Ali Esmail Al-Snafi. et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical Biology, 5(4), 2015, 254-261.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Biology

www.jpbjournal.com e-ISSN - 2249-7560
Print ISSN - 2249-7579

THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL

IMPORTANCE OF CELOSIA CRISTATA – A REVIEW
Ali Esmail Al-Snafi*
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Nasiriyah, Iraq.

ABSTRACT
Celosia cristata (Family: amaranthaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine to cure several disorders. Many
sensitive ingredients were isolated from different parts of the plant. The recent studies showed that the plant exerted a wide
range of pharmacological activities. The chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Celosia cristata were
presented in this review.

Keywords: Celosia cristata, Pharmacological Importance, Chemical constituent.

INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are the Nature’s gift to human Foxtail amaranth, Fire-flame bush, Shinaji tea and
beings to help them pursue a disease-free healthy life. Woodfordia [58,60].
Plants are a valuable source of a lot of secondary
DESCRIPTION
metabolites. Two thirds of the new chemicals identified
This species is an annual herb, hairless entirely.
yearly were extracted from higher plants. 75% of the
The stem is erect, thick, little branched, green or tinged
world’s population used plants for therapy and
with red, ridged, and flat near the upper part. The simple
prevention. In the US, where chemical synthesis
leaves are alternate, petiolate; the blade is long-elliptical
dominates the pharmaceutical industry, 25% of the
to ovally lanceolate, 5-13cm long, 2-6cm wide, acuminate
pharmaceuticals are based on plant-derived chemicals.
or attenuate at the apex, gradually narrow and decurrent at
Recent studies showed that medicinal plants exerted a
the base, and entire marginally. Occurring on top of the
wide range of pharmacological effects. The major
stem, the spikes are flat, succulent, crest-like or
pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting
featherlike; down their middle are numerous flowers;
extensive research on plant materials to introduced new
the perianthial segments are light red to purplish red,
drugs in the medical practice [1-57]. This review will
yellowish white or yellow, elliptically ovate, pointed at
highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological
the tip, 5 in number; the bract, bractlet and perianthial
activities of Celosia cristata.
segment are scarious; each flower has 5 stamens whose
filaments are joined together to form a cup at the base.
Nomenclature and classification
The fruit is an egg-shaped utricle, which is wrapped in the
The Celosia species is a small genus of edible
persistent perianth and becomes circumscissile when ripe.
and ornamental plants belonging to Amaranthacea. The
The seed is kidney-shaped, black, and lustrous [58,61-62].
generic name is derived from the Greek word kelos,
meaning "burned," and refers to the flame-like flower Distribution
heads. Celosia cristata is a member of the genus Celosia, It is common in Africa, South America, India
and is commonly known as cockscomb, since the flower and some parts of Asia [63].
looks like the head on a rooster (cock). It belongs to the
class Magnoliopsida, order Caryophyllales and family Traditional uses
Amaranthaceae [58-59].Common name: Cockscomb, Seeds were used as demulcent; for painful
Crested celosia, Yellow toreador, Red cockscomb, micturition and for dysentery. Flowers were edible in

Corresponding Author:- Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Email:- aboahmad61@yahoo.com

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India, they were also used medicinally in menorrhagia
and as an astringent which are used to treat bloody stool,
hemorrhoid bleeding and diarrhea; the seed decoction is
used to treat dysentery [63-66].
The flowers were also used as astringent, styptic,
depurative, uterine sedative, constipating, antibacterial,
and corrective of urinary pigments, febrifuge and
alexeteric. They were useful in the conditions of kapha
and pitta, leprosy, burning sensation, skin diseases,
diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, headache, hemorrhoids,
herpes, internal hemorrhage, leukorrhea, liver disorders,
menorrhagia, ulcers, and wounds. Juice of leaves was
used in bilious sickness. They were also valued as a
stimulant in pregnancy. The seed was hypotensive and
ophthalmic. It was used in the treatment of bloodshot
eyes, blurring of vision, cataracts and hypertension. The
flower and seed were astringent, haemostatic, parasiticide
and poultice. They were used in the treatment of bloody
stool, haemorrhoid bleeding, uterine bleeding,
leucorrhoea and diarrhea [60].
The plant was also used for the treatment of
fatigue, atherosclerosis, leucorrhoea and osteoporosis. Its
seeds have been used for removing “liver-heat”
improving eyesight, clearing wind- and as an anti-
inflammatory agent [59].
Pats used: Fruit and seeds were used medicinally [67].
Physicochemical characteristics [68] (w/w%)
Total ash value 5.54, acid insoluble ash 1.14,
water soluble ash 2.78, sulphated ash 0.8, moisture
content 5.4, loss on drying 5.8, stomatal number 172 and
stomatal index 25.
Chemical constituents
The preliminary phytochemical analysis on the
extracts of Celosia cristata showed the presence
flavonoids, mucilages, phenolic compounds & tannins,
saponins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates,
proteins, amino acids, gums and steroids [63,68].
The plant contained betanin, and several sterols.
The inflorescence contained amarantin, isoamarantin,
celosianin and isocelosianin. The seeds contain 10.1-
12.8% of protein and yield 7.2-7.9% fatty oil. The plant
also contained choline esters of hyaluronic acid [64,67].
Six compounds were isolated from the ethanolic
extract of Celosia cristata, and identified as 4-
hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, kaempferol, quercetin, β-
sitosterol, 2-hydrox octadecanoic acid and stigmasterol
[69].
The analysis of Celosia cristata L. Showed that
the protein content in dried samples is about 19.40%,
24.60% and 27.04% in the inflorescence, leaf and stalk
and seed respectively. These proteins are rich in all kinds
of amino acid; many kinds of vitamins such as B1, B2, C,
E and beta-carotene are in high content and dietary fiber
and inorganic elements are abundant, the amount of fat in
seed is about 10.1% [70].
The total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannin
contents of methanolic extracts on the cockscome flowers
were 6.80, 2.34 and 6.23mg/g extract residue, respectively
[71]. Cochliophilin A (5-hydroxy-6, 7-methylenedioxyfla-
vone), known as a host-specific attractant towards the
zoospores of Aphanomyces cochlioides was isolated
from Celosia cristata, that is susceptible to the pathogen.
Its content in Celosia seedlings was quantified as 1.4 µg/g
fresh weight. A new isoflavone, cristatein (5-hydroxy-6-
hy-droxymethyl -7,2 0 -dimethoxyisoflavone, 2), and five
known flavonoids were also identified [72-73].
The changes of flavonoid compounds in Flos
Celosiae cristatae were determined after carbonizing
processed. Among the ten batches of processing samples,
these components were not determined in two batches,
but were found in the other eight bathes, with the content
of kaempferol as 0.002 -.025 % and isorhamnetin as 0.001
-0.011 % [74].
Five saponin, cristatain , celosin A , celosin B ,
celosin C and celosin D were isolated from the seeds
of Celosia cristata [75]. A new triterpenoid saponin,
semenoside A, was isolated from Semen Celosia cristatae
[76]. Two glycoproteins, CCP-25 and CCP-27 were
purified from the leaves of Celosia cristata [77].
However, eighteen compounds were isolated and
fifteen compounds were identified, they were p-
hydroxyphenylethanol, kaempferol, quercetin, cristatain,
celosin A, celosin B, celosinⅠ, celosinⅡ, sphingosine,
β-sitosterol, stearic acid, stigmasterol, daucosterol,
palmitinic acid and n-hexacosoic acid [78].
Pharmacological effects
Hemostatic effect
Five days after mice were given decoction of
Flos Celosiae cristatae with the dosage of 17g/kg,they
were compared with a control group. It emerged that the
bleeding time (BT) was shortened greatly (P0.01). Seven
days after rabbits were given the same decoction with the
dosage of 1.7g/kg, it was found that the coagulation time
(CT), prothrombin time (PT) and plasma recovery (PRT)
were shortened (P0.05), and the euglobulin lysis time
(ELT) was markedly shortened(P0.01)in comparison with
control [79].
Hepatoprotective effects
A new triterpenoid saponin, semenoside A, was
isolated from Semen Celosia cristatae. The
hepatoprotective activity of semenoside A with an oral
dose of 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0mg/kg, respectively, were
investigated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced
hepatotoxicity in mice. The results indicated that it had
significant hepatoprotective effects (p < 0.01) [76].
Cristatain saponin exhibited significant
hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) -
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and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-induced
hepatotoxicity in mice, which were evidenced by
significant decreases in the values of asparate
aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of serum and
histopathological examinations compared to controls [75].
The antioxidant potential and protective effects
of Celosia cristata L. (Family: Amaranthaceae) flower
(CCF) extracts on tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-
induced oxidative damage in the hepatocytes of Chang
cells and rat livers was studied . In vitro, CCF extracts
exhibited protective effect through their radical
scavenging ability to enhance cell viability, prevent
reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inhibit
mitochondrial membrane depolarisation in t-BHP-induced
hepatotoxicity in Chang cells. In vivo, oral feeding of
CCF (100mg and 500mg/kg of body weight) to rats for
five consecutive days before a single dose of t-BHP
(2mmol/kg, i.p.) showed a significant (p<0.05) protective
effect by lowering serum levels of glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase
(GPT). The extract decreased the hepatic levels of lipid
peroxidation (MDA) and serum level of triglyceride (TG)
against t-BHP-induced oxidative stress [80]. The
histopathological hepatic lesions induced by
administration of CCl4 were remarkably ameliorated by
cristatain. Furthermore, it appeared that luteolin display
hepatoprotective property in CCl4 induced liver injury in
mice [78].
Cytotoxic effects
The cytotoxicity of water and organic solvent
extracts was determined in the fibroblast cells Cos7 and in
four cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2, SK-Hep1 and LS
174T. The aqueous extracts were also screened against
BVDV and HBV, whereas organic solvent extracts were
assayed on T. brucei. IC50 of the water extracts against
Cos7, HeLa, HepG2, SK-Hep1 and LS 174T were 263.9,
2773.5, 200, 180 and >200 μg/ml respectively. IC50 of
CH2Cl2 extracts against HeLa and Cos 7 were 472.0
and 136.0 μg/ml, while IC50 of MeOH extracts
against the same cell lines, were 499.8 and 77.2
respectively [81].
Antioxidant effects
The anti-oxidant and anti-aging activity of
Celosia cristata were studied. Celosia cristata L. ethanol
extract had anti-oxidant activity in a dose-dependent
manner in 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical
scavenging. Ethanol extract had anti-oxidant activity in a
dose-dependent manner. Silica dose-dependently
increased the intracellular ROS generation in RAW 264.7
cells. Celosia cristata L. ethanol extract showed anti-
aging effects, the hyaluronidase inhibitory effects and
elastase activity inhibitory effects were relatively strong,
which suggesting the Celosia cristata L. ethanol extract
might be used as hydration and anti-wrinkle agents [82].
The antioxidant compounds and antioxidant
activities of the methanolic extracts and solvent fractions
from cockscome flowers were studied. To determine the
antioxidant compounds in the methanolic extract and
solvent fractions, the total polyphenol, flavonoid and
tannin were measured by spectrophotometric methods.
These were evaluated for antioxidative activities by
DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. The total
polyphenol, flavonoids and tannin contents of methanolic
extracts on the cockscome flowers were 6.80, 2.34 and
6.23mg/g extract residue, respectively. The DPPH and
ABTS radical scavenging activities of the methanolic
extracts on the cockscome flowers were 52.43 and
107.01mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per g
extract residue, respectively [71].
The antioxidant activity test of Celosia cristata
antiviral proteins (CCP-25 and CCP-27) using ferric
reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay in vitro
indicated that these proteins are strong antioxidants. The
increase in activities of redox-enzymes such as
peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase on tobacco
mosaic virus (TMV) inoculation of test plants was
inhibited when plants were treated with CCP-25 before
TMV inoculation. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia
lyase, involved in biosynthesis of antioxidative
compounds was also inhibited [77].
Adipogenic effect
The in vitro the capacity of a Celosia
cristata extract to impact the adipogenic potential of
native human adipose tissue progenitor
cells, i.e. commitment and differentiation towards
adipogenic lineage, was evaluated. Native adipose tissue
progenitor cells were isolated by
immunoselection/depletion approaches from human
subcutaneous adipose tissues. Two distinct cell culture
conditions were used to assess the effect of Celosia
cristata extract on commitment and differentiation of
progenitor cells. Cells were cultured either in
differentiation medium for 10 days in the
presence/absence of Celosia cristata extracts to study the
impact on differentiation or first cultured in a
commitment-inducing medium, with or without Celosia
cristata extract, for 48 h and then cultured 10 days in
differentiation medium to assess the impact on
commitment. In both experimental series, the fate of
progenitor cells was studied by quantification of lipids
and by determining the expression of key genes involved
in adipogenesis. The Results showed that Celosia
cristata extract reduces lipid content of progenitor cells
undergoing differentiation. This reduction correlates with
a reduced expression of C/EBPα. When progenitor cells
are placed in commitment-inducing conditions, Celosia
cristata extract induces a more potent reduction of lipid
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content. This reduction correlates with a decrease in the
expression levels of master genes involved in
adipogenesis: the genes of transcription factors PPARγ2
and C/EBPα as well as marker genes coding for LPL and
GPDH [83].
Antimicrobial and anthelmintic effects
Celosia cristata flowers showed antioxidant
properties and antimicrobial effect. It also had sun
protection effects [84]. The antimicrobial properties of
ethanolic, methanolic and other solvent extracts
of Celosia cristata L. was evaluated against
microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtillus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The
minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the
extracts against animal pathogenic bacteria and yeast
were assessed using the broth microdilution methods.
Results showed that the different extracts differed clearly
in their antimicrobial activities. MIC values in the range
of 0.125 to 1mg/ml hexane fraction of methanolic and
ethanolic extracts exhibited good activity
against Staphylococcus aureus (0.125mg/ml), Bacillus
subtillus (0.5mg/ml) and Candida albicans (1mg/ml) and
dichloromethane fraction showed similar results [85].
Preinoculation treatment with Celosia cristata
leaf extract prevented lesion production by sunnhemp
rosette virus, tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus X in
several local lesion hosts. The extract inhibited lesion
formation only in treated areas, and did not act on the
virus directly, but only via the host. The persistence of
inhibitory activity in test hosts for up to 6 days indicates
that the site of virus attachment is blocked
semipermanently [86].
Two N-terminally blocked antiviral
glycoproteins, CCP-25 and CCP-27 were purified from
the leaves of Celosia cristata [77].
Study the anti-BVDV toxicity on EBTr cells,
anti-BVDV protection in EBTr cells and anti-HBV effect
in Hep G2, showed that the plant had no anti-BVDV
toxicity on EBTr cells, anti-BVDV protection in EBTr
cells, but it had anti-HBV effect in Hep G2 in high
concentration [81].
An antiviral protein named CCP-27 was purified
from the leaves of Celosia cristata at the post-flowering
stage by anion-exchange, cation-exchange, and gel-
filtration chromatography. It exhibited resistance against
sunnhemp rosette virus in its test host Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba. It also exhibited deoxyribonuclease
activity against supercoiled pBlueScript SK+ plasmid
DNA. It was found to nick supercoiled DNA into nicked
circular form at lower protein concentration followed by
nicked to linear form conversion at higher protein
concentration. CCP-27 also possesses strong ribonuclease
activity against Torula yeast rRNA [87].Two antiviral
glycoproteins, active against mechanical transmission of
two tobamo viruses, tobacco mosaic virus and sunnhemp
rosette virus, and citrus ring spot virus (ungrouped), were
purified from the dried leaves of Celosia cristata. These
proteins, called CCP-25 and CCP-27, have M(r) 25 and
27 kDa. Their concentration was found to vary between
the pre-flowering and post-flowering stages of C. cristata
90% lesion formation at a concentration of 20-30 µg ml(-
1). They were resistant to proteases in the native state, but
were readily digested when denatured. Both of them
imparted actinomycin D sensitive resistance by inhibiting
local lesions on Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN by
tobacco mosaic virus. Their application, individually, also
resulted in high resistance in systemic hosts to sunnhemp
rosette virus, and citrus ring spot virus [88].
Antiviral protein and antioxidant activity:
Proteins CCP-25 and CCp-27 isolated from Celosia
cristata leaves studied for correlation between its antiviral
and antioxidant activity. Antiviral proteins showed strong
antioxidant activity through increase in activities of redox
enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and polyphenyl
oxidase. It was evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant
power assay [89].
The chloroform, methanol and aqueous extract
of Celosia cristata leaves (100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml)
were used to determine the paralysis and mortality of
earthworms (used as it shows resemblance with intestinal
roundworm parasites anatomically and physiologically) in
comparison with albendazole (100 mg/ml and 200
mg/ml). Worms placed in both aqueous and methanol
extracts of C. cristata showed significant paralysis and
leads mortality in dose dependent manner. Chloroform
extract showed no significant activity against the worms.
The results revealed that the aqueous extract had higher
significant anthelmintic activity than methanol extract
[63].
Other pharmacological effects
Celosia cristata was considered as one of the
herbal therapy acting as antitussive [67]. Choline esters of
hyaluronic acid from the plant, when fed to rats, showed
antiulcer and gastro-protective effect [64].
The plant prevented fluoride toxicity, the food
supplemented with calcium can reduce the effect of high
fluorine, and the food supplemented with both calcium
and Celosia cristata extracts is better. The water extract
of Celosia cristata could enhance immune function of
mice.
Celosia cristata could strengthen the mouse
endurance and increase the deposit of muscle glycogen
and hepatic glycogen. The ethanol extract of Celosia
cristata possesses the actions of lowing lipids and MDA
and may prevent fatty liver. The water extract of Celosia
cristata exhibits a killing effect on Trichomonas
vaginalis. Celosia cristata injection exhibits obvious
effect of inducing abortion in second trimester on
pregnant mice, guinea pig and rabbit [62].
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CONCLUSION effects. This review was designed to highlight the

The recent pharmacological studies showed that chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of
Celosia cristata exerted wide range of pharmacological Celosia cristata.

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