ABSTRACT

Laminated composite plates are subjected to Buckling and fatigue loading simultaneously during dynamic service
condition. The present paper represents the exploration on the Buckling analysis of a symmetric composite laminated plate.
The properties like Weight reduction, Fatigue life, Wear resistance, Corrosion resistance, Strength Stiffness and Thermal
properties can be improved by forming the composite materials. Since vibration and composite material are two focal growing
research topics, almost all the structural apparatus subjected to dynamic loading in their working life and vibration affects the
working life of the structure. The most commonly used plate theories are Kirchhoff or classical laminated plate theory of thin
plate, Mindlin-Reissene or First order shear deformation theory for moderate plates, Levinson’s theory or Third order shear
deformation theory. CLPT is the simplest plate theory, which the effect of transverse shear deformation that results in the
underestimation of transverse deflection of the plate. FSDT is suitable for analyzing moderately thick plates. However, this
theory does not satisfy the stress-free boundary conditions on the surface of the plate so it requires shear correction factors for
the analysis of the thick plates TSDT is used. The higher order theory of composite laminated plates using levy solution is
developed.

1. INTRODUCTION

The increasing application of composite materials in aerospace and

other industries, has generated considerable interest in the analysis of
laminated plates. Multi-layered cross-ply composite structures or laminates
have been increasingly considered for a variety of engineering applications. The
key advantages of the composite materials are due to their good characteristics
with higher stiffness-to-weight, strength-to-weight ratios, etc. over the
traditional materials. In modern advanced industries such as marine
structures, automobile, naval, civil, construction sectors and aerospace, a
thorough understanding of buckling phenomenon is necessary because of the
reliability in design.
The major objective of the present study is to determine buckling
characteristics of composite laminated plates with different material variation

1
parameter (n). In this work an analytical solution based on higher order shear
deformation theory is presented for the laminated plates.
To predict the buckling load of composite plates, a number of plate
theories have been proposed. The classical laminate plate theory (CLPT), which
neglects the transverse shear deformation effect, yields acceptable results only
for thin laminates. The structures designed based on CLPT theory may be
unsafe because the CLPT overestimates the buckling load of the laminated
composite plates. To take into account the effect of transverse shear
deformation, the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) has been used to
predict the dynamic response of laminated composite structures. In the first-
order shear deformation theory (FSDT) a shear correction factor is used to
compensate for the assumed uniform transverse shear strain variations over
the entire plate thickness. For a better representation of the transverse shear
deformations, various higher-order shear deformation (HSDT) plate theories
were proposed .

In the present case we are studying about anti-symmetric cross ply

laminates which have even number of orthotropic layer with principle material
direction alternating as 0° to 90° to the laminate axes. A regular anti-
symmetric cross ply laminate is one that have even number of layers of equal
thickness and the same material properties and which have alternative 0° and
90° orientation. The coupling coefficient Bij approaches zero as the number of
layers increases.

The present study is devoted to the theoretical study of laminated structure.

Determination of buckling of fiber reinforced composite laminate with different
loads and boundary condition constitutes the major objective of the study.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK

2
  To develop the higher order theory for composite laminated plates
using levy solution.
 To evaluate the levy solution by solving higher order differential
equation should satisfy the boundary condition.
 To determine the buckling characteristics of a composite laminated
plates using levy solution for different side thickness (a/h), modulus
ratio(E1/E2), number of layers(n).
 To determine the critical buckling loads for laminated composite
plates.
 In order to assess the accuracy of the result a critical comparison
will be made among the result available in the literature.

The significance of this study lies in the derivation of an analytical solution to

analytical cross-ply laminated plate comprising the effects of buckling loads
under various boundary conditions.

1.1 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS

 Chapter 1: Presents the introduction of composite laminated plates
using levy solution.
 Chapter 2: The literature review along with the introduction to the
literature is presented. The work is mainly focused on the composite
laminated plates, higher order shear deformation, levy solution
theories available in the literature.
 Chapter 3: The detail formulation and derivation of equation of
motion are based on the principle of virtual work.
 Chapter 4: The numerical solution of composite laminated plates
based on levy solution for higher order shear deformation model.
 Chapter 5: Presents the detail results and discussions in the form of
tables and graphs.
 Chapter 6: Presents the conclusion and the scope of the work.

3
 CHAPTER-3

THEORETICAL FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT

OF HIGHER- ORDER THEORIES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Composite laminates are formed by stacking layers of different composite

materials and fiber orientation. Often laminates are used in application that
require axial and bending strengths by treating composite laminates as plate
elements. The classical laminated plate theory and the first order shear
deformation theory are the simplest equivalent single layer theories and they
adequately describe the kinematic behavior of most laminates. Higher-order
theories represent the kinematics better, without shear correction factors and
yield more accurate inter laminar stress distributions.

In principle, it is possible to expand the displacement field in terms of

thickness coordinate up to any desired degree. However, due to the algebraic
complexity and computational effort involved with higher- order theories, the
theories more than third order are not popular. The reason for expanding the

4
displacements up to cubic term in the thickness coordinate is to have
quadratic variation of the transverse shear strains and stresses through each
layer, which avoids the need for, shear correction coefficients used in the first
order theory.

The objective of the work is develop commonly used laminated plates

theories and deals with the derivation and evaluation of particular higher-order
theory using levy solution for the rectangle plate behavior.

Fig 3.1 schematic diagram of composite laminated plate

3.2 FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISPLACEMENT MODEL

3.2.1 Displacement Model

In formulating the higher-order shear deformation theory, a rectangular
plate of 0  x  a; 0  y  b and -h/2  z h/2 is considered.
In order to approximate 3D-elasticity plate problem to a 2D one, the
displacement components u (x, y, z, t), v (x, y, z, t) and w (x, y, z, t) at any point
in the plate are expanded in terms of the thickness coordinate. The elasticity
solution indicates that the transverse shear stress varies parabolically through
the pate thickness. This requires the use of a displacement field, in which the
in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness
coordinate. The displacement field which assumes w (x, y, z, t) constant
through the plate thickness is expressed as:

5
 2 ¿ 3 ¿
u( x , y , z ) =u o ( x , y )+ zθ x ( x , y )+ z u o ( x , y )+ z θ x ( x , y )
v ( x , y , z ) =v o ( x , y )+ zθ y ( x , y )+ z 2 v o ( x , y )+ z 3 θ y ( x , y )
¿ ¿

w ( x , y , z ) = wo ( x , y )
¿} ¿ } ¿
¿¿

...3.1

… 3.1

Where
uₒ, vₒ, wₒ denote the displacements of a point (x,y) on the mid plane.

x, y are rotations of the normal to the mid plane about y and x-axes
respectively.

u0*, v0*, x*, y* are the corresponding higher-order deformation terms
representing higher-order transverse cross sectional deformation and are also
defined at the mid plane.

In the present work, analytical formulation and solution were

obtained for the first time without enforcing zero transverse shear stress
conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the physical midplane
displacement terms.

6
In formulating the theory, the following assumptions/restrictions are
considered
a) The strains and displacements are small.
b) The material of each layer is linearly elastic and has two planes of
material symmetry (orthotropic).
c) Each layer is of uniform thickness.
d) The layers are perfectly bounded together.

3.2.2 Strain-displacement relation

By substitution of the displacement relation in Eq. (3.1) into the strain

displacement equation of the classical theory of elasticity of the following
relation are obtained:

ε x =ε x0 +zk x +z 2 ε ¿x 0 +z 3 k ¿x
ε y=ε y 0+zk y +z 2 ε ¿y 0 +z 3 k ¿y
ε z =0

γ xy =ε xy 0 +zk sxy +z 2 ε xy 0 +z 3 k xy
¿ ¿

2 ¿
γ yz =φ y +zε yz0 +z φ y
γ xz =φ x + zεxz 0 +z 2 φx
¿

…..3.2

Where

7
 ∂u o ∂vo ∂u o ∂v o
ε xo = , ε yo = , ε xyo = + ,
∂x ∂y ∂ y ∂x

k x=
∂ θx
∂x ( ), k y=
∂θ y
∂y ( )
, k xy =
∂θ x ∂θ y
+
∂ y ∂x [( )]
¿
∂θ¿x ¿
∂θ ¿y ¿
∂ θ¿x ∂θ ¿y
k x= , k y= , k xy = +
∂x ∂y ∂ y ∂x

¿
∂u ¿o ¿
∂ v ¿o ∂u¿o ∂ v ¿o
¿
ε xo= , ε yo= ,ε = + ,
∂x ∂ y xyo ∂ y ∂ x
∂w o ∂ wo
φ y=θ y + , φ x=θ x +
∂y ∂x
ε yzo =2v o , ε xzo=2u o , φ y =3θ¿y , φ ¿x =3θ¿x
¿ ¿ ¿

…...3.2(a)

3.2.3 LAMINA CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS

The linear constitutive relation for the Lth lamina in the principle material
coordinates (1-2-3) of lamina are:

{} [ ]{ }
L L
σ1 C 11 C 12 0 ∈1
σ2 = C 12 C 22 0 ∈2
τ 12 0 0 C 33 γ 12

L L

[ ]{ }
L

{ }
τ 23
τ 13
=
C 44 0
0 C55
γ 23
γ 13
....3.3

Where (1, 2, 12, 23, 13 ) are the stresses and(1, 2, 12, 23, 13) are the linear
strain components referred to the lamina coordinates axes(1,2,3) .

Cij are the plane stress reduced elastic constants of the Lth lamina.

8
The following relations holds between plane stress reduced elastic constants
and engineering elastic constants.

E1 μ 21 E1 E2
C11 = C12= C22 =
( 1− μ12 μ 21 ) , ( 1−μ 12 μ21 ) , ( 1−μ12 μ21 ) ,

C33 = G12,C44 = G23, C55 = G13 …3.4

Where,

Ei = Young’s modulus of elasticity in the i direction

ij= Poisson’s ratios that give strain in the j direction due to stress in the
i direction
Gij = shear moduli.
These relation are referred to the lamina principle axes (1,2,3). The principle
materials axes of a lamina may not coincide with the reference axes of the
laminated plate.

3.2.4 LAMINATE CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS

The considered equations characterizing the individual material and its

relation to apply loads. These equations are called the constitutive equations. It
is therefore necessary to transform the constitutive relations at Eq. (3.3) from
the lamina principle axes to the reference axes of the laminate (x, y, z). The
following are usual transformation rule of stress/strains between the lamina
and laminate coordinates(x, y, z).

9
 L

{} [ ]{ }
L L
σx Q 11 Q 12 Q 13 ∈x
σy = Q 12 Q 22 Q 23 ∈y
τ xy Q 13 Q 23 Q 33 γ xy

L L

[ ]{ }
L

{ }
τyz
τ xz
=
Q 44 Q45
Q45 Q55
γ yz
γ xz
....3.5

In which  = [xyxyyzxz]t are the stresses and ε =[ ε x

ε    ]t are the
y xy yz xz

linear strains vector with respect to the laminate axes and Q ij’s are the plane
stress reduced elastic constant in the plate (laminate) axes of the L th lamina.

Where,

Q11 = C11 C4 + 2 (C12 + 2 C33) S2 C2 + C22 S4

Q12 = C12 (C4 + S4) + (C11 + C22 - 4 C33) S2 C2

Q13 = (C11 - C12 - 2 C33) S C3 + (C12 - C22 + 2 C33) C S3

Q22 = C11 S4 + C22 C4 + (2 C12 + 4 C33) S2 C2

Q23 = (C11 – C12 – 2 C33) S3 C + (C12 – C22 +2 C33) C3

Q33 = (C11 – 2 C12 + C22 – 2 C33) S2 C2 + C33 (C4+S4)

Q44 = C44 C2 + C55 S2

Q45 = (C55 – C44) C S

Q55 = (C44 S2 + C55 C2) …3.6

10
3.2.5 EQUATION OF MOTION

The work done by actual forces in moving through virtual displacements, that
are consistent with the geometric constraints of a body is set to zero to obtain
the equation of motion and this is known as energy principle. It is useful in (a)
deriving governing equations and the boundary conditions and (b) obtaining
approximate solutions by virtual methods. For simple mechanic systems, for
which the free body diagram is set up, the vector approach provides an easy
and direct way of deriving governing equations. However, for complicated
systems the procedure becomes more cumbersome and intractable. In such
cases, energy principles provide alternative means to obtain the governing
equations and their solutions. In the present study, the principle of virtual
work is used to derive the equations of motion of laminated plates.

The governing equations of displacement Model-1 in Eq. (3.1) will be

derived using the principle of virtual work:

∫ (δU +δV −δK ) dt =0

0 … 3.7

Where U = Virtual strain energy

V = Virtual work done by applied forces

K = Virtual kinetic energy

U + V = Total potential energy.

The virtual strain energy, work done and kinetic energy are given by:

{ }
h /2

∫ ∫ [ σ x δε x + σ y δε y +τ xy δγ xy + τ xz δγ xz + τ yz δγ yz ] dz dx dy
U = A −h /2

V = -  qw0 dx dy

11
 h/2
δK = ∫ { ∫ ρ0 [ ( u̇0 +Z θ̇ x +Z 2 u̇0 +Z 3 θ̇ x ) ( δ u̇0 +Zδ θ̇ x +Z 2 δ u̇ 0 +Z 3 δ θ̇ x )+
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

A −h /2 δ ẇ0 ] dz } dx dy ¿
2 3 2 3
( v̇0+Z θ̇ y +Z v̇ 0 +Z θ̇ y ) ( δ v̇ 0 +Zδ θ̇ y +Z δ v̇ 0 +Z δ θ̇ y ) +
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

{ ẇ 0

… 3.8

where

q = Distributed load over the surface of the laminate.

0 = Density of plate material.

u̇0 = u / t, v̇ 0 = v / t etc. indicates the time derivatives.

0 0

On substituting for U, V and K from Eq. (3.8) in to the virtual work
statement in Eq. (3.7) and integrating through the thickness of the laminate, it
is obtained as:

¿
T

∫ { ∫ [ N x δε x 0 +M x δk sx +N x δε x0 + M x δk x + N y δε y 0+M y δk sy +
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

0
N y δε y 0 + M y δk y +N xy δε xy 0 +M xy δk sxy
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

N xy δε xy 0 + M xy δk xy +Q x δφ sx +S x δε xz0 +
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

Q x δφ x +Q y δφ sy +S y δε yz0 +Q y δφ y −qδ ẇ 0 −
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

I 1 ( u̇0 δ u̇0 + v̇ 0 δ v̇ 0 + ẇ 0 δ ẇ 0 )− dt=0 ¿

I 2 ( θ̇ x δ u̇ 0 + θ̇ y δ v̇ 0 + u̇0 δ θ̇ x + v̇ 0 δ θ̇ y )−
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
I 3 ( u̇ 0 δ u̇0 + v̇ 0 δ v̇ 0 + θ̇ x δ θ̇ x + θ̇ y δ θ̇ y + u̇ 0 δ u̇0 + v̇ 0 δ v̇ 0 )−
I 4 ( u̇0 δ θ̇¿0 + θ̇ x δ u̇¿0 + u̇ ¿0 δ θ̇ x + θ̇ ¿0 δ u̇ 0 + θ̇¿y δ v̇ 0 + v̇ ¿0 δ θ̇ y + θ̇ y δ v̇ ¿0 + v̇ 0 δ θ̇ ¿0 )−
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
I 5 ( θ̇ x δ θ̇ x + u̇0 δ u̇ 0 + θ̇ x δ θ̇ x + θ̇ y δ θ̇ y + v̇ 0 δ v̇ 0 + θ̇ y δ θ̇ y )−
I 6 ( θ̇ ¿x δ u̇¿0 + u̇ ¿0 δ θ̇¿x + θ̇ ¿y δ v̇ ¿0 + v̇ ¿0 δ θ̇ ¿y )− I 7 ( θ̇ ¿x δ θ̇ ¿x + θ̇¿y δ θ̇¿y )]dx dy

12
 …. 3.9

Where the in-plane force and moment resultants are defined as:

{ } {}
¿
Nx | Nx n h
L σx
N y =∑ ∫ σ y [ 1 | z ] dz
¿ 2
Ny |
L=1 h L−1
N xy | N xy
¿
τ xy

{ } {}
¿
Mx | Mx n h
L σx
M y =∑ ∫ σ y [ Z | Z ] dz
¿ 3
My |
L=1 h L−1
M xy | M xy
¿
τ xy

…
3.10(a)

And the transverse force resultants and the inertias are given by:

n hL

{ } {}
¿
Qx | Sx | Q x =
¿ ∑ ∫ ττ xz [ 1 | Z | Z2 ] dz
Qy | S y | Q y L=1 h L−1 yz
…

h /2
I 1 ,I 2 , I 3 , I 4 , I 5 , I 6 , I 7 = ∫ ρ0 (1, z , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 , z 5 , z 6 ) dz
3.10(b) −h/2

…3.10 (c)

By substituting Eq.(3.5) into Eq.(3.10), upon integration these expressions are

rewritten in a matrix form which defines the stress/strain relations of the
laminate are given by :

13
 N
¿
N
−−
M
¿
M
−−
Q
¿
Q

[ ]
A | B | 0
{¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } ¿ { }= B t | D | 0
0 | 0 | Ds
ε0
¿
ε0
−−
K
¿
K
−−
φ
¿
φ
¿ { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } { ¿ } ¿ {} ¿ ….3.11

Where,

N =[ N x N y N xy ]t ; N ¿ = [ N ¿x N ¿y N¿xy ]t

N, N* are called the in-plane force resultants

t ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ t
M =[ M x M y M xy ] ; M = [ M x M y M xy ]

M, M* are called as moment resultants

t ¿ ¿ ¿ t
Q =[ Q x Q y ] ; Q = [ S x S y Q x Q y ]

Q, Q* denotes the transverse force resultants

And also

ε 0 = [ ε x 0 ε y 0 ε xy 0 ]t ; ε ¿0 = [ ε ¿x 0 ε ¿y 0 ε ¿xy 0 ] t

t ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ t
k = [ k x k y k xy ] ; k = [ k x k y k xy ]

φ=[ φ x φ y ]t ; φ¿ = [ ε xz0 ε yz0 φ¿x φ¿y ] t

14
 [ ]
Q 11 H 1 Q 12 H 1 Q 13 H 1 Q 11 H 3 Q 12 H3 Q 13 H 3
Q 22 H 1 Q 23 H 1 Q 12 H 3 Q 22 H3 Q 23 H 3
n
Q 33 H 1 Q 13 H 3 Q 23 H3 Q 33 H 3
A = ∑ Q 12 H5 Q 13 H 5
L =1 Q 11 H 5
Q 22 H5 Q 23 H 5
Symmetric
Q 33 H 5
L th
layer
¿
¿¿¿ ¿¿

…3.12(a)

The elements of the B matrix are obtained by replacing H1 by H2, H3 by H4 and

H5 by H6 in the A matrix.

Lth
�Q H Q H Q H Q H Q H Q H � layer
� 11 2 12 2 13 2 11 4 12 4 13 4 �
� Q H Q H Q H Q H Q H �
22 2 23 2 12 4 22 4 23 4
� �
n � Q H Q H Q H Q H �
33 2 13 4 23 4 33 4
B= � � �
L = 1� Q H Q H Q H �
11 6 12 6 13 6
� �
� Q H Q H �
22 6 23 6
� �
symmetric
� Q H �
� 33 6 �

…3.12(b)

Lth
�Q H Q H Q H Q H Q H Q H � layer
� 11 2 12 2 13 2 11 4 12 4 13 4 �
� Q H Q H Q H Q H Q H �
22 2 23 2 12 4 22 4 23 4
� �
n � Q H Q H Q H Q H �
33 2 13 4 23 4 33 4
B = � �
t
�
L = 1� Q H Q H Q H �
11 6 12 6 13 6
� �
� Q H Q H �
22 6 23 6
� �
symmetric
� Q H �
� 33 6 �

…3.12 (c)

15
The elements of the D are obtained by replacing H1 by H3, H3 by H5 and H5by
H7 in A matrix.

[ ]
Q 11 H 3 Q 12 H 3 Q 13 H 3 Q 11 H 5 Q 12 H 5 Q 13 H 5
Q 22 H 3 Q 23 H 3 Q 12 H 5 Q 22 H 5 Q 23 H 5
n
Q 33 H 3 Q 13 H 5 Q 23 H 5 Q 33 H 5
D= ∑ Q 12 H 7 Q 13 H 7
L=1 Q 11 H 7
Q 22 H 7 Q 23 H 7
Symmetric
Q 33 H 7
Lth
layer
¿
¿¿¿ ¿¿

….3.12(d)

[ ]
Q 55 H 1 Q 45 H 1 Q 55 H 2 Q 45 H 2 Q 55 H 3 Q 45 H3
Q 44 H 1 Q 45 H 2 Q 44 H 2 Q 45 H 3 Q 44 H3
n
Q 55 H 2 Q 45 H 3 Q 55 H 4 Q 45 H4
Ds = ∑ Q 45 H 4 Q 44 H4
L=1 Q 44 H 3
Q 55 H 5 Q 45 H5
Symmetric
Q 44 H5
Lth
layer
¿ ¿ ¿¿ ¿ ¿

…3.12 (e)

1 i
(h L−hiL−1 ), i=1,2,3,. . .. .. , 7
Where Hi = i

3.12(f)

Also the virtual strains are known in terms of virtual displacements in the
same way as the true strains in terms of the true displacements as in Eq. (3.2).

16
 ∂ δu0 ∂ δv 0 ∂ δu 0 ∂ δv 0
δε x 0 = , δε y 0 = , δε xy 0 = +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂ δθ x ∂ δθ y ∂ δθ x ∂ δθ y
δK x = , δK y = , δK xy = +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
∂ δθ x ¿
∂ δθ y ¿
∂ δθ x ∂ δθ y
δK x = , δK y = , δK xy = +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
¿
∂ δu0 ¿
∂ δv 0 ¿
∂ δu 0 ∂ δv 0
δε x 0 = , δε y 0 = , δε xy 0 = +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂ δw 0 ∂ δw 0
δφ x =δθ x + , δφ y =δθ y +
∂x ∂y
δε yz 0 =2 δv 0 , δε xz 0 =2 δu 0 , δφ y =3 δθ ¿y , δφ ¿x =3 δθ ¿x
¿ ¿ ¿

…..3.12(g)

Substituting for the virtual strains from Eq. (3.12g into Eq. (3.9) and
integrating by-parts to relieve the virtual generalized displacements and
Collecting coefficients of each of virtual displacements uov0, w0, x, y, u0*,
v0*, x*, y*, in a domain of any differentiation the statement of virtual work is
obtained as:

T
∫ {∫ [−( N x , x + N xy , y −I 1 ü0 −I 2 ( θ̈ x + R s̈ 1 )−I 3 ü¿0 −I 4 θ̈ ¿x ) δu 0 −
0 A
¿ ¿
( N xy , x + N y , y −I 1 V̈ 0 −I 2 θ̈ y −I 3 V̈ 0 −I 4 θ̈ y ) δV 0 −
¿ ¿
( M x , x + M xy , y −Q x −I 2 ü0 −I 3 θ̈ x−I 4 ü 0 −I 5 θ̈ x ) δθ x−
( M xy , x + M y , y−Q y −I 2 V̈ 0−I 3 θ̈ y −I 4 V̈ ¿0 −I 5 θ̈¿y ) δθ y −
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
( N x , x + N xy , y−I 3 ü0 −I 4 θ̈ x −I 5 ü0 −I 6 θ̈ x ) δu0 −
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
( N y , y + N xy , x −I 3 V̈ 0 −I 4 θ̈ y−I 5 V̈ 0 −I 6 θ̈ y ) δV 0 −
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
( M x , x + M xy , y −Q x −I 4 ü 0−I 5 θ̈ x −I 6 ü0 −I 7 θ̈ x ) δθ x−
( M ¿xy , x + M ¿y , y−Q y −I 4 V̈ 0 −I 5 θ̈ y−I 6 V̈ ¿0 −I 7 θ̈ ¿y )δθ ¿y−
(Q x , x +Q y , y +q−I 1 ẅ0 ) δw 0 ] dx dy } dt =0

… 3.13

17
 Integrating the result Eq. (3.13) by parts and collecting coefficients of each
of virtual displacements uov0, w0, x, y, u0*, v0*, x*, y* together and
noting that the virtual displacements are zero, the following equation of motion
are obtained:

∂Nx ∂ N xy
δu 0 : + = I 1 ü0 + I 2 θ̈ x +I 3 ü0 + I 4 θ̈ x
¿ ¿

∂x ∂y

∂ Ny ∂ N xy
δv 0 : + = I 1 v̈ 0 + I 2 θ̈ y +I 3 v̈ 0 + I 4 θ̈ y
¿ ¿

∂y ∂x

∂Qx ∂Qy
δw 0 : + + q = I 1 ẅ0
∂x ∂y

∂ M x ∂ M xy
δθ x : + − Q x = I 2 ü0 +I 3 θ̈ x + I 4 ü0 + I 5 θ̈ x ¿ ¿

∂x ∂y

∂ M y ∂ M xy
δθ y : + − Q y = I 2 v̈ 0 +I 3 θ̈ y + I 4 v̈ 0 + I 5 θ̈ y ¿ ¿

∂y ∂x

∂Nx ¿ ∂ N xy ¿

δu 0 :
¿ + = I 3 ü0 + I 4 θ̈ x + I 5 ü0 + I 6 θ̈ x
¿ ¿
∂x ∂y

∂ Ny ¿ ∂ N xy ¿

δv 0 :
¿ + = I 3 v̈ 0 +I 4 θ̈ y + I 5 v̈ 0 + I 6 θ̈ y
¿ ¿
∂y ∂x

∂Mx ¿ ∂ M xy ¿

δθ x :
¿ + − Q x = I 4 ü0 +I 5 θ̈ x + I 6 ü0 + I 7 θ̈ x
¿ ¿ ¿
∂x ∂y

∂My ¿ ∂ M xy ¿

δθ y :
¿ + − Q y = I 4 v̈ 0 +I 5 θ̈ y + I 6 v̈ 0 + I 7 θ̈ y
¿ ¿ ¿
∂y ∂x ...3.14

3.2.6. Equations of Motion in Terms of Displacements

18
 The equation of motion (3.14) can be expressed in terms of

θ
displacement uₒ, vₒ, wₒ, θ x , y , u0*, v0*, x*, y* by substituting for the force
and moment resultants from Eq. (3.11). For homogenous laminated, the
equation of motion 3.14 takes the form:

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0
A 11 2 + A 12
∂x ∂x ∂y
+ A 13 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ A 14
∂x
2
+ A15
∂x∂ y (+ A16 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ ) ( ) ¿

( ) ( ¿ ¿

)
∂2 θ x ∂2 s 1 ∂2 θ y ∂ 2 s2 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x
B11 ( ∂ x2
+R
∂ x2 ) (
+ B 12
∂x∂ y
+R
∂ x∂ y ) (
+ B 13
∂x∂ y
+
∂ x2 ) + B14
∂ x2
¿

∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2u 0
B 15
∂ x∂ y
¿

+ B16
( ∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂x 2
¿

) + A 31
∂x∂ y
+ A 32
∂y 2
+ A 33
( ∂y 2
+
∂x∂ y ) (
+ A34
¿

∂x∂ y ) +

∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2θ x ∂2 θ y
A35
( ) (
∂ y2
¿

+ A 36
∂ y2
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

) (
+ B 31
∂x∂ y ) ( )
+ B 32
∂ y2
+

∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
B33 (∂ y2 ) +
∂x∂ y
+ B34
∂ x∂ y
¿

+ B35
∂ y2
¿

+ B36 ( ∂ y2
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

)
2 2
∂ 2 u0 ∂2 θ x
¿ I1
∂t ( )
2
+ I2
∂t 2
+I 3
∂ u0
∂t 2
¿

+ I4
∂ θx
∂t 2
¿

… 3.15(a)

19
 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂ 2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
A 21
∂ x∂ y
+ A 22
∂y
2
+ A23
∂y
2
+
∂x∂ y
+ A 24
∂ x∂ y (
+ A 25
∂y
2 ) ( ¿

) ( ) ¿

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂ 2 s2
A 26 ( ∂ y2
¿

+
∂ x∂ y
¿

) (
+ B 21
∂x∂ y ) (
+ B22
∂ y2
+R
∂ y2 ) +

∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂ 2 θ y
B 23 ( ∂ y2
+
∂ x∂ y
+ B24 )
∂ x∂ y
+B 25
∂ y2
+ B26
¿

∂ y2
+
∂x∂ y
+
¿

( ¿ ¿

)
∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
A 31
∂ x2
+ A32
∂x∂ y
+ A 33 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ A 34 (
∂ x2 ) ( ) ¿

+ A 35 ( ¿

∂ x∂ y ) +
2 2
∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
A 36 ( ∂ u0
∂ x∂ y
¿

+
∂ v0
∂ x2
¿

) ( ) ( )
+ B31
∂ x2
+ B32
∂ x∂ y
+

∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
B 33
( ∂x∂ y
+
∂ x2 ) + B34
∂ x2
¿

+ B35
∂x∂ y
¿

+ B36
( ∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

)
∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ y ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ y
¿ I1
∂t 2
+I2 ( )
∂ t2
+ I3
∂t 2
¿

+ I4
∂ t2
¿

3.15 (b)

2 2
D
11
s ( ∂ x ∂x ) ( )
∂ θx ∂ w0
+ 2 +D s
∂θy ∂ w0
12 ∂ x
+
∂x∂ y) (
+D s
2∂u 0
13 ∂ x
+
¿

2
D
14s ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2∂ v 0
∂x
¿

) +D
15s
3∂θ x
∂x
¿

+D
16 s
3∂ θ y
∂x
¿

+D
21s
∂ θx ∂ w 0
+
∂ y ∂x∂ y ∂ y
∂s
+R 1 +
2
D
22s ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
∂θy ∂ w0
+
∂ y ∂ y2
+D s
2∂u0
23 ∂ y
+D s
2∂ v 0
24 ∂ y
+D s
3∂ θ x
25 ∂ y
+
¿ ¿ ¿

3∂θ y ∂ 2 w0
D
26
s ( ) ∂y
¿

+ q = I1 2
∂t

… 3.15(c)

20
 2 2 2 2
∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0
B11 ( ) ∂ u0
∂x
2
+ B 21 ( ∂ v0
∂x∂ y ) + B31 ( ∂ u0
∂ x∂ y
+
∂ v0
∂x
2 ) + B41 ( )
∂x
2
¿

+ B51 ( ∂x∂ y
¿

) +

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 2 2 2
B61
( ∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

) ( ) (
+ D 11 ) ∂ θx
∂ x2
+ D 12
∂ θy
∂x∂ y
+R
∂ s2
∂x∂ y
+

∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
D 13 ( +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ D 14
∂ x2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ¿

+ D15
∂ x∂ y
¿

+ D 16
∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

) +

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
B13 ( ∂x∂ y
+ B23
∂ y2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + B33
∂y 2
+
∂ x∂ y
+ B 43
∂x∂ y
+ B53
∂ y2
¿

( ) ¿

+
2 2
∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
B63 ( ∂ u0
∂ y2
¿

+
∂ v0
∂ x∂ y
¿

) ( ) ( )
+ D 31
∂ x∂ y
+ D 32
∂ y2
+
2 2 2 2
∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
D33
( ∂y 2
+
∂x∂ y ) ( )
+ D34
( ∂ θx
∂x∂ y
¿

+ D 35
∂ θy
∂y 2
¿

+ D 36
∂ θx
∂y 2
¿

+
∂ θy
∂x∂ y
¿

) −

[ (
D
11 s
θx +
∂ w0
∂x ) + D
12 s ( θy +
∂w0
∂y ) +D
13 s
2u 0 − ¿
]
[D 14
s ( 2 v0 ) + ¿ D
15
s (3 θ x ) ¿ +D
16
s (3 θ y ) ] ¿

2
∂ 2 u0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ x
¿ I2
∂t 2
+I3 ( )
∂t 2
∂t 2
+I4
∂ u0
∂t 2
¿

+ I5
∂t 2
¿

…3.15(d)

21
 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0
B 12
∂x∂ y
+ B22
∂ y2
+ B32 ( ∂ y2
+
∂ x∂ y ) + B 42 ( ∂ x∂ y
¿

) +

∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x
B52
( ) (
∂ y2 ) ( ¿

+ B 62
∂ y2
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

+ D 21
∂x∂ y )
+ +
2 2 2
∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
D22
( ) (
∂ θy
∂y ) ( ) ( ) (
2
+ D23
∂ θx
∂y
2
+
∂ θy
∂x∂ y
+ D24
∂ x∂ y
+ D25
∂y
2
+ D26
∂y
2
+
¿

∂x∂ y
+
¿ ¿ ¿

)
∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0
B 13
( ) ( ) (
∂ x2 ) ( )
+ B23
∂ x∂ y
+ B33 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ B 43
∂ x2
¿

∂2 v 0 ∂2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x
B53 ( ) (
∂x∂ y ) ( )¿

+ B63
∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

+ D31
∂ x2
+

∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
D32 ( ) (
∂x∂ y ) ( ) ( ) ( + D33
∂ x∂ y
+
∂ x2
+ D34
∂ x2
¿

+ D35
∂ x∂ y
¿

+ D 36
∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

) −

[ (
D
21 s
θx +
∂ w0
∂x ) + D
22 s ( θy +
∂ w0
∂y ) + Ds23 ( 2u 0 ) −
¿
]
[D 24 s
( 2 v 0 ) + D25 s ( 3 θ x ) + D26s ( 3 θ y ) ]
¿ ¿ ¿

∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ y ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x
¿ I2
∂ t2
+I3 ( )
∂t 2
+I 4
∂t 2
¿

+ I5
∂t 2
¿

…. 3.15 (e)

22
 2 2 2 2
∂2 u 0
∂x
∂ u0
A 41 2 + A 42
∂ v0
∂x∂ y ) ( )
+ A 43
∂ u0
+
∂ v0
∂ x∂ y ∂ x 2
+ A 44
∂x
2
+
( ¿

∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 2 2
∂2 θ x 2 2
A 45 ( ) (
∂ x∂ y ) ( ) ( ) ¿

( ) + A 46
∂ x∂ y
¿

+
∂x
2
¿

+ B 41
∂ θx
∂x
2
+ B 42
∂ θy
∂x∂ y
+ B 44 2 +B 43
∂x
∂ θx
+
∂ θy
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+
¿

∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂ 2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
B 45
∂x∂y ( )¿

( ) ( ) ( )
+ B 46
∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

+ A61
∂y
+ A 62 2 + A 63 2 +
∂y ∂y ∂ x∂ y
+ A64
∂x∂ y
+ A65
∂ y2
+
¿ ¿

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2θ x ∂2 θ y
A 66 (
∂ y2 ) ( ) ( ) (
¿

) +
∂ x∂ y
+ B61
¿

∂ x∂ y
+ B 62 2 +B63 2 +
∂y ∂y ∂x∂ y
+ B 64
∂x∂ y
+ B65 2 +
∂y
¿ ¿

2 2
B 66 (
∂ θx
∂ y2 ) ¿

+
∂ θy
∂x∂y
¿

[ (
2 D
31s
θx +
∂w 0
∂x ) (
+D
32s
θy +
∂ w0
∂y ) +D33s ( 2 u0 ) +D
¿
34s
¿
]
( 2 v 0 ) − 2 [ D35 s (3 θ x ) + D36s ( 3 θ y ) ]=
¿ ¿

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 u 0 ∂2 θ x
I3
∂t 2
+I 4 ( ) ∂t 2
+ I5
∂ t2
¿

+ I6
∂ t2
¿

…3.15 (f)

∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0
A51
∂ x∂ y ) ( ) + A 52
∂ y2
+ A53 ( ∂ y2
+
∂x∂ y
+ A54
∂x∂ y
¿

∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
A55
( ) (
∂ y2 ) ( ) ( ) ¿

+ A 56
∂ y2
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

+ B51
∂ x∂ y
+ B 52
∂ y2
2 2
∂2 θ x ∂2 θ ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
+ B53
( ∂ θx
∂ y2) ( ) +
∂ θy
∂x∂ y
+ B54
∂ x∂ y
+ B55 2y + B56
∂y ∂ y2
+
∂ x∂ y
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
+ A 61
∂x 2( ) ( ) ( ) + A 62
∂ x∂ y
+ A 63 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ A 64
∂ x2
¿

+ A 65
∂ x∂ y
¿

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
+ A 66 ( ) ( ) ( )
+
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ B61
¿

∂ x2
+ B62
∂x∂ y
¿

∂2 θ x ∂2θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
+ B 64 ( ) ( ∂ x2 ) ( ) ( ) ¿

+B 63
∂x∂ y
+
∂ x2
+ B65
∂x∂ y
¿

+B66
∂x∂ y
¿

+
∂ x2
¿

∂ w0
-2 D
41
s ( θx +
∂x ) +2D
42
s ( θy +
∂w 0
∂y ) −2 D [ 43
s ( 2 u0 ) + D 44s ( 2 v 0 ) + D 45s ( 3 θ x ) + D 46s ( 3θ y ) ] -
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ y ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ y
¿ I3
∂t 2
+I4 ( ) ∂t 2
+I 5
∂ t2
¿

+ I6
∂ t2
¿

23
 … 3.15 (g)

∂2 u 0
∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0
B14 2 + B24
∂x ∂x∂ y
+ B34 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ B44
∂x
2
+ ) ( ) ( ¿

∂2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x
B54 ( )∂x∂ y
+ B64
¿

+
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ D41
∂x
2
+ ( ) ( ) ¿ ¿

∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
D42 ( )
∂ x∂ y
+ D43 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ D 44
∂ x2 (
+ D 45 ) ( ) ( ) (
∂x∂ y
+ D46 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

)
∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0
B16 ( )
∂x∂ y
+ B26
∂ y2
+ B 36 +
∂ y2 ∂ x ∂ y
+ B46 ( ) (
∂x∂ y
+ ) ( ) ¿

∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x
B56 ( ) ∂ y2
¿

+B66 ( ∂ y2 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

+ D61
∂x∂ y
+ D62
∂ y2
+D64
∂x∂ y
¿

2 2 2
∂2 θ x
∂2 θ y
+ D63 (
∂ y2 ∂ x ∂ y
+ D 65
∂ θy
∂ y2
+ D +
66
∂ θx ∂ θ y
∂ y2
+ ) ( ) (
∂ x∂ y
−3 D ) ( )
51
s θx +
∂ w0
∂x
¿ ¿ ¿

∂ w0
+3 D s θy +
52 ∂y ( 53 54 )
55 56[
− 3 D s ( 2 u0 ) + D s ( 2 v 0 ) +D s ( 3 θ x ) + D s ( 3 θ y ) ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
]
2 2 2 2
∂ u ∂θ ∂ u ∂ θ
¿ I 4 2 0 +I 5 2 x +I 6 2 0 + I 7 2 x
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ( ) ¿ ¿

… 3.15 (h)

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂ 2 v 0 ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
B 15
∂x∂ y
+ B25
∂ y2
+ B 35
∂ y2
+
∂x∂ y
+ B 45
∂x∂ y
+ B 55
∂ y2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ¿ ¿

∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0 2 2 2 2
∂2 θ x
B65 (
∂y ) 2
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

+ D 51 ( ∂ θx
∂ x∂ y
+ D52
∂ θy
∂ y2) ( ) (
+ D 53
∂ y2 ) (
∂ θx ∂ θ y
+
∂ x∂ y
+ + D 54
∂x∂ y
+
¿

)
∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂ 2 u0 ∂2 v 0
D55 ( ) (
∂ y2
¿

+ D 56
∂ y2
¿

+
∂x∂ y
¿

) ( ) ( )
+B 16
∂ x2
+ B26
∂ x∂ y
+

∂2u 0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 u 0 ∂2 v 0
B36 ( ) (
+
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+ B46
∂ x2
¿

) ( )
+ B56
∂x∂ y
¿

∂2 u0 ∂2 v 0 ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y ∂2 θ x ∂2 θ y
B 66 (∂x∂ y ) (
+
∂ x2
¿ ¿

+ D61
∂ x2 ) ( ) (
+ D62 ) ∂ x∂ y
+ D63 +
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
+

D 64
∂ x2
∂2 θ x
( ) ( )
+ D 65
∂2 θ y
∂x∂ y
+
¿

D 66
∂2 θ x
+
∂2 θ y
∂ x ∂ y ∂ x2
− 3 D
61 s θx
¿

+
∂ w0
∂x
+ D
62 s θy +
∂ w0
∂y ( ) [ ( ) (
¿ ¿

) ]−
[
3 D s ( 2 u0 ) + D s ( 2 v 0 ) −3 D s ( 3θ x ) + D s ( 3 θ y ) =
63
¿
64
¿
] [ 65
¿
66
¿
]
2 2 2 2
I4
∂ v0
∂t 2
+ I5 ( )
∂ θy
∂t 2
+ I6
∂ v0
∂t 2
¿

+ I7
∂ θy
∂t 2
¿

24
 … 3.15 (i)

The Eq. (3.15) describes 9 second order partial differential equations in

terms of 9 generalized displacements. Once the displacements are determined
by simplifying Eq. (3.15) analytically or numerically for a given problem, the
strains and stresses in each lamina are computed using Eq. (3.2) and (3.5).

25
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATED PLATE
USING HIGHER ORDER THEORIES WITH LEVY SOLUTION

Generally composite laminates are constructed by stacking several

uni-directional layers in a specific sequence of orientation. Hence the failure of
the single layer does not give total failure of the laminate. However it leads to
progressive failure of the laminate. Failure mechanism of the composite
materials is much more complicated than that of the conventional materials
due to heterogeneous construction. In case of isotropic materials the failure are
observable on the surface of the specimen. In composite due to stacking of
several layers failures are confined to one or few layers and may never
penetrate to the surface of the laminate. The common mode of failure in
composite materials is matrix cracking, fiber breakage and delamiantion. A
method of accurate analysis is essential for design and analysis of such a
composite laminated plates.

The basic procedure of deriving analytical solutions can be described by

the following steps.

1. Find the function with unknown coefficients that satisfy the primary
boundary conditions.
2. Substitute its derivatives into the governing differential equations.
3. Derive a group of algebraic equations according to the equilibrium
4. Determine the unknown coefficients in the function by solving the
derived algebraic equations.

In this chapter, analytical solutions are developed for anti-symmetric

cross ply laminated plates based on the higher-order displacement for
model-1. This solution method used here is Levy Method with state space
approach, depending on the boundary condition. The levy solutions can
be developed for the plate with two opposite edges with simply supported

26
 and the remaining two edges having any possible combinations of
boundary condition i.e. free, simply supported or fixed support. The
numerical methods can be used to determine approximate solutions for
more general boundary conditions.

4.1 LEVY SOLUTION FOR CROSS- PLY LAMINATED PLATES

The levy method can be used to solve the governing equation of a various
plate theories for rectangular laminate for which two opposite parallel edges are
simply supported and the other two edges can have any boundary condition. In
the present work the levy type solution for buckling of anti-symmetric cross-
ply laminates are presented.

A rectangle laminate which has an even number of orthotropic layers is

considered. The planar dimension is taken to be a, b and total thickness h.
Here it is assumed that the edges y = 0,b are simply supported and the other
edges can each have arbitrary boundary conditions. The laminate coordinate
system (x, y, z) is taken such that –a/2 ≤ x ≤ a/2, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, - h/2 ≤ z ≤ h/2.

The simply suporreted boundary condition (SS-1) on the edges y=0,b are
expressed as :

u0 = w0 = θx = My = 0, u¿0 = w ¿0 = θ¿x = M ¿y =0
.....4.1(a)

The simply supported (S), clamped(C) and free(F) boundary conditions at the
edges x = ±a/2 can be expressed as:

Simple supported S: v0 = wo = y= Nx = Mx =0, v0* = w ¿0 = y* = Mx*= Nx* =

0.

....4.1(b)

27
 ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
0=¿ w 0=θ x =θY
Clamped C: u0=v 0=w0=θ x =θ y = 0, ¿ =0
u0 ¿ v ¿

....4.1(c)

xy=¿ ¿ N ¿x =N ¿xy=0
Free F: M x ¿ M xy =N x =N xy=Q x =0 ,
M ¿x =M ¿

....4.1(d)

The generalized displacements expressed as products of undetermined

functions and known trigonometric function which has to satisfy the simply
supported the boundary conditions at y = 0,b.

The boundary conditions in Eq (4.1) are satisfied by the following expression :

∞
u0 ( x, y ,t ) = ∑ U m ( x,t ) sin βy
m=1 ....4.2(a)

∞
v 0 ( x , y ,t ) = ∑ V m ( x ,t ) cos βy
m=1 .…
4.2(b)

∞
w 0 ( x , y,t ) = ∑ W m ( x,t ) sin βy
m=1 ....4.2(c)

∞
θ x ( x , y ,t ) = ∑ X m ( x,t ) sin βy
m=1 ....4.2(d)

∞
θ y (x , y ,t ) = ∑ Y m (x ,t ) cos βy
m=1 ....4.2(e)

28
 ∞
u0 ( x , y,t ) = ∑ U m ( x ,t ) sin βy
¿
¿

m=1 ....4.2(f)

∞
V o (x , y ,t ) =
¿
∑ V ¿m ( x ,t ) cos βy
m=1 ....4.2(g)

∞
θ x ( x, y ,t ) = ∑ X m ( x,t ) sin βy
¿
¿

m=1 ....4.2(h)

∞
θ y ( x, y ,t ) =
¿
∑ Y ¿m ( x ,t ) cos βy
m=1 ....4.2(i)

The mechanical loads are also expanded in single Fourier sine series as:

∞ ∞
q(x , y ,t )= ∑ ∑ Qm ( x,t )sin βy
m=1 n=1 …4.2(j)

Where β = mπ/b

By substitution of the equation Eq (4.2) in to governing equation (3.15)

the following differential equations are obtained:

A
+ B33 β X m + B36 β X + ( B33 + B12 ) β Y m , x + ( B 15+ B36 ) β Y ¿m , x −I 1 ω2 U m , xx −I 2 ω 2 X m , xx −I 3 ω2 U ¿m ,
¿ 2 2 ¿
(¿ ¿ 15+ A36 )β V m, x m

A11 U m , xx + A 14 U ¿m , xx+ B11 X m , xx+ B14 X ¿m ,xx =A 33 β 2 U m + A 36 β2 U ¿m + ( A33 + A12 ) β V m , x +¿

....4.3(a)

A 33 V m , xx+ A 36 V ¿m , xx + B33 Y m ,xx + B36 Y ¿m , xx =−( A33 + A21 ) β U m , xx −( A 24 + A36 ) β U ¿m , x + A 22 β 2 V m + A25 β 2 V ¿m− ( B 21 + B

....4.3(b)

29
 s s 2 s ¿ s s s ¿
D 11 W m, xx =D22 β W m −D 13 U m, x +2 D24 β V m−D11 X m , x −3 D15 X m , x +

D s22 β Y m+ 3 D s26 β Y ¿m−Q−I 1 ω2 W m , xx

....4.3(c)

B
+ D W m ,x + ( D 33 β + D ) X m + ( D 36 β +3 D ) X + ( D33+ D12) β Y m , x + ( D15 + D36 ) β Y ¿m , x −I 2 ω2 U
¿ s 2 s 2 s ¿
(¿ ¿ 15+ B36) β V m, x 11 11 15 m

B 11 U m, xx + B14 U ¿m , xx + D11 X m , xx+ D14 X ¿m ,xx =B 33 β 2 U m+ ( B36 β 2 +2 D13

s
) U ¿m + ( B33 + B1

....4.3(d)

¿ ¿ ¿
B 33 V m , x +B 36 V m , xx + D33 Y m , xx + D 36 Y m, xx =−( B23 + B21) β U m , x −( B24 + B36 ) β U m , x

B 25 β 2+ 2 D24
s
V ¿m + Ds22 β W m− ( D21+ D33 ) β X m , x −( D24 + D36 ) X ¿m , x + ( D22 β 2 + D s22 ) Y m + ( D25 β2 +3 Ds26 ) Y ¿m −I 2 ω2 V m , xx
+B 22 β 2 V m +¿

....4.3(e)

A 41 U m, xx + A 44 U ¿m , xx + B44 X m , xx + B44 X ¿m , xx= A 63 β 2 U m+ ( A66 β 2+ 4 D s33 ) U ¿m + ( A 42 + A 63) β V m , x + ( A 45 + A 66 ) βV ¿m , x +2

....4.3(f)

A 63 V m , xx + A 66 V ¿m , xx + B63 =−( A51 + A 63 ) β U m , x −( A 54 + A 66 ) β U ¿m , x ++ ( A 25 β 2+ 4 D s44) V ¿m+ 2 D s42 β W m−( B51+ B63 ) β X

....4.3(g)

B 14 U m , xx + B 44 U ¿m ,xx + D 41 X m , xx + D44 X ¿m ,xx =B 36 β 2 U m+ ( B66 β 2 +9 D s55 ) U ¿m + ( B24 + B36 ) β V m , x + ( B 54 + B 66 ) βV ¿m , x +3 D

....4.3(h)

30
 B 36 V m , xx + B66 V ¿m , xx+ D 63 Y m , xx + D66 Y ¿m , xx =−( B 15 + B36 ) β U m ,x −( B 45+ B66 ) β U ¿m , x + B25 β2 V m + ( B55 β2 +6 D64
s
) V ¿m +3

....4.3(i)

Levy’s solutions are calculated by rewriting Eq. (5.3) in the matrix form as:

31
 [ ]{ }
S 11 S 12 S13 S 14 S15 S 16 S17 S 18 S19 Um
S 21 S 22 S23 S 24 S25 S 26 S27 S 28 S29 Vm
S 31 S 32 S33 S 34 S35 S 36 S37 S 38 S39 Wm
S 41 S42 S 43 S 44 S45 S 46 S 47 S 48 S49 Xm
S 51 S 52 S53 S 54 S55 S 56 S57 S 58 S59 Ym +¿
S 61 S 62 S63 S 64 S65 S 66 S67 S 68 S69 U ¿m
S 71 S 72 S73 S 74 S75 S 76 S77 S 78 S79 V ¿m
S81 S 82 S 83 S 84 S85 S 86 S 87 S88 S 99 X ¿m
S 91 S 92 S 93 S 94 S95 S 96 S 97 S98 S 99 Y ¿m

[ ] {} {}
m11 0 0 m 14 0 m16 0 m 18 0 Um
0
0 m 22 0 0 m 25 0 m27 0 m 29 Vm 0
0 0 m33 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wm Qm
m41 0 0 m 44 0 m46 0 m 48 0 Xm 0
0 m 52 0 0 m 55 0 m57 0 m59 Ym = 0
m61 0 0 m 64 0 m66 0 m 68 0 U ¿m 0
0 m 72 0 0 m 75 0 m77 0 m79 V ¿m 0
m81 0 0 m 84 0 m86 0 m 88 0 X ¿m 0
0 m 92 0 0 m 95 0 m97 0 m 99 Y ¿m 0

Where

32
 S 11=( A11 − A33 β2 ) , S12=( A33 + A21 ) β , S13=0, S14=( B 11+ B 33 β 2 )
S 15 =( B33 + B21 ) β , S 16=( A 14 − A36 β 2 ) , S17=( A 15 + A 36 ) β
S 18 = ( B 14 − B36 β 2 ) , S 19 = ( B15 + B36 ) β .
S 22 =( A 33 − A23 β 2 ) , S 23=0,
S 24 =−( B33 + B12 ) β , S 25=( B33 −B 22 β 2 ) , S26=−( A 24 + A 36 ) β ,
S 27 =( A 63 − A 52 β 2 ) , S 28=−( B24 + B36 ) β , S29 =( B36 −B25 β 2 ) ,
2
(
S 33 = D
11
s −D
22
s )
β , S 34 =D
11
s , S 35 =−D
22
s β , S 36= 2D
13
s , S37=2 D
24
s β,
2
S38 = 3 D
15
s , S 39= −3 D
26
s (
β , S 44 = D 11 −( D 33 β + D
11
s) ), S 45 =( D 12+ D 33) β ,
S 46 =( B14 −( B36 β 2 +2 D s31 )) , S 47=−( B15 + B36 ) β ,
S 48 =( D 14 −( D 36 β 2 + D 51
s
)) , S 49 =−( D 15 + D 36 ) β
S 55 = D 33 −( D 22 β 2 + D
( ) ) , S 56=( B 42 + B63 ) β , S57= B63 −( B52 β 2 + 2 D
( ),
22 s 24 s

S 58 = ( D 24 + D 12) β , S 59 =( D 36 −( D 25 β 2 +3 D ),
36 s

S66 =( A 54 + A 66 ) β ) , S67=( A 63 −( A 25 β2 ) ),
S 68 =( B 54 +B 66+ D s35) β , S 69=( B45 + B66 ) β .
S 77 =( A 63 −( A 25 β2 )) , S 78=( B54 + B 66 ) β , S79=( B66 + B55 β 2 ) )
S 88 =( D 44 + D 66 β 2 ) , S 89=−( D 45 + D 66 ) β ,
S 99 =( D 66 + D 55 β 2 + 9 D 66
s
),

....4.4

4.2 BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING

HIGHER-ORDER THEORIES

The composite materials have found wide use in many weight sensitive
structures such as aircraft and missile structure components because of their
high absorbing capacity for vibration. To use them efficiently good
understanding of structural and dynamical behavior and also an accurate
knowledge of the deformation characteristic, stress distribution and natural
frequencies under various load condition are needed.

33
 The fast development has shown that the dynamic response of composite
laminated plates depart more from classical thin plate theory than that of
isotropic plates. It has been found that buckling analysis based on this theory
yields critical loads that are too high. Therefore to gain better agreement with
reality, the theories used in analyzing the response of composite plates need to
include the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia. Using this theory the
closed form solutions are presented for the critical buckling of anti-symmetric
cross-ply laminated plates.

4.2.1 BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF ANTI-SYMMETRIC CROSS-PLY LAMINATED

PLATES.

For buckling, set the mechanical loads to zero and assume periodic
solution of the form:

U mn ( t ) =U mn e−iωt

−iωt
V mn (t )=V mn e

W mn ( t ) =W mn e−iωt

−iωt
X mn ( t ) =X mn e

Y mn (t )=Y mn e−iωt

For buckling, reduces to the Eigen values as

( [ S ] −ω 2 [ M ] ) { ∆ } ….4.5

Where

∆=U mn ,V mn , W mn , X mn , Y mn

34
 [ ]{ }
S 11 S 12 S13 S 14 S15 S 16 S17 S 18 S19 Um
S 21 S 22 S23 S 24 S25 S 26 S27 S 28 S29 Vm
S 31 S 32 S33 S 34 S35 S 36 S37 S 38 S39 Wm
S 41 S42 S 43 S 44 S45 S 46 S 47 S 48 S49 Xm
S 51 S 52 S53 S 54 S55 S 56 S57 S 58 S59 Ym +¿
S 61 S 62 S63 S 64 S65 S 66 S67 S 68 S69 U ¿m
S 71 S 72 S73 S 74 S75 S 76 S77 S 78 S79 V ¿m
S81 S 82 S 83 S 84 S85 S 86 S 87 S88 S 99 X ¿m
S 91 S 92 S 93 S 94 S95 S 96 S 97 S98 S 99 Y ¿m

[ ] {} {}
m11 0 0 m 14 0 m16 0 m 18 0 Um
0
0 m 22 0 0 m 25 0 m27 0 m 29 Vm 0
0 0 m33 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wm Qm
m41 0 0 m 44 0 m46 0 m 48 0 Xm 0
0 m 52 0 0 m 55 0 m57 0 m59 Ym = 0
m61 0 0 m 64 0 m66 0 m 68 0 U ¿m 0
0 m 72 0 0 m 75 0 m77 0 m79 V ¿m 0
m81 0 0 m 84 0 m86 0 m 88 0 X ¿m 0
0 m 92 0 0 m 95 0 m97 0 m 99 Y ¿m 0

....4.6

For a non trivial solution , { ∆ } ≠ 0, the determent of the coefficient matrix in

Eq.(4.4) should be zero, which yields the characteristic equation:

[S]-λ[M]=0 ...4.7

Where λ= ω2 is the Eigen value.

The real positive roots of the equation 4.6 gives the square of the natural
frequency ω m ,n associated with mode (m, n). The smallest of the equation is
called the critical buckling load. The least value of λ is taken as the critical
buckling load.

λ= ω2

35
 ω=√ λ=N cr

2
N cr b
N= 3
E2h
….4.8

Where N=Buckling load

N cr =critical buckling load

4.3 Summary:

In this chapter common analytical expressions are developed to find the

buckling characteristics of composite laminated plates based on the equations
of motion established in chapter 3 & 4. The solution methods used in this
analysis are Levy method with state space approach.

36
 CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to establish the versatility of the present higher-order shear

deformation theories in their ability to model both thick and thin composite
plates, MAT programs for higher-order shear deformation theories with 9
degree of freedom are developed for anti-symmetric cross-ply laminated plates.

Numerical computations are carried out for the free undamped

transverse vibration analysis of laminated composite plates. The effect of
material orthotropy, transverse shear deformation, the ratio of span to
thickness, coupling between stretching and bending and the number of lamina
in the laminate on the frequencies are investigated. The material properties
used for each lamina of the laminated composite plate are as follows:

Elastic Layer (Graphite/Epoxy):

Modular ratio E1/E2 = 25 N/ cm2

G12 = G13 = 0.5 E2 G23 = 0.5 E2

Young’s Modulus E2 = E3 = 106 N/ cm2

μ12 =μ23=μ13 =0.25 ....5.1

Substituting Eq. 5.1 in (3.4), the plane stress reduced elastic constant of the
th
L laminates are:

C11 = 25.06 X 10
6

C12 = 0.25 X 106

C22 = 1.002 X 10
6

37
 C33 = 0.5 X 10
6

C 44 = 0.5 X 10
6

C55 = 0.5X 10
6

The buckling loads of general rectangular composites are presented here in

N cr b 2
non-dimensional form using the following multiplier N= .
E2 h3

A simply supported laminated composite plate of cross-ply is

considered for comparisons of buckling loads. The set of orthotropic material

E1
properties used in the given Eq. (5.1) by considering and the results are
E2
presented in table (5.1) . The numerical values of non-dimensionalized buckling
loads obtained using levy method for various boundary conditions are
presented in the tables for anti-symmetric cross-ply laminated plates. The

E1
buckling loads increase with increasing modulus ratio as well as the
E2
number of layers. Also the buckling loads with an increase in the aspect
ratio(a/b) as well as number of layers (n).

5.1. The effect of cross ply laminated plate by varying number of layers,
side thickness ratio, modulus ratio with buckling loads.

1. Fig 5.1 shows the effect of buckling loads(N) of anti symmetric cross ply
laminated plate by varying number of layers(n) at different side to
thickness ratios. For example, the effect of buckling load increases as the
number of layers increase like 2,4,6,8,10. And as the aspect
ratio(5,10,20,30) increases the effect of buckling load also increases.

38
2. Fig 5.2 shows the effect of anti symmetric cross ply laminated plate when
varied with different number of layers at each modulus ratio. The
modulus ratios(E1/E2) are taken as 10,20,30,40. As the modulus ratio
increases the effect of buckling load increases. In this fig it can be
observed that as the number of layers increases, the effect of buckling
load also increases

3. Fig 5.3 show the effect of non-dimensionalized buckling loads for the
anti-symmetric cross-ply laminated plates as a function of number of
layers and modulus ratio(E1/E2). As the modulus ratio increases
without changing the total thickness and side to thickness ratio , there is
an increase in buckling loads.

4. Fig 5.4 show the effect of thickness and the number of layer on the non-
dimensionalized fundamental frequencies for the layer 2,4,6,8 and 10
anti-symmetric cross-ply. It is also observed that the number of layers
2,4,6 and 8 laminate as increased, increases the side to thickness ratio
and also increases buckling load effect.

5. Fig 5.5 show the effect of the plots of buckling loads with function of
aspect ratio (a/b) and side to thickness ratio (a/h) for anti-symmetric
cross-ply laminated composite plates. It is found that the percentage
error is about 20% for the cross-ply laminated plates. This percentage
error decreased with increase in the number of layer.

6. Fig 5.6 shows the effect of increasing the buckling loads. And it is noted
that the buckling loads increases with increase in the modulus ratio at a
constant aspect ratio (a/b)=10.

39
 2
N cr b
TABLE 5.1 Non-dimensionalized buckling loads N=( 3
) for a Simply
E2h
supported anti-symmetric cross-ply Laminated plate for a/h=5

No. Of Sources E1 / E2

layers
3 10 20 30 40
[0/90]1 Present 4.243 4.842 6.123 7.214 9.131

CLPT 5.432 6.374 7.432 8.248 10.102

[0/90]2 Present 4.610 6.731 8.452 9.430 11.341

CLPT 5.832 6.931 8.079 9.842 11.861

[0/90]3 Present 4.924 6.947 8.803 9.742 12.682

CLPT 6.241 7.108 8.987 9.957 12.040

[0/90]5 Present 5.928 7.042 9.240 9.918 12.704

CLPT 6.607 8.864 10.541 10.014 12.044

40
 2
N b
TABLE 5.2 Non-dimensionalized buckling loads N=( cr 3 ) for a Simply
E2h
supported anti-symmetric cross-ply square Laminated plate for

E1
=40
E2

a/b No. Of Source a/h

layers 10 20 30 40
1 0/90 Present 8.528 9.384 8.724 9.501
CLPT 10.371 10.965 11.231 12.497
(0/90) 4 Present 13.271 15.523 16.217 19.257
CLPT 17.241 18.374 19.025 22.081

0/90 Present 21.703 25.812 32.421 26.152

2 CLPT 25.324 30.283 34.541 34.004

(0/90) 4 Present 30.981 42.421 45.824 40.383

CLPT 35.274 45.219 46.235 47.154
0/90 Present 39.821 55.762 57.248 59.431
CLPT 45.276 56.214 58.965 60.047
3 (0/90) 4 Present 50.324 80.347 89.384 101.511
CLPT 55.754 86.457 94.641 115.210

0/90 Present 65.43 92.514 100.252 109.617

CLPT 67.245 99.254 104.850 119.045
4 (0/90) 4 Present 70.231 115.627 139.274 160.824
CLPT 75.267 120.547 145.761 170.564

41
TABLE 5.3 Effect of side-to-thickness Ratio on the Non-dimensional critical
buckling load

2
N b
N=( cr 3 ) of Anti-Symmteric Cross-ply square plates
E2h

No. Of a/h Source FS FC SS SC CC

layer
2 5 Present 4.283 4.908 8.769 10.754 11.490
TSDT 4.283 4.836 8.769 10.754 11.490
CLPT 6.003 6.968 12.957 21.116 32.291
10 Present 5.442 6.274 11.562 17.113 21.464
TSDT 5.442 6.274 11.462 17.133 21.464
CLPT 6.043 6.003 12.957 21.116 31.286
10 5 Present 7.05 8.221 12.109 12.607 13.254
TSDT 7.050 8.174 12.109 12.821 13.659
CLPT 17.023 19.399 35.232 59.288 89.541
10 Present 12.506 14.351 25.423 32.885 35.376
TSDT 12.077 14.568 25.828 33.662 36.637
CLPT 16.426 19.389 35.232 59.288 89.541

42
TABLE 5.4 Effect of the orthotropic Ratio and number of layers on the Non-
dimensional buckling load of Anti-symmetric Cross-ply square laminated at
a/h=10 for various boundary condition

No. Of E1/E2 Source FS FC SS SC CC

layer
2 2 Present 3.237 11.746 15.245 2.310 3.374
ANSYS 3.514 11.901 15.468 3.843 4.018
FSDT 4.012 12.147 16.258 3.945 4.934
10 Present 3.811 13.368 16.395 2.589 4.521
ANSYS 3.924 13.761 16.954 3.954 4.126
FSDT 4.217 14.547 17.254 4.015 5.214
20 Present 4.054 14.689 17.099 3.8525 5.410
ANSYS 4.574 15.045 17.845 4.056 5.021
FSDT 4.712 15.249 18.265 5.312 5.341
30 Present 5.647 15.761 19.216 4.274 6.139
ANSYS 4.714 15.845 18.234 5.037 5.871
FSDT 5.210 16.234 19.031 6.238 6.201
40 Present 5.249 16.674 20.218 4.951 6.772
ANSYS 5.741 16.954 21.035 5.845 6.345
FSDT 6.287 17.235 22.650 6.324 6.987
10 2 Present 6.2157 21.59 22.517 4.452 7.5
ANSYS 6.845 17.568 23.587 6.235 6.894
FSDT 7.031 19.348 24.357 6.741 7.032
10 Present 7.692 25.917 28.350 7.308 10.177
ANSYS 8.231 18.254 29.354 7.851 7.901
FSDT 9.324 18.159 30.541 8.054 9.031
20 Present 9.634 28.762 31.354 9.364 12.236
ANSYS 10.654 20.845 32.564 8.021 8.365
FSDT 10.975 21.589 33.214 9.219 9.871
30 Present 11.012 30.653 33.188 10.78 13.711
ANSYS 11.074 23.654 34.254 11.039 9.657
FSDT 12.354 22.546 35.687 11.984 10.854
40 Present 12.077 32.043 34.471 11.896 14.858
ANSYS 13.681 25.953 35.367 11.954 10.548
FSDT 13.984 26.345 39.324 13.021 13.265

43
 7

4
buckling loads

a/h=5
3 a/h=10
a/h=20
2 a/h=30

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

no. of layers(n)
Fig 5.1 Non dimensionalised buckling load (N) Vs no of layers (n) for simply supported cross ply laminated plate
buckling loads

E1/E2=20
E1/E2=40
E1/E2=30
E1/E2=10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

no. of layers(n)
Fig 5.2 Non dimentionalised buckling load(N) Vs no of layers(n) for different modulus ratio(E1/E2)

44
 14

12

10

8
buckling loads

(0,90)
6 (0,90)2
(0,90)3
(0,90)4
4

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
modulus ratio E1/E2
Fig 5.3 Non dimentionalised buckling load (N) Vs modulus ratio(E1/E2) at different no of layers

10

6
buckling loads

5
(0,90)5
4 (0,90)
(0,90)3
3

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
side to thickness ratio
Fig 5.4 Non dimensionalised buckling load (N) Vs side to thickness ratio at various no of layers(n)

45
 25

20

15
buckling loads

(0,90)
10 (0,90)2
(0,90)3

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
side to thickness ratio
Fig 5.5 Non dimensionalised buckling load (N) Vs side to thickness ratio

14

12

10

8
buckling loads

(0,90)
6
(0,90)5
(0,90)3
4

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
modulus ratio(E1/E2)
Fig 5.6 Non dimentionalised buckling load (N) Vs modulus ratio(E1/E2)

46
 CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER WORK

From the buckling analysis carried out on the laminated composite plate which
is anti symmetric cross ply, the following conclusions have been drawn using
higher order theory by levy solution.

 As the E1/E2 ratio increases, the buckling load factor increases and
hence the buckling load increases as can be seen from the validation
work done.
 The increase in length /thickness ratio increases the buckling load.
 As the number of layers increases, the buckling load also increases. This
is because as the number of layers increases, the interaction between
each layers increases and therefore high amount of load is required to
get the critical buckling load.
 Buckling load increases as the angle in the ply orientation increases.
 The close form of buckling load for an anti-symmetric cross-ply with two
opposite edges and other two opposite edges having arbitrary boundary
condition had been developed based on the levy solution.
 The boundary conditions affect the buckling load. The buckling load
increase when boundary conditions changes.

References

47
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[14] M.Cho and R.R.Parmerter An efficient higher order plate theory for
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49