Plagiarism: Using other people’s words and ideas without
clearly acknowledging the source of the information
 considered as having sound authority on the
Common Knowledge: Facts that can be found in numerous
places and are likely to be widely known.
Interpretation: You must document facts that are not
generally known, or ideas that interpret facts.
Quotation: Using someone’s words directly. When you use a
direct quote, place the passage between quotation marks,
and document the source according to a standard
documenting style.
 accuracy, and value throughout history.
Paraphrase: Using someone’s ideas, but rephrasing them in
your own words. Although you will use your own words to
paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and cite the source
of the information.
TYPES OF MEDIA:
Print Media - media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced
in a printing process that is traditionally mechanical.
Broadcast Media - media such as radio and television that
reach target audiences using airwaves as the transmission
medium.
New Media - content organized and distributed on digital
platforms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
SOURCES:
• Reliability of information - Information is said to be
reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. 
 Others
refer to the trustworthiness of the source in
evaluating the reliability of information. 
 An electronic communications network that connects
• Accuracy of information - Accuracy refers to the closeness
of the report to the actual data. 
 Measurement of
accuracy varies, depending on the type of
information being evaluated. Forecasts are said to
be accurate if the report is similar to the actual data.
Financial information is considered accurate if the
values are correct, properly classified, and presented
• Value of information - Information is said to be of value if
it aids the user in making or improving decisions. 
 • c. Check for citations. Reliable authors have the discipline
• Authority of the source - Much of the information we
gather daily do not come from a primary source but
are passed on through secondary sources such as
writers, reporters, and the like. Sources with an
established expertise on the subject matter are
subject. 

• Timeliness - Reliability, accuracy, and value of information
may vary based on the time it was produced or
acquired. While a piece of information may have
been found accurate, reliable, and 
 valuable during
the time it was produced, it may become irrelevant
and inaccurate with the passing of time (thus
making it less valuable). Other information may be
timeless, proven to be the same in reliability,
MEDIA SOURCES:
LIBRARY - Collection of sources of information and similar
resources, made accessible to a defined community for
reference or borrowing. - Includes books, periodicals,
newspapers, manuscripts, maps, periodicals, journals, and
etc.
1. Academic Library (University Based/Higher learning)
2. Public Library (Government Sponsored)
3. School (Typical School Libraries)
4. Special - A special library is a library that provides
specialized information resources on a particular subject,
serves a specialized and limited clientele, and
delivers specialized services to that clientele.
INTERNET- It allows user-to-user communication and
transfer of data files from one computer to another on the
network.
computer networks and organizational computer facilities
around the world.
SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF
INFORMATION:
• a. Check the author. The author’s willingness to be
identified is a good indication of reliability.
• b. Check the date of publication or of update. While the
information may be true, it may not be 
 reliable if
it is outdated and may have lost relevance.

of citing sources of their information. 

• Check the domain or owner of the site or page. The
domains .edu and .gov are reserved for academic
institutions and the government respectively.
Information from such sites are presented with
 caution and are usually well-grounded. Site owners
may have an agenda that affects the manner by
which information is presented. 

• Check the site design and the writing style. Credible
sources take time to make their information
accessible and easy to comprehend. 


INDIGENOUS MEDIA
• Indigenous - native; local; originating or produced naturally
in a particular region.
• Indigenous knowledge - knowledge that is unique to a
specific culture or society; most often it is not written
down.

• Indigenous communication - transmission of information
through local channels or forms. It is a means by which
culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted.

• Indigenous media and information - original information
created by a local group of people. This also refers to content
about indigenous peoples that may be distributed through
dominant forms of media or through forms of
communication unique to their people group.
• Popular media cannot reach some rural areas. While print,
broadcast, and new 
 media have a wide reach,
there are still areas that these forms of media have
not 
 reached. 

• Indigenous media and information are highly credible
because they are near the 
 source and are seldom
circulated for profit. 

• Indigenous media are channels for change, education, and
development because 
 of its direct access to local
channels. 

• Ignoring indigenous media and information can result in
development and 
 education programs that are
irrelevant and ineffective. 

• Forms of indigenous media and their local examples: 

a. Folk or traditional media

b. Gatherings and social organizations

c. Direct observation

d. Records - may be written, carved, or oral
e. Oral instruction 


ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
Alternative media are media that differ from established or
dominant types of media in terms of their content,
production, or distribution. Alternative media take many
forms including print, audio, video, Internet and street art