It is the progress of rural

areas into populated and

civilized sectors.

The urbanization of society is

inevitable because of
increasing population across
the globe.

The largest increase of

population mostly occurs on
developing countries in Asia,
North America, and Africa.

Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/biology2xmaster/chapter/h
uman-population-growth/
NORTHRIDGE AND KOBE EARTHQUAKE
The earthquakes in Northridge (1994) & in Kobe (1995)
were the most devastating earthquake disasters
ever recorded which has created a large impact on
the change of Seismic Design.

About a total of 195,000 building were destroyed in

both earthquakes.

A catastrophe occurred because the earthquakes

occurred in densely populated areas.
These earthquakes have caused major reformation
on structural codes and disaster management
systems.

5
 WAYS TO DEVELOP THESE CHALLENGES

Improve Earthquake Monitoring

Improve Fundamental Knowledge of Earthquake Effects

Improve Understanding of Earthquake Occurrence

Improve the Seismic Design of Structures

Start development of Next Generation Performance-Based Codes

6
EARTHQUAKE MONITORING
Seismologists monitor the structure of the
earth.

Earthquake Engineers study how earthquakes

affect urban areas.
Both have different use different types of
equipment for research and have different
research condition which will cause
financial problems for a government.
Earthquakes have very many basic
processes involved when they occur which
means they are at present hard to predict.

Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Theory

is just only the beginning of understanding
on the occurrence of earthquakes.

Three major types of plate boundaries:

1. Divergent – where two plates are
moving apart
2. Convergent – where two plates
are colliding
3. Transformed – when two plates
slide against each other
Subduction occurs when plates collide and
one goes underneath the other and this
movement causes the most violent
earthquakes.
UNDERSTANDING AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF
MODELING OF GROUND MOTIONS
EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS
➢Source Properties ➢Soil Liquefaction
➢Wave Propagations ➢Land Sliding
➢Local Conditions ➢Damage of Structures
RELATIONSHIP OF URBANIZATION AND
EARTHQUAKE
URBANIZATION
POLITICAL EDUCATION ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL
SOCIAL
CAUSES
 Today, in Asia, Dhaka, Karachi,
Mumbai, Delhi, Manila, Seoul and Beijing
are each already home to over 20 million
people, while the Pearl River Delta,
Shanghai-Suzhou and Tokyo are forecast
to approach or exceed 40 million people
each within the coming decade. Outside
Asia, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, New York
City, Lagos and Cairo are fast approaching
being, or are already, home to over 20
million people.
Urbanization influences the
risk of exposure of
populations to certain kinds of
hazards and, potentially, to
certain kinds of disaster,
however, there are also
mitigating factors arising out
of urbanization such as the
potential for preparedness
and engagement with
communities in understanding
vulnerabilities and addressing
them earlier on.
 Population growth and increasing
urbanization in earthquake-prone
areas suggest that earthquake
impacts on human populations will
increase in the coming decades.
Recent large earthquakes affecting
large populations in Japan, Haiti,
Chile, and New Zealand are
evidence of this trend and illustrate
significant variations in outcomes
such damage and mortality levels.
EARTHQUAKES DO NOT KILL PEOPLE, BUT BUILDINGS DO.
S D
E E
I S
S I
M G
I N
C
18
It is a subset of Structural Analysis and is
the calculation of the response of a
building or structure to earthquakes.

✓ Economic Costs
✓ Triggers on densely populated area
ENGINEERING EARTHQUAKE
SEISMIC DESIGN
SEISMOLOGY ENGINEERING
using the data collected
from the two topics
uses the above, used to perform
seismological complex examination of
knowledge for develops specific structures (numerical
seismic design of methodologies analysis, structural
conformation, solutions
buildings, by for analyzing the
for details, Engineering
proposing the effects of seismic overview on the
seismic actions actions on designed structure.
function of the constructions - to obtain the
source and site economical victory over
characteristics a strong earthquake by
reducing structural
damage
• The design team must take a multi - hazard approach towards design that accounts
for the potential impacts of seismic forces as well as all major hazards to which an
area is vulnerable.

Specific methodologies for active

zones
Wind Design methodology
Effects of after Earthquake fires

- The most important activity (

Codification ) :
>Codes for Macro/ Micro zonation
>Codes updated for structural
Design
>Provisions for design of non-
structural elements
 Scientists investigate that which

SEISMIC DESIGN already is; Engineers create that

which has never been.

FACTORS -Albert Einstein

 STRENGTH
TORSION DAMPING DUCTILITY AND STIFFNESS
Uneven mass
distribution will Buildings in
Non-Ductile The ability to
position the general are
materials resist and
center of poor
(Poorly bear applied
mass outside resonators to
Reinforced forces and
the geometric dynamic
center causing Concrete) the degree
shock and
“torsion” fail abruptly of resistance
dissipate
generating by to deflection
vibration by
stress crumbling. or drift
absorbing it.
concentrations
BUILDING CONFIGURATION - determines the way
seismic forces are distributed within the structure

>Regular Configuration Buildings have Shear walls

or Moment - Resistant Frames or Braced Frames

- Low Height to base Ratio

- Equal Floor Heights
- Symmetrical Plans
- Uniform Sections and Elevations
- Maximum Torsional Resistance
- Direct Load Paths

>Irregular Configuration Buildings are those with

problematic stress concentrations and torsion.
.
28
ISSUES IN SEISMIC “One partner is enough.”

DESIGN -MLC
NEW CHALLENGE:
EARTHQUAKE “ Two is better than
one”

ARCHITECTURE
30
Intended to have an approach for an
architectural design.

Based upon earthquake engineering issues as

its primary source of inspiration.

Harmony between structure and architectural

form is the key for a successful expression.
❑Structural steel
• tension
• compression
❑Beams and
columns
• Vertical loads
❑Bracing system
• Lateral loads
SOME ETHICAL DILEMMA “Patience is all it needs”

IN SEISMIC DESIGN
33
Owner, Structural
• “reducing construction
Engineers and
Architects cost” `

The conflict must

be regulated by • “Professional Conscience”.
the

• Protect life
Seismic Codes
• Health and Public welfare
 • Code provision – a compromise between new and old
Seismic Codes knowledge and procedures.
`

• “Progressive Designer”
• Actual structural behavior during earthquake <
Example codified one

• To Accept the code provisions without any reserve,

ignoring his knowledge.
• To reject the code of practice as inadequate, by
Decision/Choices substituting with some personal provisions.
• To try to interpret the code provisions in light of the
new knowledge.
 `

Therefore: The balance between the old and new provisions is

the dilemma, which must be solved by the designer.
THANK YOU
By:
Noreen Abigail Davis
Johann Vincent Miro
Kenneth Villacorta
Mark Lloyd Cacayorin

37
38