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I. Introduction
Drainage are being used as prevention for the accumulation of water that can
lead to flooding. It is designed to drain excess rain water and ground water from
footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Solid wastes carried off by the rain water are one
of the major problems that causes clogging of the drainage. Drainage of surface
water is all the more important in hill roads. Apart from the drainage of water
from the road formation, the efficient diversion and disposal of water flowing
down the hill slope across the road and from numerous cross streams is an
important part of hill road construction. If drainage system in hill road is not
2013).
storm water. The sloping terrain resulted to as more soil erodes that accumulates
sediments washed into the drainage pipes during the rain (Engineer Pañares,
2013). To keep the sediments from entering the drainage pipes, an innovative
As water floods the catch basin, small particles that slip through the grate
settle to the bottom. Drainage pipes are located above the bottom of this vertical
pipe, ensuring that the water that flows into the drains is clear of sediment but it
doesn’t help from removing other particles like micro particles. Filters are one
of the solution to resolve the problem to keep micro particles from going into the
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main or the city drainage and to improve water quality. Many filters are out in
the market that can be used to protect drainage from clogging such as,
manufactured, sand, and anthracite filters. These filters may be effective, but the
fact that it doesn’t help in recycling, reusing, and reducing environmental waste.
Rubber tires have the potential of hazardous fires and causes other health
accumulates each year. There are about 280 million of waste tires were produced
in year 2000 with yearly growth about 26% in stocked in different states of USA
(Sunthonpagasit and Hickman, 2003). Recycling tires may help the environment
and reduce the accumulation of waste caused by the rubber tires. These rubber
tires has high potential of being used as filter by transforming it into crumbs.
Consequently crumb rubber tires as filters could be used for years with high
filtration rate. Even the outcome did not reach the goal of removing of the micro
waste, the crumb rubber filter could still be handy in terms of primary treatment
technology to improve the effectiveness of the typical filter (Tang, 2005). Crumb
rubber tire is the material that is going to be used as a replacement for other filter
materials such as manufactured filter, sand, and aggregates. Crumb rubber tires
are derived materials from scrap tires to be used as an innovative filter medium.
gradient in filters because the top layer of the media is least compressed while
the bottom layer is most compressed. Crumb rubber filters favors in-depth
filtration and allows longer filtration time and higher filtration rate, which
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substantially increases the filtration efficiency (Graf and Xie, 2000). As a filter
medium, crumb rubber allows the porosity of the filter bed to decrease through
the filter, resulting in the smallest pore size at the bottom and largest pore size
on the top, which is ideal for down-flow filtration. In comparison to both the
particles (>10 μm and >15 μm). For the sand/anthracite filter, the removal
efficiencies for particles larger than 10 μm and 15 μm were 89.4% and 94.5%,
respectively. For the crumb rubber filter, the removal efficiencies for particles
larger than 10 μm and 15 μm were 86.8% and 93.6%, respectively (Chen, 2004).
By transforming these scrap rubber tires into crumbs and use it as to innovate
such as filter, will lessen the environmental waste when practiced gradually.
The goal of this research project is to design a drainage with crumb rubber
tires as filter for the advancement of Storm Water Management. In addition, this
research will help the environment to reduce the accumulated waste produced by
2. To present the new drainage design with crumb rubber tire filter in the
catch basin.
method.
4. To determine the average actual flow rate of the filter during filtration
process.
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drainage for Carmel Street. It lessens the waste in the environment produced by
rubber as water filter for the advancement of water storm management. As shown
in the figure 1, Scrap tires served as raw materials for the crumb rubber together
V.
INPUT
VI. Filtration Using OUTPUT
IX.
This research study will gather requirements, analysis, test, and design of
the drainage with filter using crumb rubber tires. Provide a detailed designing
process and review of the new drainage with crumb rubber tire filter. It will be
limited to the design of drainage and testing of the crumb rubber tire filter.
This study will present the effective drainage system in the residence of
Carmel Street .The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:
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Community. The result of this study will provide the people within the
Researchers. The result of this study will serve as a basis for the future
Drainage
During rain, part of the rain water flow on surface and part of it percolates
through the soil mass as gravitational water until it reaches the ground water
below the water table. Removal and diversion of surface water from the roadway
and adjoining land is termed as surface drainage, while the removal of excess
retained in the pores of the soil mass and drained off by the normal gravitational
surface or within the soil and the drainage system must be designed to cope with
not fully implemented maximum returns will not be achieved on the drainage
Filtration
quality need, longing, or standard. On the other hand simply call it water
treatment. There are a wide range of treatment advancements that take care of
business. (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2013). Before disinfection, the filter can
also eliminates isolated solids and reduces the possibility of having infection. As
per recommended by the National Research Council (1996), crumb rubber filter
matter and also microorganisms by passing water through a porous medium fit
for holding the coarse molecule at first glance and the better contaminations in
the pores. The channel medium is normally a sand channel comprising of various
layers. The layers from the top comprise of fine sand put throughout the
following layer of coarse sand took after by fine gravel set in the course of the
consistently over the whole fine sand bed and to stream by gravity through the
distinctive layers. (Sivasankar, 2009). In filtration rate of the crumb rubber filter,
there was no apparent relationship between removal efficiency and filter depth.
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Higher filtration rate resulted in lower removal efficiency and higher head loss
(Marine Environmental Research, May 2006). Centre for Affordable Water and
typical filter should not be less than 0.4 liters per second (or 400 liters per square
in filters because the top layer of the media is least compressed while the bottom
layer is most compressed. Crumb rubber filter favours in-depth filtration and
allows longer filtration time and higher filtration rate, which substantially
increases the filtration efficiency (Graf and Xie 2000; Xie et al. 2001).
VIII. Methodology
Presented to this chapter are the research design, constraints of the study
analysis tool.
Research Design
In order to gather the necessary data, the researchers used applied research
and for the advancement of storm water management that the researchers aimed
to attain by the use of crumb rubber tire filter that will meet the desire needs
with another medium for water filtration- crumb rubber. Moreover, it paved a
basically hazardous to ones health. And through our attempt for an advanced
storm water management, using crumb rubber as water filtration has a great
impact for the sustainability of the drainage system for the fact that it can last
Research Materials
Containers. This is employed to gather the water sample from the current
Fine crumb rubber. This was employed for the second stage of the
filtration process where it helps in preventing the pretreated water from the
Coarse crumb rubber. This was employed for the third stage of the
Aluminum steel. This was employed for the chamber of the crumb rubber
Research Procedure
The following were the steps and procedure followed in the conduct of
the study:
wastes (See Appendix A). The drainage configurations were also attached on the
said letter and was used as the basis of our design. (See Appendix B).
Design of drainage.
1. The depth of the connection with the main drainage in the street and
the grade of the house drain outlet. The depth of the house drain outlet
house drain.
floor.
that was installed at station to the next station. The height of the rise
Height = Length x 2%
which is Crumb rubber tires. Crumb rubber was filled into the cylindrical
stainless chamber in 4- layers with different sizes. Crumb rubber sizes are 0.125
in., 0.25 in, 0.375 in. and 0.5 in. The cylindrical G.I. steel filter was manufactured
catch basin. The dimensions of filter has a 0.60m diameter and depth of 0.90m.
of a scrap tire using whole car or truck tires in the form of shred or chips, or
sidewalls or treads. The rubbers, metals and textiles are sequentially separated
out. Tires are passed through a shredder, which breaks the tires into chips. Finer
particles with various shapes and sizes. (ASTM D6913 – 04) Standard Test
Analysis, this test method is used to separate particles into size ranges and also
uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between
designed filter and these are the Hydrometer Test Method and the Bucket
Method Test.
determining the percentage drop amount of fined-grain soils after the filtration
process. Bucket method test was used to determine the maximum flow rate of
Hydrometer Test Method. For the efficiency of the crumb rubber filter,
(ASTM D422-63) Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils was
used to determine the percentage of different grain size of soil before and after
passing the crumb rubber filter. This test method covers the quantitative
particle sizes larger than 75 μm (retained on the No. 200 sieve) is determined by
Bucket Method Test. In determining the average actual flow rate of the
Crumb rubber filter, Bucket method was used. The Bucket method is a simple
way to measure the flow rate using household items. It requires a stopwatch, a
1. Measure the volume of the bucket or basin. Keep in mind that a typical 1
2. Put the bucket in the outlet of the filter in order to have the volume of
3. With a stopwatch, time how long it takes the storm water to fill the bucket.
Start the stopwatch simultaneously with the start of the bucket being filled
and stop the stopwatch when the bucket fills. The bucket should not be
filled by holding it below the surface of the filter because it is not the true
flow rate.
5. Repeat steps two and three about 4 or 5 times and take the average. It is a
good idea to do a few trial runs before recording any data so that one can
7. The flow rate is the volume of the bucket divided by the average time it
scores and dividing by the total number of scores. This tool was used to
determine the average actual flow rate of the crumb rubber filter.
observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is
tool was used in showing the percentage amount of the distribution fined
grain soils.
Presented to this chapter were the drainage lay-out and the design of the
drainage and its innovative filter. Most of the results were illustrated in tables
drainage is an open canal and connecting the drainage flow from Sinai Street to
Samaria Street. The directions of the flow of water within the drainage were
represented with yellow arrows. There are four catch basins found to be clogged
with waste and silts which are marked with red rectangles. Other catch basins
which were represented with color blue rectangles are still capable of filtering
pipe connected between blocks at the street of Carmel for it to have an easy
detection of any clogging between culvert pipes and catch basins which is
presented in Plan view (See Appendix F). The drainage has a total length of
183.84m and the length of distance between each catch basin depends on the
length of each block in the street and it shown in site development plan (See
Appendix F). The drainage was designed with a 1m x 1m x 1.2m catch basin with
a culvert pipe that has 0.46m diameter. The diameter of the RCCP used by the
researchers was the same as the existing culvert pipe and also, the invert
elevation was presented in the Profile view(See Appendix F).The drainage uses a
hybrid type for it to have an effective distribution of water and higher flow rate
between pipes along the street during rain (Lara 2015). The crumb rubber filter
and the filter, a 0.60m x 0.60m manhole is found at the top of the catch basin.
The height of the rise of catch basins will depend on the distance of between
catch basins multiplied by two percent (Fajardo 2000). The filter is placed in the
middle of the catch basin which has a diameter of 0.60m and 0.90 depth. The
filter has a top cover with a screen at its inlet which can protect larger wastes
entering the filter. Silts are being filtered at the bottom part where a 4 layered
Figure 3. Cross Sectional and Top View of the Filter with Crumb Rubber Tires
the percentage distribution of the finer particles contained within a soil. The
researchers used the hydrometer method to test the efficiency of the filter by
investigating if there are reduction of fine particles present in the sample after it
was filtered. There were two set of samples used in this test. One of these was
the 1000ml of water with 50g of fined grain soils before it passes through the
filter and the other one was the 1000ml of water with 50g of fined grain soils but
already passes through the filter. The researchers will knew if there was
reduction of fine particles if the percent finer of the sample after it was filtered
is lesser than the percent finer of the sample before it was filtered.
Hydrometer Test are shown in Table 5. There were 6 hydrometer readings done
with its corresponding time, and temperature. Depth L with its corresponding
Hydrometer
Elapsed Time, (min) L , from Table 1 Temperature, ˚C
Reading, R actual
0 8.1 50 30
1 9.2 43 30
2 10.1 38 30
4 11.2 31 29
8 12.4 24 29
16 14.7 10 29
As shown in Table 6, percent finer have large values for the fact that the
sample used was the water before it passes through the filter and it also means
that it has much fined grain soils content. Percent finer have also these
observations, the sample used was the water with fined grain soils after it passes
through the filter. The readings of depth L drastically increasing compared to the
1st sample and it means that the content of fine grain soils in the water were
reduced. On the other hand, the actual hydrometer readings radically decreasing
with the same elapsed time in the 1st sample and it is because of the large values
of depth L.
Hydrometer
Elapsed Time, (min) L , from Table 1 Temperature, ˚C
Reading, R actual
0 11.4 30 30
1 12.2 25 30
2 13 20 30
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4 14.2 13 29
8 15 8 29
16 15.8 3 29
Table 8 shows the results of the hydrometer test for the 2nd sample which
indicates that there were decreased in percent finer in the same elapsed time of
the 1st sample. Percent finer percentage shows that there were rapid change in
the content of fined grain soils in the water in which it was lessen.
Hydrometer Hydrome Ct , a,
ter Corr. K, from Velocit Diameter % Finer
Reading, from from
For Table 2 y (cm/s) (cm) ,P
Corr. R Minescus Table 3 Table 4
The determination results of percent finer of the 1st and 2nd sample are
shown in Table 9 which shows that there were reduction of fined grain soils after
the filtration process in the same elapsed time reading. It was clearly manifested
Table 9. Percent Finer Difference between Before and After the Filtration
Process.
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determined by bucket method test to check if the filter design is effective and
safe. The Bucket method is a simple way to measure the flow rate using
three people.
Q = VA = Volume / time
V = actual velocity
The tabulation of the results of the Bucket method test are given in Table
10 and it shows that the numerical value of the average actual flow rate of the
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crumb rubber filter has close greater value to a typical media filter standard flow
rate which is equal to 0.4L/min. This means that there were much greater volume
of water that can pass through the crumb rubber filter which is one way to avoid
0.479121
Average Actual Flow Rate), Q (L/min)
X. Conclusion
This study has fulfilled its objectives. Based on the results, the following
1. Carmel Street current drainage layout was presented and found out that
the current drainage is already clogged of wastes and silts based on the
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off analysis for the filter design, the researchers came up with a conical
shape filter with 4 layers of crumb rubber tires. The use of crumb rubber
tires served as filter medium that leads to reduction of silts and fined grain
soils since the percent content of the fined grain soils present in the storm
4. The filter’s average actual flow rate was determined and presented and it
media filter which is equal to 0.4 L/min, this means that there will be
greater volume of water that can pass through the crumb rubber filter.
XI. Recommendations
drainage that is blocking the flow of water. Based on the findings and
the catch basin of the drainage. The researchers who would like to follow this
study, further study such as improving its efficiency and performance as a filter
recommended to use crumb rubber tires to lessen the waste of scrap tires since it
is hazardous to health and it causes air pollution in some aspects. Rubber tire is
REFERENCES
043.
Morgan, R. A., Edwards, F. G., Brye, K. R., and Burian, S. J. (2005). “An
Evaluation of the Urban Stormwater Pollutant Removal Efficiency of
Catch Basin Inserts.” Water Environment Research 77: 5, pp. 500-510.
Sunthonpagasit, N., & Hickman, H. L., Jr. (2003). Manufacturing and utilizing
Xie, Y. F., Killian, B. A., & Gaul, A. S. (2001). Using crumb rubber as a filter
APPENDIX A
Letter of Resolution
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APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX C (continued)
Hydrometer Analysis
29
APPENDIX C (continued)
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX D (continued)
APPENDIX E
41
APPENDIX F (continued)
PLAN VIEW
42
APPENDIX F (continued)
APPENDIX F (continued)
PROFILE VIEW
44
APPENDIX F (continued)