen from the level
of satisfaction?
3. How is the innovative of architectural concept and building
components for fishermen settlements in Surabaya ?
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 223

Research Objectives

The research goals are:

• to find typological form, architectural elements and components that
are appropriate for fishermen settlements in Surabaya?
• to propose the innovative architectural concept and building
components for fishermen housing in Surabaya?

1.3 Research Contribution

Results obtained from the wish to study later this is information on:
• To provide suggestions and recommendations for the implementation
of the concept of architectural and building components for fishermen
settlements in Surabaya.
• To optimize the used of local material.
• To proposed the requirements of housing design and the use of
building elements and components that appropriate for low cost
housing in fishermen settlement.

2. Literature Review

2.1 The theories

Turner’s housing theory (1976) focused on the community’s socio economic

aspect. Turner has stressed the fact that elementary sources of housing can
be properly and economically achieved by the people itself. This theory has
the limitation consideration for technical, ecological and physical aspect. It
means that the theory might not be applicable in some specific cases.
Chattopadhyay (2009). Building Concept for Low Cost Housing is…….
“housing is not what it is but what it does in people’s living ; people will be
more tolerable with the deficiencies and imperfections of the house if they
contribute more in the process of building of their own house, and both the
process and the environment produced stimulate individual and social well-
being” (Turner 1976 page 5-6).
The housing by people concept (JF Thurner) is the basic concept that
can not be applied directly to the practice housing development. Thus mean
that every city/district should be developed this concept itself. The reasons to
develop this concept are: Communities more understand with their housing
problems.The problem orientation not only the physical condition (what it is),
but the more important is their impact to the users (what it does); House is
not the product but the process. Low income people needs to improve their
house according to their future needs and demands, i.e.: the place for having
the home based enterprises (HBEs) activities in specific context, the
communities habit to re-arrange the housing plan, making additional rooms
III - 224 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

and housing renovation related to their generation of income (Septanti, D,

Room Utilization Pattern to Enabling Community’s Economic by Home Based
Enterprises, 2000).
Maximizing of housing opportunity requirements will sustain the
communities where affordable housing already exists. The high
concentration of subprime lending and foreclosures in low income
communities undermines not only individual families but entire
neighborhoods. The development and preservation of quality, affordable
housing strengthens families and stabilizes community (Rubinger, M, et al,
2008).
Studies on coastal housing technology especially for fishermen
settlements in the world have received much attention, but little exists in the
literature on the used of architectural concepts and building components that
appropriate with low cost housing for fishermen settlements in similarly local
context. The few available studies include those of Wilbanks(2005),
Wiseman(2008), Khrisna (2005) and Septanti(2008), Marfa’i et. al (2007) and
Kobayashi (2003).
The housing should be affordable for low income community ….”directly
depends on the income level of its owner, renter or tenant and his purchasing
power. Community’s income level is related to the overall income level in the
country and the possibilities to finance adequate housing facilities. In practice
every household itself decides which percentage of income will spend on
shelter” (Gaillard 1996).
This means that the housing technology according to sustainable
lifespan of low cost housing will be focused at community’s economical and
financial abilities of the inhabitants, its means that the housing product
should be flexible to adapt community needs, cheap and easily to maintain.

2.2 Basic Concept of Settlement

In practical, more about 90% of housing held by the communities itself, while
only 10% done by formal institutions. Contain a formal definition: a housing
that is presented on the rules that can provide by government and or private
sector. Non-Formal contain: a housing that built by community itself with the
traditional process (Source: Course notes). Following by the statements, the
basic key of the housing and settlements development is the communities
itself.

2.2.1 Basic concepts of Fishermen Settlement in Case Study Area

Referrals regulation based on Land Use in Area Surrounding Suramadu

Bridge 2005, the fishermen settlement will be improved with some public
facilities included the facilities to support tourism activities.
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 225

According to Rapoport, housing and its environments are the community’s

experience about: religion, family, social structure and social relationships
between individuals, community etc. House is a building that serves as a
residence or dwelling and the means of the household.
He also said that the housing and human settlements are clearly the
expression of the importance of relativity that shows the difference aspects of
life and the varieties of reality ways. Houses, villages and cities the reality of
community groups who receive shared goals and values of life. House and
settlement is an expression of cultural and social power of a symbolic nature.
Following by Rapoport, the settlement was formed by the influence of social
values, e.g.: community, local culture, etc. It is shown the picture of a group
by different goals and ways of life.
Architectural elements are the one of signs for people and its civilization.
YB Mangunwijaya in his book Wastu Citra said that: “The architecture is
speaking in the sense that the human element with expressed elements, with
the material and the form of composition. Simplicity, truth, and efficiency will
determine the quality of particular community’s architecture language.
The house is built for a man, so that it was something that always
supported by the community’s human life in a certain period. The housing
development should be concerned about the use and image. Use is how it
can function as useful, while the image is a picture that created the housing
from that reflects who the user is.
According to Imam Santosa (2003), deviation of architectural value
always occur from several time. This factor is influence of architectural
essence: the 'space concept'. Thought about the 'space', according to
philosophical, symbolic, and formalistic has started many centuries ago.
Based on some of the references obtained, 20th century was the peak of the
various researches on the space, particularly associated with the science of
architecture (it is marked by the birth of the Movement Modern Architecture
and Interior 1925). Architecture is a product of the culture formed to cover
human needs, so that some changes and the shifting value that does not
occur irrespective of socio-cultural issues. However, as a cultural product of
value, then the architecture is always required to adapt to the various
phenomena that occur in people with the condition in time.

2.2.2 “Kampung” as Fishermen Settlements Form

According to Silas (1988) village is a unique form of settlement where the low
income people lived. The population can be spread across the city. Kampung
can also be defined as the village/ hamlet or the group of un-standard
houses in urban area.In addition, Silas J, also argued that the settlement is a
territorial habitat where the population can still perform biological, social,
economic, political activities and environmental sustainability to ensure a
balanced and harmonious.
III - 226 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Framework

This research will be split up with three research questions, which will be
elaborated below. In order to understand the problems of design and
technical aspect related to architectural concept and building components of
low cost housing, we need to know about typological form, architectural
elements and components that used for low cost housing in coastal
settlements in Surabaya.
The study therefore begins with general picture of fishermen
settlements in Surabaya in order to show the housing problems in its
environmental, socio and economical context. The research also wants to
know the indicator and requirement of architectural concepts and building
components which are relevant for environmental and socio-economic
aspects.
The first stage is to answer the first sub-set of research question
(reserch problems): “What kind of classification of housing typology,
architectural elements and components in the fishermen settlements in
Surabaya?”
In this stage, we will try to find the housing type following by roof type, the
used of housing elements and components that genarally used by
communities.
The second research problems is “what kind of architectural
components which meet the needs of the most social and economic
community is seen from the level of satisfaction?” will be shown by the
communities satisfaction level.The community’s satisfaction according to
material used will gained by interviewing. Data have been collected to found
the occupants satisfaction level, with the comfort ability followed by building
components. The occupant’s satisfaction data have been gained by Post
Occupancy Evaluation (POE) with structural questionnaire and by the
interviews. Data would be treated by multivariate analysis to clarify the
several level of community’s satisfaction with several conditions. Multivariate
analyses were also done to assess the relative importance of various factors
in predicting satisfactions (Chattopadhyay 2009). Data will be shown as a
scale or percentage of the community’s satisfactions.
Instead taking data by communities interviews with Post Occupants
Evaluation and pre-occupant interview (community that have been resettled),
field observation will be reached. This observation is to dig the parameter of
present housing condition, environment and socio-economics. Besides that,
the regulation, geographical and other supporting data have be found by
deep interview of the housing stakeholder. All stages are to understand the
general condition of coastal settlements in the case study area.
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 227

This part will be answered by the third sub-set research questions: How
is the innovative of architectural concept and building components for
fishermen settlements in Surabaya?
Following the last research stage, the results should find the
requirements and indicators for the basic design and building components for
low cost housing in the study area.

3.2 RESEARCH SET UP

The methodology that is most suitable for solving the key research question
and following sub-set research questions contains both qualitative and
quantitative aspects. The ongoing research will be executed by exploratory
and correlational research. According to Kumar, R (1996), the first type of
exploratory research is to clarify why and how there is a relationship between
two aspect of situation or phenomenon. While, the correlational research is
to discover the existence of relationship between two aspects , i.e
architectural concepts and building components for fishermen settlements in
Surabaya.
The research will be applied in case study areas at fishermen
settlements in Surabaya, Eastern Java, Indonesia. These include the
following sub-districts: Tambak Wedi, Kedung Cowek, Bulak Banteng, Tanah
Kali Kedinding, and Sukolilo Barat Surabaya.

4. RESERARCH RESULT

4.1 Typological Form of Fishermen Settlements

Traditional architecture is not static, but formed by repeated norm processes.

Settlements are mostly fishermen who built their own society by using the
more traditional pattern. So that, the housing that built by community will
occur through the stages of the process based on the user needs and
financial ability.
Diagram of Fishermen Housing Typology
used in Fishermen Settlements
35
30
25 Number of user
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4
Kind of Typology

Figure 1. Diagram of Fishermen Housing Typology

III - 228 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

From the results of the research conducted with the kind of typology is as
follows:
1. Pelana-type house without canopy in front terrace
2. Pelana-type house with canopy in front terrace
3. Perisai-type house without canopy in front terrace
4. Perisai-type house with canopy in front terrace

Following the table above can be seen that:

1. The used of pelana-type house with canopy in front terrace is preferred by
the community. According to the functional form of the house, this type is
easiest in the processes, so that will be influence the working-time and
cost of the house.
2. Percentage of this home with pelana-type house with canopy in front
terrace reach 55% of respondents overall. And followed with the perisai-
type house with canopy in front terrace(21.67%), pelana-type house
without canopy in front terrace (16.7%) and perisai-type house without
canopy in front terrace (6.7%).

4.2 The architectural components that used in Fishermen Settlement

in Surabaya.

As discussed in literature review, the architectural elements are the signs for
people and their civilization. In fishermen settlements, the elements of the
architecture (building components) that used also to adjust the community’s
conditions and levels of knowledge, needs and financial ability.
Following the research results that have been illustrated previously,
known that fishermen community used various architectural elements to
formed walls, roofs and floors. Based on that, the houses in the fishermen
settlements divided by:

a. Walls Main Components

From the survey results in the field study following on the satisfaction level of
users for the main material used to formed the walls classify into 5 groups:
- White Stone, the value of the satisfaction level is 5
- Red stone brick, the value of the satisfaction level is 4
- Jati wood and the similarly material, the value of the satisfaction level is 3
- Plywood, the value of the satisfaction level is 2
- Bamboo, the value of the satisfaction level is 1
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 229

b. The Wall Shield Main Components

Component that used to form wall shield, can be determining by the

community satisfaction that classified into 5 groups:
- Brick walls covered by another component e.g.: ceramics, the value of
community’s satisfaction is 5.
- Brick walls covered by cement, plastered and painted; the value of
community’s satisfaction is 4.
- Teak walls and some similar material, the value of community’s
satisfaction is 3.
- Un-covered red/white brick walls, the value of community’s satisfaction is2.
- Walls material made from bamboo/plywood, the value of community’s
satisfaction is 1.

c. The Floor Main Components

Component that used to form the floor, can be determining by the community
satisfaction that classified into 5 groups :
- Ceramics, the value of user satisfaction is 5.
- Terrazzo, the value of user satisfaction is 4.
- Ordinary cement stucco, the value of user satisfaction is 3.
- Material of timber, the value of user satisfaction is 2.
- The compacted land, the value of user satisfaction is 1.

d. Ceiling Components

The used of ceiling is to reduce heat that coming from the roof and also as a
barrier of the rain. Comfort and beauty of the room will be affected by this
component. Therefore ceiling considered as one of the variables to be
measured. For this component, the results of field studies by determining
the level of satisfaction, then classified into 3 groups with the highest 5
points, namely:
- Closed the whole, the value of user satisfaction is 5
- Closed in part, the value of user satisfaction is 3
- No closed, the value of user satisfaction is 1
The variables can be shown the level of user satisfaction about the used
of building components.
III - 230 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

4.2.1 Use of Building Components in the House on the Damaged

Condition to the Year-15

From the results of the survey conducted on 30 respondents with the

condition of damaged houses after 15 years of data obtained that:

Table 1. Table average satisfaction level of the building components that are used

Building component The average levels of user satisfaction

Walls components 3.63
Shield wall components 3.43
Ceiling components 3.73
Floor components 3.46
Average value 3.56

The diagram shows that the use of building components in the house with
the damage/poor condition in fiftieth years is as follows:

Diagram of the components in the

building with the poor condition in the year-15 th

20
15
Level of user
satisfaction 10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Respondent

Figure 6. Diagram of the components in the building with the poor condition in the year-15 th

Following the diagram above, it can be concluded that:

1. In several respondents, show that the level of user satisfaction is very low.
2. There are other factors that affect the condition of the house considering
the number of respondents expressed high level of their satisfaction levels
for building components that are used.

4.2.2 Use of Building Components in the House on the Good

Condition to the Year-15

From the results of the survey conducted on 30 respondents with the

condition of damaged houses after 15 years of data obtained that:
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 231

Table 1. Table average satisfaction level of the building components that are used

Building component The average levels of user

satisfaction
Walls components 3.8
Shield wall components 3.46
Ceiling components 3.63
Floor components 4.53
Average value 3.86

The diagram shows that the use of building components in the house with
the good condition in fiftieth years is as follows:

Diagram of the building components that used on

the house with good condition in year-15th
20
Level of user 15
satisfaction 10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 21 23 25 27 29
Respondent

Figure 6. Diagram of the building components that used on the house with good condition in
year 15-th

From the diagram above, it can be concluded that:

In some respondents, show that the user satisfaction level is very low for the
components that used to built the house. However, the condition of the
building was good enough after 15 years. Other factors that may occur:
- The subjectivities of the user
- Community’s knowledge about building quality components is low.
Architectural components for the most appropriate and meet community’s
requirements for their needs, social and economic aspects are seen by the
level of user satisfaction. The level that the user has a value is 4. It can be
explain that building components that meet the criteria are: the use of red
brick with plaster, plafond component must cover the entire room, and the
use of tiles cover the floor e.g : ceramic, terrazzo.

4.3 The Innovative Architectural Concept and Building Components

for Fishermen Settlements in Surabaya

The economic condition of the fishermen is generally in low income level.

This is consequently for them to require more selective in terms of:
1. Selection of the cheap building component but can be use in long period
(can use up to 20 years).
2. The determination of the concept and architectural design should be
efficient.
III - 232 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

3. Adjustment with typologies of the existing building will be easier to

construct the house. This will ultimately reduce the cost of construction
process.
In general, fishermen settlement is not different from the other
settlements. Fishermen house doesn’t need some more over space to
perform their work (as fishermen or seafood processer). This reason
because they conducted their activity on the 'shared communal space'. The
fishermen communal spaces are usually located closed to the sea. After
fishing, the sea product will be processed in communal space or sells directly
to the middlemen.
Community who live in fishermen settlements can be classified based
on the type of work:
1. Fishermen who fish and process their product.
2. Fishermen who fish but not process their product
3. Non-fishermen, but they process the sea product.
4. Non-fishermen, but they have home based enterprises at home
5. Non-fishermen (regular household)
Based on the five types of work that classified, type no-1(fishermen who
fish and process their product), type no-3 (non-fishermen, but they process
the sea product) and type no-4 (non-fishermen, but they have home based
enterprises at home) require a special space in their house for their activities.
Meanwhile, type no-2 (fishermen who fish but not process their product) and
type no-5 (regular house hold) do not need space for special efforts.
Based on divided group above, the proposed concept, design and
architectural component that is suitable for them are :
1. The first (which requires a special space for business activities). The
proposed house is including with the businesses activities following:
- House with pelana-canopy type that accordance with the most houses in
fishermen settlements.
- Simple architectural design that influence construction process, materials
and time work.
Open space can be done in terrace or front field to conduct home based
enterprises activities.
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 233

Occupation: fishermen who fish and process their

product; non-fishermen, but they process the sea
product; non-fishermen, but they have home based
enterprises at home.
The number of people: 5 inhabitants
The house size: 3.5 m x 10 m

Proposed Design
• Open architectural design to give plenty space for business and domestic
activities.
• The red brick can be use as main wall materials and covered by cement
plaster shield.
• The ceiling should be covered by some materials.
• Cross ventilation and natural light design can be created to form the healthy
house.

2. The second group which does not require a special space for activities)
- House with pelana-canopy type that accordance with the most houses in
fishermen settlements.
- Simple architectural design that influence construction process, materials
and time work.
- Open space does not need for business activities. Terrace can be used for
domestic activities.
Occupation: fishermen who fish but not process their product or regular
house hold.
The number of people: 5 inhabitants
The house size: 3.5 m x 10 m

Proposed Design
• Additional partition can be use to separate the boundary between house
and field.
• The red brick can be use as main wall materials and covered by cement
plaster shield.
III - 234 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

• The ceiling should be covered by some materials.

• Cross ventilation and natural light design can be created to form the healthy
house.

Figure 8. Proposed architectural design concept and components for group 2 houses

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion

From the research have been conducted, some conclusion can be follows
below :
1. The typologies of fishermen housing more dominated by pelana-canopy
type, with consideration: easier to construct that influence by worker time and
material used. The reason will be influence for construction cost.

2. Architectural components that appropriate and meet community’s

requirements can be seen by the user satisfaction level. It is can be explain
that the community more like the material used following as: the use of red
brick with plaster, ceiling component must cover the entire room, and the use
of tiles cover the floor as terrazzo, ceramic etc.

3. Proposed design typologies must be considered the building criteria and

the proposed building component.

5.2 Suggestion

This research should be support by other researches in different angle and

background. Meanwhile, the implementation of proposed research result
needs to be supported by the housing stakeholder who interest with the
housing and human settlements in slums coastal areas.
Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 235

6. REFERENCES

Asian Development Bank (2003); Improving Housing and Conditions in

Indonesia's Poorest Urban Areas; ADB, Manila, Phillipines (2003)
http://www.adb.org/Documents/News/2003/nr2003207.asp
Chattopadhyay, S, 2009, New Essay on Inclusive Housing, Delhi-India,
MacMillan
Dahuri,R, et all; 2001; The Comprehensive Management for the Source of
Coastal Area ; Pradnya Paramita ; Jakarta.
D. Rahmawati, 2007, The Arrangemnet and Improvement of Fishermen
Settlement Potential in Suramadu Bridge.
Graham Tipple, et.al, (2002), The effects of home-based enterprises on the
residential environment in developing countries, Sam Romaya et al,
Building Sustainable Urban Settlements : Approach and Case Studies in
the Developing World; MDG Publishing.
Housing and Human Settlements Board of East Java Government; (2005);
Instruction of Settlement and Use of Farming Area around Suramadu
Bridge; Surabaya
Marfa’i. M.A, et al ; (2007); The impact of tidal flooding on a coastal
community in Semarang, Indonesia ; Environmentalist Journal vol 28:237–
248
Kobayashi Hideyuki (2002) Locality of Indonesian Coastal Cities and
Approaches for Quantitative Evaluation of Possible Impact of Global
Warming, Building Research Institute. Ministry of Construction Department
of Urban Planning Urban Development Division, Tsukuba-city, Japan
http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3kobayas.pdf
Krisna,K.S ; (2005); Science Plan for Coastal Hazard Preparedness; Current
Science Vol 89, No. 8 25 Oct 2005
Marfa’i,M.A, et.al; (2007); The Impact of Tidal Flooding on a Coastal
Community in Semarang, Environmentalist Journal (2008) 28:237–248;
DOI 10.1007/s10669-007-9134-4
Rubinger, S, et al, (2008), Building Sustainable Communities for 21 st
century America : A Public Policy Framework, LISC
Septanti, D; (2000); Room Utilisation Pattern for Home Based Enterprises ;
ITS Research Centre : Surabaya.
Septanti, D and Setyo Wibowo, A ; (2004); Study for Quality Improvement of
Urban Slums Area ; ITS Research Centre : Surabaya.
Septanti, D; Setyawan W; Irvansjah, A ; (2008); The Innovative Architectural
Concept and Building Component in Fishermen Settlements in Surabaya -
Indonesia; ITS Research Centre : Surabaya
Silas,Johan, 2000, Housing Development in Urban Area, Training for Urban
Management in Denpasar and Surabaya, Ministry of Public Work
Indonesia.
Silas, J. (2003); Kampung and Informal Settlements in Indonesia, Lecture
notes, ITS Architecture Surabaya.
Silas; 1989; Marginal Settlements in Surabaya, Indonesia; potensial or
problems?; Environmental and Urbanization Journal.
III - 236 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

Surabaya Local Government; (1999/2000); The Planning of East Coastal

Area in Surabaya
Turner, J.F (1976) Housing By people; Marion Boyars : London.
Newmark, Norman L, and Thompson, Patricia J, 1977, Self Space and
Shelter, Herber and Row Publisher Inc,New York p.10).
YB Mangunwijaya, Wastu Citra
UNHABITAT 2003, UN/Millennium Development Goals 2008
UN-HABITAT/GUO (2003) Guide to Monitoring Target 11: Improving the
Lives of 100 Million Slum Dwellers, 2003.
http://www.unhabitat.org/programmes/guo/documents/mdgtarget11.Pdf
Wiseman,S ; 2008; Rebuilding Affordable Housing on the Gulf Coast
Lessons Learned in Mississippi from Hurricane Katrina; RAND Corporation
RB-9409 (2008)
Wilbanks, T.J; 2007; Effects of Global Change on Human Settlements; Oak
Ridge National Library (UN-Nature Resources Management and
Environmental Departement, 2003, chapter 2).