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Resource Book
Concrete Anchoring Concrete Lifting
www.ramset.com.au
WELCOME TO THE RAMSET™
SPECIFIERS RESOURCE BOOK
This concise and systematically presented book contains the information most useful to Architects,
Specifiers and Engineers when selecting the concrete anchoring solution that best suits their project.
Selection of a concrete anchoring product is made on the basis of the basic type of fixing
(male or female, bolt or stud), macro environment, (e.g. coastal or inland), micro environment
(particular chemicals) and of course the capacity that best meets the design load case.
Where the fixing is simple and does not warrant strength limit state calculations, selection on the
basis of load case is made simple and easy with working load limit tables for each concrete anchor.
Where more rigorous design and strength limit state calculation is required, the simplified
step-by-step method presented in this booklet will allow rapid selection and verification of the
appropriate concrete anchor.
The Brick and Block anchoring section gives design professionals guidance as to the behaviour
of a number of fixings suitable for use in a variety of both solid and hollow pre-manufactured
masonry units.
The capacity information presented considers the elemental nature of pre-manufactured masonry
units and advises designers as to suitable locations within the units accordingly.
With the continued growth of Precast Concrete as a construction medium, technical information is
presented here, sufficient to enable the selection of appropriate lifting hardware for precast concrete
components subject to lifting, handling and erection.
In line with current practice, the information is presented in Working Load Limit format,
consistant with capacity information presented for cranes, slings, chains, etc.
We know that you will find this book both useful and informative.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 LEGEND OF SYMBOLS 5 11 AnkaScrew™ Screw In Anchors
11.1 General Information 79-80
2 NOTATION 6 11.2 Description and Part Numbers 80
11.3 Engineering Properties 80
3 DESIGN PROCESS 7 11.4 Strength Limit State Design 81-86
3.1 Simplified Design Approach 8-11
3.2 Worked Example 12-15 12 DynaBolt™ Sleeve Anchors
12.1 General Information 87-88
4 ANCHOR DESIGN SOFTWARE 16-18 12.2 Description and Part Numbers 88
12.3 Engineering Properties 88
5 SELECTING THE RIGHT ANCHOR 12.4 Strength Limit State Design 89-94
5.1 Environmental Considerations 19
5.2 Anchor Feature Guide 20-21 13 DynaSet™ Drop In Anchors
5.3 Chemical Resistance 22-23 13.1 General Information 95-96
13.2 Description and Part Numbers 96
6 ANCHORING TECHNOLOGY 13.3 Engineering Properties 96
6.1 Derivation of Capacity 24 13.4 Strength Limit State Design 97-102
6.2 Anchoring Principles 25-28
6.3 Base Materials 28-29 14 RediDrive™ Hammer In Anchors
6.4 Design 30 14.1 General Information 103-104
6.5 Tension 31-34 14.2 Description and Part Numbers 104
6.6 Shear 35-36 14.3 Engineering Properties 104
6.7 Bending 37
6.8 Combined Loading 38 15 ShureDrive™ Anchors
6.9 Anchor Groups 39 15.1 General Information 105-106
6.10 Assembly Torque and Preload 40 15.2 Description and Part Numbers 106
6.11 Long Term Preload Degradation 41
6.12 Slip Load and Cyclic Loading 42 16 RamPlug™
6.13 Corrosion 43 16.1 General Information 107-108
6.14 Fire 43 16.2 Description and Part Numbers 108
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS cont.
21 ChemSet™ Hammer Capsules CAST-IN LIFTING
21.1 General Information 131-132
21.2 Description and Part Numbers 132 32 LIFTING TECHNOLOGY
21.3 Engineering Properties 132 32.1 Important Notice 189
21.4 Strength Limit State Design 133-138 32.2 Lifting Anchors 190
32.3 Lifting Clutches 190
22 ChemSet™ Injection 101 32.4 Substrate Suitability 191
22.1 General Information 139-140 32.5 References 191
22.2 Description and Part Numbers 140 32.6 Load Case Determination 192-193
22.3 Engineering Properties 140 32.7 Design Considerations 194-195
22.4 Strength Limit State Design 141-146
33 SYSTEMS FOR YARD CAST WALL PANELS
33.1 Applications 197
BRICK AND BLOCK ANCHORING 33.2 Installation 198
33.3 Anchor Types 198
23 TYPICAL PRE-MANUFACTURED 33.4 Lifting Anchor Reinforcement Detail 199
MASONRY UNITS 149-151 33.5 Capacity Information 200
33.6 Description and Part Numbers 201
24 ChemSet™ Injection 101 33.7 Specification 201
24.1 General Information 152-153
24.2 Description and Part Numbers 153 34 SYSTEMS FOR SITE CAST WALL PANELS
24.3 Engineering Properties 153 34.1 Applications 203
34.2 Installation 203
25 AnkaScrew™ Screw In Anchors 34.3 Anchor Types 204
25.1 General Information 154-155 34.4 Capacity Information 204
25.2 Description and Part Numbers 155 34.5 Description and Part Numbers 205
25.3 Engineering Properties 155 34.6 Specification 205
CAST-IN ANCHORING
29 Elephants’ Feet Ferrules
29.1 General Information 163-164
29.2 Description and Part Numbers 164
29.3 Engineering Properties 164
29.4 Strength Limit State Design 165-170
30 Round Ferrules
30.1 General Information 171-172
30.2 Description and Part Numbers 172
30.3 Engineering Properties 172
30.4 Strength Limit State Design 173-178
31 TCM Ferrules
31.1 General Information 179-180
31.2 Description and Part Numbers 180
31.3 Engineering Properties 180
31.4 Strength Limit State Design 181-186
4
1
1.0 LEGEND OF SYMBOLS
We have developed this set of easily recognisable icons to assist with product selection.
Steel Zinc Plated to AS1791-1986. AISI Grade 316 Stainless Steel, resistant to corrosive
Minimum thickness 6 micron. agents including chlorides and industrial pollutants.
Recommended for internal applications only. Recommended for internal or external applications
in marine or corrosive environments.
Steel Hot Dipped Galvanised to AS1650-1989
and AS1214-1983. Corrosion resistant. Impact resistant.
Minimum thickness 42 micron. Not recommended for direct exposure to sunlight.
For external applications.
Suitable for floor applications. Chemical anchors suitable for use in dry holes.
Suitable for wall applications. Chemical anchors suitable for use in damp holes.
Suitable for hollow brick/block and hollow Suitable for use in drilled holes.
core concrete applications.
Anchor is cast into substrate by either Suitable for use in cored holes.
puddling, attaching to reinforcing or formwork.
Anchor can be through fixed into substrate Suitable for AAC and lightweight concrete
using fixture as template. applications.
5
2
2.0 NOTATION
GENERAL NOTATION
a = actual anchor spacing (mm) h = anchor effective depth (mm) Xnai = anchor spacing effect, internal to a row,
ac = critical anchor spacing (mm) hn = nominal effective depth (mm) tension
am = absolute minimum anchor spacing (mm) g = gap or non-structural thickness (mm) Xnc = concrete compressive strength effect,
tension
As = stress area (mm2) L = anchor length (mm)
Xne = edge distance effect, tension
bm = minimum substrate thickness (mm) Le = anchor effective length (mm)
Xuc = characteristic ultimate capacity
db = bolt diameter (mm) Lt = thread length (mm)
Xva = anchor spacing effect, concrete edge shear
df = fixture hole diameter (mm) n = number of fixings in a group
Xvc = concrete compressive strength effect, shear
dh = drilled hole diameter (mm) PL = long term, retained preload (kN)
Xvd = load direction effect, concrete edge shear
e = actual edge distance (mm) PLi = initial preload (kN)
Xvn = multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear
ec = critical edge distance (mm) Pr = proof load (kN)
Xvs = corner edge shear effect, shear
em = absolute minimum edge distance (mm) t = total thickness of fastened
material(s) (mm) Xvsc = concrete compressive strength effect,
f’c = concrete cylinder compressive combined concrete/steel shear
strength (MPa) Tr = assembly torque (Nm)
Z = section modulus (mm3)
f’cf = concrete flexural tensile strength (MPa) Xe = edge distance effect, tension
ß = concrete cube compressive
fu = characteristic ultimate steel Xna = anchor spacing effect, tension strength (N/mm2)
tensile strength (MPa) Xnae = anchor spacing effect, end of a row, µT = torque co-efficient of sliding friction
fy = characteristic steel yield strength (MPa) tension
x = mean ultimate capacity
6
3
3.0 DESIGN PROCESS
This information is provided for the guidance of qualified Ramset™ has developed this Simplified Design Approach
structural engineers or other suitably skilled persons in the to achieve strength limit state design, and to allow for rapid
design of anchors. It is the designers responsibility to ensure selection of a suitable anchor and through systematic
compliance with the relevant standards, codes of practice, analysis, establish that it will meet the required design
building regulations, workplace regulations and statutes criteria under strength limit state principles.
as applicable.
The necessary diagrams, tables etc. for each specific product
This manual allows the designer to determine load are included in this publication.
carrying capacities based on actual application and
installation conditions. Ramset™ has also developed a software tool “Ramset
Anchor Design” to enable engineers to quickly select
The designer must first select the anchor style/type to suit suitable anchors for a specific set of design conditions and
application and environmental conditions through the use output the results for project file reference.
of tables 5.1, 5.2 & 5.3 to identify the specific product
features, dimensional properties and environmental
See section 4 of this publication for further details and
characteristics required.
an example of how to use the “Ramset Anchor Design”
software.
Then select an appropriate anchor size to meet the required
load case through the use of either the working load
information provided or by use of the simplified design
process described on the page opposite to arrive at
recommendations in line with strength limit state
design principles.
7
3 Simplified Design Approach
PRELIMINARY SELECTION
Establish the design action effects, N* and V* (Tension and
Shear) acting on each anchor being examined using the
appropriate load combinations detailed in the AS1170 series
of Australian Standards.
Refer to table 1a, ‘Indicative combined loading – interaction This is an important structural dimension that will be
diagram’ for the anchor type selected, looking up N* and V* referred to in subsequent tables.
to select the anchor size most likely to meet the design
requirements. Typically, greater effective depths will result in greater
tensile capacities.
Note that the Interaction Diagram is for a specific concrete
compressive strength and does not consider edge distance and ACTION Note down the anchor effective depth, h.
anchor spacing effects, hence is a guide only and its use Note also the product part no. referenced.
should not replace a complete design process.
8
Simplified Design Approach 3
STEP 2 Verify concrete tensile capacity - per anchor
Referring to table 2a, determine the reduced characteristic For designs involving more than one anchor, consideration
ultimate concrete tensile capacity (ØNuc). This is the basic must be given to the influence of anchor spacing on tensile
capacity, uninfluenced by edge distance or anchor spacings and capacity. Use either of tables 2d or 2e to establish the anchor
is for the specific concrete compressive strength(s) noted. spacing effect, tension, Xnae or Xnai.
ACTION Note down the value for ØNuc ACTION Note down the value of Xnae or Xnai
ACTION Note down the value for Xne ACTION Note down the value of ØNurc
For internally threaded anchoring products that utilise a Design reduced ultimate tensile capacity, ØNur
separate bolt such as the range of Cast-In Ferrules and the
DynaSet™ anchor, make use of step 3b to verify the reduced ØNur = minimum of ØNurc, ØNus, ØNtf
characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity (ØNtf).
Check N* / ØNur ≤ 1,
if not satisfied return to step 1
9
3 Simplified Design Approach
The angle of incidence of the shear load acting towards an edge n=2
is considered by the factor Xvd, load direction effect, shear. V*TOTAL
10
Simplified Design Approach 3
STEP 5 Verify anchor shear capacity - per anchor
Check V* / ØVur ≤ 1,
if not satisfied return to step 1
11
3 Worked Example
Given data:
Concrete compressive strength f’c 50 MPa
Design tensile action effect N*TOTAL 80 kN
Design shear action effect V*TOTAL 180 kN 150 150 150
Edge distance e 250 mm
Anchor spacing a 150 mm
Fixture plate + grout thickness t 42 mm A B C D
250
No. of anchors in shear n 4 V*TOTAL
12
Worked Example 3
STEP 1 Select anchor to be evaluated
Refer to table 1a, ‘Indicative combined loading – interaction The effective depth, h, is calculated by making reference to
diagram’ on page 45. Applying both the N* value and V* value the ‘Description and Part Numbers’ table on page 44 and
to the interaction, it can be seen that the intersection of the calculating effective depth, h = Le - t. Two options are available
two values falls within the M16 “band”. for the M16 SpaTec™. Given that the fixture thickness value ‘t’
is quite large, select the longer of the two M16 SpaTec™
ACTION M16 anchor size selected. anchors available.
Referring to table 2a, consider the value obtained for an As we are considering anchor ‘B’ for this example, use
M16 anchor at h = 110 mm (closest to our design value table 2e on page 47 to verify the anchor spacing effect,
of h = 108 mm). internal to a row, tension, Xnai value. If we were inspecting
anchors ‘A’ or ‘D’ we would use table 2d for anchors at the
ACTION ØNuc = 54.6 kN end of a row.
Verify the concrete compressive strength effect, tension, Xnc ACTION Xnai = 0.45
value from table 2b.
13
3 Worked Example
Check N* / ØNur ≤ 1,
20 / 30.7 = 0.65 ≤ 1
Tensile design criteria satisfied, proceed to Step 4.
Referring to table 4a, consider the value obtained for an M16 In order to distribute the shear load evenly to all anchors in
anchor at e = 250 mm. the group, the multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
value is retrieved from table 4e.
ACTION ØVuc = 80.2 kN
The ratio of (a / e) for this design case is 150 / 250 = 0.6.
Verify the concrete compressive strength effect, tension, Xvc
value from table 4b. ACTION Xvn = 0.69
ACTION Xvd = 1.32 for angle of 30 degrees to normal. Design reduced concrete shear capacity, ØVurc
Verify the anchor spacing effect, concrete edge shear, Xva ØVurc = ØVuc * Xvc * Xvd * Xva * Xvn (kN)
value using table 4d. = 80.2 * 1.25 * 1.32 * 0.62 * 0.69
= 56.6 kN
ACTION Xva = 0.62
ACTION ØVurc = 56.6 kN
14
Worked Example 3
STEP 6 Combined loading and specification
Checkpoint 6
Check that the combined loading relationship Re-consider the design using the adjusted values with anchor
is satisfied: spacing, “a” set at 200 mm.
Reviewing the design process, examine the critical factors ØVuc = 80.2 kN
influencing the overall anchor capacity. Xvc = 1.25
Xvd = 1.32
For tension (governed by concrete failure), Xva = 0.66
Xvn = 0.74 (at a = 200 mm, hence a / e = 0.8)
ØNuc = 54.6 kN
Xnc = 1.25 Hence ØVurc = 64.6 kN (at a = 200 mm).
Xne = 1.00
Xnai = 0.45 Now,
It can be seen from the above values that whilst the concrete N*/ØNur + V*/ØVur ≤ 1.2,
compressive strength effect, Xnc improves the design ultimate
tensile capacity, the anchor spacing effect, Xnai significantly 20 / 41.6 + 45 / 64.6 = 1.17 < 1.2
reduces design ultimate tensile capacity.
Combined loading criteria PASSES.
Possible solution: Increase anchor spacing to raise the value
of Xnai.
Note that increasing the anchor spacing for this design will
improve Xnai, Xva and Xvn.
15
4
4.1 ANCHOR DESIGN SOFTWARE
4.1.1 RAMSET™ ANCHOR DESIGN 4.1.2 USE OF THE RAMSET™ DESIGN
SOFTWARE v1.3 SOFTWARE
Ramset™ Anchor Design Software is provided to assist in the Having installed and run the program proceed to the toolbar at
choice of a suitable fastener which meets a specific set of the top of the screen and select the "New" button, this will
design inputs and is intended for use by suitably qualified bring you to the first of four input screens.
design professionals.
Project/Customer Details
The program attempts to acquire the minimum data needed to
fully specify the anchoring problem, On the first screen (Fig. 1) enter Project/Customer Details.
These are simply details that will help identify the project you
~ substrate details are designing and will form part of the printed output that can
~ adverse environments be stored as part of the project documentation.
~ interfering edges and anchors
~ load case information
~ are the same type On completion of these details, the "Next" button located on
~ have the same installation conditions, the bottom of the screen will move you onto the second input
~ are subject to the same force. screen.
For multiple anchor connections, the design professional must
Material Details
therefore distribute the applied load case(s) to each anchor in
the group and evaluate each anchor separately.
On the second screen (Fig. 2) enter the Material Details.
These refer directly to the substrate properties of the project
This approach allows the designer flexibility in distributing
you are designing.
loads to anchors so as to optimise the connection detail
without the constraints of a software imposed distribution
Fields which must be completed are;
method.
The software will check that the substrate thickness is ~ Fixture and Non Structural Space Thickness
This refers to the thickness of the fixture and the non
adequate for allowing anchor capacity to be generated. The
structural gap which is any non structural material
Structural Engineer should check the substrates sectional
(e.g. plaster, grout, packer, foam) in between the substrate
capacity for resisting the applied load.
and the fixture.
By default the software will select from a wide range of
fasteners types that suit the design parameters of the specific ~ Structural Depth and Compressive Strength
This refers to the substrate thickness and its compressive
anchor.
strength. Note that the program assumes the substrate is a
solid homogeneous material with a particular compressive
strength. Therefore it cannot design hollow block fixings,
however core-filled blockwork can be analysed using an
equivalent compressive strength value.
16
Anchor Design Software 4
Fields which may be completed to help define the anchor The screen should then be similar to the following.
selection criteria are:
(Note if these fields are left blank then the program will
consider all possible anchors in the range that would be
suitable for the design conditions you impose.)
~ Fastener Environment
These boxes can be "ticked" if there is a particular attribute
the anchor must exhibit. e.g. Selecting the "Corrosive"
attribute will ensure only galvanised and stainless steel
fixings are considered and eliminate zinc plated anchors.
17
4 Anchor Design Software
Fig. 4 Fig. 6
On completion, the "Finish" button will commence the The icons in the top right hand corner of the screen enable you
computation of all the possible solutions for the parameters to navigate through the completed design.
you have entered. The possible solutions will be displayed in
the "Possible Acceptable Anchors" dialogue box. The first four from the left are actually the four design input
screens you have just completed.
It is important to note that if the input design parameters
were incomplete or no possible solutions could be found, The fifth icon (calculator icon) allows you to recalculate for
the program will advise as to the reasons why, possible solutions in case you make any amendments or would
(e.g. anchors too close to edge). You are then able to like to select a different anchor.
adjust the design as detailed, using the design input icons
on the summary output screen (Fig. 6). The next icon (printer icon) allows you to print a summary of
the design, which will show the project description, anchor
layout, design inputs and outputs. More detailed printouts are
available if you go to "File" then "Print..." then select the
printout you would like.
The next icon (disk icon) allows you to save the design for
future reference and can be retrieved at a later date.
Fig. 5
You will notice on the above screen that the anchors are listed
in order of capacity utilised and also display a relative cost,
which is an index cost allowing you to compare the
approximate installed cost of the various types of suitable
anchors.
Select your preferred anchor via the "Select" button and the
screen will then show the design output screen. This screen
shows you the Design Inputs, parameters which you have
entered and computed Design Outputs which includes
capacities, governing factors and installation dimensions. If you
would like to see the detailed calculations, then select the
relevant tabs, i.e. Design, Layout, Cross Section and Installation.
18
5
5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANCHOR
SpaTec HiShear Boa Coil TruBolt AnkaScrew DynaBolt DynaSet RediDrive ShureDrive RamPlug EasyDrive ChemSet ChemSet ChemSet ChemSet
8.8 Nylon Spin 800 Series Hammer 101
Coastal Environment
External ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS)
Coastal Environment
Internal ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal)
Inland Environment
External ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn)
Inland Environment
Internal ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓ ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn)
Tropical Environment
External ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal)
Tropical Environment
Internal ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn)
Alpine Environment
External ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal)
Alpine Environment
Internal ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓ ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn) ✓(Zn)
Industrial Enviro.
External ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS)
Industrial Enviro.
Internal ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS)
Internal Wet Areas ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal)
Dry Hole ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Damp Hole ✓(Gal) ✓(Gal) ✓(SS) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Water Filled Hole ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS)
Submerged Hole
After Set ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS) ✓(SS)
Fire Resistant ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Solid Concrete ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Hollow Block
(Web) ✓
Hollow Block
(Cavity) ✓ ✓ ✓ ● ✓ ● ✓*
Solid Clay Brick ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ● ✓ ● ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Wire Cut Clay Brick ✓ ✓ ✓ ● ✓ ● ✓*
* With accessories. LEGEND ✓ = Recommended ● = Possible
19
5
5.2 ANCHOR FEATURE GUIDE
The following chart provides a quick guide for selecting the
appropriate Ramset™ Concrete Anchor to suit your needs.
Please refer to page 5 for the Legend of Symbols for a detailed
explanation of the symbols used.
20
5
21
5
5.3 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Resistance of anchors exposed to:
ENVIRONMENT Concentrate % Hammer Caps Spin Capsule 100 Series 800 Series SS Fixings Gal Zinc
Acetic Acid 10 ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Acetic Acid 30 ✓ – ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗
Acetic Acid Concentrate ✓ – ✗ ✗ – ✗ ✗
Acetone 25 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ – ✗ ✗
Acetone 100 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ – – –
Ammonia (aq) Concentrate ✗ – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Ammonia Gas – – ✓ – – ✓ – –
Aniline 100 ✗ ✗ – – – – –
Battery (Accumulator) Acid – ✓ – ✓ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Beer – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Benzene – ✗ ✗ – – ✓ – –
Benzol ✗ – – – ✓ – –
Boric Acid (aq) ✓ – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Bromine Any – – – – ✓ – –
Butanol 100 – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Calcium Carbonate All ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Calcium Chloride (aq) Any ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Calcium Hydroxide (aq) – ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Carbon Dioxide 100 – ✓ – – ✓ – –
Carbon Monoxide 100 – ✓ – – ✓ – –
Carbon Tetrachloride 10 – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Carbon Tetrachloride Concentrate ✗ – – – ✓ – –
Cement Suspension Saturated – ✓ – – ✓ – –
Citric Acid 15 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Citric Acid Any ✓ – ✓ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Common Salt Solution Any ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Copper Nitrate Any – – – – ✓ – –
Copper Sulphate Any – – – – ✓ – –
Diesel Fuel 100 ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Distilled Water ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Engine Oil 100 – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Ethanol 10 – ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ – –
Ethanol 40 – ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ – –
Ethanol 50 ✗ ✗ – – ✓ – –
Ethyl Acetate 100 – ✗ – – ✓ – –
Formaldehyde (aq) 30 ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Formic Acid 10 ✓ – ✓ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Formic Acid 40 ✓ – ✗ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Formic Acid 100 ✓ – ✗ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Fuel Oil – ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Freon – ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Gasoline – – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Glycerine – ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Ethylene Glycol 100 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Heptane 100 – ✗ – – ✓ – –
Hydrochloric Acid 1 ✗ – ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Hydrochloric Acid 10 ✗ – ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hydrochloric Acid 20 ✗ – ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hydrochloric Acid Concentrate ✗ – ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hydrogen Fluoride 20 – ✓ – – – ✗ ✗
Hydrogen Peroxide 10 – ✗ ✗ ✗ – ✗ ✗
Hydrogen Peroxide 30 – ✗ ✗ ✗ – ✗ ✗
Iodine 100 – – – – ✗ ✗ ✗
Isopropyl Alcohol 100 ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Lactic Acid 10 ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Lactic Acid Any ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
22
5
ENVIRONMENT Concentrate % Hammer Caps Spin Capsule 100 Series 800 Series SS Fixings Gal Zinc
Laitance – ✓ – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Linseed Oil 100 ✓ – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Machine Oil 100 – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Magnesium Chloride All ✓ – – – – – –
Methanol 10 – ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Methanol 100 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ – –
Motor Oil 100 ✗ ✗ – – ✓ – –
Nitric Acid 10 ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Nitric Acid 20 ✗ ✓ – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Nitric Acid 30 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗
Nitric Acid 50 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗
Nitric Acid Concentrate ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Oleic Acid 100 ✓ – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Perchlorethylene 100 ✗ ✗ – – ✓ – –
Petrol 100 – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Petroleum 100 – – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Phenol 1 ✓ – – – – ✗ ✗
Phenol 100 ✗ ✗ – – – ✗ ✗
Phosphoric Acid 10 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Phosphoric Acid 20 – – ✓ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Phosphoric Acid 30 – – ✗ ✓ – ✗ ✗
Phosphoric Acid Concentrate ✗ ✗ ✗ – – ✗ ✗
Potassium Carbonate Any ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Potassium Chloride All ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Potassium Hydroxide 10 ✓ ✓ – – ✓ – –
Potassium Hydroxide 40 ✓ ✓ – – ✓ – –
Potassium Nitrate Any ✓ – – – – – –
Rain Water 100 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
River Water – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sea Water – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sewerage – – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Soap Water Any ✓ ✓ ✓ – ✓ ✗ ✗
Sodium Carbonate (aq) Any ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sodium Chloride (aq) Any ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sodium Hydroxide 10 ✓ – ✗ ✓ ✓ – –
Sodium Hydroxide 20 ✓ – ✗ ✓ – – –
Sodium Hydroxide 40 ✓ – ✗ – – – –
Sodium Hydroxide 50 ✗ – ✗ – – – –
Sodium Phosphate Any ✓ – – – – – –
Sodium Silicate Any ✓ – ✓ ✓ – – –
Sulphuric Acid 1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sulphuric Acid 10 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sulphuric Acid 20 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Sulphuric Acid 30 ✓ ✓ – – ✗ ✗ ✗
Sulphuric Acid Concentrate ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Swimming Pool Water Any ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗
Tannic Acid 10 – – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Tap Water – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Tataric Acid Any ✓ – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Tetrochloroethylene 100 ✓ – – – ✓ – –
Toluene 100 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ – –
Trichloroethylene 100 ✗ – – – ✓ – –
Turpentine – ✓ – ✓ ✓ ✓ – –
Washing Powder 100 – ✓ – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Xylene 100 ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ – –
23
6
ANCHORING
TECHNOLOGY
6.1 DERIVATION OF CAPACITY
Internationally, design standards are becoming more From this value, and dependent on local design requirements,
probabilistic in nature and require sound Engineering the design professional may then undertake either a strength
assessment of both load case information and component limit state or working load design assessment of the
capacity data to ensure safety as well as economy. application at hand, confident that they are working with
state of the art capacity information.
Published capacity data for Ramset™ Fasteners anchoring
products are derived from Characteristic Ultimate
Capacities.
for a product.
The Characteristic Value chosen is that which ensures x = Mean Ultimate Capacity
that a 90% confidence is obtained that 95% of all test Xuc = Characteristic Ultimate Capacity
results will fall above this value.
24
Anchoring Technology 6
Resistance to tensile loads is provided by mechanisms which The diameter of the drilled hole is slightly larger than the outer
depend upon the type of anchor, and its method of setting. diameter of the anchor. When torque is applied to the bolt head
Information on the elements that comprise the resistance or nut of the anchor, the cone is drawn up into the sleeve to
mechanisms is given separately for each type of anchor. expand its effective diameter. The wedge action of the cone nut
in the sleeve increases with increasing torque. The reaction of
Generally, shear load resistance mechanisms are more uniform the concrete against the expanded sleeve of the anchor creates
amongst anchors, and comprise these elements: a high friction force between the anchor and the wall of the
drilled hole. The body of the concrete contains and restricts the
~ the bolt or stud, and in some cases, the steel spacer expansion forces. The application of assembly torque produces
of the anchor. a preload between the fixture and the concrete.
~ the ability of the anchor to resist the bending moment
induced by the shear force.
~ the compressive strength of the concrete.
~ the shear and tensile strength of the concrete at the surface
of the potential concrete failure wedge.
Anchor
e
Drilled hole
Load
TORQUE SETTING ACTION
Concrete Wedge
SpaTec™, TruBolt™ & DynaBolt™ Anchors
continued over
25
6 Anchoring Technology
6.2.2 TORQUE SETTING ANCHORS cont. 6.2.3 ROTATION SETTING ANCHORS
Effective depth is the effective length, Le of the anchor less the The Boa™ Coil anchor is set by driving the anchor into the hole
fixture thickness, t. with a hammer up to the “depth set” mark and then, using a
spanner or wrench, rotating the bolt through the coil, thereby
h = Le - t setting the anchor.
Note that for the purpose of calculating “h”, the fixture The diameter of the drilled hole is a similar size to that of
thickness “t” should include the thickness of non structural the anchor.
grout, packing, etc.
Resistance to tensile load is provided by the two (2)
components which make up the Boa™ Coil anchor, the “bolt”
and the “coil”.
26
Anchoring Technology 6
6.2.4 DISPLACEMENT SETTING ANCHORS 6.2.5 CHEMICAL ANCHORS
DynaSet™ anchors are inserted into a drilled hole, and set ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsules, ChemSet™ Hammer
by the displacement of the expander plug. Capsules, ChemSet™ Injection Systems anchors are set in a
drilled hole by the hardening of the chemical mortar.
Setting tool
CHEMICAL ANCHORING
Adhesive
covered stud
27
6 Anchoring Technology
6.2.6 CAST-IN ANCHORS
Prior to pouring the concrete, Ramset™ Ferrules are placed in the
form and typically fixed to it or to the reinforcement mesh. They
are retained in the hardened concrete by either the enlargement
on the base of the anchor, or by a bar located in the cross-hole.
28
Anchoring Technology 6
6.3.2 ABSOLUTE MINIMUM DIMENSIONS
Spacings, edge distances, and concrete thicknesses are limited The concrete thickness minima given below, does not include
to absolute minima, in order to avoid risks of splitting or concrete cover requirements, and are not a guide to the
spalling of the concrete during the setting of Ramset™ torque structural dimensions of the element. It is the responsibility
and displacement setting expansion anchors. Absolute minima of the design engineer to proportion and reinforce the
for stress-free anchorages such as chemical and cast-in anchors structural element to carry the loads and moments applied to
are defined on the basis of notional limits, which take account it by the anchorage, and to ensure that the appropriate cover
of the practicalities of anchor placement. is obtained.
Absolute minimum spacing "am" and absolute minimum edge In order to avoid ‘breakthrough’ during drilling of the hole into
distance "em", define prohibited zones where no anchor should which anchors will be installed, maintain a cover value to the
be placed. The prohibited spacing zone around an anchor has a base of the hole equal to 2x the drilled hole diameter, dh. ie. for
radius equal to the absolute minimum spacing. The prohibited a hole of 20 mm diameter allow 40 mm cover to the rear face
zone at an edge has a width equal to the absolute minimum of the substrate component.
edge distance.
In certain circumstances, it may be possible to install anchors
in thinner concrete elements. If cover to the anchor is not
required, and a degree of spalling can be tolerated between
Free zone
am the end of the expansion sleeve and the far surface of the
concrete, embedment close to the far surface may be feasible.
More information on the conditions for reduced concrete
Prohibited thickness may be obtained from Ramset™ Engineers.
zone
2*em
Free zone
Prohibited zone
Prohibited e
zone m
Concrete Edge
29
6 Anchoring Technology
6.4 DESIGN
6.4.1 WORKING LOAD DESIGN 6.4.2 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Using the permissible stress method which is still valid in Designers are advised to adopt the limit state design approach
many design situations: which takes account of stability, strength, serviceability,
durability, fire resistance, and any other requirements, in
L (applied load) ≤ Ra (working load limit capacity) determining the suitability of the fixing. Explanations of this
approach are found in the design standards for structural steel
Working load limits are derived from characteristic ultimate and concrete. When designing for strength the anchor is to
capacities and factor of safety: comply with the following:
Ra = Ru / Fs ØRu ≥ S*
fss = factor of safety for steel in tension and bending Ru = characteristic ultimate load carrying capacity
= 2.2
S* = design action effect
fsv = factor of safety for steel in shear
= 2.5 ØRu = design strength
fsc = factor of safety for concrete Design action effects are the forces, moments, and other
= 3.0 effects, produced by agents such as loads, which act on a
structure. They include axial forces (N*), shear forces (V*),
and moments (M*), which are established from the
appropriate combinations of factored loads as detailed in the
AS1170 “Minimum Design Load on Structures” series of
Australian Standards.
30
Anchoring Technology 6
6.5 TENSION
6.5.1 STEEL TENSION 6.5.2 CONCRETE CONE
The characteristic ultimate tensile capacity for the steel of an Characteristic ultimate tensile capacities for mechanical
anchor is obtained from: anchors vary in a predictable manner with the relationship
between: - hole diameter (dh)
Nus = As fu - effective depth (h), and
- concrete compressive strength (f’c)
where:
within a limited range of effective depths, h.
Nus = characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity (N)
This is typically expressed by a formula such as:
As = tensile area (mm2)
= stress area for threaded sections (mm2) Nuc = factor * dbfactor * h1.5 * √f’c
fu = characteristic ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Anchors may have constraints that apply to the effective
depth of the anchor or the maximum or minimum concrete
fy = characteristic yield strength (MPa) strength applicable.
The tensile working load limit (permissible stress method) for Effective anchor depth is taken from the surface of the
the steel of a Ramset™ anchor is obtained from: structural concrete to the point where the concrete cone is
generated. In establishing the effective depth for anchors, the
Nas = Nus / 2.2 designer should allow for any gap expected to exist between
the fixture and the concrete prior to clamping down.
air gap
h h
h
31
6 Anchoring Technology
6.5.3 PULL-THROUGH 6.5.4 CONCRETE BOND
This mode of failure occurs in expansion anchors under tensile Chemical Anchors
loading, where the applied load exceeds the frictional
resistance between either the cone and the expansion sleeve, Characteristic ultimate tensile load carrying capacities for
or the sleeve and the sides of the drilled hole in the concrete. concrete bond failure in the compression zone varies with hole
Failures of this type are often associated with anchors that are depth, effective depth and concrete strength in a similar
improperly set, or used in larger diameter holes drilled into the manner to concrete cone failure in mechanical anchors.
concrete with over-sized drill bits.
Effective anchor depth "h" is taken from the start of the
The load carrying capacities of anchors with thick-walled adhesive, (usually the surface of the concrete) to the bottom
expansion sleeves such as SpaTec™ and properly-set DynaSet™ of the stud. For chemical capsule anchors, it is not usual to
anchors, are not sensitive to this mode of failure. deviate from the depths given in the Section Properties and
The recommended limits on concrete strength "f’c" in the Data. Whilst it is essential to provide sufficient resin to fill the
determination of concrete cone strength for DynaBolt™ and space between the stud and the concrete, the installer must
TruBolt™ anchors, act as a precaution against this mode avoid excessive overspill. Hole depths for capsule anchors may
of failure. be increased in increments related to the volume of capsules
available. It is recommended to seek advice from Ramset™
Technical Staff before deviating from the recommended hole
depths or hole diameters.
32
Anchoring Technology 6
6.5.5 CRITICAL SPACING
In a group of mechanical anchors loaded in tension, the spacing For anchors influenced by the cones of two other anchors, as a
at which the cone shaped zones of concrete failure just begin result for example, of location internal to a row:
to overlap at the surface of the concrete, is termed the critical
spacing, ac. Xna = a / ac ≤ 1
ac a Unequal distances ("a1" and "a2", both < ac) from two
adjacent anchors, are averaged for an anchor internal to a row:
ANCHORS IN A ROW
33
6 Anchoring Technology
6.5.6 CRITICAL EDGE DISTANCE
At the critical edge distance for anchors loaded in tension, Chemical Anchors
reduction in tensile loads just commences, due to interference
of the edge with the zone of influence of the anchor. For chemical anchors the critical edge distance is determined
by interference between the edge and the cylindrically shaped
Cast-In and Expansion Anchors zones of stress surrounding the anchors.
ec = 1.5 * h ec Anchor
ec Bond cylinder
Anchor
Cone of Failure e
If the edge lies between the critical and the absolute minimum
INTERFERENCE OF EDGE WITH CONCRETE CONES distance from the anchor, the concrete tensile load reduction
co-efficient "Xe", is obtained from the following formula:
The critical edge distance for Boa™ Coil anchor is taken as: where:
em Concrete Edge
ec
Free zone Critical zone
Prohibited zone
34
Anchoring Technology 6
6.6 SHEAR
5.6.1 ANCHOR STEEL SHEAR
The designer should also take into account any conditions that
For an anchor not located close to another anchor nor to a free may cause bending moments and unbalanced forces to be
concrete edge, the ultimate shear load will be determined by applied simultaneously. Any tendency of the fixture to lift away
the steel shear strength of the anchor, provided the effective from the surface under load will generate moments and tension
depth of the anchor is compliant with the following: forces.
SpaTec™ The characteristic ultimate shear capacity (Vus) for the steel of
an anchor is obtained from:
h ≥ 4 * dh
Vus = 0.62 * As * fu (N)
4 * dh
Minimum for bolt shear
Boa™ Coil
3 * db
Minimum for bolt shear
dh
TruBolt™
h ≥ 4 * dh
DynaBolt™
h ≥ 3.5 * dh
35
6 Anchoring Technology
6.6.3 SPACING UNDER CONCRETE SHEAR
At a spacing of at least 2.5 times edge distance, there is no Two anchors installed on a line normal to the edge, and loaded
interference between adjacent failure wedges. Where anchor in shear towards the edge, are treated as a special case.
spacing is less than 2.5 times edge distance, the shear load Where the anchors are loaded simultaneously by the same
capacities in the concrete are subject to a reduction factor "Xva". fixture, the ultimate or the concrete edge shear capacity for
each anchor will be influenced by the other anchor. Where the
Failure wedge spacing "a" between anchors A and B is less than or equal to
a a "eB" the edge distance of anchor B, the ultimate edge shear for
anchor A is equal to anchor B, despite the longer edge distance
of anchor A:
Concrete edge e
Shear force
e2
Failure wedge
V*A V*B V*C
Concrete edges
ANCHOR AT A CORNER
n=3
V*TOTAL
36
Anchoring Technology 6
6.7 BENDING
The designer's calculation of the design bending moment (M*) In the case of working load limit design, applied moments (M)
should include an allowance in the moment arm of one hole are calculated as follows:
diameter inwards from the face of the concrete:
M = V * ( dh + g + t / 2)
M* = V* * ( dh + g + t / 2)
V = applied shear force (N)
where:
Characteristic ultimate bending capacities (Mu), are obtained
V* = shear design action effect (N) from the following formula:
Ma = Mu / fss
= Mu / 2.2
Applied load
Moment arm
37
6 Anchoring Technology
Factored working load limit steel tensile capacities, to allow Øv = capacity reduction factor, steel shear,
for the effects of bending moments are given by: recommended as 0.8
Na = Nar ≤ Nsr
where:
Va = Var ≤ Vas
Nasr = factored working load limit steel tensile capacity (N)
where:
N* / ØNur ≤ 1
V* / ØVur ≤ 1
Applied shear The following formulae are used for working load combination:
Moment arm N / Na ≤ 1
COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR
V / Va ≤ 1
N / Na + V / Va ≤ 1.2
where:
38
Anchoring Technology 6
Groups of anchors (row, rectangular array etc.) subject to • Anchors subject to a moment.
tensile loading and/or shear loading not towards an edge.
• Anchors in a line towards an edge with a shear load
component acting towards that edge, unless it is assumed
V*TOTAL that the anchor closest to the edge takes all of the shear
load, V*TOTAL.
N*TOTAL
39
6 Anchoring Technology
PLi = α * Pr
PRELOADING OF FIXTURE TO CONCRETE
where:
Heavy and medium duty sleeve anchors with a fully
α = proportion of proof load as initial preload
functioning pull-down mechanism such as Ramset™ SpaTec™
65% for mechanical anchors
and DynaBolt™ anchors, ensure that loss of preload to the
25% for chemical anchors
spacer or sleeve is negligible, even where a substantial gap
may have existed between the concrete and the fixture, due
Pr = bolt or anchor proof load (kN)
to unevennesses in the mating surfaces. After the expansion
= A s * fy
sleeve has enlarged to grip the sides of the hole, the pull-down
mechanism allows the gap to be closed and the fixture to be
Assembly torques required (Tr) to develop initial preloads are
clamped against the concrete.
given by the following formula:
Tr = µT * db * PLi
where:
40
Anchoring Technology 6
41
6 Anchoring Technology
Displacement
SLIP LOAD AND PRELOAD
42
Anchoring Technology 6
6.13 CORROSION
During their service life, fasteners may be subjected to a The term “galvanised” in this document refers to hot dip
range of corrosive agents and environments. Atmospheric galvanising according to the Australian Standards listed in the
environments may include the benign, such as indoors in dry table below.
conditions. The less benign outdoor areas are exposed to rain
and/or humidity. The chloride bearing atmospheres under the Note that other publications may use the term “galvanised”
influence of sea winds are more corrosive. The polluted when referring to zinc electroplated anchors, which provides
atmosphere in some industrial areas, and the marine inferior corrosion protection. To ensure adequate corrosion
environment over the sea, at the shore, or within the splash protection, verify that the plating thickness complies with the
zone, may be highly aggressive. Fastenings may be required to thickness value required by the relevant Australian Standard.
be placed under fresh water, salt water, or in contact with a AS1214 - 1983 requires a minimum of 42 micron thickness for
whole range of potentially corrosive liquids. Ramset™ anchors “hot dip galvanised” threaded items.
are supplied with a range of corrosion resistances suitable for
various applications.
ENVIRONMENT CORROSION SPECIFICATION
PROTECTION
There is a large number of specialist texts on the subject of
Indoors, Zinc plated to
corrosion, to which the reader is referred. under cover AS1791-1986
Low humidity Plating Minimum thickness
The stainless steel specification for Ramset™ anchors has a 6 micron
high molybdenum content, which gives superior resistance Exposure to Passivated,
against chlorides and common industrial pollutants. moisture likely Designation C
Hot dipped to
Stainless steel anchors should be insulated from the zinc Exposed to weather AS1650-1989
coating, when securing galvanised steelwork, because of the AS1214-1983
possibility of galvanic corrosion. Industrial pollution Galvanising Minimum thickness
42 micron
Marine
Care must be taken to ensure selected fasteners meet the environments
appropriate standards and are also correctly described. For
example, “mechanically galvanised” is a misnomer for Chemical plants ISO3506-1979
“mechanically plated”, which may not provide the same Aggressive Grade A4,
corrosion protection as “hot dip galvanising”. Stainless steel
environments Prop Class 70
At the sea (AISI 316)
6.14 FIRE
When exposed to heat so that it reaches a temperature of Fire induced deformations of wall panels, and the behaviour of
about 550°C, steel retains about half of its original strength. the structural frame under fire, should be carefully considered
Designers have traditionally adopted this limiting temperature in the design. Spread of the fire to adjoining properties will be
for the retention of structural integrity. Expansion and cast-in prevented, as long as the panels remain fixed to the structural
anchors manufactured in steel, are subject to the same limit, frame. The connection between a heavy structural steel frame
except that conditions are generally more favourable to the and the wall panels should be via deformable ties.
retention of structural strength for these anchors, than other
components of an unprotected structure. For example, in The limiting operational temperature for chemical anchors is
circumstances where heat can be expected to vent through the 80°C. When used for anchoring reinforcing steel, chemical
roof sheeting, there is little risk of the fixings at the supports of systems are provided with concrete cover, and may be
steel beams, reaching the same temperature as the most designed to provide the desired fire rating, by limiting the
critical part of the main steel structural elements. Generally, temperature rise at the anchor points. Where protection is
fixings reach significantly lower temperatures than the main required for the steel structure, special fireproofing material is
structural elements. specified. The same protection should be extended to any
exposed fixings to the concrete structure.
Part of an anchor is always embedded in and insulated by the
concrete, which increases the time for the heat to flow to the
anchoring element of the anchor, and because of the heat sink
of the concrete mass which takes heat from the anchor, there
is an increase in the time for its temperature to rise.
43
MECHANICAL
ANCHORING
OVERVIEW
Ramset™ have been offering mechanical anchors in the It is performance that defines an anchor’s capabilities. An
Australian market place for over 40 years. During this time anchor’s performance cannot be deduced from its description.
Ramset™ brand names have entered into common language on For example not all sleeve anchors perform like DynaBolt™ sleeve
building sites all over Australia. Names like DynaBolt™ and anchors and not all stud anchors perform like TruBolt™ stud
TruBolt™ have become recognised as the best sleeve anchors and anchors. Product design, manufacturing tolerances and
stud anchors alike. But only Ramset™ supplies the original, manufacturing quality control have a major affect on anchor
proven products like DynaBolt™ sleeve anchors, TruBolt™ stud performance. The only way to determine an anchor’s actual
anchors, SpaTec™ heavy duty anchors and DynaSet™ female performance is to measure it at all of its design and tolerance
anchors. These tried and tested Ramset™ brand names represent limits. The performance of Ramset™ Anchors are determined by
Quality, Reliability and Performance. The Ramset™ ISO9001 extensive and rigorous testing to enable us to provide
accreditation assures it. information on how our products will perform over a wide range
of conditions and advise as to their limitations.
Not only does Ramset™ offer reliable, quality product. Ramset™
understands masonry anchoring technology and offers published The correct anchor for a particular load case can only be selected
information, such as this book, to guide correct product selection by referring to reliable design information issued by the supplier
and safe installation. Extensive research, development and for their anchors. Performance and design information from one
testing are invested in Ramset™ products so that designers can supplier does not apply to anchors from other suppliers, even if
be secure in the knowledge that they have access to the real they appear to be the same or have the same generic description.
performance and capabilities of the anchors.
The following section introduces the designer and/or engineer
to the Ramset™ mechanical anchoring range and provides
performance information to allow selection of the right anchor for
the job.
44
Mechanical Anchoring 7
SpaTec™
Product
The SpaTec™ Anchor is a heavy duty, torque setting
expansion anchor.
Installation
45
7 Mechanical Anchoring
SpaTec™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) depth, h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
60 90 180 120 11.5 8.6 10.8 12.1
M10 15 17 70 35 105 210 140 19.3 10.8 13.7 15.3
80 120 240 160 19.3 13.2 16.7 18.7
70 105 210 140 16.7 11.3 14.3 16.0
M12 18 21 95 60 143 285 190 27.6 17.9 22.6 24.5
120 180 360 240 27.6 24.5 24.5 24.5
95 143 285 190 31.1 19.2 24.3 27.2
M16 24 27 115 145 173 345 230 52.3 25.6 32.4 36.2
135 203 405 270 52.3 32.5 41.2 45.7
110 165 330 220 50.4 25.3 32.0 35.8
M20 28 32 140 305 210 420 280 75.8 36.3 46.0 51.4
170 255 510 340 75.8 48.6 61.5 68.8
130 195 390 260 72.7 34.0 43.1 48.1
M24 32 36 160 525 240 480 320 101.9 46.5 58.8 65.7
190 285 570 380 101.9 60.1 76.1 85.1
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
46
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 7
SpaTec™
7.4
80
M24
60 M20
40 M16
M12
20
M10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Edge distance, em 100 130 170 210 250
Anchor spacing, am 75 100 120 150 180
h = Le - t
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
47
7 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
SpaTec™
48
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 7
SpaTec™
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnai = 1.0
Anchor spacing, a (mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 400 500
Effective depth, h (mm)
60 0.42 0.56 0.69 0.83 0.97 1
70 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.71 0.83 0.95
80 0.31 0.42 0.52 0.63 0.73 0.83 1
90 0.28 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.93
100 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.67 0.83 1
110 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.61 0.76 0.91
120 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.69 0.83
130 0.19 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.51 0.64 0.77 1
140 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.60 0.71 0.95
150 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.89 1
175 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.38 0.48 0.57 0.76 0.95
200 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.67 0.83
220 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.61 0.76
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Carbon steel 37.1 54.0 100.5 162.7 234.4
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
49
7 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
SpaTec™
50
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 7
SpaTec™
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Bolt and spacer shear (kN) 38.5 55.1 104.5 151.7 203.9
h minimum (mm) 75 85 105 130 140
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
51
7 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
SpaTec™
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset SpaTec™ Anchor,
™
Example
Ramset™ SpaTec™ Anchor,
M12 (SA12153).
Maximum fixed thickness to be 8 mm.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
52
Mechanical Anchoring 8
8.1 Structural Anchor
GENERAL INFORMATION
PERFORMANCE RELATED MATERIAL INSTALLATION RELATED
Product
The HiShear™ 8.8 Anchor is a heavy duty, torque setting
expansion anchor.
Installation
1. Use the fixture as a template and drill the hole
to the correct diameter and depth as per the
installation specifications.
53
8 Mechanical Anchoring
h = lesser of Le - t,
5 * dh
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Permissible cyclic/slip load, (based on 65% of the long term retained preload).
Anchor size, dh (mm) 16 20
Permissible load, (kN) 7.8 10.7
Refer to section 6.12 on page 42, for design methodology.
54
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 8
8.4
~ f'c = 32 MPa
20
20
16
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, dh (mm) 16 20
Edge distance, em 120 160
Anchor spacing, am 80 105
h = lesser of Le - t,
5 * dh
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
55
8 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
56
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 8
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnai = 1.0
Anchor spacing, a (mm) 80 85 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Effective depth, h (mm)
40 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.83 1.00
45 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.74 0.89 1.00
50 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.67 0.80 0.93
55 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.61 0.73 0.85 1.00
60 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00
65 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.00
70 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.48 0.57 0.67 0.76 0.86 0.95 1.00
75 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.53 0.62 0.71 0.80 0.89 0.98
80 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.67 0.75 0.83 0.92
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, dh (mm) 16 20
Grade 8.8 Carbon Steel 54.0 100.5
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
57
8 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
58
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 8
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
59
8 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset HiShear™ 8.8 Anchor,
™
Example
Ramset HiShear™ 8.8 Anchor,
™
16 mm (HS16100H).
Maximum fixed thickness to be 19 mm.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
60
Mechanical Anchoring 9
Boa™ Coil
Product
The Boa™ Coil Anchor is a heavy duty, rotation setting
expansion anchor.
Installation
1. Using the fixture as a template, drill the correct diameter and depth hole.
Clean hole with a brush and remove debris with vacuum or hand pump.
2. Insert the assembled Boa™ Coil anchor. (The coil tab points up the anchor.)
Tap anchor down to depth set mark and stop.
3. Wind the anchor down until the washer is firmly held to the fixture and
stop. (For the number of turns required to set anchor refer to details on
installation and performance.)
4. Ensure washer is tight and snug fit.
5. The Boa™ Coil anchor is ready to take load. (The bolt can be removed
leaving the coil in the hole. To re-insert, follow steps 3 and 4.)
61
9 Mechanical Anchoring
Boa™ Coil
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective Turns to distance, e spacing, a thickness, b Shear, V Concrete compressive strength, f’c
c c m a
(mm) (mm) (mm) depth, h (mm) set anchor (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
30 45 4.5 3.1 3.9 4.3
10 10 12 50 5 60 120 75 7.4 5.1 6.4 7.2
75 113 8.9 7.6 9.7 10.8
40 60 8.2 5.3 6.7 7.5
13 13 14 75 5 80 160 113 15.4 9.9 12.6 14.1
110 165 16.0 14.6 18.4 20.6
50 75 14.4 8.2 10.3 11.5
16 16 19 70 5 100 200 105 20.2 11.4 14.4 16.2
90 135 26.0 14.7 18.6 20.8
57 86 20.2 11.0 14.0 15.6
19 19 21 80 5 120 230 120 28.4 15.5 19.6 21.9
105 158 37.2 20.3 25.7 28.8
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
62
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 9
Boa™ Coil
9.4
40
30
19
20
16
13
10
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db (mm) 10 13 16 19
Edge distance, em 50 65 80 95
e ≥ 6 db 80 105 130 150
Anchor spacing, am
e < 6 db 100 130 160 190
h = Le - t
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
63
9 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Boa™ Coil
64
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 9
Boa™ Coil
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnai = 1.0
Anchor size, db (mm) 10 13 16 19
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
80 0.67
90 0.75
100 0.83 0.64
120 1 0.77
140 0.90 0.73
160 1 0.83 0.70
180 0.94 0.79
200 1 0.88
220 0.96
230 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db (mm) 10 13 16 19
Carbon steel 28.7 51.7 89.2 130.1
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
65
9 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Boa™ Coil
66
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 9
Boa™ Coil
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
67
9 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Boa™ Coil
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset Boa™ Coil Anchor,
™
Example
Ramset Boa™ Coil Anchor,
™
16 mm (BAC10125).
Maximum fixed thickness to be 14 mm.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
68
Mechanical Anchoring 10
TruBolt™
Product
The TruBolt™ Anchor is a heavy duty, torque setting
expansion anchor.
Installation
1. Use fixture as a template, drill a hole the same diameter as the TruBolt™.
2. Remove debris by way of a vacuum or hand pump, compressed air, etc.
Drive anchor into hole until washer is flush with the fixture.
3. Tighten with a spanner. For optimum anchor performance a torque
wrench should be utilised.
69
10 Mechanical Anchoring
TruBolt™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) depth, h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 25 MPa 32 MPa
24 35 70 70 2.8 1.8 2.0 2.2
M6 6 8 10
32 50 100 100 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.4
32 50 100 70 4.9 2.8 3.1 3.4
M8 8 10 20
54 80 160 110 4.9 6.0 6.7 7.2
40 60 120 90 6.8 3.8 4.3 4.7
M10 10 12 35
72 110 220 130 6.8 9.3 10.4 9.9
48 75 150 120 8.6 5.1 5.7 6.2
M12 12 15 50
86 130 260 160 8.6 12.1 13.6 12.7
64 100 200 150 14.4 7.8 8.7 9.5
M16 16 19 155
115 170 340 220 14.4 18.8 21.0 20.9
80 120 240 170 27.3 10.9 12.2 13.3
M20 20 24 355
145 220 440 270 27.3 26.5 29.7 32.5
96 120 240 210 39.4 10.9 12.2 10.9
M24 24 28 130 595 195 390 310 39.4 22.5 25.2 22.5
155 235 470 360 39.4 29.3 32.8 29.3
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
70
Mechanical Anchoring 10
TruBolt™
10.3 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES - Carbon Steel
Anchors with strengths higher in the reduced section than
in the threaded section, are formed by cold working. The
reduced section is located under the expansion sleeve.
For shear loads, the critical plane is located in the threaded
section, and for tensile loads, the critical plane is located at
the reduced section.
71
10 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TruBolt™
10.4
60
50
M24
40
30
M20
20
M16
10 M12
M10
M8
M6
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Edge distance, em 45 55 60 65 75 95 140
Anchor spacing, am 30 35 40 45 50 60 95
h = Le - t
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
72
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 10
TruBolt™
73
10 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TruBolt™
Table 2d Anchor spacing effect, end of a row, tension, Xnae
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnae = 1.0
Anchor spacing, a (mm) 30 40 50 60 80 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400
Effective depth, h (mm)
25 0.70 0.77 0.83 0.90 1
30 0.67 0.72 0.78 0.83 0.94 1
35 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.88 0.98
40 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.83 0.92 1
50 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.77 0.83 0.92 1 1
65 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.65 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.95 1
80 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.92 1
95 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.94 1
110 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.88 0.95 1
125 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.61 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.83 0.90 0.97 1
145 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.90 0.96
160 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.92
180 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.78 0.82 0.87
200 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.79 0.83
74
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 10
TruBolt™
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Carbon steel 9.1 15.7 21.8 27.8 45.5 72.5 103.1
316 Stainless steel 6.4 12.6 21.8 29.9 55.2 97.7 –
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
75
10 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TruBolt™
76
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 10
TruBolt™
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
77
10 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TruBolt™
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset TruBolt™ Anchor,
™
Example
Ramset™ TruBolt™ Anchor,
M20 (T20160).
Maximum fixed thickness to be 20 mm.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
78
Mechanical Anchoring 11
AnkaScrew™
Product
The AnkaScrew™ Anchor is a medium duty, rotation setting
thread forming anchor.
1. Drill hole to correct diameter and depth. Clean thoroughly with brush.
Remove debris by way of vacuum or hand pump, compressed air etc.
2. Using a socket wrench, screw the AnkaScrew™ into the hole using slight
pressure until the self tapping action starts.
3. Tighten the AnkaScrew™. If resistance is experienced when tightening,
unscrew anchor one turn and re-tighten. Ensure not to over tighten.
4. For optimum performance, a torque wrench should be used.
79
11 Mechanical Anchoring
AnkaScrew™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, dh Shear, Va
diameter, dh diameter, df effective torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) (mm) depth, h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) f’c > 20 MPa 20 MPa 25 MPa 32 MPa
30 55 3.7 2.0 2.4 2.6
6 6 8 37 25 25 50 62 4.1 2.6 3.0 3.3
45 70 4.5 3.2 3.8 4.1
40 65 5.6 3.0 3.6 3.9
8 8 10 50 40 35 70 75 7.0 4.1 4.8 5.2
60 85 8.4 5.2 6.1 6.6
50 75 9.5 4.4 5.1 5.6
10 10 12 62 60 40 80 87 11.6 5.9 7.0 7.5
75 100 13.8 7.7 9.1 9.8
60 85 12.9 6.2 7.3 7.9
12 12 15 75 80 50 100 100 14.8 8.6 10.2 11.0
90 115 16.7 11.3 13.3 14.4
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
h = lesser of Le - t,
5 * dh
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
80
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 11
AnkaScrew™
11.4
15
12
10
10
8
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db 6 8 10 12
e m, a m 20 25 30 35
h = lesser of Le - t,
5 * dh
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
81
11 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
AnkaScrew™
82
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 11
AnkaScrew™
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnai = 1.0
Anchor size, dh (mm) 6 8 10 12
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
20 0.56
25 0.69 0.52
30 0.83 0.63 0.50
35 1 0.73 0.58 0.49
40 0.83 0.67 0.56
45 0.94 0.75 0.63
50 1 0.83 0.69
55 0.92 0.76
60 1 0.83
70 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, dh (mm) 6 8 10 12
Heat Treated Carbon Steel 14.6 27.1 44.4 53.8
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
83
11 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
AnkaScrew™
84
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 11
AnkaScrew™
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, dh (mm) 6 8 10 12
h ≥ 5 x dh 6.8 12.6 20.7 25.0
h ≥ 6 x dh 7.7 14.3 23.4 28.4
h ≥ 7 x dh 8.6 16.0 26.2 31.7
h ≥ 7.5 x dh 9.1 16.8 27.5 33.4
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
85
11 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
AnkaScrew™
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset AnkaScrew™ Anchor,
™
Example
Ramset AnkaScrew™ Anchor,
™
12 mm (AS12100H).
Maximum fixed thickness to be 40 mm.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
86
Mechanical Anchoring 12
DynaBolt™
Product
The DynaBolt™ Anchor is a medium duty, torque setting
expansion anchor.
Installation
1. Use fixture as a template, drill a hole to the correct diameter and depth.
Clean hole thoroughly with brush.
2. Remove debris by way of a vacuum or hand pump, compressed air, etc.
Insert anchor tightly against fixture and tighten with spanner.
3. Continue tightening, allowing the sleeve to twist and
pull down the fixture firmly onto the base material.
87
12 Mechanical Anchoring
DynaBolt™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, dh diameter, dh diameter, df effective torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) (mm) depth, h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 25 MPa 32 MPa
20 30 60 40 2.5 1.6 2.1 2.3
6 6 8 10
30 55 105 70 2.5 3.0 3.7 3.7
30 50 95 65 4.0 3.0 3.8 4.3
8 8 10 15
40 75 150 100 4.0 4.6 5.8 5.8
35 50 100 70 6.4 3.8 4.8 5.4
10 10 12 35
50 85 165 110 6.4 6.5 8.2 9.2
40 65 125 85 7.9 4.6 5.9 6.6
12 12 15 50 55 90 180 120 7.9 6.5 8.2 9.2
60 105 210 140 7.9 8.5 10.8 11.6
55 75 145 95 10.5 7.5 9.5 10.6
16 16 19 70 85 105 210 140 10.5 10.7 13.6 15.2
80 135 270 180 10.5 13.1 15.3 15.3
70 90 180 120 15.6 10.7 13.6 15.2
20 20 24 85 165 130 255 170 15.6 14.4 18.2 20.3
100 195 390 260 15.6 18.3 22.8 22.8
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
h = lesser of Le - t,
5 * dh
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
88
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 12
DynaBolt™
12.4
30
20
20
16
12
10
10
8
6
0
0 10 20 30 40
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, dh (mm) 6 8 10 12 16 20
Edge distance, em 55 60 70 70 75 85
Anchor spacing, am 35 40 45 45 50 55
h = lesser of Le - t,
5 * dh
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
89
12 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
DynaBolt™
90
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 12
DynaBolt™
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnai = 1.0
Anchor spacing, a (mm) 50 60 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300
Effective depth, h (mm)
25 0.67 0.80 1
30 0.56 0.67 0.89 1
35 0.48 0.57 0.76 0.95
40 0.42 0.50 0.67 0.83 1
50 0.33 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.83 1 1
60 0.28 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.69 0.83 0.97 1
70 0.24 0.29 0.38 0.48 0.60 0.71 0.83 0.95 1
75 0.22 0.27 0.36 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1
80 0.21 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.63 0.73 0.83 0.94 1
85 0.20 0.24 0.31 039 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.88 0.98
90 0.19 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.83 0.93
95 0.18 0.21 0.28 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.61 0.70 0.79 0.88
100 0.17 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.67 0.75 0.83
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, dh (mm) 6 8 10 12 16 20
Carbon steel 8.1 12.9 20.5 25.5 33.7 50.2
316 Stainless steel 5.4 9.6 17.6 27.8 – –
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
91
12 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
DynaBolt™
92
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 12
DynaBolt™
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
93
12 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
DynaBolt™
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset DynaBolt™ Anchor,
™
Example
Ramset DynaBolt™ Anchor,
™
16 mm (DP16110GH).
Maximum fixed thickness to be 12 mm.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
94
Mechanical Anchoring 13
DynaSet™
Product
The DynaSet™ Anchor is a medium duty, displacement
setting expansion anchor.
Installation
95
13 Mechanical Anchoring
DynaSet™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor Drilled hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, db diameter, dh effective torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) depth, h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M6 8 23 6 80 60 50 2.2 2.2 2.8 3.1
M8 10 28 10 100 70 60 2.9 3.0 3.8 4.2
M10 12 38 20 135 95 80 3.5 4.7 6.0 6.7
M10 Flanged 12 28 12 100 70 60 2.9 3.1 3.8 4.2
M12 16** 48 40 170 120 100 6.6 6.7 8.5 9.5
M16 20 63 95 220 160 130 10.4 8.9 11.2 12.6
M20 24 78 180 275 195 160 13.1 13.9 17.5 19.6
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
** Hole diameter = 15 mm for M12SS
96
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 13
DynaSet™
13.4
20
M20
M16
10
M12
M10
M8
M6
0
0 10 20 30
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M6 M8 M10 M10 F M12 M16 M20
Edge distance, em 80 100 135 100 170 220 275
Anchor spacing, am 60 70 95 70 120 160 195
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
97
13 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
DynaSet™
98
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 13
DynaSet™
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Note: For single anchor designs, Xnai = 1.0
Anchor size, db M6 M8 M10 M10 F M12 M16 M20
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
60 0.87
65 0.94
70 1 0.83 0.83
80 0.95 0.95
90 1 1
100 0.88
110 0.96
120 1 0.83
130 0.90
150 1 0.79
170 0.90
180 0.95
190 1 0.81
200 0.85
220 0.94
230 0.98
235 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
Carbon steel 8.5 11.2 13.8 24.7 40.2 51.1
316 Stainless steel 11.7 15.4 19.5 34.6 60.2 –
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
tensile capacity, ØNtf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
99
13 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
DynaSet™
100
Strength Limit State Design Mechanical Anchoring 13
DynaSet™
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, db M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
Carbon steel 4.5 5.8 7.1 13.2 20.9 26.3
316 Stainless steel 6.1 7.9 10.0 17.8 31.3 39.4
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
shear capacity, ØVsf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
101
13 Mechanical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
DynaSet™
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset™ DynaSet™ Anchor,
(Anchor Size) ((Part Number)) with a
(Bolt Grade) bolt.
Example
Ramset™ DynaSet™ Anchor, M16 (DSM16)
with a Gr. 4.6 bolt.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
102
Mechanical Anchoring 14
RediDrive™
Product
The RediDrive™ Anchor is a light duty, impact setting
interference fit anchor.
103
14 Mechanical Anchoring
RediDrive™
These anchors are not recommended for structure critical
applications and are typically used for simple fixing and finishing
applications. Their capacity information is therefore presented in
simple Working Load Limit format.
104
Mechanical Anchoring 15
ShureDrive™
Product
The ShureDrive™ Anchor is a light duty, impact setting
interference fit anchor.
Installation
1. Drill hole to correct diameter and depth. Clean
thoroughly with brush. Remove debris by way
of vacuum or hand pump, compressed air etc.
105
15 Mechanical Anchoring
ShureDrive™
These anchors are not recommended for structure critical
applications and are typically used for simple fixing and finishing
applications. Their capacity information is therefore presented in
simple Working Load Limit format.
106
Mechanical Anchoring 16
RamPlug™
16.1 RamPlug™
GENERAL INFORMATION
PERFORMANCE MATERIAL INSTALLATION RELATED
Product
The RamPlug™ Anchor is a light duty, rotation setting
interference fit anchor.
Installation
1. Drill hole to correct diameter and depth. Clean
thoroughly with brush. Remove debris by way
of vacuum or hand pump, compressed air etc.
107
16 Mechanical Anchoring
RamPlug™
These anchors are not recommended for structure critical
applications and are typically used for simple fixing and finishing
applications. Their capacity information is therefore presented in
simple Working Load Limit format.
108
Mechanical Anchoring 17
EasyDrive Nylon Anchor
Product
The EasyDrive Nylon Anchor is a light duty, impact setting
interference fit anchor.
(ED)
Benefits, Advantages and Features
Fast installation:
~ Anchor simply hammered or screwed in.
Versatile:
~ Choice of head styles.
Corrosion resistant:
~ Stainless steel nail. Principal Applications
Economical:
~ Zinc Plated nail. ~ Timber battens.
~ Skirting boards.
~ Electrical fittings.
~ External flashing.
~ Conduit brackets.
~ Down pipes.
Installation
1. Drill hole to correct diameter and depth using
fixture as template. Clean thoroughly with
brush. Remove debris by way of vacuum or
hand pump, compressed air etc.
109
17 Mechanical Anchoring
EasyDrive Nylon Anchor
These anchors are not recommended for structure critical
applications and are typically used for simple fixing and finishing
applications. Their capacity information is therefore presented in
simple Working Load Limit format.
h = Le - t
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
110
Mechanical Anchoring Notes
111
CHEMICAL
ANCHORING
OVERVIEW
The key feature of ChemSet™ chemical anchors is that they do The Ramset™ ChemSet™ range of chemical anchoring systems
not impart an expansion stress on the surrounding substrate. provide different options of cost and performance for the
This makes chemical anchoring ideal for close to edge fixings designer and for the applicator.
or for close anchor spacings.
For the designer, selection of the correct chemical anchoring
The superior bond of ChemSet™ chemical anchors makes them solution to his or her design problem will often be based upon
ideal for installing starter bars, because the required pull out the strength capacity of the system, but may also involve
strength is achieved in shallower holes than is possible with issues such as chemical resistance.
cementitious mortars.
The following section introduces the designer and/or engineer
The polymer matrix of ChemSet™ chemical anchors makes to the components of the ChemSet™ chemical anchoring range
them ideal for cyclic load cases and vibrating loads, such as and provides information to allow selection of the anchor with
those encountered in machinery and heavy plant hold down. the right capacity for various environmental conditions.
Estimating Chart
Fixings per cartridge for ChemSet™ Injection:
112
Chemical Anchoring 18
ChemSet™ Anchor Stud
113
18 Chemical Anchoring
ChemSet™ Injection Rod
114
Chemical Anchoring 19
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
Product
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule is a heavy
duty, peroxide initiated capsule anchor.
Installation
Installation temperature limits:
~ Substrate: -5°C to 35°C.
Load should not be applied to anchor until the
chemical has sufficiently cured as specified.
Setting Times
1. Drill recommended diameter and depth hole.
2. Clean hole with hole cleaning brush. Gel Time Loading Time
(mins) (hrs)
Remove all debris using hole blower.
3. Insert correct size Spin capsule into the hole. 15 20 mins
Substrate Temperature
115
19 Chemical Anchoring
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details:
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsules and ChemSet™ Anchor Stud
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na (kN)
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective depth, torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va (kN) Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) (mm) h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M8 10 10 80 10 30 50 100 4.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
M10 12 12 90 20 40 60 120 7.1 9.3 10.3 10.3
M12 14 15 110 40 50 70 140 10.5 13.3 15.3 15.4
M16 18 19 125 95 65 100 160 19.9 19.4 22.3 23.9
150 190 30.0 31.0 35.7 38.2
M20 24 24 180 80 120
170** 220 30.0 35.2 40.5 43.3
160 200 42.2 35.9 41.3 44.1
M24 26 28 315 95 145
210** 270 42.2 47.1 54.2 57.9
* Note: For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
** Note: To achieve these non standard effective depths, use an additional CHEM08 Maxima™ spin capsule per hole.
116
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 19
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
19.4
50
40 M24
30 M20
20
M16
10 M12
M10
M8
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
e m , am 25 30 35 50 60 75
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
117
19 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
118
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 19
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
25 0.52
30 0.63 0.50
35 0.73 0.58 0.49
40 0.83 0.67 0.56
50 1 0.83 0.69 0.52
60 1 0.83 0.63 0.50
75 1 0.78 0.63 0.52
100 1 0.83 0.69
120 1 0.83
150 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
ChemSet™ Anchor Stud
Grade 5.8 Carbon Steel 14.2 22.7 33.8 64.1 96.5 139.8
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
119
19 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
120
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 19
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
™
ChemSet Anchor Stud
Grade 5.8 Carbon Steel 8.9 14.1 21.0 39.7 59.9 86.8
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
121
19 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule
Checkpoint 6 Check
Example
Ramset™ ChemSet™ Maxima™ Spin Capsule,
(CHEM16) with M16 grade 5.8
ChemSet™ Anchor Stud (CS16190).
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
122
Chemical Anchoring 20
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
Product
ChemSet™ Injection 801 is a heavy duty, true epoxy
injection anchor.
ChemSet™ Injection 802 is a heavy duty, true epoxy
injection anchor.
Installation
Installation temperature limits:
~ Substrate: 5°C to 40°C.
~ Mortar: 18°C to 35°C.
Load should not be applied to anchor until the
chemical has sufficiently cured as specified.
Setting Times
1. Drill recommended diameter and depth hole.
2. Clean hole with hole cleaning brush. 801 802
Gel Time Loading Time Gel Time Loading Time
Remove all debris using hole blower. (mins) (hrs) (mins) (hrs)
Hole must be dry.
3. Insert mixing nozzle to bottom of hole. 40°C – – 7 10
Substrate Temperature
123
20 Chemical Anchoring
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details:
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series and ChemSet™ Anchor Studs
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na (kN)
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective depth, torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va (kN) Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) (mm) h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M8 10 10 80 10 30 50 100 5.3 6.5 6.5 6.5
M10 12 12 90 20 40 60 120 7.1 8.6 9.9 10.3
M12 14 15 110 40 50 70 140 10.5 12.5 14.4 15.3
M16 18 19 125 95 65 100 160 19.9 16.9 19.6 20.8
150 190 30.0 24.3 28.1 29.9
M20 24 24 180 80 120
170 220 30.0 29.3 33.9 36.1
160 200 43.4 28.8 33.3 35.5
M24 26 28 315 95 145
210 270 43.4 43.3 50.1 53.4
* Note: For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
Preferred h = hn otherwise,
h = Le - t
h ≥ 6 * dh
124
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 20
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
20.4
40
M24
30
M20
20
M16
10 M12
M10
M8
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
e m, a m 25 30 35 50 60 75
Preferred h = hn otherwise,
h = Le - t
h ≥ 6 * dh
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
125
20 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
126
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 20
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
25 0.52
30 0.63 0.50
35 0.73 0.58 0.49
40 0.83 0.67 0.56
50 1 0.83 0.69 0.52
60 1 0.83 0.63 0.50
75 1 0.78 0.63 0.52
100 1 0.83 0.69
120 1 0.83
150 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
™
ChemSet Anchor Stud
Grade 5.8 Carbon Steel 14.2 22.7 33.8 64.1 96.5 139.8
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
127
20 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
128
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 20
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
™
ChemSet Threaded Stud
Grade 5.8 Carbon Steel 8.9 14.1 21.0 39.7 59.9 86.8
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
129
20 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
Checkpoint 6 Check
Example
Ramset ChemSet™ Injection 800 Series
™
130
Chemical Anchoring 21
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
Product
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule is a medium duty,
peroxide initiated capsule anchor.
Setting Times
1. Drill recommended diameter and depth hole.
2. Clean hole with hole cleaning brush. Gel Time Loading Time
(mins) (hrs)
Remove all debris using hole blower.
Hole may be damp but no water present. 30 1
Substrate Temperature
131
21 Chemical Anchoring
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details:
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsules and ChemSet™ Anchor Studs
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na (kN)
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective depth, torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va (kN) Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) (mm) h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M10 12 12 90 20 40 60 120 7.1 7.7 8.9 9.5
M12 14 15 110 40 50 70 140 10.5 11.0 12.6 13.5
M16 18 19 125 95 65 100 160 19.9 16.0 18.5 19.7
* Note: For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
* Note: For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please contact Ramset Technical Sales Engineers for assistance.
132
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 21
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
21.4
20
M16
10 M12
M10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16
e m , am 30 35 50
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
133
21 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
134
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 21
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
30 0.50
35 0.58 0.49
40 0.67 0.56
50 0.83 0.69 0.52
60 1 0.83 0.63
75 1 0.78
100 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16
ChemSet™ Anchor Stud
Grade 5.8 Carbon Steel 22.7 33.8 64.1
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
135
21 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
136
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 21
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16
™
ChemSet Anchor Stud
Grade 5.8 Carbon Steel 14.1 21.0 39.7
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
137
21 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule
Checkpoint 6 Check
Example
Ramset™ ChemSet™ Hammer Capsule,
(HAC16) with M16 grade 5.8
ChemSet™ Anchor Stud (CS16190).
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
138
Chemical Anchoring 22
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Product
ChemSet™ Injection 101 is a medium duty,
peroxide initiated injection anchor.
5°C 30 5
0°C 40 7
Note: Cartridge temperature
minimum 15°C.
139
22 Chemical Anchoring
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details:
ChemSet™ Injection 101 and ChemSet™ Anchor Studs
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na (kN)
size, db diameter, dh diameter, df effective depth, torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va (kN) Concrete compressive strength, f’c
(mm) (mm) (mm) h (mm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M8 10 10 80 10 35 50 100 4.4 3.4 4.5 5.1
M10 12 12 90 20 40 60 115 7.1 4.5 6.0 6.8
M12 14 15 110 40 50 75 140 10.5 6.4 8.6 9.7
M16 18 19 125 95 65 95 160 19.9 10.1 13.5 15.3
150 190 30.0 16.6 22.3 25.2
M20 24 24 180 80 120
170 215 30.0 18.8 25.2 28.6
160 200 43.4 24.4 32.7 37.0
M24 26 28 315 95 145
210 265 43.4 32.1 42.9 48.6
* Note: For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
* Note: For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
Preferred h = hn otherwise,
h = Le - t
h ≥ 6 * dh
140
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 22
ChemSet™ Injection 101
22.4
30 M24
20 M20
M16
10
M12
M10
M8
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
e m, a m 25 30 35 50 60 75
Preferred h = hn otherwise,
h = Le - t
h ≥ 6 * dh
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
141
22 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Injection 101
142
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 22
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
25 0.52
30 0.63 0.50
35 0.73 0.58 0.49
40 0.83 0.67 0.56
50 1 0.83 0.69 0.52
60 1 0.83 0.63 0.50
75 1 0.78 0.63 0.52
100 1 0.83 0.69
120 1 0.83
150 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
™
ChemSet Injection Rod
Grade 4.6 Carbon Steel – – 27.0 50.2 – –
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
143
22 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Injection 101
144
Strength Limit State Design Chemical Anchoring 22
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Anchor size, db M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
™
ChemSet Injection Rod
Grade 4.6 Carbon Steel – – 16.7 31.1 – –
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Not appropriate for this product.
145
22 Chemical Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Checkpoint 6 Check
Example Example
™ ™
Ramset ChemSet Injection 101 Ramset ChemSet™ Injection 101
™
146
Chemical Anchoring Notes
147
BRICK BLOCK AND
ANCHORING
OVERVIEW
Ramset™ provides a range of concrete anchors for anchoring Please note that as the performance information on
into pre-manufactured masonry units from lightweight fixtures pre-manufactured masonry substrates is provided by the
to heavy structural connections including stud types and hex various manufacturers in Working Load Limit format our
bolt finishes. anchor performance data in this section is also provided in
Working Load Limit format.
Anchoring into pre-manufactured masonry units such as
concrete blocks, wire cut extruded clay brick and pressed solid For lightweight applications into Brick and Block a number of
bricks requires a different approach to anchoring into solid alternate Ramset™ Concrete Anchors may be considered.
in-situ concrete or precast concrete units. The anchor must
firmly clamp a fixture to the face of the substrate without 1. ShureDrive™ (see page 105 – Mechanical Anchoring section).
splitting it or causing other damage. The capacity of the 2. EasyDrive Nylon Anchors (see page 109 – Mechanical
anchors is frequently limited by the strength of the substrate, Anchoring section).
and the strength of the various units available on the market
varies from manufacturer to manufacturer and from region to The performance of the above anchors is not dependent on the
region within any one manufacturer. Also being discrete units substrate and therefore you may refer to the performance
rather than a continuous slab means the anchor will always be figures detailed in the Mechanical Anchoring section.
in close proximity to an edge of that individual unit whilst also
possibly being centrally placed within the overall structure.
Ideally all anchors into these pre-manufactured masonry units
should be in the centre of the block or brick and in the case of
hollow units such as wire cut bricks and concrete blocks the
anchors should be placed in the solid section of the unit, but it
is not always practical to position fixtures to ensure this.
148
Brick and Block Anchoring 23
23.1 TYPICAL PRE-MANUFACTURED MASONRY UNITS
23.1.1 TYPICAL DIMENSIONS
76 mm
110 mm 190 mm
230 mm
CONCRETE BLOCK
Nominal Nominal
Hole Dia. Wall Thickness 37.5 mm
46 mm
Note: Due to the manufacturing process, the internal cavities have
tapered walls. Wall thickness indicated is a nominal dimension only,
Nominal Nominal taken from the centre of the block.
Wall Thickness 25 mm Web Thickness 21 mm
Nominal
Hole Dia.
28 mm
Nominal Nominal
Wall Thickness 21 mm Web Thickness
Typically 12 mm
149
23 Brick and Block Anchoring
23.1.3 INSTALLATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Corner – Brick Corner – Block
≥ 60 mm
≥ 20 mm to
centre of hole.
Typical for all clay bricks. ≥ 60 mm
150
Brick and Block Anchoring 23
23.1.5 FIXINGS PER BRICK/BLOCK
SOLID BRICK CONCRETE BLOCK
70 mm
minimum
151
24 Brick and Block Anchoring
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Product
ChemSet™ Injection 101 is a medium duty,
peroxide initiated injection anchor.
Installation
1. Drill recommended diameter and Installation temperature limits:
depth hole.
~ Substrate: 0°C to 43°C.
~ Mortar: 15°C to 30°C.
Setting Times
3. Insert mixing nozzle into sleeve or
sieve. Fill to 3/4 the sleeve/sieve 101
Gel Time Loading Time
depth slowly, ensuring no air (mins) (hrs)
pockets form. Insert Ramset™
ChemSet™ Anchor Stud to bottom 40°C 4 0.75
Substrate Temperature
152
Brick and Block Anchoring 24
ChemSet™ Injection 101
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details:
ChemSet™ Injection 101 and ChemSet™ Anchor Studs
Installation details Working Load Limit (kN)
Anchor size, db Substrate Sleeve/Sieve Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening Solid Brick
(mm) Type diameter, diameter, effective depth, torque, Tr
dh (mm) df (mm) h (mm) (Nm) Shear, Va Tension, Na
M8 10 10 80 10 4.4 1.4
M10 12 12 85 20 4.8 1.5
Solid Clay Brick –
M12 14 15 85 40 5.2 1.6
M16 18 19 85 95 5.2 1.7
Note: Use specified hole size for solid brick. Use of larger hole and/or sleeve/sieve will result in lower capacities.
For lower strength studs, refer to table for reduced steel capacity on page 161.
Preferred h = hn otherwise,
h = Le - t
153
25 Brick and Block Anchoring
AnkaScrew™
Product
The AnkaScrew™ Anchor is a medium duty, rotation setting
thread forming anchor.
154
Brick and Block Anchoring 25
AnkaScrew™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Working Load Limit
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening
size, db Solid Brick 3 Hole Brick 10 Hole Brick Concrete Block
diameter, diameter, effective depth, torque, Tr
(mm) dh (mm) df (mm) h (mm) (Nm) Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na
6 6 8 30 10 3.2 1.8 3.0 2.4 1.8 0.60 2.1 0.90
8 8 10 40 10 4.0 2.7 3.8 2.7 2.3 0.65 2.1 1.00
10 10 12 50 15 4.4 3.9 4.2 2.8 2.5 0.65 2.1 1.00
12 12 15 60 15 4.4 4.5 4.2 3.0 2.5 0.70 2.1 1.15
h = Le - t
t = total thickness of material(s) being fixed
155
26 Brick and Block Anchoring
DynaBolt™ Anchor Hex Bolt
Product
The DynaBolt™ Anchor Hex Bolt is a medium duty,
torque setting expansion anchor.
Installation
1. Drill hole to correct diameter and depth.
156
Brick and Block Anchoring 26
DynaBolt™ Anchor Hex Bolt
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Working Load Limit
Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor Tightening
size, db Solid Brick 3 Hole Brick 10 Hole Brick Concrete Block
diameter, diameter, effective depth, torque, Tr
(mm) dh (mm) df (mm) h (mm) (Nm) Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na
8 8 10 35 10 3.9 3.1 2.9 3.9 2.0 0.83 1.4 1.0
10 10 12 40 15 4.4 4.6 3.4 4.1 2.3 0.87 1.6 1.0
12 12 15 40 15 4.4 4.6 3.8 4.1 3.1 0.94 2.1 1.0
157
27 Brick and Block Anchoring
RamPlug™
27.1 RamPlug™
GENERAL INFORMATION
PERFORMANCE RELATED MATERIAL INSTALLATION RELATED
Product
The RamPlug™ Anchor is a light duty, rotation setting
interference fit anchor.
Installation
1. Drill hole to correct diameter and depth.
158
Brick and Block Anchoring 27
RamPlug™
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Working Load Limit
Anchor Anchor Drilled hole Fixture hole Anchor
size, db Solid Brick 3 Hole Brick 10 Hole Brick Concrete Block
diameter, diameter, effective depth,
(mm) dh (mm) df (mm) h (mm) Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na Shear, Va Tension, Na
DNP05 5 5 6 25 400 300 400 200 700 160 400 130
DNP06 6 6 7 30 800 500 800 250 800 200 800 170
DNP07 7 7 7 30 1100 650 1100 320 800 250 1100 180
DNP08 8 8 8 40 1300 800 1300 350 800 280 1300 180
DNP10 10 10 9 50 2400 1100 1900 450 800 360 1900 190
DNP12 12 12 12 60 3000 1500 2200 550 900 440 2200 220
DLP06 6 6 7 60 800 500 Not suitable for hollow substrate.
DLP08 8 8 8 80 1300 800
DLP10 10 10 9 80 2400 1100
DUP10080 10 10 9 80 2400 600 Performance to be determined.
DUP10100 10 10 9 100 2400 600
DUP10135 10 10 9 135 2400 600
DUP10160 10 10 9 160 2400 600
159
Brick and Block Anchoring Notes
160
28
28 TYPICAL BOLT PERFORMANCE INFORMATION
Tabulated below are nominal reduced ultimate It is recommended that Stainless Steel bolts be lubricated and
characteristic capacities for bolts manufactured in that tightening torque be applied in a smooth, continuous
accordance with ISO 898-1. manner. Impact wrenches (rattle guns) are not suitable for the
tightening of Stainless Steel fasteners.
The expected capacity of bolts should be independently
checked by the designer based on the bolt manufacturers
published performance information.
28.1.2 Shear
28.2.2 Shear
161
CAST-IN
ANCHORING
OVERVIEW
Whether an application calls for precast or cast in-situ The Ramset™ Cast-In Ferrule range is available in Zinc, Hot
components, there is a suitable Ramset™ Cast-In Ferrule for Dipped Galvanised and Stainless Steel finishes to cater for a
almost every design case. wide range of atmospheric conditions. Sizing from M10
through M24 allows for economical designs to be derived,
Not only does Ramset™ offer reliable, quality product, with appropriate accessories providing a high degree of
Ramset™ understands the importance of supporting the installation flexibility.
product with technically superior design information, such as
this resource book, to guide correct product selection and safe The following section introduces the designer and/or
installation. engineer to the Ramset™ Cast-In Ferrule range and provides
performance information to allow selection of the right Cast-In
Extensive research, development and testing are invested in Ferrule for the job.
Ramset™ products so that designers can be secure in the
knowledge that they have access to the real performance and
capabilities of the Cast--In Ferrules.
162
Cast-In Anchoring 29
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
Product
The Elephants’ Feet Ferrule is a medium duty, cast-in ferrule.
Installation
163
29 Cast-In Anchoring
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details*
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limits
Ferrule Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Shear, Va (kN) Tension, Na (kN)
size, db x L Cross hole Torque, T distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Concrete compressive strength f’c Concrete compressive strength f’c
(mm) to suit r
(Nm)** (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M10 x 45 R8 17 60 120 50 6.7 7.9 8.5 4.4 6.0 7.0
M12 x 55 75 150 65 8.9 10.4 11.2 6.7 9.2 9.6
M12 x 70 R8 30 100 200 85 11.5 13.5 14.5 9.6 9.6 9.6
M12 x 95 135 270 115 15.9 18.6 20.0 9.6 9.6 9.6
M16 x 70 100 200 85 14.9 17.4 18.8 11.4 15.6 17.2
R10 75
M16 x 95 135 270 115 20.5 24.0 25.9 17.2 17.2 17.2
M20 x 70 100 200 85 17.6 20.6 22.2 12.7 17.4 20.3
R10 144
M20 x 95 135 270 115 24.3 28.4 30.6 20.6 26.4 26.4
M24 x 70 100 270 85 21.7 25.3 27.3 13.9 19.1 22.2
M24 x 95 Y12 / N12 250 135 270 115 29.9 34.9 37.6 22.6 30.9 35.9
M24 x 115 165 330 140 36.4 42.6 45.9 30.4 39.8 39.8
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
** Recommended tightening torques are based on the use of grade 4.6 bolts.
Note: Confirm bolt capacity independently of tabulated information.
164
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 29
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
29.4
30
FE24095
20 FE20095
FE16095
FE12095
10
FE12055
FE10045
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Ferrule size, db M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
e m, a m 30 36 48 60 72
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
165
29 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
166
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 29
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Ferrule size, db M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
ØNus 17.1 21.2 37.9 58.1 87.6
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
tensile capacity, ØNtf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
167
29 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
Table 4a Reduced characteristic ultimate concrete edge shear capacity, ØVuc (kN), Øq = 0.6, f’c = 20 MPa
Ferrule size, db M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
Edge distance, e (mm)
30 2.7
35 3.4 3.5
40 4.2 4.3
50 5.9 6.0 6.9
60 7.7 7.9 9.03 9.8
70 9.7 10.0 11.4 12.4 13.7
100 16.6 17.1 19.4 21.1 23.4
200 46.9 48.3 54.9 59.7 66.3
300 88.7 100.9 109.7 121.7
400 155.4 168.9 187.4
500 236.1 261.9
600 344.3
168
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 29
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
shear capacity, ØVsf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
169
29 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Elephants’ Feet Ferrule
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset™ Elephants’ Feet Ferrule,
(Ferrule Size x Length) ((Part Number))
with a (Bolt Grade) bolt.
Example
Ramset™ Elephants’ Feet Ferrule,
M16 x 95 (FE16095GH) with a Gr. 4.6 bolt.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
170
Cast-In Anchoring 30
Round Ferrule
Product
The Round Ferrule is a heavy duty, cast-in ferrule.
Installation
171
30 Cast-In Anchoring
Round Ferrule
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation Details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Ferrule
Tightening Edge Anchor Structure Tension, Na
size, db x L Required Torque, Tr distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va Concrete Strength, f’c
(mm) cross bar (Nm)** (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M12 x 65 Y12 / N12 30 80 150 100 8.2 11.0 12.3 13.4
M12 x 96 x 300 mm 30 130 250 130 8.2 22.6 25.3 27.7
M16 x 75 Y12 / N12 75 100 200 110 15.6 14.8 16.5 18.1
M16 x 96 x 300 mm 75 130 250 130 15.6 22.6 25.3 27.7
M20 x 75 Y12 / N12 144 100 200 110 24.5 14.8 16.5 18.1
M20 x 96 x 300 mm 144 130 250 130 24.5 22.6 25.3 27.7
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified strength limit state design process to verify capacity.
** Recommended tightening torques are based on the use of grade 4.6 bolts.
Note: Confirm bolt capacity independently of tabulated values.
172
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 30
Round Ferrule
30.4
30
M20 x 96
20
M16 x 75
10
M12 x 65
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Ferrule size, db M12 M16 M20
am, em 40 50 60
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
173
30 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Round Ferrule
174
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 30
Round Ferrule
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Ferrule size, db M12 M16 M20
Ferrule length, L (mm) 65 96 75 96 75 96
Effective depth, h (mm) 50 81 60 81 60 81
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
40 0.26 0.16
50 0.33 0.21 0.27 0.21
60 0.39 0.25 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.25
70 0.46 0.29 0.38 0.29 0.38 0.29
80 0.52 0.33 0.44 0.33 0.44 0.33
90 0.59 0.37 0.49 0.37 0.49 0.37
100 0.65 0.41 0.55 0.41 0.55 0.41
125 0.82 0.51 0.68 0.51 0.68 0.51
150 0.98 0.62 0.82 0.62 0.82 0.62
175 1 0.72 0.96 0.72 0.96 0.72
200 0.82 1 0.82 1 0.82
225 0.93 0.93 0.93
250 1 1 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Ferrule size, db M12 M16 M20
Round ferrule
73.6
tension capacity
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
tensile capacity, ØNtf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
175
30 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Round Ferrule
176
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 30
Round Ferrule
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 5a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel shear capacity, ØVus (kN), Øv = 0.8
Ferrule size, db M12 M16 M20
Round ferrule
83.0*
shear capacity
* This value requires minimum f’c = 32 MPa.
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
shear capacity, ØVsf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
177
30 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
Round Ferrule
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset™ Round Ferrule,
(Ferrule Size x Length) ((Part Number))
with a (Bolt Grade) bolt.
Y12 / N12 x 300 mm cross bar required.
Example
Ramset™ Round Ferrule,
M16 x 75 (FH16075) with a Gr. 8.8 bolt.
Y12 / N12 x 300 mm cross bar required.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
178
Cast-In Anchoring 31
TCM Ferrule
Product
The TCM Ferrule is a Stainless Steel medium duty,
cast-in ferrule.
Installation
1. Drill hole in formwork. Pass the bolt through the hole into
the concrete insert and tighten. Tie the insert to the
reinforcing system.
2. Pour the concrete. Remove the bolt and formwork leaving
the Concrete Insert firmly embedded.
179
31 Cast-In Anchoring
TCM Ferrule
Installation and Working Load Limit performance details
Installation details Minimum dimensions* Working Load Limit (kN)
Ferrule Effective Tightening Edge Anchor Substrate Tension, Na
size, db depth, h torque, Tr Cross hole distance, ec spacing, ac thickness, bm Shear, Va Unreinforced ferrule Reinforced ferrule
(mm) (Nm)** to suit (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa 20 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa
M10 29 35 R8 120 60 50 12.4 4.0 5.0 5.6 5.0 6.3 7.0
M12 37 60 R8 150 80 65 20.9 5.7 7.3 8.1 7.2 9.1 10.2
M16 52 150 Y12 / N12 200 100 85 26.3 9.7 12.3 13.7 12.1 15.3 17.2
M20 57 295 Y12 / N12 240 120 100 28.8 11.0 13.9 15.5 13.7 17.4 19.4
* For shear loads acting towards an edge or where these minimum dimensions are not achievable, please use the simplified limit state design process to verify capacity.
** Recommended tightening torques are based on the use of A4 - 70 bolts compliant with IS0 3506.
Note: Confirm bolt capacity independently of tabulated values.
180
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 31
TCM Ferrule
31.4
15
M20
10
M16
5 M12
M10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Design shear action effect, V* (kN)
Table 1b Absolute minimum edge distance and anchor spacing values, em and am (mm)
Anchor size, db M10 M12 M16 M20
am, em 30 40 50 60
Checkpoint 1 Anchor size determined, absolute minima compliance achieved, effective depth (h) calculated.
181
31 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TCM Ferrule
182
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 31
TCM Ferrule
Table 2e Anchor spacing effect, internal to a row, tension, Xnai
Ferrule size, db M10 M12 M16 M20
Anchor spacing, a (mm)
30 0.34
40 0.46 0.36
50 0.57 0.45 0.32
60 0.69 0.54 0.38 0.35
80 0.92 0.72 0.51 0.47
100 1 0.90 0.63 0.58
120 1 0.76 0.70
140 0.89 0.82
160 1 0.94
180 1
Table 3a Reduced characteristic ultimate steel tensile capacity, ØNus (kN), Øn = 0.8
Ferrule size, db M10 M12 M16 M20
316 Stainless Steel 32.1 54.2 79.4 87.2
Step 3b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel tensile capacity, ØNtf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
tensile capacity, ØNtf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
183
31 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TCM Ferrule
184
Strength Limit State Design Cast-In Anchoring 31
TCM Ferrule
Table 4e Multiple anchors effect, concrete edge shear, Xvn
Note: For single anchor designs, Xvn = 1.0
Anchor spacing /
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.25 2.50
Edge distance, a / e
Number of anchors, n
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00
4 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00
5 0.49 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
6 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.00
7 0.39 0.48 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
8 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00
9 0.34 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
10 0.32 0.42 0.51 0.59 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00
15 0.26 0.37 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.70 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00
20 0.23 0.35 0.45 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Step 5b Reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel shear capacity, ØVsf (kN)
Establish the reduced characteristic ultimate bolt steel
shear capacity, ØVsf from literature supplied by the
specified bolt manufacturer. For nominal expected
capacities of bolts manufactured to ISO standards,
refer to section 28, page 161.
185
31 Cast-In Anchoring Strength Limit State Design
TCM Ferrule
Checkpoint 6 Check
Specify
Ramset™ TCM Ferrule, (Ferrule Size)
((Part Number)) with a (Bolt Grade) bolt.
Example
™
Ramset TCM Ferrule, M16 (TCM16RSS)
with a Gr. 4.6 bolt.
To be installed in accordance with
™
Ramset Technical Data Sheet.
186
Cast-In Anchoring Notes
187
CAST-IN
LIFTING
OVERVIEW
Since 1988, Ramset™ have been manufacturing and Quality
supplying solution driven systems for the purpose of safely Careful selection of product raw materials and tight
lifting precast concrete units. manufacturing tolerences ensures that reliable, consistent
performance is available from our load bearing components.
The Ramset™ Concrete Lifting System provides the same high
level of product quality, expertise and service to the tilt panel Product is manufactured in accordance with our accreditation
and precast concrete industry that other segments of the to and with the requirements of the AS/NZS ISO 9001:2000
construction industry have come to expect from Ramset™. Quality Management Systems standard.
Versatile Tested
™
Ramset Concrete Lifting Systems are optimised for use with Significant test programs are conducted to verify product
a wide range of standard precast sections, from wall panels to integrity under a wide range of conditions and rigorous
bridge beams, columns to culverts. statistical analysis ensuring that published capacity data is
representative of the true spread of results achieved in testing
Quick and the expected variability within the total product population.
The Ramset™ Concrete Lifting Systems are designed for
speedy coupling/uncoupling of the lifting clutches from the Expertise
lifting anchors, thus eliminating costly delays during the lifting With specialist Sales Engineers located in all the major capital
process. cities, Ramset™ have an unparalleled commitment to the
Concrete Lifting Industry, each Engineer having an intimate
Safe understanding of local requirements. Design assistance is
Safety is not a luxury with the Ramset™ Concrete Lifting available from our Engineers in order to help fully realise the
Systems. Each part of the system is intended to compliment benefits inherent in the Ramset™ Concrete Lifting Systems.
the other. Multiple levels of safety redundancy are available
when the system is used correctly.
188
32
LIFTING
TECHNOLOGY
32.1 IMPORTANT NOTICE
The information presented in this section will Given the number of variables that determine
prove a useful tool to all involved in the the validity of a particular systems suitability
production of precast concrete elements, for a given scenario, the information presented
however it must be recognised that the capacity will allow a design professional to fully
information is intended for use by suitably consider all aspects relevant to the derivation
experienced and/or qualified persons only. of both the load case(s) and the capacity and
hence recommend a system solution.
Load cases can involve complex calculations
and require a number of separate design The designer is encouraged to contact their
checks to be carried out to fully represent the local Ramset™ specialist Sales Engineer if
situation at hand. additional information or advice is required.
189
32 Lifting Technology
When loaded to their full design working load capacity, lifting Component reinforcement as detailed herein must be
anchors may be used a maximum of 10 times. securely fixed to the lifting anchor to ensure intimate contact
between them.
If loaded to 60% of their design working load capacity, lifting
anchors are re-usable to the same extent as the lifting clutches.
Please contact your local Ramset™ specialist Sales Engineer Under no circumstances shall any modification be performed on
for advice regarding the testing of your clutches. any lifting clutch unless written approval is obtained from
Ramset™.
190
Lifting Technology 32
32.4 SUBSTRATE SUITABILITY
It is recommended that a minimum concrete compressive Concrete compressive strength is referenced as it is the most
strength of 15 MPa is available at time of lift. widely available (and readily obtained) data for concrete mixes.
Curing rates are dependant on a number of factors, however it The lifting anchor capacity data therefore is valid for normal
should be recognised that mid winter curing will take longer weight concretes having a tensile strength/compressive
than during warmer months. In order to ensure adequate strength relationship consistent with that of traditional
concrete strength is available at time of lift, consider the use of sand/cement/aggregate mixes, i.e. f’cf = 0.6 * Lf’c.
higher strength concrete, a modified high early strength
concrete, steam cure, prolonged curing time or a combination If the concrete being utilised varies from this relationship (for
of these methods. example due to the addition of modifiers like fly ash), the
equivalent concrete compressive strength should be determined
Whilst the capacity data refers to concrete compressive after consultation with the concrete mix/admixture supplier.
strength, it should be recognised that lifting anchor capacity is
actually governed by the concrete’s tensile strength. This is especially important if it is believed that the modifiers
will delay or retard the generation of concrete tensile capacity.
32.5 REFERENCES
The following documents are referenced in this section and/or
represent valuable reading.
~ AS3850 - 2003 Australian Standard for Precast ~ Relevant Codes of Practice typically issued by state based
Concrete Structures Work Cover Authorities:
~ AS3600 - 2001 Australian Standard for Concrete Structures VIC – Victorian WorkCover Authority
www.workcover.vic.gov.au
~ AS4100 - 1998 Australian Standard for Steel Structures
TAS – Tasmanian Workplace Standards Authority
~ Precast Concrete Handbook published by the National www.workcover.tas.gov.au
Precast Concrete Association Australia (NPCAA),
www.npcaa.com.au SA – WorkCover Corporation of South Australia
www.workcover.sa.gov.au
~ Various publications by the Cement and Concrete Association
of Australia (C & CAA), www.concrete.net.au NT – NT WorkSafe
www.nt.gov.au/deet/worksafe/
~ Australian Building Codes Board (BCA)
www.abcb.gov.au WA – WorkCover Western Australia
www.workcover.wa.gov.au
191
32 Lifting Technology
Greater of:
Li EDGE = (W + H) * K Li EDGE = W * D * K
or
2 * Pn 2 * Pn Example
The formulae are only valid when the anchors are located in
the edge of the panel and the panel is supported on the
opposite edge, about which rotation occurs.
= 0° then K = 1.00
Face Lift Anchor Load Design
192
Lifting Technology 32
32.6.2 DEMOULDING SUCTION FORCE 32.6.3 DYNAMIC LOADS DUE TO
HANDLING OF PRODUCT
Depends on two factors:
Dynamic load factors should be considered separately to
2
~ Surface area of the element in m contained within the suction forces, i.e. they are not additive.
mould at commencement of lift.
~ The state of the mould surface. Dynamic load factors
Handling Detail Factor ‘D’
Suction force to take into account
Overhead Gantry Crane 1.2
Multiplier, Tower Crane 1.2
Form Type
H Mobile Crawler Crane 1.7
Mobile Tyre Crane 2.0
1.2 For a smooth oiled steel surface Over very rough ground 2.5 to 3.0
For a timber surface varnished, oiled, Note: AS3850 - 2003 requires a minimum dynamic load factor
1.3
or rough steel of 1.2 to be considered, regardless of handling detail.
For a concrete to concrete separation
1.5
(bondbreaker)
Note: AS3850 - 2003 may impose additional requirements.
193
32 Lifting Technology
ac = critical spacing
Anchors must not be installed where these minima
can not be achieved. At the critical spacing, the capacity of one anchor is on the
point of being reduced by the zone of influence of the other
anchor. Ramset™ anchors placed at or greater than critical
32.7.2 CRITICAL DIMENSIONS spacings are able to develop their full tensile loads, as limited
by concrete cone or concrete bond capacity. Anchors at
Critical anchor spacings and edge distances for Ramset™ spacings less than critical are subject to reduction in allowable
cast-in anchors are given for each anchor type and may be concrete tensile loads.
found in the capacity information sections for each anchor.
Working loads on anchors spaced between the critical and the
absolute minimum, are subject to a reduction factor "Xna", the
value of which depends upon the position of the anchor within
the row:
Nar = Xna * Na
where:
ac a
Anchors
Cone of Failure
ANCHORS IN A ROW
194
Lifting Technology 32
For anchors influenced by the cones of two other anchors, as a 32.7.4 CRITICAL EDGE DISTANCE
result for example, of location internal to a row:
At the critical edge distance for anchors loaded in tension,
Xnai = a / ac ≤ 1 reduction in tensile loads just commences, due to interference
of the edge with the zone of influence of the anchor.
where:
The critical edge distance for cast-in anchor is taken as:
Xnai = spacing reduction factor for an anchor internal to row
ec = Specified for each anchor, see anchor type
a = actual spacing (mm)
where:
Unequal distances ("a1" and "a2", both < ac) from two
adjacent anchors, are averaged for an anchor internal to a row: ec = critical edge distance
where:
If the edge lies between the critical and the absolute minimum
distance from the anchor, the concrete tensile load reduction
coefficient "Xe", is obtained from the following formula:
Xe = 0.3 + 0.7 * e / ec ≤ 1
where:
em Concrete edge
ec
Free zone Critical zone
Prohibited zone
195
33
SYSTEMS FOR
YARD CAST
WALL PANELS
OVERVIEW
The modern precast wall panel is produced in a controlled
environment, allowing for rapid production rates and hence
accelerated delivery. The lifting systems used in these panels
must not only work effectively at low concrete strengths but
be designed to allow for speedy installation.
The Ramset™ Systems For Yard Cast Wall Panels are optimally
designed for the lifting and handling requirements of this
industry with efficiency and safety being the primary focus for
product design.
The Ramset™ Systems For Yard Cast Wall Panels are a logical
partner in the production process and reflect our commitment
to your investment.
196
Cast-In Lifting 33
Yard Cast
33.1 APPLICATIONS
33.1.1 EDGE LIFT APPLICATIONS
Scenario:
Tilting panel from casting table to vertical.
Attributes:
~ Low concrete strength.
~ Suction.
~ Shear loaded lifting anchors.
~ Load towards edge of concrete.
~ Rotation of panel out of plane.
Solution:
Ramset™ Edge Lift System
Scenario:
Casting table to rack/rack to truck.
Attributes:
~ Braking forces of crane – dynamic loads.
~ Tensile loaded lifting anchors.
~ Translation of panel.
Solution:
Ramset™ Edge Lift System
Scenario:
Removal from truck/placement onto site.
Attributes:
~ Tensile loaded lifting anchors (in plane of panel).
~ In plane rotation of panel.
~ Load transfer between sets of lifting anchors.
Solution:
Ramset™ Edge Lift System
If there is a risk that the panel will be placed top side down at some
stage prior to its erection in the structure, an additional shear bar
should be placed on the other side of the lifting anchor.
197
33 Cast-In Lifting
Yard Cast
33.2 INSTALLATION
Sideform
198
Cast-In Lifting 33
Yard Cast
Anchor Shear
Minimum a Minimum b
load range reinforcement
(mm) (mm)
(t) bar size
2.5 N12 200 85
5 N16 250 115
10 N20 300 150
Note: Height of shear bar (b) is such that it covers the top of
the anchor and the rebar is developed below the
underside of the anchor. All bends must be to
reinforcement bar suppliers requirements, generally no
tighter than around a 4d pin.
199
33 Cast-In Lifting
Yard Cast
Anchor load range Working Load Limit (t), concrete compressive strength f’c ≥ 15 MPa
(t) Shear Tension
5 2.5 5.0
10 5.0 10.0
200
Cast-In Lifting 33
Yard Cast
33.7 SPECIFICATION
EDGE LIFT ANCHORS TWO HOLE ANCHORS
Specify Specify
Ramset™ (Anchor Load Range)
Ramset™ (Anchor Load Range)
Two Hole Anchor
Edge Lift Anchor
(Part Number)
(Part Number)
Reinforced as per Ramset™ recommendations.
Example Example
Ramset™ 10 tonne Two Hole Anchor
Ramset™ 5 tonne Edge Lift Anchor
RTA100
EL050370
Reinforced as per Ramset™ recommendations.
201
34
SYSTEMS FOR
SITE CAST
WALL PANELS
OVERVIEW
Site casting of wall panels is a convenient solution for low
rise structures where adequate site space is available for the
production of panels.
202
Cast-In Lifting 34
Site Cast
34.1 APPLICATIONS
34.1.1 FACE LIFT APPLICATIONS
Scenario:
Tilting panel from casting bed.
Attributes:
~ Suction.
~ Concrete strength.
~ Out of plane rotation of panel.
~ Tensile loaded lifting anchors.
~ Element will hang out of plumb.
~ Centre of gravity dictates off plumb angle.
~ Braking forces of crane – dynamic loads.
Solution:
Ramset™ Face Lift System.
If it is found that the anchors are placed incorrectly, i.e. the arrow
markings point to left and right rather than to top and bottom,
advice should be sought from your local Ramset™ specialist Sales
Engineer prior to lifting.
34.2 INSTALLATION
Lifting Clutch
Void Former
Arrow markings must point to top and bottom of panel.
203
34 Cast-In Lifting
Site Cast
204
Cast-In Lifting 34
Site Cast
34.6 SPECIFICATION
FACE LIFT ANCHORS
Specify
Ramset™ Face Lift Anchor
FL050
(Panel Thickness/Anchor Height, mm)
Example
Ramset™ Face Lift Anchor
FL050150
205
35
SYSTEMS FOR
COMPONENT
PRECAST
OVERVIEW
The production of precast components offers a unique
challenge for the precaster.
206
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
35.1 APPLICATIONS
35.1.1 PINHEAD APPLICATIONS
Scenario:
Lifting of item from casting location/removal to stack location.
Attributes:
~ Even load distribution ensured by sling configuration.
~ Suction.
~ Concrete strength.
~ Tensile loaded lifting anchors (in plane of component).
~ Transitional movement of component (no out of plane forces).
Solution:
Ramset™ Pinhead System.
Scenario:
Fixed sling lifting of item.
Attributes:
~ Non preferred method.
~ Suction.
~ Cannot guarantee load distribution to 4 legs of sling,
i.e. must design for load to 2 legs only.
~ Shear load component acting on lifting anchors towards
unrestrained free edge of component.
~ Requires additional restraining reinforcement.
Solution:
Ramset™ Pinhead System.
207
35 Cast-In Lifting
Component Precast
Scenario:
Inverting a component.
Attributes:
~ Complex load cases.
~ Internal formwork.
~ Suction.
~ In plane rotation.
~ Multiple handling required.
Solution:
Ramset™ Spread Anchor System.
208
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
35.2 INSTALLATION
35.2.1 PINHEAD FOOT ANCHOR SYSTEM 35.2.2 PINHEAD EYE ANCHOR SYSTEM
Pinhead Pinhead
Lifting Clutch Lifting Clutch
Tension Bar
Lifting Clutch
Support Plate
Void Former
Spread Anchor
Tension Bar
209
35 Cast-In Lifting
Component Precast
210
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
Deformed Bar
Deformed Bar (‘V‘ shaped bar of equivalent length
(‘V‘ shaped bar of equivalent length is acceptable.)
is acceptable.)
The spread anchor may only be used with its component
The eye anchor may only be used with its component reinforcement according to the table below.
reinforcement according to the table below.
Comply with the radius of curvature given by the
Comply with the radius of curvature given by the reinforcement manufacturer.
reinforcement manufacturer.
Spread Anchor tensile reinforcement
Pinhead Eye Anchor and Combined Anchor Anchor Tensile Total length of tensile reinforcing bar
tensile reinforcement load range reinforcing (m) at concrete compressive strength
(t) bar size 15 MPa 20 MPa 32 MPa
Anchor Tensile Total length of tensile reinforcing bar
load range reinforcing (m) at concrete compressive strength 2.5 R10* 1.1 0.7 0.6
(t) bar size 15 MPa 20 MPa 32 MPa 5 N16 1.6 1.1 0.9
1.3 R8* 0.7 0.6 0.5 * Hook ends required for round bar
2.5 R10* 1.1 0.7 0.6 reinforcement.
30°
211
35 Cast-In Lifting
Component Precast
212
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
35.5.2 PINHEAD FOOT ANCHOR WORKING LOAD LIMIT
FACTORED TENSILE CAPACITY, EDGE DISTANCE EFFECT
˘< 3h
~ Single anchor influenced by one edge, h
minimum anchor spacing = 6 * h,
anchor edge distance > 1 * h, < 3 * h
500
20 500
1000
20.00
213
35 Cast-In Lifting
Component Precast
35.5.3 PINHEAD FOOT ANCHOR WORKING LOAD LIMIT
FACTORED TENSILE CAPACITY, ANCHOR SPACING EFFECT
< 6h
~ Single anchor influenced by single adjacent anchor spacing, h
minimum anchor edge distance = 3 * h,
anchor spacing > 1 * h, < 6 * h
500
20 500
1000
20.00
214
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
35.5.4 PINHEAD FOOT ANCHOR WORKING LOAD LIMIT
FACTORED TENSILE CAPACITY, TWO EDGE DISTANCES EFFECT
1000
20 500
2000
20.00
215
35 Cast-In Lifting
Component Precast
35.5.5 PINHEAD EYE ANCHOR WORKING 35.5.6 PINHEAD COMBINED ANCHOR WORKING
LOAD LIMIT TENSILE CAPACITY LOAD LIMIT TENSILE CAPACITY
~ Component tensile reinforcement must be used in ~ Component tensile reinforcement must be used in
accordance with table 35.4.1 for all eye anchors. accordance with table 35.4.1 for all combined anchors.
~ Capacity information complies with the requirements ~ Capacity information complies with the requirements
of AS3850 - 2003. of AS3850 - 2003.
Anchor load range Anchor length, L Tensile capacity (t) Anchor load range Anchor length, L Tensile capacity (t)
(t) (mm) at f’c ≥ 15 MPa (t) (mm) at f’c ≥ 15 MPa
1.3 65 1.3 1.3 50 1.3
2.5 90 2.5 2.5 65 2.5
5 120 5 5 80 5
10 180 10 Note: Component tensile reinforcment must be used in accordance
with table 35.4.1 for all combined anchors.
20 250 20
32 300 32 em, ec am, ac
Note: Component tensile reinforcment must be used in accordance
with table 35.4.1 for all eye anchors.
em, ec am, ac
em, ec am, ac
216
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
35.5.7 SPREAD ANCHOR WORKING LOAD
LIMIT TENSILE CAPACITY
em, ec am, ac
em, ec am, ac
217
35 Cast-In Lifting
Component Precast
SPREAD ANCHORS
Anchor length, L Nominal Tensile Working Load Limit Rating
Description (mm) 2.5 tonne 5 tonne
150 RSA025150
Spread Anchor
190 RSA050190
Void Former – VFP025RH VFP050RH
Support Plate – SPP025 SPP050
Lifting Clutch – RCP025 RCE050
218
Cast-In Lifting 35
Component Precast
35.7 SPECIFICATION
PINHEAD FOOT ANCHORS PINHEAD COMBINED ANCHORS
Specify Specify
Ramset™ Pinhead Foot Anchor Ramset™ Pinhead Combined Anchor
(Part Number) (Part Number)
Component reinforcement is required in accordance
with published Ramset™ technical literature.
Example
Ramset™ Pinhead Foot Anchor
RAF025120 Example
™
Ramset Pinhead Combined Anchor
To order accessories, refer to the Concrete Lifting Systems
RAC013050
section of the Ramset™ Product Guide. Component reinforcement is required in accordance
with published Ramset™ technical literature.
PINHEAD EYE ANCHORS To order accessories, refer to the Concrete Lifting Systems
section of the Ramset™ Product Guide.
Specify
Ramset™ Pinhead Eye Anchor SPREAD ANCHORS
(Part Number)
Component reinforcement is required in accordance
with published Ramset™ technical literature. Specify
Ramset™ Spread Anchor
(Part Number)
Component reinforcement is required in accordance
Example with published Ramset™ technical literature.
Ramset™ Pinhead Eye Anchor
RAE050120
Component reinforcement is required in accordance
with published Ramset™ technical literature. Example
Ramset™ Spread Anchor
To order accessories, refer to the Concrete Lifting Systems
RSA050190
section of the Ramset™ Product Guide. Component reinforcement is required in accordance
with published Ramset™ technical literature.
219
ANCHORING RESOURCE BOOK DESIGN WORKSHEET
Project
Design
Location
Project ID Date
Design by Checked
Sketch Notes
Checkpoint 1
Anchor size selected? Tick
Comply with absolute minima? Tick
Effective depth, h calculated? Tick
Checkpoint 2
Calculate ØNurc = ØNuc * Xnc * Xne * (Xnae or Xnai) =
Checkpoint 3
ØNur = Minimum of ØNurc, ØNus, ØNtf
Checkpoint 4
Calculate ØVurc = ØVuc * Xvc * Xvd * Xva * Xvn =
Checkpoint 5
ØVur = Minimum of ØVurc, ØVus, ØVsf
Checkpoint 6
N* / ØNur + V* / ØVur ≤ 1.2 ? / + / = Tick
Specify
RESPONSE SHEET
Please complete the following details and fax this page back to your local Ramset™ Engineer:
VIC/TAS (03) 9427 0746 SA/NT (08) 8443 9170 WA (08) 9353 3150 NSW/ACT (02) 9748 3952 QLD (07) 3257 1792
Name
Position
Company Name
Address
Telephone Facsimile
JD552 A 07/2003
Concrete Anchoring Concrete Lifting
Head Office
296-298 Maroondah Highway
Mooroolbark Victoria Australia 3138
Tel: (03) 9726 6222
Fax: (03) 9762 8215
Web: www.ramset.com.au
© Copyright 2003
™ Trademark of ITW Inc.
JD552 A 07/2003
www.ramset.com.au