Dedu505 Teacher Education Hindi

TeacherEducation
DEDU505
vè;kid f'k{kk
TEACHER EDUCATION
Copyright © 2012
All rights reserved with publishers
Produced & Printed by

USI PUBLICATIONS
2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,
New Delhi-110019
for
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara
ikB~;Øe (SYLLABUS)
vè;kid f'k{kk
(Teacher Education)
mís';% fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuqokn 'kSyh ls ifjfpr djokukA
1- vè;kid f'k{kk dh vo/kj.kk ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
2- vè;kid f'k{kk fofHkUu Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dks xgjkbZ ls le> losaQxsA
3- vè;kid f'k{kk dh uohu izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa rduhd dks le> losaQxsA
Objectives: To enable the learners to :
(1) understand the concept of teacher education
(2) develop insight into the problems of teacher education at different levels.
(3) understand new trends, and techniques in teacher education
Sr. No. Description
1 Teacher education—meaning, historical perspectives. Affective teacher

education and competency based teacher education. Types of teacher
education—in-service, pre-service, distance.
2 Aims and objectives of teacher education at elementary level. Aims and
objectives of teacher education at Secondary level. Aims and objectives of
teacher education at college level. Innovative Courses of Teacher Education—
B.El.Ed, B.Sc.Ed.
3 Statutory bodies in teacher education and their functions –NCTE. Agencies of
teacher education and their functions –NCERT. Agencies of teacher education
and their functions- SCERT, DIET. Agencies of teacher education and their
functions -Academic Staff College.
4 Selection criteria for teachers and teacher educators. Policy perspectives on
teacher education—University Education Commission. Policy perspectives on
teacher education—Secondary Education Commission.
5 Policy perspectives on teacher education—Indian Education Commission.
Policy perspectives on teacher education— National Policy on Education—1986
and POA-1992. Globalization and Privatization in teacher education.
6 Simulated Teaching: Concept, purpose and procedure. Internship in teaching—
organization, supervision. Merits and demerits of Internship in teaching.
Evaluation of internships in teaching.
7 Meaning, nature and strategies of teacher controlled instruction. Meaning, nature
and strategies of learner controlled instruction. Meaning, nature and strategies of
group controlled instruction.
8 Teacher education and teacher freezingness. Evaluation mechanisms in teacher
education. Recent trends in research on teacher education.
9 Construction and development of curriculum on teacher education—meaning,
importance. Curriculum development on in integrated in teacher education
curriculum. NCF for Teacher Education, 2009.
10 Comparative analysis of curriculum implemented by Government, aided and
private teacher education institutions. Teaching as a profession, Professional
development of teachers.
fo"k;&lwph
bdkbZ i`"B la[;k
1. vè;kid f'k{kkµvFkZ] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; (Teacher Education—Meaning, Historical Perspectives) 1
2. izHkkoh vkSj izfr;ksfxrk vkèkkfjr vè;kid f'k{kk (Affective Teacher Education and Competency
based Teacher Education) 18
3. vè;kid f'k{kk osQ izdkjµ lsokjr~] lsokiwoZ ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk (Types of Teacher Education—In-Service,
Pre-Service and Distance Education) 35
4. izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk ds mís'; (Aims and Objectives of Teacher Education
at Secondary Level) 53
5. ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objectives of Teacher Education at
Secondary Level) 57
6. egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objectives of Teacher Education
at Secondary Level) 68
7. vè;kid f'k{kk ds vfHkuo ikBÔØe&ch-,y-,M]ch-,llh-,M (Innovative Courses of Teacher

Education—B.El.Ed, B.Sc.Ed.) 73
8- vè;kid f'k{kk osQ oSèkkfud fudk; vkSj muosQ dk;Zµ jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (Statutory
bodies in Teacher Education and their functions (NCTE) 89
9- vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zµ jk-'kS-v-iz-i- (Agencies of Teacher Education and
their Functions—N.C.E.R.T.) 94
10- vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zµ MkbV] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- (Agencies of Teacher
Education and their Function DIET & SCERT) 102
11- vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zµ,osQMfed LVkIk+Q dkWyst (Agencies of Teacher
Education and their Functions—Academic Staff College) 108
12- f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd çf'{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM (Selection Criteria for Teachers and Teacher Educators) 116
13- fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx&uhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk (Policy Perspectives on Teacher
Education-University Education Commission) 124
14- ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksxµuhfr&lkis{k vè;kid f'k{k.k (Policy Perspectives on Teacher

Education—Secondary Education Commission) 132
15- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksxµ uhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk (Policy Perspectives on Teacher
Education—Indian Education Commission) 146
16- PoA-1992)— uhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk (Policy Perspectives on Teacher
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ,oa
Education—National Policy on Education—1986 and Programme of Action (PoA)-1992) 153
17- vè;kid f'k{kk esa oS'ohdj.k vkSj futhdj.k (Globalization and Privatization in Teacher Education) 176
18- vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.kµ vo/kj.kk] mís'; ,oa izfØ;k (Sumulating Teaching—Concept,

Object and Procedure) 191
19- f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki&laxBu] i;Zos{k.k (Internship in Teaching—Organisation, Supervision) 196
20- f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki ds xq.k vkSj voxq.k (Merits and Demerits of Internship in Teaching) 208
21- f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki dk ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Internship in Teaching) 214
22- vè;kid fu;af=kr f'k{k.kµvFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg (Teacher Controlled Instructions—Meaning,
Nature and Strategies) 220
23- vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'kµ vFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg (Learner Controlled
Instructions— Meaning, Nature and Strategies) 234
24- lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'kµ vFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg (Group Controlled Instruction—Meaning,
Nature, and Strategy) 245
25- vè;kidh; tM+rk vkSj vè;kid f'k{kkA (Teacher Education and Teacher Freezingness) 256
26- vè;kid f'k{kk esa ewY;kadu i¼fr (Performance Assessment of Teacher) 264
27- vè;kid f'k{k.kµ'kksèk dh uohu izo`fÙk;k¡ (Current Trends of Research in Teacher Eduction) 277
28- vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ dh lajpuk ,oa fodklµ vFkZ ,oa egÙo (Construction and development
of currriculum on teacher education— meaning, Importance) 288
29- laiw.kZ f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ esa ikBÔp;kZ dk fodkl (Curriculum Development on in Integrated in
Teacher Education Curriculum) 307
30% ljdkj]lgk;rk çkIr vkSj futh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa }kjk ikBÔp;kZ dk;kZfUor ds rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k
(Comparative Analysis of Curriculum Implemented by Government,Aided and Private
Teacher Education Institutions) 318
31- f'k{kk ,d O;olk;µ vè;kid f'k{kk dk O;kolkf;d fodkl (Teaching as a Profession : Professional
Development of Teacher Education) 326
bdkbZ—1% vè;kid f'k{kkμvFkZ] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{;
uksV
bdkbZμ1% vè;kid f'k{kkμvFkZ] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{;
(Teacher Education—Meaning, Historical
Perspectives)
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
1.1 vè;kid f'k{kk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teacher Education)
1.2 vè;kid f'k{kkμ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; (Teacher Education—historical Perspectives)
1.3 lkjka'k (Summary)
1.4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1.5 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)
1.6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
• vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vFkZ ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ,sfrgkfld ifjn`'; ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
vè;kid f'k{kk ,d O;kid izfØ;k gS] ftls ek=k fdlh dkS'ky ;k dk;Z osQ fu"iknu rd lhfer ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA ;g ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa O;fDr esa fufgr vkarfjd {kerkvksa dk fodkl lexz :i ls djus
osQ lkFk gh oS;fDr] lkekftd] jk‘ªh; n`f‘ ;k lanHkZ esa mi;ksxh rFkk lalkèku laiUu O;fDrRo osQ fy, iz;Ru
fd;k tkrk gSA
1-1 vè;kid f'k{kk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teacher Education)

vè;kid f'k{kk osQ varxZr fuEu fcanqvksa dk vFkZ Li‘ djuk vko';d gSA
izf'k{k.k (Training) dk vFkZ
lu~ 1911 esa yUnu esa jkstxkj foHkkx }kjk izdkf'kr izf'k{k.k osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dh lwph esa Training 'kCn dks
fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj bldh O;k[;k dh xbZμ
¶fdlh fn;s x;s dk;Z dks mfpr <ax ls laikfnr djus osQ fy;s fdlh O;fÙkQ fo'ks"k osQ n`f"Vdks.k (vfHko`fÙk)] Kkr]
dkS'ky ,oe~ O;ogkj osQ Øec¼ fodkl dk uke izf'k{k.k gSA¸
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Kku (Knowledge) dk vFkZ

cwuj us vuqns'ku rduhdh esa bl in dh o;k[;k bl izdkj dh gSA ¶vè;kid osQ fy;s mi;ksxh rF;] izR;;]
in] fl¼kUr] lkekU;hdj.k vkfn dk lfEefyr :i Kku gSA¸ vè;kid dks vius fo"k; esa ikjaxr gksuk pkfg;sA
mls vè;kiu dh fofèk;ksa ,oa izfofèk;ksa rFkk mu dkjdksa dk Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg;s tks vè;kiu dks izHkkfor
djrh gSaA mlosQ fy;s cky euksfoKku dk Kku egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s ;g tkuuk vko';d gS
fd dk;Z dh izo`Qfr osQ vuqlkj Kku dk dkSu&lk Hkkx vko';d gSA
f'k{kk (Education) dk vFkZ
os leLr fØ;kdyki f'k{kk dks cksèk djkrs gSa tks thou dk;Z osQ fy;s vko';d Kku] uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj cksèk
osQ fodkl ls lEcfUèkr gksaA f'k{kk dk mís'; iwoZ lwpuk;qÙkQ rFkk lqlfTtr ukxfjdksa dk fodkl djuk gSA ;g
osQoy O;fÙkQ dk oS;fÙkQd fodkl gh ugha cfYd oqQN lkekU; izoQ` fr osQ xq.kksa dk Hkh fodkl gS ftudh gj O;fÙkQ
dks mlosQ O;olk; osQ lEcUèk esa vko';drk gksrh gSA oqQN f'k{kk osQ }kjk ,sls xq.k Hkh fodflr fd;s tkrs gSa
ftudh izR;sd O;fÙkQ osQ thou esa vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj mUgha }kjk og lek;ksftr ,oe~ lkeUtL;;qÙkQ thou
thrk gSA
f'k{kk ,d O;kid 'kCn gS ftls O;olk; fo'ks"k dh lhek esa ckaèkk ugha tk ldrkA ;g Kku] dkS'ky vkSj vfHko`fÙk
ij cy nsrh gS] tks lkekU; izo`Qfr ls lEcfUèkr gS rFkk ftudk mi;ksx ,d ls vfèkd O;ol; esa fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ;g foLr`r leqnk; ,oe~ lekt osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk O;ogkj esa lqèkkj ,oe~
ifjektZu ij cy nsrh gS] rFkk O;fÙkQRo dk fodkl djrh gSA og ,sls O;fÙkQ dk fodkl djrh gS tks vius
okrkoj.k esa #fp j[krk gSA f'k{kk Kku] cksèk] ewY; ,oe~ O;ogkj dk fodkl djrh gS tksfd thou esa lHkh
{ks=kksa esa vko';d gksrh gSaA
XySlj (1962) us fiYlcjh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk izdkf'kr viuh iqLrd îzf'k{k.k vuqlaèkku ,oa f'k{kk ,oe~
izf'k{k.k* esa vUrj fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
(v) mís'; dh fof'k"Vrk dh ek=kkA
(c) O;fDrxr Hksnksa dh vYirk ,oa vfèkdrkA
izf'k{k.k osQ mís'; vfr fof'k"V gksrs gSa rFkk O;fDrxr Hksnksa dks de djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA nwljh vksj 'kSf{kd
mís'; vfr lkekU; gksrs gSa] vkSj O;fDrxr foHksnksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA tc yksxksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rks
muosQ eè; vUrj c<+rk gS] ysfdu tc izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rks muosQ eè; dk vUrj de gksrk gSA nksuksa
esa vUrj fuEufyf[kr gSμ
1- izo`Qfr dk vUrjμf'k{kk thou osQ izR;sd dk;Z osQ fy;s vko';d Kku rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ fodkl ls
lEcfUèkr fozQ;kvksa ij vfèkd cy nsrh gSA izf'k{k.k fdlh dk;Z osQ mfpr lEiknu osQ fy;s vko';d fof'k"V
Kku] vfHko`fÙk] dkS'ky ,oe~ O;ogkj osQ fodkl ij cy nsrk gSA izf'k{k.k ls O;ogkj ,d dk;Z ls nwljs dk;Z
osQ fy;s vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA ;fn ge fdlh O;fDr dks vè;kid osQ :i esa izf'kf{kr djrs gSa rks ge ml
O;fDr osQ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djrs gSa] tks ,d vPNk vè;kid gksus osQ fy;s vko';d gSA
2- mís'; dk vUrjμf'k{kk dk mís'; cPpksa ,oe~ izkS<+ksa dks ,slh vko';d ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iznku djuk gS] tks
mUgsa mu lkekftd ijEijkvksa ,oa fopkjksa dk cksèk djk,] tks ml lekt dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] nwljh laLo`Qfr;ksa
rFkk izko`Qfrd fu;eksa dk Kku djk;s rFkk muesa Hkk"kk;h Kku ,oa vU; dkS'kyksa dks fodflr dj losQ tksfd
vfèkxe rFkk O;fDrxr fodkl vkSj l`tukRedrk dk vkèkkj gSA izf'k{k.k dk mís'; fdlh O;olk; fo'ks"k esa
fuiq.krk izkIr djuk gS] ftlosQ fy;s O;fDr dks izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA izf'k{k.k dk lEcUèk tu vfèkxe ls
gksrk gS rkfd dk;Z dk lEiknu mfpr izdkj ls fof'k"Vrk osQ lkFk fd;k tk losQA
2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

1-2 vè;kid f'k{kkμ ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; (Teacher Education—Historical uksV

Perspectives)
Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk tUe f'k{kk osQ lkFk gh 2500 'krkCnh iwoZ gqvkA vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk
dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ
1- izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kkμ2500 bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw-
2- cq¼dkyhu f'k{kkμ500 bZ- iw- ls 1200 bZ-
3- eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kkμ1200 ls 1700 bZ-
4- fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kkμ1700 ls 1947 rd
5- LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kkμ1947 ls vc rd
1- izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kk (Ancient and Medieval Education)μbl dky esa f'k{kd dh O;oLFkk
osQ lEcUèk esa vfèkd lk{; miyCèk ugha gSaA Hkkjrh; lH;rk osQ izkjfEHkd dky esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk osnksa ls lEcfU/r
FkhA lekt osQ pkj o.kks± esa ls osQoy czkã.k oxZ gh lekt dks f'kf{kr cukus dk dk;Z djrk FkkA og KkuktZu rFkk
Kku iznku djuk viuk eq[; dÙkZO; le>rk FkkA Kku dk foLrkj vFkok f'k{kk] Nk=k vkSj f'k{kd osQ eè; f}eq[kh
izfozQ;k FkhA
oSfnd dky esa f'k{kk tkfr O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA gj tkfr vius O;oLkk; osQ izfr lefiZr FkhA czkã.k f'k{kk
nsdj viuk thfodksiktZu djrs FksA ml le; izf'k{k.k iznku djus okyh dksbZ vkSipkfjd laLFkk ugha FkhA Nk=k vius
xq#] ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod osQ }kjk gh izf'kf{kr gksrs FksA ;g ,d vkuqofa 'kd izfozQ;k FkhA f'k{k.k dyk dks f'k{kd
vius ifjokj osQ ekè;e ls lh[krk FkkA f'k{k.k O;olk; ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks izkIr gksrk FkkA
oSfnd dkyhu f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ rFkk izfofèk;k¡ ljy FkhaA Nk=k dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ fy, f'k{kd ij fuHkZj
jguk iM+rk FkkA f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ osQ eè; cgqr gh ?kfu"B lEcUèk FkkA MkW- vkj- ih- flag osQ vuqlkj bl dky
esa czkã.k ifjokjksa esa oa'kkuqozQe ls gh f'k{k.k dk;Z gksrk FkkA ;|fi bl ckr dk dksbZ lk{; ugha gS fd vè;kid
izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, dksbZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk dh x;h Fkh ijUrq ;g lR; gS fd f'k{kd vius fo"k;ksa dk Kku izkIr
djrs FksA Li"V gS fd bl dky esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh dksbZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ugha FkhA
2- cq¼dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in Buddha Period)μcq¼dky osQ izkjEHk esa 2500 bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw- rd
f'k{k.k ,d oa'kkuqozQfer izfozQ;k FkhA bl dky esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ egÙo dks tku fy;k x;k FkkA blh le; ;g
èkkj.kk cuh fd f'k{k.k dk O;olk; osQoy czkã.kksa dh gh èkjksgj ugha gS vfirq fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k leqnk; dk dksbZ
Hkh izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr izf'k{k.kksijkUr vè;kid dk ntkZ izkIr dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj vkSipkfjd vè;kid
izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk bl dky esa 'kq: gqbAZ vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk osQ }kjk f'k{k.k O;olk; fodflr fd;k
x;kA vè;kidksa osQ fy, izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk Hkh cuhA ;g f'k{kk cq¼ dh èkeZ f'k{kk osQ izpkj vkSj izlkj osQ fy,
f'k{kdksa dks izf'kf{kr djus osQ fy, Fkh u fd fo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, nh x;h FkhA izf'k{k.k izkIrdÙkkZ fHk{kq
Fks ftUgksaus cq¼ osQ èkeZ izpkj osQ fy, dk;Z fd;kA
nks voLFkkvksa dks ikj djosQ fHk{kq vè;kid Lrj osQ ;ksX; ekus tkrs FksA mUgsa nks vè;kidksa dh ns[k&js[k esa tkrk
FkkA os uSfrdrk osQ vkpj.k rFkk èkeZ vkSj vuq'kklu dk izf'k{k.k izkIr djrs FksA os bu rÙoksa dks osQoy lS¼kfUrd
:i ls gh ugha oju~ thoup;kZ esa Hkh djrs Fks] tc rd fd muosQ fujh{k.kdÙkkZ lUrq"V u gks tk;saA os vè;kid
O;olk; dks viukus osQ fy, ;ksX;rk izek.k&i=k rFkk ykblsUl izkIr dj ysrs FksA
ckS¼dkyhu izf'k{k.k fofèk vkSj rduhdh cgqr lkèkkj.k FkhA izf'kf{kr Hkq{kqvksa dh fofèk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh O;oLFkk
ij vkèkkfjr Fkh tksfd eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkk dgh tkrh FkhA bl izdkj ls vè;kid f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk
lkeus vk;hA bl izdkj f'k{k.k ,d vPNs O;olk; osQ :i esa le>k x;kA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 3- eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in Muslim Period)μeqfLye dky esa vè;kid f'k{k.k dh dksbZ
vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ugha FkhA f'k{kk ,d tudk;Z FkhA 'kSf{kd laLFkk;sa ênjlksa* osQ :i esa FkhaA osQoy êkSyoh*
gh vè;kid osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA f'k{kk èkkfeZd FkhA eq[; :i ls ôqQjku* dh f'k{kk vyx ls nh tkrh
FkhA f'k{kdksa osQ fy, dksbZ vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k ugha FkkA ekSyoh gh etfyl vkSj enjlksa esa vè;kid osQ :i
esa dk;Z djrs FksA oqQN izxfr'khy vjch LowQy Hkh Fks ftuesa vfèkd mPprj ikB~;ozQeksa dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh vko';d eglwl ugha dh x;h FkhA fdlh Hkh in dh fu;qfDr osQ fy, dksbZ O;kolkf;d
izf'k{k.k vko';d ugha le>k tkrk FkkA 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvksa dh vis{kk nwljh fopkjkèkkjkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij
fu;qfDr;k¡ dh tkrh FkhaA f'k{k.k] vkS"kfèk] lkfgR;] dyk vkSj laxhr fo}rkiw.kZ O;olk;ksa osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;s
x;s Fks] fdUrq bu O;olk;ksa dh fu;fer f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.k osQ fy, laLFkk;sa ugh Fkha] u gh muosQ egÙo dks
bl dky esa igpkuk x;k FkkA vjc rFkk Hkkjr osQ osQoy i<+s&fy[ks O;fDr;ksa dks gh ekSyfo;ksa osQ in ij fu;qDr
fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa osQoy eqfLye oxZ osQ O;fDr gh etfyl vkSj enjlksa esa i<+kus osQ fy,
;ksX; le>s tkrs FksA
Hkkjr esa eqlyekuksa osQ 'kklu dky esa 'kSf{kd laLFkk,a enjlksa osQ :i esa LFkkfir Fkha]
vkSj ekSyoh ogk¡ vè;kid osQ :i esa f'k{k.k dk;Z djrs FksA
4- fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in British Period)μfczfV'k dkyhu 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk baXySaM dh 'kSf{kd
O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj LFkkfir dh xbZA ;g f'k{kk dh izxfr'khy O;oLFkk FkhA f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh eksuhVksfj;y
O;oLFkk vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa vHkh ugh vkbZ FkhA tc vaxzst vk;s rks f'k{kk
osQ {ks=k esa mudk eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks fczfV'k O;oLFkk osQ vuq:i f'k{kk nsuk FkkA Hkkjr esa vè;kid
f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk osQ :i esas loZizFke MsuekoZQ osQ fe'kufj;ksa us lhjkeiqj (if'pe caxky) esa ,d
vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k osQanz LFkkfir fd;kA ;g fe'kujht dh O;fDrxr laLFkk FkhA Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k
osQ lEcUèk esa ;g igyk dne FkkA
bl izdkj rhu vkSj O;fDrxr laLFkk;sa [kksyh xb± ftudks ukWey Z fo|ky; dgk x;kA ;s enzkl] cEcbZ vkSj dydÙkk
esa FkhaA bu laLFkkvksa esa dk;Z 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ljdkj us buesa Hkkx fy;kA bl izdkj osQ LowQy iwuk vkSj lwjr
esa Hkh [kksys x;sA ckn esa vè;kidksa dh vfèkd vko';drk eglwwl dh x;h vkSj izkbejh LowQyksa dh la[;k esa
o`f¼ gqbZA rhu vkSj ukWeZy laLFkk;sa vkxjk] esjB vkSj okjk.klh esa LFkkfir dh x;haA 1824 esa bu laLFkkvksa dh
la[;k c<+dj 26 igq¡p x;hA
fczfV'k dky es vè;kid f'k{kk dk bfrgkl
bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls fczfV'k dky esa vè;kid f'k{kk dks rhu Lrjksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ
1- eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkkμ1800&1880
2- vè;kid izf'k{k.kμ1882&1940
3- vè;kid f'k{kkμ1940 ls vc rd
1- eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkk (Monitorial Arrangement)μlu~ 1800&1880 osQ izkjfEHkd fczfV'k dky esa
Hkkjrh; fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk f'k{kk dk dksbZ foLrkj ugha gqvk Fkk] blfy;s vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh f'k{kk
dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha FkhA bl dky es fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks osQoy i<+k;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vuq'kklu ij tksj fn;k tkrk
FkkA os vè;kidksa }kjk funsZf'kr fd;s tkrs FksA lu~ 1787 esa MkW- ,sfUMª;wt cSy us enzkl esa izkbejh Lrj ij bl

O;oLFkk dks LFkkfir fd;kA bUgha LFkkuksa ij vijsfUVlf'ki O;oLFkk LowQyksa esa Hkh LFkkfir dh x;hA bldk iz;ksx uksV
d{kk esa vuq'kklu dks cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA
ySudkLVªh;u O;oLFkk
lu~ 1819 esa caxky osQ ^dydÙkk LowQy lekt* esa ySudkLVªh;u O;oLFkk dks f'k{kdksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy;s
'kq: fd;k x;kA loZizFke Fkkel equjks us lu~ 1826 esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa ;kstukc¼ iz;kl fd;kA lu~
1857 eas mÙkj izns'k esa vkxjk] esjB] cukjl vkSj bykgkckn esa oqQN LowQyksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA lu~ 1954
esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ foLrkj osQ fy;s cq¼ dh laLrqfr;k¡ izLrkfor dh x;haA ml le; 106 ukWeZy LowQyksa
esa 4000 Nk=kkè;kidksa dks ukekafdr fd;k x;k] bl ij djhc pkj yk[k #i;ksa dk [kpZ vk;kA ml le; enzkl
vkSj ykgkSj esa ekè;fed Lrj osQ fy, nkss izf'k{k.k dkWyst FksA bu izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa Lukrd rFkk vLukrd
Nk=k ukekafdr fd;s tkrs FksA
2- vè;kid izf'k{k.k (Teacher’s Traning) (1882&1940)μgVk±x deh'ku us lu~ 1882 esa izkFkfed f'k{kk
esa lqèkkj rFkk f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk ij cy fn;kA oqQN ukWeZy LowQyksa dks LFkkfir fd;k
x;k] ijUrq ekè;fed izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh vksj dksbZ fo'ks"k è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA
19oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr rd ns'k esa ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s 6 izf'k{k.k fo|ky; enzkl] ykgkSj] jkteqUnjh]
djlksek] tcyiqj vkSj bykgkckn esa FksA
fo'ofo|ky; ,sDV 1904 us ekè;fed Lrj osQ izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa osQ fodkl osQ fy;s laLrqfr;k¡ dha] ftlls
izf'k{k.k dkyst [kksys x;sA bu fo|ky;ksa osQ fy;s izn'kZu LowQy [kksys x;sA lu~ 1906 esa cEcbZ esa ,d izf'k{k.k
fo|ky; [kksyk x;kA lu~ 1912 esa ljdkj us laLrqfr dh fd vkèkqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa mfpr ;ksX;rk izek.k&i=k
osQ vHkko esa fdlh Hkh f'k{kd dks i<+kus dh vuqefr ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
lu~ 1917 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx us fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk foHkkx dh O;oLFkk ij cy fn;k] tksfd
izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy djsxa As blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i lu~ 1921 rd 13 f'k{kk foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk
dh x;hA
izkFkfed f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
lu~ 1929 esa gVksZx desVh us izkbejh f'k{kk osQ osQUnzksa osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ dhaμ
1- izkbejh f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks mQij mBkukA
2- vPNs vkSj izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr djukA
3- fjizsQ'kj dkslZ dk izkoèkku djukA
4- izkbejh f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dh [kkst djukA
bl le; rd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk iz'kklfud Lrj bl izdkj Fkkμ
1- Lukrd Lrj (,y- Vh-)
2- bUVj Lrj (lh- Vh-)
3- izkbejh Lrj (,p- Vh- lh-)
lu~ 1854 es oqM fMLiSp us f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk osQ egÙo ij cy fn;kA oqM fMLiSp us vè;kid f'k{kk
dh voLFkk dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k vkSj vius fopkj fn;s] ftudk lUnHkZ osQoy Hkkjr rd gh lhfer FkkA
bl fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj ij vuqnku nsus osQ fy;s ,d u;k fl¼kUr cuk;k x;kA vuqnku nsus dk vkèkkj fdlh LowQy
esa izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh la[;k dks ekuk x;kA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh ek¡x c<+hA blls vè;kidksa
osQ izf'k{k.k dks vfèkd egÙkk feyhA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV lu~ 1881&82 esa Hkkjr esa 106 ukWeZy LowQy [kksys x;s vkSj bu LowQyksa esa 38886 Nk=kkè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k
x;kA ;s lHkh laLFkk;sa osQoy izkbejh vè;kidksa dks gh rS;kj djrh FkhaaA
lu~ 1881 ls 1882 rd osQoy oqQN izkFkfed fo|ky; vkSj oqQN ekè;fed fo|ky; gh [kksys x;sA bl le;
ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ fy;s vè;kidksa dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gqbAZ vLrq ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa osQ fy;s Hkh izf'k{k.k fo|ky;
[kksys x;sA lu~ 1856 esa enzkl esa izFke ekè;fed izf'k{k.k LowQy LFkkfir gqvk tksfd jktdh; ukWeZy LowQy
dgyk;kA blesa izkbejh rFkk ekè;fed nksuksa gh Lrjksa osQ vè;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k x;kA lu~ 1880 esa ykgkSj
esa blh osQ leku ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s ,d laLFkku 'kq: gqvkA ,l- ,u- eq[kthZ osQ 'kCnksa
esa] ¶bu fo|ky;ksa esa Lukrd rFkk vLukrd dks ,d gh d{kk es fy;k x;k] ikB~;ozQeksa dk osQoy oqQN Hkkx
gh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr Fkk vU;Fkk iw.kZ ikB~;ozQe bl ij vkèkkfjr Fkk fd f'k{kdksa dks d{kk esa D;k
i<+uk gS\ enzkl dk ukWeZy LowQy bl le; ,d lkFkZd dne Fkk D;ksafd mlesa ekWMy LowQy dh O;oLFkk Hkh
dh x;h FkhA¸
izR;sd pkj&ik¡p o"kZ osQ vUrjky osQ ckn] izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa esa lqèkkj vkSj fodkl dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ lkFk ,d
fjiksVZ yk;h x;h vkSj iwjh O;oLFkk dks iqufoZpkfjr fd;k x;k] ftlesa f'k{kd osQ xq.k vkSj la[;k osQ chp
lglEcUèk fn[kk;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx
lu~ 1882 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh vfu;ferrkvksa dh tk¡p osQ fy;s] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
tk¡p djus osQ i'pkr~ vk;ksx us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa lqèkkj Loho`Qr fd;sA vk;ksx us vfu;ferrkvksa dks nwj djus
osQ fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;sμ
1- tSls fd LowQyksa dk fodkl fd;k tk, oSls gh izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa Hkh foLr`r dh tkuh pkfg;sA
2- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh xq.kkRed dks c<+us osQ fy;s deh'ku us ,d ijh{kk dk;kZfUor djus dh lykg nh ftlesa
lS¼kfUrd vkSj izk;ksxkRed ijh{kk gksA bles mÙkh.kZ gksus okys gh f'k{kd osQ fy;s ;ksX; ekus tkus pkfg;saA
3- izf'k{k.k LowQyksa dh O;oLFkk Lukrdksa osQ fy;s vyx vkSj vLukrdksa osQ fy;s vyx gksuh pkfg;sA vLukrdksa
osQ fy;s rFkk mPp Lrj osQ fy;s fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh izf'k{k.k O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sA blh izdkj buosQ
dk;ZoQz e Hkh fHkUu gksus pkfg;sAa bl lUnHkZ esa ,l- ,u- eq[kthZ fy[krs gSa fd] ¶vk;ksx dgrk gS fd vLukrd
rFkk Lukrdksa dks vyx&vyx izdkj dk izf'k{k.k nsus dh vko';drk dks igpkuk tkuk pkfg;s vkSj buosQ
izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe rFkk 'kSf{kd ikB~;ozQe osQ vkèkkj Hkh vyx&vyx gksus pkfg;saA¸
izf'k{k.k dkWyst
19oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr esa ns'k esa enzkl] ykgkSj] jktkeqUnh] djfla;kx] tcyiqj] bykgkckn esa Ng izf'k{k.k dkWyst
FksA ekè;fed vè;kidksa osQ fy;s ipkl izf'k{k.k fo|ky; FksA vLrq vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa
o`f¼ dh xbZ vkSj mUgsa vfèkd mPprj (,MokUl) cuk;k x;kA
ykMZ dtZu us f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.k dh vksj i;kZIr è;ku fn;kA mUgksasus Hkkjr esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk
vkSj egÙo ij cy fn;kA mUgksaus dgk] ¶;fn fo|ky;h f'k{kk dks vfèkd izHkko'kkyh cukuk gS rks vè;kidksa
dks vPNh izdkj ls izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;sA¸
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lu~ 1904 osQ iqulZekèkku esa 'kSf{kd uhfr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dh leL;k ij cy fn;k x;kA
blesa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd] ¶;fn mPp Lrj ij ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu dk dk;Z c<+kuk gS] ;fn
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ikB~;iqLrd ij fuHkZj gksus dh izo`fÙk ,oa jVus dh izo`fÙk ?kVkuh gS rks ;wjksih; Kku dk izlkj
mi;qDr fofèk osQ }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k dh dyk esa izf'kf{kr
gksuk pkfg;sA¸

uksV
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (lu~ 1882) dh flI+kQkfj'kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
vè;kid izf'k{k.k esa lqèkkj osQ lq>ko

ns'k esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s x,μ
1- f'k{k.k laLFkk;sa vPNh izdkj ls lkèku lEiUu gksaA
2- Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,d o"khZ; fo'ofo|ky;h fMxzh ;k fMIyksek gksuk pkfg;sA vLukrdksa osQ fy;s f}o"khZ;
ikB~;ozQe dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sA
3- izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ deZpkjh mudh ;ksX;rk vkSj vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij fu;qDr gksus pkfg;saA
4- izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa vkSj fo|ky;ksa osQ chp vyxko ij è;ku nsuk pkfg;sA
5- f'k{k.k esa ikB~;ozQeksa dks lS¼kfUrd i`"BHkwfe vkSj iz;ksxkRed izf'k{k.k ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg;sA
6- lHkh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vH;kl osQ fy;s fo|ky; tqM+s gksus pkfg;saA
mijksDr laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kke
1- izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh la[;k c<+rh xbZA
2- Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,do"khZ; fMxzh ;k fMIyksek
3- vH;kl fo|ky;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
lu~ 1912 esa ljdkj dh ?kks"k.kk
bl ?kks"k.kk esa lu~ 1904 dh uhfr ij cy fn;k vkSj dgk x;k fd fdlh Hkh vizf'kf{kr vè;kid dks i<+kus
osQ fy;s vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg;sA bl ?kks"k.kk us Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dks fn'kk iznku dhA
lSMyj vk;ksx
lu~ 1919 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s laLrqfr;ksa osQ fy;s lSMyj vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bl
vk;ksx us ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kidksa osQ O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k esa fo'ofo|ky; dh Hkwfedk ij cy fn;kA
bl vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
1- izR;sd fo'ofo|ky; esa ,d f'k{kk foHkkx dh LFkkiuk gksA
2- f'k{kk esa LukrdksÙkj (,e- ,M-) dh mikfèk gksA
3- fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa HkkSfrd lqfoèkk;sa vk;kr dh tk;saA
4- f'k{kk dks b.VjehfM,V Lrj ij ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa i<+k;k tk;sA
bu laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuEufyf[kr dk;Z lEiUu gq,μ
1- vfèkdrj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Lukrd vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe 'kq: fd, x,A
2- Lukrd vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k dkWystksa@foHkkxksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ dh xbZA
,d o"kZ i'pkr~ fczfV'k f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ }kjk nksckjk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa la'kksèku fd; x;kA gVksxZ desVh us Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk ij ,d fjiksVZ nhA blesa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa laLrqfr;ksa dks Hkh ewY;kafdr fd;k x;kA
gVk±x desVh
lu~ 1929 esa gVksZx desVh us vè;kidksa osQ lsokdkyhu iquewZY;kadu osQ fo"k; esa egÙoiw.kZ laLrqfr;k¡ nhaA bu
laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuEufyf[kr dk;Z lEiUu gq,μ

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 1- vè;kidksa osQ fy;s fjizSQ'klZ ikB~;ozQe (Refresher Course) dh O;oLFkk 'kq: dh xbZA
2- oqQN fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk foHkkxksa dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZA
3- f'k{kk esa vuqlaèkku fMxzh Hkh 'kq: dh xbZA
4- vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa us viuh iz;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa dks lqèkkjk vkSj lkèku lEiUu fd;kA
5- vH;kl fo|ky; Hkh Hkyh izdkj ls lkèku lEiUu fd;s x;sA
lu~ 1930 esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa
1- izkbejh vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k LowQyA
2- ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ izf'k{k.k vè;kid dh ukWeZy vè;kid laLFkk,¡A ekè;fed d{kkvkas dks vLukrdksa osQ
fy;s izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ :i esa tkuk x;kA
3- Lukrdksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k laLFkkuA
xk¡èkh th dk ;ksxnku
Hkkjr esa 1937 esa ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ vkUnksyu gqvkA egkRek xk¡èkh us dgk fd tc rd fd O;fDr f'kf{kr
u gksa] iw.kZ LorU=krk dk egÙo vuqHko ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mUgksaus csfld f'k{kk dk izfriknu fd;k tksfd
vkRecy iznku djus okyk vkSj lLrk FkkA lu~ 1937 esa oèkkZ esa csfld f'k{kk dks izfrikfnr djus dh izFke
laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu us f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; O;oLFkk ij cy fn;kA bl lEesyu esa
vè;kid&f'k{kk dh i¼fr ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA ;g cy fn;k x;k fd vè;kidksa dks f'k{kk osQ u;s n'kZu
vkSj u;h fofèk;ksa esa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i csfld izf'k{k.k dkWyst vfLrRo esa vk;sA
bu dkWystksa esa dyk vkSj gLrdyk fo'ks"k :i ls iqLrd dyk esa izf'k{k.k ij cy fn;k x;kA
mÙkj izns'k esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k
mÙkj izns'k esa bykgkckn es igyh ckj csfld vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;s vè;kid fo'ks"k
:i ls izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;s x;sA bu vè;kidksa osQ fy;s bu csfld gLrdykvksa esa fuiq.krk
dh vko';drk vuqHko dh x;h] tSls o`Qf"k foHkkx] x`g foKku bR;kfnA izR;sd vè;kid gLrdykvksa esa ls ,d
esa fuiq.k gksuk pkfg;sA nwljs fo|ky;ksa es lq>k;s x;s fofèk vkSj ikB~;ozQe ls budh fofèk;ksa vkSj ikB~;ozQe esa vUrj
gksuk pkfg;sA izR;sd fo"k; oqQN gLrdykvksa vkSj thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lg&lacfa èkr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA Nk=kksa
ls ;g vis{kk dh xbZ fd os xf.kr esa fuiq.krk vkSj drkbZ&cqukbZ esa oqQ'kyrk izkIr djsaA bls vè;kiu ls
lg&lacafèkr fd;k x;kA
3- vè;kid f'k{kk (1940 ls vc rd)μlktsUZ V deh'ku lu~ 1944 esa fiQj ^f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj dh ;kstuk*
dks tkWu lktsZUV dk lw=k ekuk x;kA ;g ,d foLr`r ;kstuk Fkh tksfd lHkh Lrjksa ij Loho`Qr gqbZA bl ;kstuk esa
f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ij dbZ laLrqfr;k¡ nh xb±A vè;kid f'k{kk ij blus fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
1- Lukrd vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tks fd dkWystksa] ljdkj ;k fo'of|ky; foHkkxksa
}kjk 'kq: gksaA
2- fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh xq.kkRedrk esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg;sA vk;ksx us laLrqfr nh fd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k esa Hkh lq/kj
gksuk pkfg;sA
3- deh'ku us rhu izdkj osQ izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa [kksyus osQ lq>ko fn;sμ
(i) izkbejh LowQyksa osQ fy;s vè;kid rS;kj djus okys izf'k{k.k fo|ky;A
(ii) izkbejh Lrj osQ fy;s izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k fo|ky;A
(iii) vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s twfu;j izf'k{k.k fo|ky;A

4- bl ;kstuk us vè;kidksa osQ fy;s fjizSQ'klZ dkslZ dh egÙkk ij cy fn;kA uksV

5- bl ;kstuk us ;g cryk;k x;k fd vkus okys nks&rhu o"kks± esa ns'k dks 20 yk[k vLukrd vkSj 1-81 yk[k
Lukrd vè;kidksa dh vko';drk gksxhA f'k{kd dk dk;Z osQoy Kku nsuk gh ugha gS cfYd og Nk=k osQ
O;fDrÙo dks cukrk gSA cPps Hkfo"; osQ ukxfjd gSa vkSj f'k{kd dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vPNs ukxfjdksa
dh mRifÙk djsA
Hkkjr es vè;kid f'k{kk 'kCn dk iz;ksx LorU=krk osQ i'pkr~ fd;k x;kA vè;kid f'k{kk uked ,d u;k izR;;
fodflr gqvkA bl izR;; esa bl ckr ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;k fd vè;kidksa dks osQoy izf'kf{kr gh ugha oju~
f'kf{kr gh ugha oju~ f'kf{kr Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ lEcUèk esa vfèkd etcwr vkSj O;kid :i
mHkjdj lkeus vk;sA 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks nwj djus osQ fy;s ,d vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
jkèkko`Q".ku vk;ksxμlu~ 1948 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d egku f'k{kkfon~ MkW- loZiYyh jkèkko`Q".ku dh vè;{krk
esa fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA bl vk;ksx us lu~ 1949 esa viuh fjiksVZ nhA ;|fi ;g vk;ksx
eq[; :i ls fo'ofo|kyh; f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr Fkk ijUrq blesa vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ ckjs esa Hkh oqQN laLrqfr;k¡
nh xb±A tc Hkh fuèkkZfjr desfV;ksa us vè;kid f'k{kk ij iqufoZpkj fd;k] izR;sd ckj ;g ik;k x;k fd vè;kid
f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed vkSj ek=kkRed lqèkkj dh vko';drk gSA
LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dk bfrgklμLorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ izR;sd ns'k esa ubZ ljdkj dks dbZ
izdkj osQ lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA LorU=krk izkIr djus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lkeus
dbZ izdkj dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj vU; izdkj dh leL;k,¡ vkb±A f'k{kk osQ egÙo ij cy
fn;k x;kA izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa vkSj LowQyksa dh vko';drk esa o`f¼ gqbZA vko';d f'k{kk dk u;k izR;; fodflr
gqvkA jk"Vªh; vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa osQ lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ,d cM+s ifjorZu dh vko';drk
dk vuqHko fd;k x;kA ;g dgk x;k fd f'k{kk O;oLFkk vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj jgh gSA ;g ekuk x;k
fd vè;kid f'k{kk osQoy vè;kid izf'k{k.k gh ugha gS] blesa Lukrd vè;kidksa dh vko';drk gksxhA bl
ek¡x dks iwjh djus osQ fy;s vk;ksx us vfèkd izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dks 'kq: djus ij cy fn;kA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
ns'k esa fo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA lu~ 1947 eas ;g vuqekfur fd;k x;k fd izkbejh LowQyksa
esa vè;kidksa dh la[;k 4 yk[k Fkh ijUrq 69» gh vè;kid miyCèk FksA lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ ch- ,M- foHkkx dkWyt s ksa
ls lEcfUèkr ugha FksA ml le; rhu osQUnzksa ij cukjl] vkxjk vkSj bykgkckn esa Lukrd f'k{kdksa dks izf'k{k.k
fn;k tkrk FkkA cgqr ls vizf'kf{kr vè;kid de osru ij fu;qDr FksA fefMy Lrj ij osQoy 59» vè;kid
(72000) gh izf'kf{kr Fks] 'ks"k lHkh vizf'kf{kr FksA ekè;fed Lrj ij eqf'dy ls 51» (88000) vè;kid gh
izf'kf{kr FksA ekè;fed Lrj ij vè;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr djus okys osQoy 42 izf'k{k.k dkWfyt FksA ekè;fed
LowQyksa esa 59» vizf'kf{kr vè;kid dk;Zjr FksA vLrq ljdkj us lkspk fd D;ksa u O;fDrxr dkystksa dks gh
izf'k{k.k fo|ky; cuk fn;k tk;sA
orZeku le; esa mÙk izns'k ljdkj us vè;kid dh xq.kork esa lq/kj osQ eísutj vè;kidksa osQ p;u
gsrq CTET (Conbined Teacher Elegibility Test) ijh{kk dk izko/ku fd;k gSA
jkèkko`Q".ku vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa

1- vè;kid izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dks iquizkZ:fir djuk pkfg;sA lS¼kafrd f'k{k.k dh rqyuk esa iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk
vkSj f'k{k.k vH;kl dks vfèkd le; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa osQ vfèkd fodkl ij cy fn;k
tkuk pkfg;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 2- f'k{k.k vH;kl osQ fy;s mfpr LowQyksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3- izf'k{k.k dkWyt
s ksa esa mu vè;kidksa dks fu;qDr djuk pkfg;s tksfd vè;kiu osQ dk;Z dk i;kZIr vuqHko j[krs gksAa
4- lS¼kafrd ikB~;ozQeksa dks yphyk vkSj O;kogkfjd vko';drkvksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djus okyk
gksuk pkfg;sA bl v;ksx us ikB~;ozQeksa osQ ekudhdj.k dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA
5- ,e- ,M- ikB~;ozQe osQ fy;s Nk=k dks ,d yEck vuqHko gksuk pkfg;sA
6- izksisQlj vkSj vè;kid gksus osQ fy;s Hkkjrh; Lrj ij izksisQlj vkSj vè;kid }kjk Lo;a vuqlUèkku dk;Z
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx
lu~ 1952 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us MkW- ,- ,y- eqnkfy;j dh vè;{krk esa ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;kA
eqnkfy;j lkgc enzkl fo'ofo|ky; esa 13 o"kks± ls okbl pkalyj FksA
eqnkfy;j deh'ku dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ lqèkkj dh oqQath vè;kid
gSA blfy;s f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk lqèkkj cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA deh'ku us izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa dk;Zn'kkvksa osQ lqèkkj
dh laLrqfr dh rFkk vè;kidksa osQ lkekftd Lrj dks mBkus dh dksf'k'k dhA bl vk;ksx us vè;kid f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk esa oqQN izeq[k cnyko ykus osQ fy;s bl vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr egÙoiw.kZ laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
(1) vLukrdksa osQ fy;s f}o"khZ; vkSj Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,do"khZ; ikB~;ozQe gksuk pkfg;sA
(2) Nk=kkè;kid ,d ;k nks ikB~;ozQeksÙkj fozQ;kvksa esa Hkh izf'kf{kr fd;s tkus pkfg;saA
(3) Nk=kkè;kidksa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh iQhl ugha ysuh pkfg;sA mUgsa i;kZIr [kkus&ihus vkSj jgus dh lqfo/k;sa
miyCèk gksuh pkfg;saA
(4) vk;ksx us fjizsQ'kj dkslZ ij cy fn;kA vYidkyhu rhoz ikB~;ozQe vkSj fof'k"V ikB~;ozQeksa] ooZQ'kki vkSj
lsokjr vè;kidksa osQ fy;s xksf"B;ksa bR;kfn dks vko';d :i ls Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
(5) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dks vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa osQ fy;s vuqlaèkku dk;Z djus pkfg;saA
(6) ,d fo'ks"k va'kdkyhu ikB~;ozQeksa dks izLrkfor fd;k x;k ftldh igyh xks"Bh mLekfu;k fo'ofo|ky;
esa 1959 esa gqbZA
(7) vè;kidksa dk izf'k{k.k osQoy ljdkj dk gh mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA lEc¼ dkWystksa esa izf'k{k.k foHkkxksa dh
LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg;sA
(8) izf'kf{kr Lukrd de ls de 3 o"kZ dk vuqHko izkIr djus osQ i'pkr~ gh ,e- ,M- esa izos'k izkIr djsaxsA
vk;ksx us cgqmís'kh; LowQyksa dh vkèkkjHkwr vkSj yxkrkj gksus okys deh] f'kf{krksa dh deh vkSj izf'kf{kr vkSj
;ksX; vè;kidksa dh deh dk è;ku fnyk;kA buosQ fy;s vè;kid f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQeksa dh ;kstuk dh vko';drk
ij cy fn;k x;kA bl y{; dks ysdj ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ rgr lu~ 1963 esa f'k{kk osQ 4 {ks=kh; dkWyst
ns'k osQ 4 {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir fd;s x;sA foLrkj lsok foHkkx }kjk bu dkWystksa osQ fodkl vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk osQ
u;s dk;ZozQeksa osQ izn'kZu dh vk'kk dh x;hA bu dkWystksa }kjk LowQy vè;kidksa vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ
fy;s lsokjr izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe fodflr fd;s x;sA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx
lu~ 1964 esa MkW- Mh- dksBkjh dh vè;{krk esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx us O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh orZeku O;oLFkk
dh dfe;ksa dks fn[kk;kA bl vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij viuh O;kid fjiksVZ nhA ns'k esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk
esa lqèkkj osQ fy;s vk;ksx us fofHkUu laLrqfr;k¡ nhaA bl vk;ksx us loZizFke iwjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh tk¡p dh vkSj
blosQ vUrxZr dfe;ksa dks igpkuus dh dksf'k'k dhA budh vkykspuk dh x;hA bl ewY;kadu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
fuEu&fyf[kr fu"d"kZ fn;s x,μ

(1) vè;kid f'k{kk dk Lrj fuEu vkSj eè;e gSA uksV

(2) gj izf'k{k.k dkWyst esa izHkkodkjh iqjkru Nk=k (Alumini) laxBu dh LFkkiu gksuh pkfg;sA
(3) vè;kid f'k{kk 'kSf{kd thou dh eq[; èkkjk ls vyx gSA
(4) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa n{k LVkWiQ ugha gSA
(5) vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;ozQe esa ;FkkFkZokn dh deh gSA
(6) vè;kid f'k{kk ,sls ikB~;ozQe dk f'k{k.k ugha djrh gS tksfd okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks laLFkkvksa dk lkeuk
djus osQ fy;s etcwr cuk;sA
(7) Hkkjr dk vè;kid izf'k{k.k cgqr gh :f<+oknh gS] ftlesa fd fuf'pr izk:i vkSj :<+ izfofèk;k¡ gh f'k{k.k
vH;kl esa nksgjk;h tkrh gSaA
vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe dh bu dfe;ksa dks fn[kkrs gq;s vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
(1) vè;kid izf'k{k.k ls 'kSf{kd thou osQ vyxko dks gVk;k tk;sA
(2) vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj gksA
(3) vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh lqfoèkkvksa dks c<+k;k tk;sA
(4) lHkh vè;kidksa dh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks yxkrkj cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s lgh rjhosQ cuk;s tk;saA
(5) osQUnz vkSj izkUrksa esa Lrj cuk;s j[kus rFkk O;oLFkk osQ fy;s mfpr izdkj osQ lkèkuksa dh fu;qfDr gksA
vyxko nwj djuk (Removing Isolation)
bl lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nh x;haμ
(1) f'k{kk'kkL=k dks ,d LorU=k 'kSf{kd fo"k; gksuk pkfg;s vkSj ;g ch- ,- vkSj ,e- ,- esa ,d oSdfYid fo"k;
osQ :i esa izLrkfor gksuk pkfg;sA
(2) f'k{kk'kkL=k dks LowQy fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ LowQy dk izR;; vè;kid
izf'k{k.k LowQyksa ls dgha vfèkd O;kid vkSj cM+k gSA
(3) izlkj dk;Z dks izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dk ,d vko';d dk;Z gksuk pkfg;s ftlosQ }kjk lsokjr f'k{kd vius
fo"k; dks i<+k losQA
(4) gj izf'k{k.k dkWyst esa izHkkodkjh iqjkru Nk=k la?k LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(5) lHkh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk dkWyst Lrj ij mRFkku gksuk pkfg;sA gesa Lukrdksa dks lHkh Lrjksa osQ LowQyksa osQ
fy;s izf'k{k.k nsuk pkfg;sA mRFkku }kjk izf'k{k.k LowQyksa ls vyxko gVsxkA
(6) gj izkUr esa ;kstuk osQ }kjk f'k{kk osQ dkWyt s ksa dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg;sA de ls de ,d dkWfyt dh LFkkiuk
rks gj izkar esa gksuh gh pkfg;sA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)
1- Hkkjr esa eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kk dk le; --------- bZ- gSA
2- Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kk dk le; --------- bZ- gSA
3- lu~ --------- esa Hkkjr esa 106 ukWeZy LowQy [kksys x, vkSj bu LowQyksa esa 38886 Nk=kkè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k
fn;k x;kA
4- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh vfu;ferrkvksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, lu~ -------- esa Hkkjrh; f'k{k vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
5- lu~ 1852 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us --------- dh vè;{krk esa ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj (Qualitative Improvement in Teacher
Training Programme)
^xq.kkRed* vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe dk lkj gSA blosQ u jgus ij vè;kid f'k{kk u osQoy vkfFkZd rkSj
ij csdkj gS cfYd f'k{kk Lrj osQ lEiw.kZ Ïksr dk ßkl gSA vLrq vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr
laLrqfr;k¡ nh x;haμ
(1) izf'k{k.k dkWyts ksa osQ LVkiQ osQ fy;s vPNs izdkj ls ;kstukc¼ fo"k; osQ vuq:i eq[; vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;ozQe
dk xBu gksA
(2) lkekU; vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa laxfBr ,dhdj.k ikB~;ozQe dks izLrkfor fd;k tk;s ftlls fd f'k{kdksa
osQ ikB~;ozQe laoqQfpr u gks tk;saA
bu laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i lu~ 1963 esa {ks=kh; dkWystksa esa 4 o"kks± dk ikB~;ozQe 'kq: fd;k x;kA
(3) ifj'ksfèkr f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ tksfd Lo;a vè;;u vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ dk O;kid Ïksr j[krh gSa vkSj
ifj'kksfèkr ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ tksfd iz;ksxkRed vkSj o"khZ; dk;Z dk yxkrkj vkUrfjd ewY;kadu djrh
gksa] f'k{k.k vH;kl dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk;sA
f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ vkSj ewY;kadu O;koLFkk nksuksa gh vyx&vyx ,d nwljs ls caèkh gSaA Nk=k ogh lh[ksxk tks
vki ewY;kafdr djuk pkgrs gSaA O;fDr mUgha O;ogkjksa dks lh[krk gS tks iqjLo`Qr gksrs gSaA blfy;s ;g
vko';d gS fd ewY;kadu O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg;sA
bl laLrqfr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i {ks=kh; dkWystksa us vfèkd ifj"o`Qr ewY;kadu O;koLFkkvksa tSls jsfVax LosQy]
lg;ksxh ewY;kadu bR;kfn dk fodkl fd;kA
(4) izf'k{k.k vH;kl dk;ZozQe dh txg ,d iwoZ vH;kl dk;ZozQe Hkh gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd Nk=k dks mu lHkh
vè;kid dk;ZozQeksa dks ns[kuk ;k djuk gksxk tks fd mlosQ okLrfod f'k{kd cu tkus ij mldks djus gSaA
(5) lHkh Lrjksa ij ikB~;ozQeksa dks nksgjk;k tk;sA izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dk ikB~;ozQe mRFkku o fodkl gksuk pkfg;sA
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- us lsehukjksa vkSj dk;Z'kkykvksa (Workshop) }kjk izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
(6) dke djus osQ fnuksa esa o`f¼ djosQ mUgsa 30 fd;k tk;sA ftrus vfèkd dk;Z osQ fnu gksaxs mruk gh vf/d
dk;Z lEiUu gksxkA
(7) ;ksX; 'kSf{kd dk;ZdÙkkZ dh fu;qfDr gksA
(8) izkFkfed izf'k{k.k LowQyksa osQ fy,] Lukrdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k izdkj osQ ikB~;ozQe dk fodkl gksA izkFkfed
LowQy dk vè;kid Hkh izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg,A
(9) izf'k{k.k dkWyst rFkk f'k{kk 'kkL=k foHkkx osQ deZpkjh osQ lsokjr izf'k{k.k osQ fy, vodk'kdkyhu laLFkk,¡
gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd fu;fer vkèkkj ij muosQ Kku dk mRFkku gksA ;g 30 ;k 40 fnuksa dk ,d
vYidkyhu ikB~;ozQe gksA tks igys gh lh[k pqosQ gSa muosQ fy,s ;g 20 fnuksa rd gh gksuk pkfg,A
bl laLrqfr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ;w- th- lh- vkSj ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- us vodk'kdkyhu laLFkkvksa dk lEiknu
fd;kA
(10) Nk=kkè;kidksa dh iQhl ekiQ gks vkSj mUgsa Nk=ko`fÙk rFkk Í.k miyCèk gksaA
(11) iz;ksxkRed LowQyksa dh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk gksa tgk¡ fd LVkiQ osQ yksx fl¼kUrksa dh iqf"V djus osQ fy, iz;ksx
dj losaQA Nk=kkè;kid dks Hkh volj miyCèk gks fd og ,d f'k{kd osQ rkSj ij og dk;Z dj losQ tksfd
mUgsa izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa i<+k;k x;k gSA
(12) fo"k; esa fo'ks"khdj.k (Specialisation) djus osQ vuqefr ml Nk=k dks gksuh pkfg;s ftlus Lukrd ij
fo"k; dk vè;;u fd;k gSA

(13) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa osQoy izFke vkSj f}rh; Js.kh osQ Nk=kksa dks gh p;fur fd;k tk,A fdlh Hkh r`rh; uksV
Js.kh osQ Nk=k dks izf'k{k.k dkWyst esa nkf[kyk u fn;k tk,A
(14) iqLrdky;] iz;ksx'kkyk] dk;Z'kkyk bR;kfn dh lqfoèkkvksa esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg,A
izf'k{k.k lqfoèkkvksa dk fodkl
izf'k{k.k lqfoèkk;sa izkFkfedrk osQ vkèkkj ij c<+kuk pkfg, ftlls fd vizf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh la[;k esa deh vk
losQA bldk mís'; ;g gS fd gj vè;kid] pkgs og izkbejh dk gks ;k ekè;fed LowQy dk] mls ;k rks fu;qfDr
osQ le; izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;s ;k fiQj fu;qfDr gksus osQ 3 o"kZ osQ vUnj mls izf'k{k.k izkIr dj ysuk pkfg;sA
bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkus pkfg;sμ
(1) izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh vko';drk iwfrZ osQ fy;s gj izkUr dks Lo;a viuh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg;sA
(2) va'kdkyhu vkSj i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQeksa dh O;oLFkk gks D;ksafd fu;fer vkSj vkSipkfjd vè;kid f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk osQ }kjk bruh vfèkd la[;k esa vè;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ftlls fd mudh
vko';drk dh iwfrZ gks losQA
(3) izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dk vHkko ftruh tYnh gks losQ mruh tYnh nwj gksuk pkfg;sA
(4) laLFkkvksa dk vkdkj cM+k vkSj ;kstukc¼ vkèkkj ls fLFkr gksuk pkfg,A
(5) izf'k{k.k lqfoèkkvksa dk foLrkj gksuk pkfg;sA
yxkrkj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk O;oLFkk (Continued Vocational Education)
(1) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa lHkh izdkj osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, lsokjr f'k{kk osQ ,d la;kstu dk;ZozQe dks 'kq: fd;k
tkuk pkfg, rkfd f'k{kd dks mPp f'k{kk osQ ;ksX; cuk;k tk losQA
(2) ekè;fed LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa dks lEcfUèkr lkèkuksa osQ ekè;e ls lsokjr izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, vodk'kdkyhu
laLFkkvksa osQ dk;ZozQe O;ofLFkfr vkSj fozQ;k'khy lgHkkfxrk osQ lkFk c<+kus pkfg,A
(3) O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk oqQN vfHkfoU;kl mPp f'k{kk esa vko';d gSA
(4) uo&fu;qDr izoDrk dks laLFkkvksa osQ }kjk Lo;a dks ewY;kafdr djus dk oqQN le; iznku djuk pkfg,A mls
vPNs vè;kidksa osQ O;k[;ku lquus osQ fy, mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
(5) fu;fer vfHkfoU;kl dkslZ (Orientation Course) gj fo'ofo|ky; esa vkSj tgk¡ rd lEHko gks losQ gj
dkWyst esa laxfBr gksus pkfg,A
mfpr ,tsafl;ksa dk fuekZ.k
(1) jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;w- th- lh- vkSj izkUrh; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ izkUrh; cksMZ dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro gksuk
pkfg, fd bu laLrqfr;ksa dks dk;ZfUor djs vkSj Lrj dks cuk;s j[ksA
dksBkjh deh'ku osQ i'pkr~ izFke ckj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks ;w- th- lh- }kjk izLrkfor fd;k x;kA blls
igys vU; laxBu tSlsμbathfu;fjax dkWyst] esfMdy dkWyst vkfn O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk lapkyu dj
jgs FksA
(2) ;w- th- lh- dks ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ lkFk vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fy, ,d la;qDr desVh cukuh pkfg;sA
;g desVh Hkh rRdky cuk;h x;hA
(3) ;w- th- lh- dks iqLrdky; esa lgk;rk (Aid) nsuh pkfg, ftlls vè;kid f'k{kk osQ Lrj esa lqèkkj gks losQA
(4) f'k{kd f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fy;s izsj.kknk;d dk;ZozQeksa dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;s ftlls fd os vuqlaèkku djsa
vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa viuk lkFkZd ;ksxnku ns losaQA
dksBjh vk;ksx }kjk ;s laLrqfr;k¡ f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, nh x;haA bl vk;ksx us cgqr lh laLrqfr;k¡ nha
vkSj cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa bldh laLrqfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k] ijUrq laLrqfr;ksa osQ dk;kZfUor gksus ij

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk ij bldk dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugha iM+kA dHkh&dHkh O;oLFkk dks lqèkkjus osQ vfèkd iz;kl
gh O;oLFkk dks [kjkc cukrs gSaA
igyh rhu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa vè;kid f'k{kk
Hkkjr esa lu~ 1951 es iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk 'kqHkkjEHk gqvkA igyh rhu ;kstuk;sa 1951 ls 1969 rd jghaA bu
;kstukvksa osQ dky esa Hkkjr esa f'k{kdksa dk tula[;k esa ls vkèkh vizf'kf{kr FkhA bu ;kstukvksa esa bl ckr ij
cy fn;k fd izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ gksuh pkfg,A blfy;s bu ;kstukvksa esa f'k{kdksa osQ
izf'k{k.k dh lqfoèkk;sa c<+kus osQ iz;kl fd, x;s ftlls fd vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh la[;k esa deh yk;h tk
losQA lsokjr f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls cgqr ls dk;ZozQe izLrkfor fd;s x,A
vè;kid f'k{kk dk lEiw.kZ f'k{kk esa ls nl izfr'kr va'knku feyrk gSA lu~ 1951 ls 1967 rd izf'k{k.k LowQyksa
dh miyfCèk nqxquh gqbZ vkSj 1966 esa rhu xquk gks x;hA lkFk gh lkFk izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dh miyfCèk Hkh lkFkZd
:i ls c<+hA bu fodkl'khy iz;klksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa lu~ 1966 esa 29 laLFkku ,e- ,M- rFkk ih&,p-
Mh- osQ dkslZ osQ fy, FksA flrEcj 1961 esa ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- cuhA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i vè;kid f'k{kk
dk dk;ZozQe vfèkd izHkkodkjh cukA
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- rFkk ,u- lh- Vh- bZ- osQ vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk vè;kid f'k{kk eas lqèkkj osQ fy,
cgqr ls u;s dk;ZozQe fn;s x;sA
lu~ 1964 rd ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dk vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lEcUèk esa dk;Z djus dk dksbZ fopkj ugha FkkA
lu~ 1964 esa ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- us vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZoQz e 'kq: fd;s D;ksfa d ;g fopkj fd;k x;k fd f'k{kd
xq.kkRedrk esa lqèkkj fd;s fcuk LowQyksa esa lqèkkj ykuk vlEHko dk;Z gSA
lu~ 1964 esa f'k{kk dk izkUrh; laLFkku vkSj foKku f'k{kk osQ izkUrh; laLFkku LFkkfir fd;s x;sA gkbZLowQy Lrj
ij foKku f'k{kk dk mRFkku djus osQ fy, foKku laLFkku [kksys x;sA
pkSFkh vkSj ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa vè;kid f'k{kk
lu~ 1969 ls 1979 rd vè;kid f'k{kk dh fn'kk esa dksbZ lkFkZd dne ugha mBk;s x;sA vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa osQ
dkj.k ljdkj fdlh Hkh fodkl'khy {ks=k esa dksbZ lkFkZd dk;Z ugha dj ldhA izkFkfed f'k[kk dks izkFkfedrk
nh xbZA lkFk gh fiNM+s oxZ rFkk yM+fd;ksa osQ izos'k ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;kA lsokjr dk;ZozQeksa vkSj i=kkpkj
dk;ZozQeksa ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;kA yxHkx 140000 izkFkfed f'k{kdksa vkSj 17600 ekè;fed f'k{kdksa dks
i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQeksa dh lqfoèkk nh x;hA dbZ f'k{kk 'kkL=k foHkkxksa vkSj izf'k{k.k dkWystksa us ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-
vkSj ;w- th- lh- tSlh laLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls i=kkpkj vkSj lsokjr dk;ZozQeksa dk laxBu fd;kA fgekpy
fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ch- ,M- i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQe 'kq: fd;k x;kA 3&4 o"kZ i'pkr~ t;iqj fo'ofo|ky; us Hkh
i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQe 'kq: dj fn;kA nf{k.k fo'ofo|ky; us Hkh i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQe dks 'kq: dj fn;kA
lu~ 1964&66 esa f'k{kk vk;ksx us cy fn;k fd ;fn ;g ns'k vkèkqfud yksdrkfU=kd vkSj lkE;oknh lekt osQ
leku gksuk pkgrk gS rks izpfyr f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu dh vko';drk gSA ;g izLrkfor fd;k x;k
fd ik¡poha ;kstuk esa f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQe osQ fodkl osQ eq[; rÙo fuEufyf[kr gksus pkfg,μ
(1) lkekftd LFkkukUrj.k] vkfFkZd mUufr] vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ fy,
vè;kiu O;oLFkk LFkkukUrj.k vko';d gSA
(2) izh&LowQy osQ fodkl dk Lo;a izfs jr djus okyk O;kid dk;ZoQz e fo'ks"k rkSj ij osQoy fiNM+s gq;s lkekftd
lewgksa osQ fy, cuk;k tk,A
(3) lHkh izkUrksa rFkk la;qDr izns'kksa esa f'k{kk'kkL=k dkWyst gksaA

(4) mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k gksA uksV

(5) jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa dh ;kstuk dk fodkl gks ftlls fd vPNs (;ksX;) Nk=k vPNs LowQy vkSj f'k{kk
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks izkIr dj losaQA
(6) rduhdh f'k{kk dk fodkl gksA
(7) jk"Vªh; lkekftd lsok osQ dk;ZozQeksa dks cM+s Lrj ij izLrkfor fd;k tk;sA
lu~ 1980&84 esa Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUr rFkk iz;ksxkRedrk esa dkbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha vk;k vkSj iqjkus
rjhosaQ dks iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
orZeku izo`fÙk;k¡
orZeku le; esa ns'k osQ lc izns'kksa esa gkbZLowQy Lrj osQ fy, vè;kidksa dk izf'k{k.k gksrk gSA laLFkkuksa esa ls
vusd dks ljdkj Lo;a pykrh gSA oqQN lEcUèk fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls gSA lEc¼ dkWystksa esa Hkh ch- ,M- foHkkx gSaA
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh vis{kko`Qr bu dkWystksa esa 10 xquk vfèkd vè;kid izf'kf{kr fd;s tkrs gSaA oqQN ,sls izf'k{k.k
dkWyst Hkh gSa tks fo'ks"k :i ls ljdkj Lo;a gh pykrh gSA ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- }kjk pyk;s x,] vtesj] eSlwj
Hkqous'oj] Hkksiky osQ {ks=kh; dkWystksa esa vfèkd dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
mÙkj izns'k esa izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ fy;s ts- Vh- lh- vkSj ts- ch- Vh- lh- nks izdkj osQ izf'k{k.k dkWyst gSaA
bu dkWyts ksa osQ }kjk tks vè;kid izf'kf{kr fd;s x;s gS]a os twfu;j gkbZ LowQy esa dk;Z djrs gSAa izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa
osQ vè;kid izf'kf{kr Lukrd gksus pkfg;saA {ks=kh; dkWystksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i izkFkfed vè;kidksa rFkk iwoZ
izkFkfed Lrj osQ fy;s vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA fof'k"V fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy;s tSls fd fodykax cPpksa
vkSj ekufld :i ls vO;ofLFkr cPpksa osQ fy;s {ks=kh; dkWystksa us dk;ZozQe 'kq: fd;s gSaA
1-3 lkjka'k (Summary)

• os leLr fØ;kdyki f'k{kk dks cksèk djkrs gSa tks thou dk;Z osQ fy;s vko';d Kku] uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj cksèk
osQ fodkl ls lEcfUèkr gksaA f'k{kk dk mís'; iwoZ lwpuk;qÙkQ rFkk lqlfTtr ukxfjdksa dk fodkl djuk gSA
• vè;kid f'k{kkμ ,sfrgkfld ifjiz{s ;μHkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk tUe f'k{kk osQ lkFk gh 2500
'krkCnh iwoZ gqvkA vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ
1- izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kkμ2500 bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw-
2- cq¼dkyhu f'k{kkμ500 bZ- iw- ls 1200 bZ-
3- eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kkμ1200 ls 1700 bZ-
4- fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kkμ1700 ls 1947 rd
5- LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kkμ1947 ls vc rd
• izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kkμoSfnd dky esa f'k{kk tkfr O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA gj tkfr vius
O;oLkk; osQ izfr lefiZr FkhA czkã.k f'k{kk nsdj viuk thfodksiktZu djrs FksA ml le; izf'k{k.k iznku djus
okyh dksbZ vkSipkfjd laLFkk ugha FkhA Nk=k vius xq#] ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod osQ }kjk gh izf'kf{kr gksrs FksA
;g ,d vkuqoaf'kd izfozQ;k FkhA
• cq¼dkyhu f'k{kkμ cq¼dky osQ izkjEHk esa 2500 bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw- rd f'k{k.k ,d oa'kkuqozQfer izfozQ;k
FkhA bl dky esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ egÙo dks tku fy;k x;k FkkA blh le; ;g èkkj.kk cuh fd f'k{k.k
dk O;olk; osQoy czkã.kksa dh gh èkjksgj ugha gS vfirq fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k leqnk; dk dksbZ Hkh izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr
izf'k{k.kksijkUr vè;kid dk ntkZ izkIr dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj vkSipkfjd vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
bl dky esa 'kq: gqbZA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kkμeqfLye dky esa vè;kid f'k{k.k dh dksbZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ugha FkhA f'k{kk ,d
tudk;Z FkhA 'kSf{kd laLFkk;sa ênjlksa* osQ :i esa FkhaA osQoy êkSyoh* gh vè;kid osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA
f'k{kk èkkfeZd FkhA eq[; :i ls ôqQjku* dh f'k{kk vyx ls nh tkrh FkhA
• fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in British Period)μfczfV'k dkyhu 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk baXySaM dh 'kSf{kd
O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj LFkkfir dh xbZA ;g f'k{kk dh izxfr'khy O;oLFkk FkhA f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh eksuhVksfj;y
O;oLFkk vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa vHkh ugh vkbZ FkhA tc vaxzst vk;s rks f'k{kk
osQ {ks=k esa mudk eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks fczfV'k O;oLFkk osQ vuq:i f'k{kk nsuk FkkA Hkkjr esa vè;kid
f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk osQ :i esas loZizFke MsuekoZQ osQ fe'kufj;ksa us lhjkeiqj (if'pe caxky) esa ,d
vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k osQna z LFkkfir fd;kA ;g fe'kujht dh O;fDrxr laLFkk FkhA Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k
osQ lEcUèk esa ;g igyk dne FkkA
• vè;kid izf'k{k.k (1882&1940)μgVk±x deh'ku us lu~ 1882 esa izkFkfed f'k{kk esa lqèkkj rFkk f'k{kdksa
osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk ij cy fn;kA oqQN ukWey Z LowQyksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k] ijUrq ekè;fed
izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh vksj dksbZ fo'ks"k è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA
• 19oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr rd ns'k esa ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s 6 izf'k{k.k fo|ky; enzkl] ykgkSj] jkteqUnjh]
djlksek] tcyiqj vkSj bykgkckn esa FksA
• lu~ 1882 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh vfu;ferrkvksa dh tk¡p osQ fy;s] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
tk¡p djus osQ i'pkr~ vk;ksx us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa lqèkkj Loho`Qr fd;sA vk;ksx us vfu;ferrkvksa dks nwj djus
osQ fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;sμ
1- Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lu~ 1904 osQ iqulZekèkku esa 'kSf{kd uhfr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dh leL;k
ij cy fn;k x;kA blesa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd] ¶;fn mPp Lrj ij ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa
vè;kiu dk dk;Z c<+kuk gS] ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ikB~;iqLrd ij fuHkZj gksus dh izo`fÙk ,oa jVus
dh izo`fÙk ?kVkuh gS rks ;wjksih; Kku dk izlkj mi;qDr fofèk osQ }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k dh dyk esa izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;sA¸
• lu~ 1919 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s laLrqfr;ksa osQ fy;s lSMyj vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k x;kA
bl vk;ksx us ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kidksa osQ O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k esa fo'ofo|ky; dh Hkwfedk ij cy
fn;kA
• Hkkjr esa 1937 esa ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ vkUnksyu gqvkA egkRek xk¡èkh us dgk fd tc rd fd O;fDr f'kf{kr
u gksa] iw.kZ LorU=krk dk egÙo vuqHko ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
• mÙkj izns'k esa bykgkckn es igyh ckj csfld vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;s vè;kid fo'ks"k
:i ls izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;s x;sA bu vè;kidksa osQ fy;s bu csfld gLrdykvksa esa fuiq.krk
dh vko';drk vuqHko dh x;h] tSls o`Qf"k foHkkx] x`g foKku bR;kfnA
• vè;kid f'k{kk (1940 ls vc rd)μlktsZUV deh'ku lu~ 1944 esa fiQj ^f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj dh
;kstuk* dks tkWu lktsZUV dk lw=k ekuk x;kA ;g ,d foLr`r ;kstuk Fkh tksfd lHkh Lrjksa ij Loho`Qr gqbZA
• jkèkko`Q".ku vk;ksxμlu~ 1948 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d egku f'k{kkfon~ MkW- loZiYyh jkèkko`Q".ku dh
vè;{krk esa fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA bl vk;ksx us lu~ 1949 esa viuh fjiksVZ nhA
• lu~ 1952 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us MkW- ,- ,y- eqnkfy;j dh vè;{krk esa ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;kA
eqnkfy;j lkgc enzkl fo'ofo|ky; esa 13 o"kks± ls okbl pkalyj FksA
• eqnkfy;j deh'ku dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ lqèkkj dh oqQath vè;kid
gSA blfy;s f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk lqèkkj cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA

• lu~ 1964 esa MkW- Mh- dksBkjh dh vè;{krk esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx us O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh orZeku O;oLFkk uksV
dh dfe;ksa dks fn[kk;kA bl vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij viuh O;kid fjiksVZ nhA ns'k esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk
esa lqèkkj osQ fy;s vk;ksx us fofHkUu laLrqfr;k¡ nhaA
1-4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

• laLrfrμiz'kalk] HkkofHkO;fDr dh vkyadkfjd 'kSyh] flI+kQkfj'k
• etfylμcSBus dh txg] lHkk] tylk (tSls&xkus ctkus dh etfyl)
1-5 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1- vè;kid f'k{kk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ le>kb,
2- Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; ij fopkj dhft,A
3- fczfV'k dkyhu vè;kid f'k{kk dk o.kZu dhft,A
4- LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ Lo:i ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)
1. 1200 ls 1700 2. 1700 ls 1947 3. 1881&82 4. 1882
5. Mk- ,- ,y- eqnkfy;jA
1-6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
1. vè;kid f'k{kkμ MkW- ,u- osQ- 'kekZ] osQ-,l-osQ- ifCy'klZ ,oa fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyhA
2. vè;kid f'k{k.kμ MkW- f'ko oqQekj mikè;k;@MkW- iznhi oqQekj] uojkt izdk'k] fnYyhA
3. Hkkjr dh vk/qfud f'k{kk dk bfrgkl vkSj leL;k,¡μ lj;w izlkn pkScs @ vf[kys'k pkSc]s Hkonh;
izdk'ku] vk;ksè;k] iSQtkckn] ;w-ih-A
4. Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk fodklμ lqjs'k HkVukxj @ lat; oqQekj] vkj- yky cqd fMiks] esjBA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ2% izHkkoh vkSj izfr;ksfxrk vkèkkfjr vè;kid f'k{kk
(Affective Teacher Education and Competency
based Teacher Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
2.1 f'k{kd voèkkj.kk (Concept of Teacher)
2.2 f'k{kd O;ogkj (Teacher Behaviour)
2.3 f'k{kd O;ogkj dk fl¼kar (Theory of Teacher Behaviour)
2.4 f'k{kd O;ogkj fl¼kar dh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡ (Basic Assumptions of Theory of Teacher
Behaviour)
2.5 d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ izdkj (Teacher Effectiveness)
2.6 vkèkqfud vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk;ke (Current Approaches of Teacher Behaviour)
2.7 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk (Teacher Effectiveness)
2.8 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teacher Effectiveness)
2.9 izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd osQ xq.k (Characteristics of an Effective Teacher)
2.10 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dk ekiu (Measuring Teacher Effectiveness)
2.11 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk osQ ekun.M (Criteria of Teacher Effectiveness)
mís'; (Objectives)
• izHkkoh vkSj izfr;ksfxrk vkèkkfjr vè;kid f'k{kk ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
vkt vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa d{kk vUr%izfØ;k ij 'kksèk dk;ks± dks vfèkd egRo ,oa izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh
gSA d{kk vUr%izfØ;k dks blfy, egRo fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd blesa Nk=kksa dh miyfCèk (Achievement) ,d ek=k
izHkko'khyrk dk ekun.M gksrh gSA bl fn'kk esa 'kksèk dk;ks± dk fu;kstu fd;k x;k gS] ftudh voèkkj.kk ;g gS

bdkbZ—2% izHkkoh vkSj izfr;ksfxrk vkèkkfjr vè;kid f'k{kk
fd lEiw.kZ O;ogkj ifjorZu esa ekun.M dh Hkwfedk gh vge~ gksrh gSA blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd dks uksV
f'k{kd izR;; ,oa f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk cksèk gksuk pkfg,A bl vè;k; esa f'k{kd izR;;] f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk ,oa
f'k{kd O;ogkj dk foospu fd;k x;k gSμ
2-1 f'k{kd dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of a Teacher)

bldh ifjHkk"kk rhu :iksa esa dh xbZ gSμ
(1) f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)]
(2) f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-Job) rFkk
(3) f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)A
budk fooj.k fuEukafdr iafDr;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSμ
(1) f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)μf'k{kd&O;olk; dks oqQN y{;ksa osQ :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ tSlsμ,d fdlku osQ O;olk; dk y{; gksrk gSμÑf"k dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dk lEiknu
djukA blh izdkj f'k{kd&O;olk; esa f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k mís'; osQ vuqlkj fofHkUu fØ;k;sa djuh gksrh gSaA ,d
MkWDVj dk eq[; y{; chekj dks LoLFk djus osQ fy, funku djuk rFkk mlosQ mipkj gsrq nok nsuk gksrk gSA bl
izdkj Li"V :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;olk;&y{; dk rkRi;Z f'k{kd osQ O;olk; ls gksrk gSA
(2) f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-job)μ,d f'k{kd osQoy ,slk O;fDr gh ugha
gksrk fd og nwljksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk l`tu djrk gks og vfirq vius f'k{k.k esa dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk
,oa n{krk Hkh fodflr djrk gSA bl izdkj og O;fDr;ksa osQ dFkuksa dh iqf"V Hkh djrk gSA og fl[kkrk gh ugha
vfirq Lo;a Hkh vH;kl ls O;olk;&dkS'ky dks fodflr dj ysrk gSA vuqHko dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lh[kus dk eq[; vk/kj
gksrh gSaA ,d f'k{kd dks vusd dkS'kyksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl lEcUèk esa dksbZ lkekU; dFku ugha fn;k tk
ldrk gSA blesa ;g Hkh lEHko gks ldrk gS fd f'k{kd vius Nk=kksa osQ vè;;u esa fdl izdkj osQ f'k{k.k dkS'ky
dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ,d f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k&dkS'ky rFkk lkekftd dkS'kyksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,d f'k{kd
dk mÙkjnkf;Ro vius Nk=kksa osQ izfr gh ugha gksrk vfirq iz'kkld osQ izfr Hkh gksrk gSA
(3) f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)μf'k{kd osQ izR;; dks le>us osQ fy, ;g tkuuk
Hkh vko';d gS fd f'k{k.k dh ^Hkwfedk&fuokZg* dks O;olk; D;ksa ekuk tkrk gSA ,d f'k{kd osQ vius mÙkjnkf;Ro
,oa vfèkdkj gksrs gSa rFkk mls iz'kkld ls Hkh lEcUèk j[kus iM+rs gSaA ;g vfèkdkj ,oa drZO; gh f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
gksrh gSA
(i) f'k{kd Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx d{kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy, O;kid :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) f'k{kd Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii) f'k{kd Hkwfedk ,d lkekftd dk;Z gksrk gSA
(iv) f'k{kd Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vfèkdkj osQ fuokZg osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj dh Hkwfedk esa laLFkk dh fØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA blosQ vUrxZr ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt
vkSj jk"Vª osQ izfr D;k&D;k fof'k"V dk;Z djus gSa\
,d f'k{kd dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO; gS fd mls vè;;u'khy rRdkyhu lekt dk cksèk gksuk pkfg, rHkh
;g Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ldrk gS rFkk d{kk&f'k{k.k dh Hkwfedk fuokZg leqfpr <ax ls dj ldrk
gSA ,d f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k dk Hkh lgh cksèk gksuk pkfg,A bl lanHkZ esa johUnz ukFk VSxksj us f'k{kd dh O;kid
ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gSμ
A teacher can never truly teach unless, he is still learning himself. A lamp can never light
another lamp unless it continues to burn its own flame. The teacher who has no living traffic

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV with his knowledge, but merely repeats his students can only load their minds. He can not
quicken them. —R.N. Tagore
,d f'k{kd okLro esa rHkh f'k{k.k dj ldrk gS tc og Lo;a vè;;u'khy jgrk gksA ,d tyrk gqvk nhid
gh nwljs nhid dks izTTofyr dj ldrk gSA ;fn ,d f'k{kd us vius fo"k; dk vè;;u djuk lekIr dj
fn;k vkSj vius Kku dk vknku&iznku Hkh ugha djrk rc og vius Nk=kksa esa tkxzfr ugha yk ldrk gSA vius
f'k{k.k esa ek=k ikB~;oLrq dks 'kkfey djosQ Nk=kksa osQ efLr"d dks cksf>y djrk gSA
johUnzukFk VSxksj osQ vuqlkj ,d f'k{kd thou&i;ZUr Nk=k gh jgrk gSA mls vius fo"k; dh iw.kZ tkudkjh
ugha jgrh gSA f'k{kd dks vius Nk=kksa rFkk vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus f'k{kd dks ,d nhid
dh miek nh gSA mijksDr ifjHkk"kk dk lkjka'k gSμnhi ls nhi tysA
f'k{kd dks tkWu ysfVu ls Hkh lEcksfèkr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa tkWu dk vFkZ Nk=k rFkk ysfVu dk vFkZ fo"k;
gksrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; rFkk Nk=kksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, rHkh og izHkko'kkyh ;k
vkn'kZ f'k{kd ekuk tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kd 'kCn ^f'k{k~* èkkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkukA ,d f'k{kd Lo;a Hkh lh[krk
jgrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks fl[kkrk jgrk gSA f'k{kd dks ,d nk'kZfud dh Hkh laKk nh tkrh gSA vkt f'k{kd dks
izcUèkd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
vksd'kksV us f'k{kd dh pkj fØ;kvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS] tks f'k{kd dks lkekU; :i esa djuh gksrh gSaμ
(1) vius Nk=kksa rd lwpukvksa dk lEizs"k.k djuk]
(2) fo"k; lEcUèkh lwpukvksa dk lEizs"k.k djuk]
(3) lwpukvksa dk Kku gksuk ftldk mls mi;ksx djuk gS rFkk
(4) fof'k"V ikB~;oLrq osQ fy;s vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k dk mi;ksx djukA
izkphu dky esa xq#oqQyksa osQ f'k{kd vkèkqfud izf'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa izf'kf{kr ugha Fks
fdUrq f'k{k.k osQ izfr mudk le£ir Hkko mUgsa l{ke ,oa leFkZ f'k{kd cukrk FkkA
2-2 f'k{kd O;ogkj (Teacher Behaviour)

f'k{kd fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rFkk fofHkUu lUnHkks± esa vusd izdkj osQ dk;Z djrk gSA og LowQy dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa
esa Hkkx ysrk gSA f'k{kd dh bu lHkh fØ;kvksa dks ,d lkekU; oxZ (f'k{kd O;ogkj) esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq
fofHkUu 'kksèk&izcUèkksa esa f'k{kd O;ogkj ls tks rkRi;Z fy;k x;k gS] og blls fHkUu gSA js;Ul (1970) osQ vuqlkj]
'kSf{kd O;ogkj ls rkRi;Z O;fDr dh mu lHkh fØ;kvksa rFkk O;ogkj ls gS] tks fdlh f'k{kd osQ djus ;ksX; ekuh
tkrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls os fØ;k,¡ tks nwljksa osQ lh[kus esa funs'Z ku ,oa ekxZn'kZu ls lEcfUèkr gSA
E;w,Dl rFkk fLeFk (1964) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dks vkSj vfèkd Li"V djrs gq, dgk gS fd f'k{kd&O;ogkj
osQ vUrxZr f'k{kd dh og fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSa] tks og Nk=kksa osQ lh[kus esa mUufr o o`f¼ djus gsrq fo'ks"k :i
ls d{kk esa djrk gSA
d{kk esa f'k{k.k osQ vUrxZr f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk voyksdu djrk gS] mudh Hkkoukvksa dh vuqHkwfr djrk gS rFkk
vfèkdkfèkd le>us dk iz;kl djrk gS] og fo"k;&oLrq dks Nk=kksa osQ lEeq[k izLrqr djrk gS] mldk fo'ys"k.k
djrk gS rFkk O;k[;k djrk gSA bu lHkh f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa esa Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA vr% f'k{k.k eq[;r%
,d 'kkfCnd O;ogkj gksrk gSA ;|fi f'k{kd osQ psgjs osQ gko&Hkko] 'kkjhfjd fØ;k;sa vkfn tSls v'kkfCnd O;ogkj

Hkh d{kk esa gksrs gSa] ijUrq fujh{k.kksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd d{kk f'k{k.k esa 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dks gh izèkkurk uksV
nh tkrh gSA
2-3 f'k{kd O;ogkj dk fl¼kar (Theory of Teacher Behaviour)

js;Ul (1970) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dh tks ifjHkk"kk nh gS mlosQ nks izeq[k vkèkkj rRo (Postulates) gSaμ
(1) f'k{kd O;ogkj lkekftd O;ogkj gSμjs;Ul osQ vuqlkj f'k{kd O;ogkj ,d lkekftd O;ogkj gS
vFkkZr f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa fl[kkus okys (f'k{kd) osQ vfrfjDr lh[kus okys (Nk=k) dk mifLFkr gksuk
vko';d gS] ftlosQ lkFk f'k{kd lEizs"k.k fØ;k djrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA f'k{kd Nk=k
osQ eè; O;ogkj ikjLifjd gksrk gSA vr% u osQoy f'k{kd gh Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrk gS cfYd
Nk=k Hkh f'k{kd&O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
(2) f'k{kd O;ogkj lkisf{kd gSμf'k{kd d{kk esa tks oqQN Hkh djrk gS] og lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
ifj.kke gS] ftlesa f'k{kd i<+krk gSA f'k{kd dk O;ogkj vPNk gS ;k cqjk] lgh gS ;k xyr] izHkko'kkyh
gS ;k izHkkoghu] bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd f'k{kd dk O;ogkj] Nk=k miyfCèk osQ izdkj] visf{kr
f'k{k.k&fofèk;k¡ fdl lhek rd ml laLÑfr osQ ewY;ksa osQ lkFk vuq:irk j[krh gSa] ftlesa og jgrk gS rFkk
ftlosQ fy, og Hkkoh ih<+h dks rS;kj dj jgk gSA
f'k{k.k esa liQyrk vusd oS;fDrd xq.kksa] vko';drkvksa rFkk okrkoj.k osQ vusd rRoksa ls lacaf/r
gSA f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk gsrq dksbZ fuf'pr ekun.M fuf'pr djuk ,d tfVy dk;Z gSA
2-4 f'k{kd O;ogkj fl¼kar dh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡ (Basic Assumptions

Theory of Teacher-Behaviour)
(1) f'k{kd O;ogkjμifjfLFkfrtU; rRoksa rFkk f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk dk;Zdkjh :i gSA f'k{kd
dk O;ogkj tks oqQN Hkh gksrk gS ml ij cká ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk izHkko iM+rk
gS rFkk bu nksuksa osQ ikjLifjd fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk ifj.kke gh f'k{kd&O;ogkj dgykrk gSA
eSdMksukYM (1959) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dks fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k gSμ
f'k{kd laca/h pj
f'k{kd O;ogkj ¾
Nk=k laca/h pj
js;Ul Hkh f'k{kd O;ogkj osQ rhu dkjdksa ij cy nsrk gSμ(1) f'k{kd dh fo'ks"krk,¡] (2) ifjfLFkfr ,oa (3)
vUr%fØ;k rFkk ikjEifjd fuHkZjrkA
bl voèkkj.kk osQ lkFk iqu% oqQN vH;qfnr js;Ul us fn;s gSaμ
1- f'k{kd O;ogkj esa fo'oluh;rk gksrh gSA
2- f'k{kd O;ogkj esa izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k lhfer gksrh gSA
3- f'k{kd O;ogkj fuf'pr u gksdj lnSo lEHkkfor gksrk gSA
4- f'k{kd O;ogkj izR;sd f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk fØ;kRed :i gksrk gSA
5- f'k{kd&O;ogkj viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa dk fØ;kRed :i gSA
6- f'k{kd&O;ogkj fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr dk ftlesa og ?kfVr gksrk gS dk fØ;kRed :i gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (2) f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSμtc f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ vè;;u dh ckr lksprs gSa
vkSj fiQj vè;;u djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rks ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk oLrqfu"B vè;;u ;k
rks izR;{k fujh{k.k osQ }kjk vFkok vizR;{k lkèkuksa }kjk (tks f'k{kd&O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr gS) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vizR;{k lkèku gSμNk=k&O;ogkj dk ewY;kadu] f'k{kd dh {kerk o Kku ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx] lk{kkRdkj] #fp]
vfHk#fp vkfnA
bl voèkkj.kk osQ vUrxZr Hkh js;Ul us oqQN vH;qfnr ekus gSaμ
2-1 f'k{kd&O;ogkj esa Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-2 f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk xq.kkRed rFkk ifjek.kkRed oxhZdj.k laHko gSA
2-3 f'k{kd&O;ogkj cká O;ogkj rFkk y{k.kksa }kjk izn£'kr gksrk gSA
2-5 d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ izdkj (Types of the Class Behaviour)

d{kk esa lkekU; nks izdkj osQ O;ogkj ns[kus dks feyrs gSaμ(1) 'kkfCnd O;ogkj rFkk (2) v'kkfCnd O;ogkjA
(1) 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Verbal Behaviour)
d{kk esa tc f'k{kd rFkk Nk=k cksydj vius vknku&iznku djrs gSa rks bl O;ogkj dks 'kkfCnd&O;ogkj dgrs gSa]
blesa vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e ekSf[kd] fyf[kr rFkk izrhdkRed gksrk gSA f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k esa rhu izdkj osQ
'kkfCnd O;ogkjksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSμ
1- ckSf¼d fØ;k,¡_ tSlsμifjHkk"kk nsuk] O;k[;k djuk] Li"Vhdj.k djuk vkfn
2- funsZ'ku fØ;k,¡μftlesa f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gS] Nk=kksa dks oqQN djkuk fl[kk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsμV~;wc
oSQls idM+sa\ oSQls fy[ksa\ oSQls fdlh iz'u dks gy djsa\ vkfnA
3- og O;ogkj tks Nk=kksa ij ckSf¼d ;k KkukRed izHkko dh vis{kk laosxkRed rFkk HkkokRed izHkko vf/d
Mkyrk gS_ tSlsμiz'kalk] vkKk] vLohÑfr] vkykspuk vkfnA
f'k{kd dk 'kkfCnd O;ogkj ,d fo'ks"k d{kk&okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ;g Nk=kksa }kjk Lora=krkiwoZd gksus
okyh izfrfØ;kvksa dks izksRlkfgr djus okyk ;k grksRlkfgr djus okyk gksrk gSA f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks d{kk esa fdl
ek=kk esa Lora=krk iznku djrk gSA bl vkèkkj ij Hkh f'k{kd osQ 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
(d) izR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Direct Teacher Behaviour)μizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj og O;ogkj gS] ftlesa
f'k{kd d{kk esa viuk izHkko o izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dh ps"Vk djrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa o O;ogkjksa dh
vkykspuk djrk gS] d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks Lora=krkiwoZd cksyus dk volj iznku ugha djrk gSA blh lEcUèk esa oqQN
f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa us f'k{kd dks izHkqRooknh dgk gSμ,.Mjlu (1939) us izHkqRooknh f'k{kd rFkk fyfiV o OgkbV
(1943) us Hkh izHkqRooknh f'k{kd uke ls lEcksfèkr fd;k gSA
dksxu (1956) osQ vuqlkj izR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd vlkekftd] vèkhj] LoosQfUnzr] vxz] nEHkh] fo}s"kh
eukso`fr osQ gksrs gSa] os Nk=kksa osQ izfr lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj ugha viukrsA oqQjS'kh rFkk gqlSu (1972) us bl izdkj
osQ f'k{kdksa esa vusd fo'ks"krkvksa dks crk;k gSμlh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k esa og Nk=kksa dks Hkkx ysus ls jksdrk
gS] f'k{k.k dk vfèkdka'k le; Hkk"k.k }kjk vius fopkj O;Dr djus esa O;rhr djrk gS] Nk=kksa ls dk;Z djkus
esa funsZ'k o vkKk dk iz;ksx djrk gS] lgh O;ogkj djkus osQ fy;s Nk=kksa dh vkykspuk djrk gS] Lo;a osQ O;ogkj
dk vkSfpR; fu/kZfjr djrk gS] lEizs"k.k esa lkekftd oqQ'kyrk dk loZFkk vHkko jgrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ lkFk dk;Z
djus esa #fp ugha ysrk] d{kk esa vkSipkfjd :i ls vuq'kklu LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS] f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k
esa Nk=kksa dks de egRo nsrk gSA

bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj esa Nk=kksa dh oS;fDrd fHkUurk osQ euksoSKkfud rF; dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bl uksV
izdkj Nk=kksa dh bPNk] Lrj] ewY;] mís';] fu.kZ;] dY;k.k osQ fy;s dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=kksa
osQ fodkl ,oa 'kSf{kd miyfCèk esa ckèkk mifLFkr gksrh gSA ,UMjlu (1939) osQ vuqlkj vfèkd izHkqRooknh
f'k{kd osQ Nk=kksa esa f'k{kd&izHkqRo osQ izfr fojksèkh O;ogkj dh vko`fÙk vfèkd gksrh gSA
([k) vizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Indirect Verbal Behaviour)μtc f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks dk;Z djus dh] mUgsa
fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh Lora=krk iznku djrk gS rks bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj dks vizR;{k O;ogkj dh laKk
nh tkrh gSA f'k{kd Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS rFkk mudk Li"Vhdj.k djrk gSA og vius fopkjksa dks
ekuus osQ fy, Nk=kksa dks ckè; ugha djrkA ÝyS.MlZ bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj dks vizR;{k (Indirect behaviour)
rFkk ,UMjlu leUo; O;ogkj (Democratic behaviour) dgrs gSaA blh izdkj fyfiV o OgkbV osQ O;ogkj dks
iztkrkaf=kd O;ogkj (Nk=k&osQfUnzr) dgrs gSaA
d{kk esa f'k{kd de cksyrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks cksyus dk vfèkd volj iznku djrk gSA Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa
dks le>dj mudk lekèkku djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ,slk f'k{kd iz'u vfèkd iwNrk gS] ftlls Nk=k
vè;;u&vè;kiu izfØ;k esa fØ;k'khy jgus dh izsj.kk izkIr djrs gSaA dksxu (1958) us vius vè;;u osQ
vkèkkj ij vizR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd dks lgk;d] vPNs LoHkko okyk] eS=kh Hkko okyk] fo'oLr] èkS;Z'kkyh]
izlUufpÙk rFkk lykgdkjh crk;k gSA
oqQjS'kh ,oa gqluS (1972) us vizR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd dh vusd fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ gS_a tSlμ
s lh[kus dh izfØ;k
esa Nk=kksa dks vfèkdkfèkd Hkkx ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gS] Lo;a de cksyrk gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks Lo;a vuqHko
dk vfèkd volj iznku djrk gS] vè;;u&vè;kiu dh ;kstuk cukus esa Nk=kksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djrk gS] d{kk
esa vfèkd iz'u iwNrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± dh iz'kalk djrk gS rFkk vfèkdkfèkd izksRlkfgr djrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ
fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djrk gSA mUgsa egRo nsrk gS] vkykspuk ;k n.M dk dksbZ LFkku blesa ugha gksrk gS] Nk=kksa
dh bPNk o vko';drkuqlkj f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa ifjorZu lEHko gSA vr% yphykiu jgrk gS] ruko dks de
djus osQ fy, d{kk esa gkL;&fouksn dk lgkjk Hkh fy;k tkrk gS] Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa dks le>us o gy djus
dk iz;kl djrk gS rFkk d{kk esa ltho okrkoj.k cuk jgrk gSA
(2) v'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Non-Verbal Behaviour)
f'k{k.k lEcUèkh vfèkdka'k fØ;k,¡ 'kkfCnd vknku&iznku }kjk gh lEiUu dh tkrh gSa rFkkfi d{kk esa v'kkfCnd
O;ogkj Hkh gksrk gS] tks de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA v'kkfCnd O;ogkj og O;ogkj gS] ftlesa Nk=k rFkk f'k{kd
osQ eè; cksydj Hkkoksa o fopkjksa dk lEizs"k.k ugha gksrk gS vfirq gko&Hkko rFkk laosQr osQ }kjk gksrk gSA Nk=kksa
dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, f'k{kd dk flj fgykuk] Nk=kksa dks cksyus ls jksdus osQ fy, vaxqyh dk iz;ksx]
eqLdjkuk] HkzwHkax djuk vkfn lHkh fØ;k,¡ Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd osQ fopkjksa o Hkkoksa ls voxr djkrh gSaA fdlh Nk=k
osQ xyr dke ij f'k{kd ;fn Øksèk ls yky&ihyk gksdj mldh vksj ns[krk gS] rks fuf'pr gh Nk=k le> tkrk
gS fd mls ;g dke ugha djuk pkfg,A fdlh Nk=k }kjk dk;Z fd;s tkus ij f'k{kd ;fn psgjs ij izlUurk ykrk
gS] ruko dks de djrk gS vkSj flj fgykrk gS rks Nk=k ml izdkj ls dk;Z djus dks vfèkd izksRlkfgr gksrk
gSA ml izdkj gko&Hkko o laosQrksa }kjk fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gh v'kkfCnd O;ogkj dgykrk gSA
v'kkfCnd laosQr 'kkfCnd O;ogkj o dFku dks 'kfDr iznku djrs gSaA bu laosQrksa dk izHkko Nk=kksa ij xgjk iM+rk
gSA dHkh&dHkh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk rFkk f'k{kd osQ d{kk esa dgs x;s 'kkfCnd dFkuksa dh vis{kk v'kkfCnd rRo
vf/d izHkko'kkyh gks tkrs gSa vkSj Nk=kksa ij viuh xgjh Nki NksM+ nsrs gSaA
d{kk esa 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dh izèkkurk gksus osQ dkj.k rFkk mldk vè;;u fo'oluh; <ax ls djus esa leFkZ gksus
osQ dkj.k gh d{kk&O;ogkj lEcUèkh vfèkdka'k vè;;u 'kkfCnd O;ogkjksa ij gh gq, gSa] v'kkfCnd O;ogkjksa ij
ughaA 'kq¼ :i esa d{kk esa v'kkfCnd Hkko izn'kZu 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 2-6 vkèkqfud vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk;ke (Current Approaches of Teacher-
Education)
vè;kid&f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa izeq[k nks vk;keksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSA os vk;ke bl izdkj gSaμ
1- LokfeRo f'k{kd dk izfreku (Model The Master Teacher)μvè;kid&f'k{kk esa vusd vk;keksa dks
fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bZ- LVksu (1992) us viuh iqLrd ^Vh¯px izSfDVl* esa mijksDr izfrekuksa dks fn;k gSA
muesa ls ,d izfreku dks îzoh.k&f'k{kd dk izfreku* Hkh dgrs gSaA bl izfreku dk LVksyqjks (1965) us Hkh mYys[k
fd;k FkkA ;g f'kYidkj dh Ñfr;ksa ls fy;k x;k gSA izoh.k&f'k{kd dk rkRi;Z ,d izoh.k f'kYidkj dh Hkk¡fr
gSA Nk=k&f'k{k.k dk dk;ZØe fujh{k.k] vH;kl ,oa lhekvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
bl vk;ke osQ i{k esa izHkko'khyrk osQ roZQ fn;s x;s gSaA ;g roZQ vfèkd ljy ,oa lkekU; gSaA ¶;fn vki ,d
izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd cuuk pkgrs gSa] rc og lHkh dk;Z dhft,] tks ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd djrk gSA¸
bl dFku dks ihVlZ us lu~ 1966 esa fn;k FkkA bl vk;ke osQ i{k esa lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V roZQ fn;s tkrs gSaA ,d
vkdyu osQ vkèkkj ij ;g dgk tkrk gS fd f'k{k.k ,d O;fDrxr izfØ;k gSA ,d f'k{kd Lo;a osQ fy;s fØ;k;sa
djrk gSA
bl izfreku osQ foi{k esa Hkh roZQ fn;s tkrs gSa] tks lS¼kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd Hkh gSaA ,d izoh.k&f'k{kd lhfer
dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk;ksa ,oa O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk gh fodkl djrk gSA bl vk;ke esa O;fDrxr xq.kksa dks egRo ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA lkekU; :i ls izoh.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k djus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr
djrk gSA blesa ikjLifjd lEcUèk izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa] tcfd f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj dh izHkko'khyrk d{kk dh
NksVh&NksVh fØ;kvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA tc Nk=k vè;kid mu fØ;kvksa dk vuqHko djrk gS] rc mldk
f'k{k.k izHkko'kkyh ugha vfirq gkfudkjd gksrk gSA bl vk;ke dh vU; lhek ;g gS fd Nk=k&vè;kid
izoh.k&f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj osQ vuqdj.k rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA mlls ijs mls O;ogkjksa dk volj ugha iznku
fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, f'k{kd laLFkkvksa us izoh.k f'k{k.k izfreku dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k gS vkSj u gh izoh.k
f'k{kd dh ifgpku dh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd vusd fo"k;ksa osQ izoh.k f'k{kd feyuk dfBu gS tgk¡
muosQ mi;ksx dh vko';drk gSA
vUr esa] ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ;g vk;ke f'k{kdksa osQ i{k esa ijUrq Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ fy, O;kogkfjd rFkk
mi;ksxh ugha gSA ijEijkxr :i esa izoh.k f'k{kd dh ppkZ djuk mÙke gS ijUrq mldk fØ;kUo;u dfBu gSA
izoh.k f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k rks fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq fo'ys"k.k djuk dfBu gSA f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k
fo'ys"k.k esa vusd rRo lfEefyr gSaμ'kkfCnd O;ogkj] f'k{k.k dkS'ky] lkekftd dkS'ky] vuqns'kkRed izfØ;k]
f'k{kd fofèk izfofèk;k¡] lgk;d lkexzh vfHkizsj.kk dh izfofèk;k¡] funkukRed ,oa lqèkkj f'k{k.k] f'k{k.k dh
lgk;d izfofèk;k¡ vkfnA
2- LokfeRo f'k{k.k iz f reku (iz f Ø;k dk Lo:i) (Master the Teacher Model [Process
Modelling])μf'k{k.k&O;ogkj dk nwljk vk;ke izoh.k f'k{k.k izfreku dgk tkrk gSA bl izfreku dk egRo
f'k{k.k leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku ls vfèkd gSA bl f'k{k.k izfreku dk mi;ksx O;kid :i esa fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq
bldks ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;ksx djrs gSaA f'k{k.k izfrekuksa dk fodkl f'k{k.k O;ogkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bl
fo'ys"k.k esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa] Nk=kksa dh ;ksX;rk rFkk izfØ;k ftlosQ }kjk bu mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh
tk ldrh gSA fofHkUu izdkj osQ izfrekuksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa fodflr djus osQ vusd dkj.k gSaA
izfr:i.k dh mi;ksfxrk (Implication of Modelling)μLVksyqjks (1965) osQ vuqlkj izfreku dk fodkl
fdlh fof'k"V mís'; dks izkIr djus gsrq leqPp; rRoksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa dks fl[kkus osQ fy;s f'k{kd
dh fØ;kvksa osQ vkèkkj ij fofHkUu izdkj osQ f'k{k.k izfrekuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,d izfreku dk
lqfuf'pr y{; gksrk gS] ftldk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lHkh dk fo'okl gS fd f'k{k.k ,d tfVy

izfØ;k gSA blosQ vUrxZr fofoèk izdkj osQ ?kVdksa dk izHkko gksrk gS] ftldk vkdyu Nk=k osQ O;ogkj ifjorZu uksV
osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{k.k izfreku dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls nks dk;ks± dk lEiknu
gksrk gksμ
izFke dk;Zμf'k{k.k esa fufgr leqPp; ?kVdksa esa lg&lEcUèk LFkkfir djsaA
f}rh; dk;Zμ=kqfV lqèkkj osQ fy;s Hkh volj nsuk pkfg,A ,d f'k{kd dks bu leqPp; rRoksa dk dgk¡ rd mi;ksx
vius f'k{k.k esa djrk gS vkSj dgk¡ rd O;k[;kRed {kerk dks fodflr dj ldrk gSA budh fujUrjrk ,oa
oxhZdj.k esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA
f'k{k.k izfreku osQ fodkl dh voLFkk,¡ (Stage in Developing a Teacher Model)μ,d f'k{k.k izfreku
osQ fodflr djus dh ewy voLFkk;sa bl izdkj gSaμ
izFke voLFkkμf'k{kd&O;ogkj dk lS¼kfUrd fo'ys"k.k f'k{k.k osQ mís';ksa dh n`f"V ls djukA
f}rh; voLFkkμf'k{k.k mís';ksa osQ fy;s Nk=kksa osQ vkjfEHkd Kku ,oa dkS'ky dk fuèkkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA
r`rh; voLFkkμf'k{k.k izfØ;k esa lEHkkfor ?kVdksa dh vUr%fØ;k tks Nk=kksa osQ lh[kus esa lgk;d gksxh rFkk
i`"Biks"k.k Hkh iznku djsxhA
prqFkZ voLFkkμizfreku osQ fy;s izR;kRed izk:i fodflr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa f'k{k.k ?kVdksa esa Li"V
lg&lEcUèk fn;k tkrk gSA
iape voLFkkμizfreku dks ,d ikB&;kstuk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr Øec¼ :i esa izfØ;k dk fu;kstu fd;k
tkrk gSA
"k"Ve voLFkkμizfreku dh dk;Z'khyrk dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls mldh oSèkrk dk cksèk gksrk gS fd
bl izfreku ls fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa vusd izfrekuksa dks fodflr fd;k
x;k gS rFkk mudh izHkko'khyrk dk vkdyu fd;k tk pqdk gSA ,d f'k{kd Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dks gh ugha
izHkkfor djrk gS vfirq og Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj ls izHkkfor Hkh gksrk gSA ,d f'k{kd fujUrj Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj
dk fujh{k.k djrk jgrk gS vkSj vius O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ,oa lqèkkj djrk gSA bl izdkj vuqns'kukRed O;ogkj
esa Øe'k% rhu fØ;k;saμfujh{k.k] funku rFkk rnuqowQy fØ;k,¡ djukA d{kk&f'k{k.k dh vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k
osQ pkj i{k@voLFkk;sa gksrh gSaμ
1- f'k{k.k dk fu;kstu djuk]
2- vkjfEHkd f'k{kd&O;ogkj]
3- f'k{kd fujh{k.k] vFkkZiu rFkk Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dk funku djuk]
4- izHkkfor djus okyk f'k{kd O;ogkj ;k ftl f'k{kd O;ogkj us izHkkfor fd;kA
izoh.k&f'k{k.k izfreku osQ vk;ke osQ iz;ksx ls vuqHko fd;k x;k fd blosQ vUrxZr fl¼kUr ,oa vH;kl dks
lefUor fd;k gSA fl¼kar ,oa vH;kl dk leUo; vewrZ rFkk vkdfLed ugha gS vfirq fujUrj gksus okyh izfØ;k
gS] ftlls y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSA bl vk;ke esa 'kq¼rk Hkh vfèkd gS rFkk izHkko'khyrk Hkh gSA ;g vk;ke
Nk=kksa osQ O;fDrRo] vfHko`fÙk;ksa] {kerkvksa ,oa ;ksX;rkvksa osQ fodkl esa lkFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA bl vk;ke
osQ vUrxZr vusd ?kVd gksrs gSaA blfy, bldk lS¼kfUrd i{k Hkh izcy gksrk gSA blls ,d O;fDrxr f'k{k.k
dk <ax fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izoh.k f'k{k.k izfreku dk mi;ksx O;kogkfjd foKku osQ f'k{k.k esa vfèkd fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd f'k{k.k dks
lkekftd rF; ekurs gSaA f'k{kd osQ vè;;u esa oSKkfud fujh{k.k ,oa fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkus yxk gSA f'k{k.k
O;ogkj esa lqèkkj ,oa ifjorZu i`"Biks"k.k dh izfofèk;ksa ls fd;k tkus yxk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
vkiosQ utfj;s ls izHkkoh f'k{k.k osQ fy, f'k{kd esa fdu xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d gS\
2-7 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk (Teacher Effectiveness)

o"kks± ls izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd vFkok f'k{kd&oqQ'kyrk dks le>us o ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA
fofHkUu fo}kuksa us f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dh ifjHkk"kk vius&vius n`f"Vdks.k ls nh gSA f'k{kd&izHkko lEcUèkh ;g
fHkUurk rFkk vLi"Vrk LokHkkfod gS] D;ksafd izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k fu%lUnsg ,d lkisf{kd fo"k; gSA fdlh Hkh
O;fDr osQ fy, ,d vPNs ;k oqQ'ky f'k{kd dk fopkj mlosQ iwoZ vuqHko] ewY;] vfHko`fÙk rFkk lekt dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA f'k{kd dk eq[; y{; Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykuk gSA Nk=kksa osQ Kku]
dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk] #fp vkfn osQ fodkl osQ iQyLo:i gh Nk=kksa esa fodkl lEHko gSA f'k{kd tc d{kk esa Nk=kksa
dks i<+krk gS rks mlosQ lEeq[k oqQN mís'; o y{; gksrs gSaA bu mís';ksa o y{;ksa dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl og
fujUrj djrk jgrk gSA ftl lhek rd og vius bu y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa liQy gks tkrk gS mldh oqQ'kyrk
o izHkko'khyrk dk ifjpk;d gSA
js;Ul (1970) bl ckr dks Li"V djrs gq, izHkko'khyrk f'k{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nsrk gSμf'k{k.k mlh
lhek rd izHkko'kkyh gS] ftl lhek rd f'k{kd dks fØ;k,¡ Nk=kksa esa vkèkkjHkwr dkS'ky] voèkkj.kk] dk;Z djus
dh vknr] okafNr vfHko`fÙk] ewY; fu.kZ; rFkk i;kZIr oS;fDrd lek;kstu iSnk djus osQ vuqoQw y gSA blh n`f"Vdks.k
ls fcMky (1964) us dgk fd f'k{kd dh ,d ;k vf/d ;ksX;rk,¡ tks okafNr 'kSf{kd izHkkoksa dks mRiUu djrh
gS f'k{kd dh {kerk dgykrh gSA blh ckr dks vkSj Li"V :i ls oszQUt rFkk fcMky (1964) us dgk gSμ
1- f'k{kk osQ y{;ksa dks izkIr djus dh f'k{kk dh ;ksX;rk gh f'k{kd {kerk ;k oqQ'kyrk dgykrh gSA bldk
ekiu f'k{kd dh 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk] iwoZ vuqHko] 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk ls fd;k tkrk gSA
2- f'k{kk osQ oqQN y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d fØ;k;sa O;fDrRo lEcUèkh fo'ks"krk,¡ gh f'k{kd&{kerk gSA bldk
ekiu O;fDrRo ijh{k.k }kjk vPNh rjg ls fd;k tkrk gSA
3- fn, gq, 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa lgk;d f'k{kd O;ogkj gh f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk dk ifjpk;d gSA
2-8 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of

Teacher Effectiveness)
izHkko'khyrk 'kCn Hkko izèkku gSA f'k{kd dh izHkko'khyrk dk O;ogkfjd i{k f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk ls
gksrk gSA Msªd cksd us f'k{k.k'kkL=k osQ vuqlkj f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gSμ
¶f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk iw.kZ fo'okl ,oa vkLFkk dk izR;; gSA¸ “Teacher effectiveness is as an act of
faith and beliefs.”
bl rF; dks lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSa rFkk 'kksèk vè;;uksa osQ fu"d"kks± ls Hkh Li"V gks x;k gS fd izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd
ls Nk=k vfèkd lh[krs gSaA izHkko'khyrk 'kCn lkis{k gS bldk lUnHkZ fcUnq Nk=kksa dks vfèkxe iznku djuk gSA
f'k{kd rFkk f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa izHkko'khyrk fufgr gksrh gSA vfHkHkkod vius ckydksa dk izos'k fo|ky; esa bl
fo'okl ls djkrs gSa fd f'k{kd rFkk f'k{k.k dk ldkjkRed izHkko ckyd ij iM+sxkA
f'k{kk ,d fodkl dh izfØ;k gS bl izfØ;k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk vuqj{k.k fo|ky; osQ vUrxZr f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa
ls fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd dh l{kerkvksa dk izHkko Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj ifjorZu ij gksrk gSA f'k{kk osQ ifj.kke
dks izHkko'khyrk dgrs gSaA

f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk ,oa f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk vkLFkk ,oa fo'okl dk izR;; gSA bldh iqf"V oqQN mnkgj.kksa ls uksV
gksrh gSA egkHkkjr osQ ;qx esa ,dyO; us xq# nzks.kkpk;Z ls èkuq"k fo|k lh[kus dk vkxzg fd;k Fkk ijUrq mUgksaus f'k";
osQ :i esa mls Lohdkj ugha fd;kA ,dyC; dks xq# nzks.kkpk;Z esa iw.kZ vkLFkk ,oa fo'okl Fkk blfy, ,dyO; us
xq# nzks.kkpk;Z dh ew£r LFkkfir djosQ mlh vkLFkk ,oa fo'okl osQ lkFk èkuq"k fo|k dk vH;kl fd;k vkSj mlesa
n{krk v£tr dh vkSj og vtqZu ls vxzh.k gqvkA blls fl¼ gksrk gS fd izHkko'khyrk vkLFkk ,oa fo'okl dk
izR;; gSA
,d vU; mnkgj.k esa Hkh blh izdkj dh vkLFkk dh vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh gSA ,d vaxjsth Hkk"kk osQ dfo FkkWel
xzs us viuh dfork “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” esa vfHkO;fDr dh gS fd tks O;fDr ;gk¡
ij niQuk;s x;s gSa muds HkkSfrd 'kjhj ds lkFk mudh izfrHkkvksa dks Hkh niQuk fn;k x;k gSA muds thodky es f'k{kk
}kjk mUgsa viuh izfrHkkvksa ds fodkl dk volj feyrk rks muesa ,slh izfrHkk;sa Fkh fd muesa oqQN 'kSDlih;j tSls
egku ukVddkj] feYVu tSls egkdfo rFkk ozQkmuoSy tSls izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd o f'k{k.k dh vkUrfjd 'kfDr gksrh
gS tks vkLFkkvksa ,oa fo'okl ls fozQ;k'khy gksrh gSA izHkko'khyrk ds vHkko esa f'k{kd] f'k{kd ugha gksrk vkSj f'k{k.k]
f'k{k.k ugha dgykrk gSA f'k{kd esa izHkko'khyrk fufgr gksrh gSA
1- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct options)μ
1. f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks ^nhi ls nhi tys* dh miek nh gSμ
(d) xk¡èkh th us ([k) johUnzukFk VSxksj us
(x) vcqy dyke vktkn us
2. ¶;fn vki ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd cuuk pkgrs gSa] rc og lHkh dk;Z dhft,] tks ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd
djrk gS¸ izHkkoh f'k{k.k dh ;g ifjHkk"kk nh gSμ
(d) js;kal us ([k) bZ- LVkso us
(x) ihVlZ us
3. ¶f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk iw.kZ fo'okl ,oa vkLFkk dk izR;; gS¸ izHkkoh f'k{k.k dh ;g ifjHkk"kk nh gSμ
(d) oszQUt us ([k) fcMky us
(x) Msªd cksd us
4. ¶leUo;h f'k{k.k lHkh izdkj osQ Nk=kksa osQ lkFk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSaA¸ ;g fu"d"kZ fudkykμ
(d) ,.MlZu us ([k) vksfyo rFkk gSEiVu us
(x) fyfiV vkSj àkbV us
2-9 izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd ds xq.k (Characteristics of an Effective Teacher)

bl i{k esa f'k{kd dh ekufld {kerk] f'k{kk] fo"k; lEcUèkh Kku] f'k{k.k vuqHko vkfn ij pj lfEefyr gksrs
gSaA izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og cqf¼eku gks rFkk mldh mPp 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk gksA ,-
,l- ckj (1967) us vusd vè;;uksa ds fu"d"kZ ds iQyLo:i f'k{kd dh fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk] fopkj&'kfDr
rFkk ekufld tkx:drk dk mldh f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ls xgjk lEcUèk crk;kA izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd osQ xq.k bl
izdkj gSaμ
(1) KkukRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Cognitive Characteristics)μizf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa izos'k nsrs le; bl ckr dks
Hkh fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gS fd tks Nk=k bl O;olk; esa lfEefyr gksa og de ls de vkSlr 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk
okys gksaA ;g lR; gS fd fdl izdkj laosxkRed n`f"V ls vfLFkj O;fDr f'k{kk O;olk; esa liQy ugha gksrk mlh

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV izdkj fuEu 'kSf{kd Lrj okyk O;fDr izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k ugha dj ikrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd mPp Lrjh; xzsM
fcUnq dk Js"B f'k{k.k ls ?kukRed lg&lEcUèk gSA
f'k{kk dh KkukRed] fo'ks"krkvksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g Hkh gS fd f'k{kd vius Nk=kksa ds lEcUèk esa fdruk
tkurk gSA vksteSu rFkk fofYdu (1939) us vius izkjfEHkd vè;;u ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk Fkk fd tks f'k{kd
vius Nk=kksa ds ckjs esa vfèkd tkurs gSa rFkk Nk=kksa ls lEcfUèkr vusd lwpukvksa ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa] muds Nk=kksa
dh 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk mu Nk=kksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrh gS] ftuds f'k{kd muds ckjs esa oqQN ugha tkurs gSaA
izf'k{k.k dky esa f'k{kd ds vè;kiu&vH;kl dh fu"ifÙk dk Hkh f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ds lkFk ?kukRed lEcUèk gksrk
gSA lkbeu rFkk ,'kj (1964) us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f'k{kd ds 'kSf{kd Lrj rFkk f'k{k.k&vH;kl izkxs kz e dk d{kk
vuq'kklu rFkk fo"k; dh rS;kjh ds lkFk xgjk lEcUèk gSA f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dk Kku fdruk gS\ rFkk fo"k;
dh rS;kjh og fdl izdkj djrk gS\ bldk izHkko Hkh mldh f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ij iM+rk gSA js;Ul (1958) us
izèkkukè;kidksa }kjk cgqr vPNs rFkk cgqr [kjkc (voqQ'ky) f'k{kdksa dk fuèkkZj.k (fuèkkZj.k ekiu }kjk) djk;kA
blesa izkFkfed fo|ky; ds 43 vPNs rFkk 27 voqQ'ky f'k{kd] vaxt sz h o lkekftd vè;;u fo"k; i<+kus okys 58
vPNs rFkk voqQ'ky f'k{kdksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;kA bl vè;;u esa js;Ul us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f'k{kdksa
dh voqQ'kyrk dk ize[q k dkj.k fo"k;&oLrq dh rS;kjh vPNh rjg ls u djuk FkkA v¡xjsth rFkk lkekftd vè;;u
ds 36 izfr'kr f'k{kd fo"k;&oLrq dk lgh o i;kZIr Kku u gksus ds dkj.k gh voqQ'ky ?kksf"kr fd;s x;sA xf.kr
rFkk foKku ds 61 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa dks vius fo"k; dk vPNs Kku ds dkj.k gh Js"B o oqQ'ky crk;k x;k FkkA
fo"k; ds Kku ds dkj.k gh Js"B o oqQ'ky crk;k x;k FkkA fo"k; ds Kku esa lkFk&lkFk d{kk esa ml fo"k; dk
izLrqrhdj.k Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA izHkko'khy vfHkO;fDr ds fcuk Kku dksbZ egRo ugha j[krkA vksfyo (1968) rFkk
gseVu (1953) fo"k; ds Kku ds lkFk ;g Hkh vko';d ekurs Fks fd f'k{kd dh lh[kus dh izfozQ;k vkèkkjHkwr
fl¼kUrks]a f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa vkfn dk i;kZIr Kku gks rFkk d{kk dks vuq'kkflr j[kus esa oqQ'ky gksA
(2) HkkoukRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Emotional Characteristics)μHkkoukRed fo'ks"krkvksa ds vUrxZr f'k{kd ds
laosx] #fp;k¡] vfHko`fÙk] ewY; rFkk O;fDrRo lEcUèkh fo'ks"krk,a vkrh gSaA 'kquVZ (1951) us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd
y{k.k rFkk izfozQ;k pj dk gkbZ LowQy Nk=kksa dh xf.kr dh fu"ifÙk ls xgjk lEcUèk FkkA 3919 Nk=k rFkk 196 f'k{kdksa
ij vkèkkfjr bl vè;;u esa ;g ns[kk x;k fd ftu f'k{kdksa dks 8 o"kZ ls vfèkd dk f'k{k.k vuqHko Fkk mudh
chtxf.kr dh d{kk esa Nk=kksa us vis{kko`Qr vfèkd vad izkIr fd;sA blh izdkj ls ftu Nk=kksa dks 20&25 feuV rd
fujhf{kr vè;;u (lqijokbTM LVMh) fofèk ls i<+k;k x;k] de fujhf{kr vè;;u okys Nk=kksa dh rqyuk esa js[kkxf.kr
o chtxf.kr esa mudh fu"ifÙk vfèkd FkhA
,UMjlu (1937) rFkk ysfou] fyfiV vkSj OgkbV (1939) ds nks 'kksèk vè;;u d{kk esa fof'k"V okrkoj.k mRiUu
djus esa f'k{kd dh eukso`R;kRed fo'ks"krkvksa ds izHkko dk vè;;u djrs gSaA ,UMjlu dk dguk Fkk fd
izHkqRooknh f'k{kd d{kk ij vPNk o okafNr pozQ dks mRiUu djus okys gksrs gSA leUo;h f'k{kd ls i<+us okys
Nk=k Hkh leUo;h euksof` Ùk okys gks tkrs gSa rFkk bu Nk=kksa esa vfèkd LoHkkfodrk o vPNk laoxs kRed o lkekftd
lek;kstu ik;k tkrk gSA
,UMjlu us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd leUo;h f'k{kd lHkh izdkj ds Nk=kksa ds lkFk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa] tcfd
de leUo;h f'k{kd d{kk esa de izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa rFkk d{kk esa Hk; dh fLFkfr vfèkd gksrh gS_ tSls de
izoh.k f'k{kdksa ds Nk=kksa esa mRlkg o izsj.kk dk vHkko gksrk gSA
f'k{kd ds O;fDrRo ds lkFk Nk=k dh fu"ifÙk dk xgjk lEcUèk gksrk gSA js;Ul (1970) dk vè;;u Hkh ,d
egRoiw.kZ vè;;u gSA blesa 1700 LowQyksa ds 6000 f'k{kdksa dks vè;;u dk fo"k; cuk;k x;k gSA 6 lky ds
vè;;u ds ckn js;Ul us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd mRlkgh] O;ofLFkr rFkk izsj.kk nsus okys f'k{kd gh vfèkd
izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd gksrs gSaA

(3) xfr'khy ,oa dkS'ky lEcUèkh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Dynamic and Skills related Characteristics)μ f'k{kd dh uksV
xfrokgh oqQ'kyrk dk mldh f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk ls D;k o fdruk lEcUèk gS esa dksbZ 'kksèk vè;;u izkIr ugha gqvk
gSA f'k{kd dh xfrokgh oqQ'kyrk dk Nk=k&fu"ifÙk ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS] bl ij Hkh dksbZ 'kksèk dk;Z ugha gqvk
gSA ijUrq f'k{kd dh O;kogkfjd oqQ'kyrk rFkk izo.krk ij vfèkd 'kksèk dk;Z gq, gS rFkk gks jgs gSaA f'k{kd Nk=kksa
ds le{k ,d vkn'kZ izfreku gksrk gS] ftldk vuqdj.k Nk=k djrs gSAa vr% f'k{kd esa iw.kZ dkS'ky furkUr vko';d
gS rkfd og Nk=kksa dh =kqfV;ksa dks 'kq¼ dj losaQ rFkk mUgsa lgh fozQ;k djus dk funsZ'k ns losaQA Nk=kksa dks lgh f'k{kk
Lo;a f'k{kd Hkh ns ldrk gS vFkok fiQYe ;k vU; n`';&JO; vU; lkèku dh lgk;rk Hkh ys ldrk gSA
2- lgh fodYi pqfu,μ(Choose the correct option)
1- f'k{kd izR;; dk i{k gksrk gSμ
(d) mís';@y{; ([k) dkS'ky
(x) Hkwfedk (?k) mijksDr lHkh
2- f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dh izo`Qfr gSμ
(d) oSKkfud ([k) dykRed
(x) nksuksa gh (?k) dksbZ ugha
3- f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk ds ekun.M gSaμ
(d) ;ksX;rk ([k) izfozQ;k
(x) mRiknu (?k) mijksDr lHkh
2-10 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dk ekiu (Measuring Teacher Effectiveness)

f'k{kd ds dk;ks± ds ewY;kadu ds {ks=k esa #fp lu~ 1990 ls iwoZ gks 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA gktsy Msfol (1964) us dgk
fd 1900&12 ds eè; LowQy losZ{k.k esa f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk dk ekiu LowQy fo"k;ksa ds izekf.kd ijh{k.kksa ds vkèkkj
ij fd;k tkrk FkkA ml le; f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ds fy, O;fDrxr ijh{k.k esa yksxksa dh #fp de FkhA lu~ 1920
ds ckn LowQy los{Z k.k vfèkd xgjkbZ ls gksus yxsA f'k{kd&oqQ'kyrk ds ewY;kadu ds fy, ubZ&ubZ fofèk;ka Hkh viukbZ
tkus yxhaA
ckj (1950) ds vuqlkj bfy;V] ck;ls] O;qMksxj rFkk LVªxs j izFke O;fDr Fks] ftUgksua s f'k{kd oqQq 'kyrk ds fy, ekiu
dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj vusd izdkj ds LosQy cuk;s_ tSl&s fcUnq ekiu] xzkfiQd ekiu] funkukRed ekiu] O;fDr&O;fDr
rqyuk vkfnA bfy;V us ,d Ldksj dkMZ dk fodkl fd;k] ftlesa lkr eq[; {ks=k Fksμ'kkjhfjd {kerk] izkIr oqQ'kyrk]
uSfrd oqQ'kyrk] iz'kklfud oqQq 'kyrk] xR;kRed oqQ'kyrk] lkekftd oqQ'kyrk rFkk iz{ksi.k oqQ'kyrkA
equjks us (1924) rFkk DykoZQ us (1924) fiNys o"kks± ds vè;;uksa dk la{ksihdj.k fd;k vkSj ik;k fd ml le;
ds fuèkkZj.k ekiuksa esa fo'oluh;rk dh Hkkjh deh Fkh rFkk fuèkkZjd dk f'k{kd ds izfr lkekU; fopkj gh mlds
fuèkkjZ.k dk vkèkkj FkkA oqQUMlsu rFkk LVhisQUl (1931) us 57 fuèkkZj.k ekiuh dk vè;;u fd;k] ftuesa 199 fofHkUu
xq.kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd fuèkkZj.k ekiuh esa fdu xq.kksa dk lekos'k gksA bl
lEcUèk esa yksxksa esa vfèkd erHksn FkkA
bl fn'kk esa lu~ 1930 ds ckn oqQN ifjorZu vk;kA vc f'k{kd&O;ogkj rFkk f'k{kk ds y{;ksa ds chp lEcUèkksa
dks le>us o Li"V djus dh vksj yksxksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr gqvkA f'k{kd&O;ogkj ds ewY;kadu dh fofèk dk lu~
1950 ls mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA oqQ'kyrk esa fu.kZ; dh ckr gS vkSj O;ogkj 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA
oqQ'kyrk ls O;ogkj dh vksj ;g vkUrj.k dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 2-11 f'k{kd&izHkko'khyrk ds ekun.M (Criteria of Teacher-Effectiveness)

ekun.M 'kCn ls rkRi;Z gS ewY;kadu gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkus okys ekud ;k dlkSVhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fdlh rRo
dk ijh{k.k djus ;k ewY;kadu djus ds fy;s tks dlkSVh rS;kj dh tkrh gS] og ekun.M dgykrh gSA
dksbZ Hkh ekud ;k dlkSVh ftldk ekun.M ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k] mlesa izlaxkuqowQyrk] fo'oluh;rk]
iz;ksxkRed rFkk oLrqfu"Brk dk gksuk vko';d gSA pwafd f'k{k.k esa liQyrk vusd oS;fDrd xq.kksa] vko';drkvksa
rFkk okrkoj.k ds vusd rRoksa ls lEcfUèkr gSA vr% f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk dk ekun.M fu'p; gh ,d dfBu o
tfVy dk;Z gSA d{kk&f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu ds fy;s D;k ekud gksa bl lEcUèk esa fo}ku ,der ugha gSaA
js;Ul (1952] 53) dgk Fkk fd f'k{kd dh {kerk dk ewY;kadu mlds LowQy dk;ks± ij izHkko] LowQy&lekt lEcUèkksa
ij izHkko] Nk=k ds lh[kus ij mlds izHkko dh n`f"V ls djuk pkfg;sA
foLdkaflou fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk ij tks vè;;u gq, gSa] muesa fuEufyf[kr lkr ekun.Mksa dk iz;ksx
vfèkd gksrk jgk gSA
foldkaflou vè;;uksa esa f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk ds ekun.M
1- lsokjr fuèkkZj.k
(v) lqifjVsMsUV }kjk
(c) izèkkukpk;Z }kjk
(l) vU; fujh{kd inkfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk
(n) f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa }kjk
(;) fof'k"V {ks=k ds foHkkxh; O;fDr;ksa }kjk
(j) Lo;a fuèkkZj.k
2- lkfFk;ksa }kjk fuèkkZj.k
3- Nk=kksa dh fu"ifÙk izkIrkad
4- Nk=kksa }kjk fuèkkZj.k
5- f'k{k.k] oqQ'kyrk dks ekius ;ksX; ijh{k.kksa ds lkewfgd izkIrkad
6- f'k{k.k] vH;kl ds izkIrkad ;k vuqfLFkfr
7- lHkh dk iz;ksx djds lkewfgd izkIrkad
fczVus esa f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk ij gq, vè;;uksa esa ftu ekun.Mksa dks iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS os gS&a Nk=kksa esa ifjorZu] fo'ks"kKksa
dk fu.kZ;] fuèkkZj.k ekiuh dk iz;ksx Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa dk fuèkkZj.k] f'k{kd ;ksX;rk] vfHko`fÙk] #fp rFkk lektfefr
fofèkA
1- ;ksX;rk ekun.M (Presage Criteria)
2- izfozQ;k ekun.M (Process Criteria) rFkk
3- mRiknu ekun.M (Product Criteria)
1- ;ksX;rk ekun.M (Presage Criteria)μf'k{k.k&oqQ'kyrk ds bl i{k esa f'k{kd dh vU; oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa
dks fy;k tkrk gS] tks izfozQ;k rFkk ekun.M ij Hkh viuk izHkko Mkyrh gS rFkk ifj.kke ekun.M ij Hkh viuk
izHkko Mkyrh gS rFkk f'k{kd&oqQ'kyrk ls ftu fo'ks"krkvksa dk lEcUèk gSA lkekU;r% f'k{kd ds bu y{k.kksa dks pkj
oxks± esa ckaV ldrs gSaμ
(v) O;fDrRo lEcUèkh pj&m|e] cqf¼ vuqowQyu {kerk] pkfjf=kd xq.k vkfnA

(c) izf'k{k.k lEcUèkh pj&f'k{k.k vH;kl ds izkIrkad] fujh{kd }kjk ewY;kadu] f'k{kk ikB~;ozQe ds izkIrkad uksV
vkfnA
(l) fo"k;oLrq lEcUèkh pj lkekU; Kku] fo"k;&oLrq dk Kku] 'kSf{kd rF;ksa ,oa mís';ksa dh voèkkj.kk 'kSf{kd
fu"ifÙk vkfnA
(n) f'k{kd vuqHko] f'k{kd dk in] O;ogkj vkfnA
2- izfozQ;k ekun.M (Process Criteria)μblesa os i{k vkrs gSa] tks fd f'k{k.k izfozQ;k lEcUèkh gksrs gSa rFkk
ftudh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr&ifj.kke ekun.M ij viuk izHkko vo'; Mkyrh gSA izfozQ;k ekun.M dk o.kZu
eq[;r% d{kk dh n'kk,¡] okrkoj.k] Nk=k f'k{kd ds eè; lkekftd vUr% izfozQ;k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS o
ekik tkrk gSA f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk rFkk Nk=k&O;ogkj nksuksa dk voyksdu djds izfozQ;k ekun.M izkir fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa ls fdlh Hkh ,d dk vè;;u i`Fkd ls ugha gks ldrk gSA lh[kus dh izfozQ;k esa nksuksaμf'k{kd
o Nk=k dh ikjLikfjd vUr% fozQ;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA blhfy, f'k{kd&{kerk ds ewY;kadu esa
izfozQ;k i{k dk viuk egRo gSA
3- mRiknu ekun.M (Product Criteria)μifj.kke ekun.M ls rkRi;Z mu mís';ksa dh izkfIr ls gS] ftUgsa è;ku
esa j[kdj f'k{k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd tc Hkh f'k{k.k fozQ;k ds fy, rRij gksrk gS mlds le{k oqqQN mís';
gksrs gSa vkSj f'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ f'k{kd ;g ns[krk gS fd mldh miyfCèk D;k jghA bu mís';ksa dk o.kZu lkekU;r%
Nk=kksa esa visf{kr O;ogkj ifjorZu ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA jsfcuksfcV~l vkSj V~olZ (1953) rFkk js;Ul (1949]
1953) ds lkFk gh lkFk jselZ (1952] 1953) Hkh bl ckr ls lger gSa fd oqQ'ky f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu Nk=kksa ij
iM+us okys izHkko dh n`f"V ls fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

• vkt vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa d{kk vUr%izfØ;k ij 'kksèk dk;ks± dks vfèkd egRo ,oa izkFkfedrk nh tk
jgh gSA d{kk vUr%izfØ;k dks blfy, egRo fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd blesa Nk=kksa dh miyfCèk (Achievement)
,d ek=k izHkko'khyrk dk ekun.M gksrh gSA bl fn'kk esa 'kksèk dk;ks± dk fu;kstu fd;k x;k gS] ftudh
voèkkj.kk ;g gS fd lEiw.kZ O;ogkj ifjorZu esa ekun.M dh Hkwfedk gh vge~ gksrh gSA blfy, ;g vko';d
gS fd f'k{kd dks f'k{kd izR;; ,oa f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk cksèk gksuk pkfg,A
• f'k{kd dh voèkkj.kk bldh ifjHkk"kk rhu :iksa esa dh xbZ gSμ
(1) f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)]
(2) f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-Job) rFkk
(3) f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)A
• f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)μf'k{kd&O;olk; dks oqQN y{;ksa osQ :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ tSlsμ,d fdlku osQ O;olk; dk y{; gksrk gSμÑf"k dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dk
lEiknu djukA
• f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-job)μ,d f'k{kd osQoy ,slk O;fDr gh ugha gksrk
fd og nwljksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk l`tu djrk gks og vfirq vius f'k{k.k esa dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk
,oa n{krk Hkh fodflr djrk gSA
• f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)μf'k{kd osQ izR;; dks le>us osQ fy, ;g tkuuk
Hkh vko';d gS fd f'k{k.k dh ^Hkwfedk&fuokZg* dks O;olk; D;ksa ekuk tkrk gSA ,d f'k{kd osQ vius
mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vfèkdkj gksrs gSa rFkk mls iz'kkld ls Hkh lEcUèk j[kus iM+rs gSaA ;g vfèkdkj ,oa drZO; gh
f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • ,d f'k{kd dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO; gS fd mls vè;;u'khy rRdkyhu lekt dk cksèk gksuk pkfg,
rHkh ;g Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ldrk gS rFkk d{kk&f'k{k.k dh Hkwfedk fuokZg leqfpr <ax
ls dj ldrk gSA
• johUnzukFk VSxksj osQ vuqlkj ,d f'k{kd thou&i;ZUr Nk=k gh jgrk gSA mls vius fo"k; dh iw.kZ tkudkjh
ugha jgrh gSA f'k{kd dks vius Nk=kksa rFkk vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus f'k{kd dks ,d nhid
dh miek nh gSA
• f'k{kd 'kCn ^f'k{k~* èkkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkukA ,d f'k{kd Lo;a Hkh lh[krk
jgrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks fl[kkrk jgrk gSA f'k{kd dks ,d nk'kZfud dh Hkh laKk nh tkrh gSA vkt f'k{kd dks
izcUèkd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
• f'k{kd O;ogkjμf'k{kd fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rFkk fofHkUu lUnHkks± esa vusd izdkj osQ dk;Z djrk gSA og LowQy
dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysrk gSA f'k{kd dh bu lHkh fØ;kvksa dks ,d lkekU; oxZ (f'k{kd O;ogkj) esa
j[kk tk ldrk gSA
• f'k{kd O;ogkj dk fl¼karμjs;Ul (1970) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dh tks ifjHkk"kk nh gS mlosQ nks izeq[k
vkèkkj rRo (Postulates) gSaμ
(1) f'k{kd O;ogkj lkekftd O;ogkj gSμjs;Ul osQ vuqlkj f'k{kd O;ogkj ,d lkekftd O;ogkj
gS vFkkZr f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa fl[kkus okys (f'k{kd) osQ vfrfjDr lh[kus okys (Nk=k) dk mifLFkr gksuk
vko';d gS] ftlosQ lkFk f'k{kd lEizs"k.k fØ;k djrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
(2) f'k{kd O;ogkj lkisf{kd gSμf'k{kd d{kk esa tks oqQN Hkh djrk gS] og lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
ifj.kke gS] ftlesa f'k{kd i<+krk gSA f'k{kd dk O;ogkj vPNk gS ;k cqjk] lgh gS ;k xyr] izHkko'kkyh
gS ;k izHkkoghu] bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd f'k{kd dk O;ogkj] Nk=k miyfCèk osQ izdkj] visf{kr
f'k{k.k&fofèk;k¡ fdl lhek rd ml laLÑfr osQ ewY;ksa osQ lkFk vuq:irk j[krh gSa] ftlesa og jgrk
gS rFkk ftlosQ fy, og Hkkoh ih<+h dks rS;kj dj jgk gSA
• f'k{kd O;ogkj fl¼kar dh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡μ
(1) f'k{kd O;ogkjμifjfLFkfrtU; rRoksa rFkk f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk dk;Zdkjh :i gSA f'k{kd
dk O;ogkj tks oqQN Hkh gksrk gS ml ij cká ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk izHkko
iM+rk gS rFkk bu nksuksa osQ ikjLifjd fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk ifj.kke gh f'k{kd&O;ogkj dgykrk gSA
(2) f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSμtc f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ vè;;u dh ckr lksprs
gSa vkSj fiQj vè;;u djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rks ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk oLrqfu"B
vè;;u ;k rks izR;{k fujh{k.k osQ }kjk vFkok vizR;{k lkèkuksa }kjk (tks f'k{kd&O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr
gS) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ izdkjμd{kk esa lkekU; nks izdkj osQ O;ogkj ns[kus dks feyrs gSaμ(1) 'kkfCnd O;ogkj
rFkk (2) v'kkfCnd O;ogkjA 'kkfCnd O;ogkjμd{kk esa tc f'k{kd rFkk Nk=k cksydj vius vknku&iznku
djrs gSa rks bl O;ogkj dks 'kkfCnd&O;ogkj dgrs gSaA
• izR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Direct Teacher Behaviour)μizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj og O;ogkj gS] ftlesa
f'k{kd d{kk esa viuk izHkko o izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dh ps"Vk djrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa o O;ogkjksa dh
vkykspuk djrk gS] d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks Lora=krkiwoZd cksyus dk volj iznku ugha djrk gSA
• vizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Indirect Verbal Behaviour)μtc f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks dk;Z djus dh] mUgsa
fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh Lora=krk iznku djrk gS rks bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj dks vizR;{k O;ogkj dh
laKk nh tkrh gSA

• oqQjS'kh ,oa gqlSu (1972) us vizR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd dh vusd fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ gSa_ tSlsμlh[kus dh uksV
izfØ;k esa Nk=kksa dks vfèkdkfèkd Hkkx ysus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gS] Lo;a de cksyrk gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks Lo;a
vuqHko dk vfèkd volj iznku djrk gS] vè;;u&vè;kiu dh ;kstuk cukus esa Nk=kksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djrk
gS] d{kk esa vfèkd iz'u iwNrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± dh iz'kalk djrk gS rFkk vfèkdkfèkd izksRlkfgr djrk gS]
Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djrk gSA mUgsa egRo nsrk gS] vkykspuk ;k n.M dk dksbZ LFkku blesa ugha gksrk
gS] Nk=kksa dh bPNk o vko';drkuqlkj f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa ifjorZu lEHko gSA
• v'kkfCnd O;ogkjμf'k{k.k lEcUèkh vfèkdka'k fØ;k,¡ 'kkfCnd vknku&iznku }kjk gh lEiUu dh tkrh gSa
rFkkfi d{kk esa v'kkfCnd O;ogkj Hkh gksrk gS] tks de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA v'kkfCnd O;ogkj og O;ogkj gS]
ftlesa Nk=k rFkk f'k{kd osQ eè; cksydj Hkkoksa o fopkjksa dk lEiz"s k.k ugha gksrk gS vfirq gko&Hkko rFkk laoQs r
osQ }kjk gksrk gSA
• vkèkqfud vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk;keμvè;kid&f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa izeq[k nks vk;keksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k
tkrk gSA os vk;ke bl izdkj gSaμ
1- LokfeRo f'k{kd dk izfreku_ 2- LokfeRo f'k{k.k izfreku (izfØ;k dk Lo:i)A
• o"kks± ls izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd vFkok f'k{kd&oqQ'kyrk dks le>us o ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA
fofHkUu fo}kuksa us f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dh ifjHkk"kk vius&vius n`f"Vdks.k ls nh gSA f'k{kd&izHkko lEcUèkh
;g fHkUurk rFkk vLi"Vrk LokHkkfod gS] D;ksafd izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k fu%lUnsg ,d lkisf{kd fo"k; gSA fdlh
Hkh O;fDr osQ fy, ,d vPNs ;k oqQ'ky f'k{kd dk fopkj mlosQ iwoZ vuqHko] ewY;] vfHko`fÙk rFkk lekt
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA f'k{kd dk eq[; y{; Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykuk gSA Nk=kksa osQ
Kku] dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk] #fp vkfn osQ fodkl osQ iQyLo:i gh Nk=kksa esa fodkl lEHko gSA f'k{kd tc d{kk
esa Nk=kksa dks i<+krk gS rks mlosQ lEeq[k oqQN mís'; o y{; gksrs gSaA bu mís';ksa o y{;ksa dks izkIr djus dk
iz;kl og fujUrj djrk jgrk gSA ftl lhek rd og vius bu y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa liQy gks tkrk gS
mldh oqQ'kyrk o izHkko'khyrk dk ifjpk;d gSA
• f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kkμizHkko'khyrk 'kCn Hkko izèkku gSA f'k{kd dh
izHkko'khyrk dk O;ogkfjd i{k f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk ls gksrk gSA Msªd cksd us f'k{k.k'kkL=k osQ
vuqlkj f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gSμ¶f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk iw.kZ fo'okl ,oa
vkLFkk dk izR;; gSA¸
• izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd ds xq.kμbl i{k esa f'k{kd dh ekufld {kerk] f'k{kk] fo"k; lEcUèkh Kku] f'k{k.k
vuqHko vkfn ij pj lfEefyr gksrs gSaA izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og cqf¼eku gks rFkk
mldh mPp 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk gksA ,- ,l- ckj (1967) us vusd vè;;uksa ds fu"d"kZ ds iQyLo:i f'k{kd
dh fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk] fopkj&'kfDr rFkk ekufld tkx:drk dk mldh f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ls xgjk lEcUèk
crk;kA izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd osQ xq.k bl izdkj gSaμ (1) KkukRed fo'ks"krk,¡_ (2) HkkoukRed fo'ks"krk,¡_
• f'k{kd ds dk;ks± ds ewY;kadu ds {ks=k esa #fp lu~ 1990 ls iwoZ gks 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA gktsy Msfol (1964)
us dgk fd 1900&12 ds eè; LowQy losZ{k.k esa f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk dk ekiu LowQy fo"k;ksa ds izekf.kd ijh{k.kksa
ds vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk FkkA ml le; f'k{k.k oqQ'kyrk ds fy, O;fDrxr ijh{k.k esa yksxksa dh #fp de
FkhA lu~ 1920 ds ckn LowQy los{Z k.k vfèkd xgjkbZ ls gksus yxsA f'k{kd&oqQ'kyrk ds ewY;kadu ds fy, ubZ&ubZ
fofèk;ka Hkh viukbZ tkus yxhaA
• f'k{kd&izHkko'khyrk ds ekun.Mμekun.M 'kCn ls rkRi;Z gS ewY;kadu gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkus okys ekud
;k dlkSVhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fdlh rRo dk ijh{k.k djus ;k ewY;kadu djus ds fy;s tks dlkSVh rS;kj dh tkrh
gS] og ekun.M dgykrh gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • fczVsu esa f'k{kd oqQ'kyrk ij gq, vè;;uksa esa ftu ekun.Mksa dks iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS os gSa&Nk=kksa esa ifjorZu]
fo'ks"kKksa dk fu.kZ;] fuèkkZj.k ekiuh dk iz;ksx Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa dk fuèkkZj.k] f'k{kd ;ksX;rk] vfHko`fÙk] #fp
rFkk lektfefr fofèkA
2-13 'kCndks'k (Keyword)

• vuqns'kμlaosQr] funsZ'k] f'k{kkA
• izoh.kμn{kA
• pjμxw<A+
• HkzwHkaxμR;ksjh p<+kukA

1- izHkkoh f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk oQk egÙo le>kb,A
2- f'k{kd osQ d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3- vk/qfud vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk;ke ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
4- izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd osQ xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
5- izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd dh ij[k gsrq ekiuh esa fdu xq.kksa dk lekos'k gksuk pkfg,A
1. 1. ([k) 2. (x) 3. (x) 4. (d)
2. 1. (?k) 2. (x) 3. (?k)

bdkbZ—3% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ izdkjμlsokjr~] lsokiwoZ ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ3% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ izdkjμ lsokjr~] lsokiwoZ
,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk
(Types of Teacher Education—In-Service,
Pre-Service and Distance Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
3.1 lsokjr vè;kid f'k{kk (In-Service Teacher Education)
3.2 lsokiwoZ vè;kid f'k{kk (Pre-service Teacher Education)
3.3 nwjLFk f'k{kk (Distance Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu izdkjksaμ lsokjr~] lsokiwoZ ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
vè;kid f'k{kk] f'k{kk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax gSA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk vè;kid f'k{kk dk foLrkj gqvk gSA
vè;kid f'k{kk ,d ,slk 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe gS] ftlesa fofHkUu Lrjh; ,oa oxhZ; vè;kidksa dks f'kf{kr djus dk
iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k dks ,d m|e ;k izksI+ksQ'ku osQ :i esa Lohdkj djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd
vè;kid f'k{kk og vk;kstu gks ftlesa bl m|exr uhfr&cksèk ,oa laosxkRed i{k esa Hkh n{krk iznku djus
dh O;oLFkk gksA
vè;kid f'k{kk ek=k ,d dk;ZØe ugha gS cfYd ,d ,slk fe'ku ;k vk;kstu Hkh gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªh;
lanHkZ esa vkèkqfud ifjo£rr vè;kidh; Hkwfedk osQ fuoZgu osQ fy, n{krk rFkk oqQ'kyrk izkfIr gsrq O;fDr;ksa
dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,sfrgkfld i`’Hkwfe ,oa mlosQ fofHkUu izdkjksa dk foospu
izLrqr gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe

1- izkphu dky (Ancient Period): Hkkjr esa fofHkUu leqnk;ksa osQ eè; fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls dkiQh le; igys f'k{kk
osQ foLrkj dk fopkj FkkA esyk] R;ksgkj] vFkZ] vkSipkfjd] lkekftd] /k£ed ekè;e ls iwjs leqnk; ,oa f'k{kdksa
dks /k£ed ,oa uSfrd f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA blosQ vykok /k£ed ;k=kk] lkeqnkf;d okrkZyki vkfn Hkh f'k{kk
iznku djus osQ lk/u FksA
2- vaxzstksa dk dky (British Period)
vaxzsth le; esa vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ izfr de iz;kl fd;s x;sA oqM fMLiSp (Wood Despatch 1954) us f'k{kdksa
esa muosQ O;olk; esa lq/kj ,oa fodkl dh ?kks"k.kk dhA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (1882) us fuEufyf[kr izLrkoksa dks
ikfjr fd;kμ
(i) f'k{k.k&fl¼kUrksa ,oa vH;kl dh ijh{kk osQ fy, O;oLFkk dh tk;sA bl ijh{kk esa liQy gksus ij gh
ekè;fed f'k{kk esa LFkkbZ vè;kid dh fu;qfDr dh tk;sxhA
(ii) Lukrd Lrj osQ Nk=kksa dks bl ijh{kk esa lfEefyr gksus osQ fy, oqQN le; osQ fy, izf'k{k.k osQ fy, tkuk
vko';d gksrk gSA
lsokjr~ vè;kidμf'k{kk osQ izR;; vkSj izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk laosQr loZizFke ykWMZ dtZu (1904)
dh f'k{kk uhfr esa feyrk gSA
blosQ ckn lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ bfrgkl dk mYys[k Hkkjr ljdkj osQ iQjojh 1913 osQ f'k{kk uhfr osQ izLrko
esa fd;k x;k FkkA
lu~ 1929 esa gVk±x lfefr us vius izLrko esa Li"V :i ls lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij cy
fn;k FkkA gVk±x lfefr osQ izLrko osQ eatjw gksus ij la?kh; 'kklu dh jkT; ljdkjksa us vè;kid&f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk
dk vkjEHk fd;k FkkA
1- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk (Inservice Teacher-Education)
2- lsokiwoZ vè;kid&f'k{kk (Pre-Service Teacher-Education)
lu~ 1937 osQ ckn ls Hkkjr esa lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dk fodkl vkjEHk gqvkA
3- LorU=krk osQ ckn dky (Post Independence Period)
lu~ 1944 esa ;q¼ksijkUr f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy, fjiksVZ izdkf'kr gqbZ] ftlesa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ fodkl
dh ckr dgh x;hA lu~ 1944 ls 1948 osQ eè; rd ;g ik;k x;k fd fofHkUu jkT; ns'k esa bl O;oLFkk dks u;k
:i ns jgs gSaA enzkl (psUubZ)] fcgkj ,oa mÙkj izns'k esa fiQj ls jhizsQ'kj dkslZ ,oa xzh"e dkyhu laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir
dh x;haA lu~ 1949 esa fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx us ,d vfr vko';d izLrko ikfjr djosQ gkbZ LowQy ,oa
b.VjehfM,V osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, laLFkkvksa esa fjizSQ'kj ikB~;Øe izkjEHk fd;k FkkA lfefr us ;g izLrko ikfjr fd;k
fd bl ;kstuk dh lkFkZdrk vè;kidksa dh izksUufr ls lEcfU/r djosQ izekf.kr dh tk ldrh gSA izR;sd pkj ;k
ik¡p o"kZ osQ ckn f'k{kdksa dks mudh mifLFkfr osQ vk/kj ij inksUufr nsdj bl ;kstuk dks izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA lu~ 1950 esa izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ izkpk;ks± dh xks"Bh cM+kSnk esa gqbZA bl lfefr us iwoZ f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k ,oa
lsokjr~ vè;kidksa osQ fy, fjizsQ'kj ikB~;Øe rFkk ,sls f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s mPp izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk ij cy fn;k
tksfd fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk pkgrs gSaA
lu~ 1951 esa izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa osQ la?k osQ la;qDr lfpo osQ O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa osQ }kjk i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe
osQ vUrxZr f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ izfr è;ku fnyk;k vkSj O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k osQ fodkl ij cy fn;kA lu~ 1958
esa ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa dh fliQkfj'k dh tks fd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa nh tkuh pkfg,μ
1- fjizsQ'kj ikB~;Øe]

2- fof'k"V fo"k;ksa esa vYi&rhoz ikB~;Øe uksV

3- dk;Z'kkyk esa O;kogkfjd izf'k{k.k] rFkk
4- xks"Bh ,oa O;kogkfjd okn&fooknA
lu~ 1954 esa rhljh xks"Bh vk;ksftr dh xbZ ftlesa Hkkjr dh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ izkpk;ks± us bl O;oLFkk osQ fo"k;
esa fiQj ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA blesa lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa fo'ks"k okrkZ gqbZA
lu~ 1955 esa Hkkjrh; ekè;fed ifj"kn~ us lsokjr~ vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s ,d lqfu;ksftr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr
;kstuk osQ 'kqHkkjEHk osQ fy;s n`<+ ladYi fd;k ftlosQ vUrxZr ns'k dh pquh gqbZ izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa foLrkj
lsok osQ ekè;e ls lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dk vkjEHk fd;k tkuk FkkA ifj"kn~ us foLrkj lsok osQUnz osQ ekè;e
ls 24 izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa esa lsokjr~ vè;kidksa esa O;kolkf;d xq.kksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, ,oa laLFkkvksa osQ lq/
kj osQ fy;s ,d dk;ZØe dk vkjEHk fd;kA lu~ 1957&1958 osQ eè; fofHkUu vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa us
foLrkj lsok osQUnz [kksysA bl izdkj izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh la[;k 54 rd igq¡p xbZA lu~ 1959 esa bl ifj"kn~
dks ijke'kZ lfefr dk :i ns fn;k x;k vkSj bldh ns[k&js[k f'k{kk ea=kky; }kjk dh tkus yxhA Hkkjr ljdkj
us bldks u;s foHkkx osQ vUrxZr dke djus osQ fy, j[kkA bl foHkkx dk uke êkè;fed f'k{kk izlkj fu;kstu
funs'kky;* j[kk x;kA flrEcj 1961 esa ,d u;h Lok;Ùk laLFkk ^jk"Vªh; izf'k{k.k ,oa vuqlU/ku ifj"kn~* dh
LFkkiuk dh x;hA Msils dks bl laLFkk osQ ,d Hkkx osQ :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh x;hA lu~ 1962 esa vkSj vf/
d foLrkj lsok foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;h ftlls fd vf/d ls vf/d yksx izlkj lsok dk mi;ksx dj losaQA
blh o"kZ esa 23 izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa izlkj bdkb;k¡ [kksyh x;haA lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk ,oa foLrkj lsok dh
bdkb;ksa dh la[;k lu~ 1965 rd igq¡p x;h FkhA
lu~ 1962&63 osQ eè; jk- iz- vuq- i- (jk‘ªifr vuqla/ku ifj"kn~) us vius csfld f'k{kk foHkkx osQ ekè;e ls
izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa 23 izlkj lsok osQUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dhA
lu~ 1964 esa f'k{kk vk;ksx us pkj&ik¡p o"kZ esa ,d ckj lHkh lsokjr~ vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk
ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA
bl izdkj lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij yxkrkj cy fn;k tkrk jgk gSA ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
lsokjr~ f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fofHkUu izdkj osQ osQUnzksa] i=kkpkj laLFkk] vodk'k dkyhu laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh
x;h gSA le;≤ ij fofHkUu izdkj dh xksf"B;ksa] okn&fooknksa vkSj flEiksft;eksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk jgk
gS] ijUrq ns'k esa lsokjr~ vè;kidksa osQ i;kZIr izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk vkt Hkh cuh gqbZ gS] ftlls fd bldh
dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk losQ] rFkk f'k{kdksa osQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa esa fodkl gks losQA
3-1 lsokjr vè;kid f'k{kk (In-Service Education)

lsokjr vè;kid f'k{kk dh ewyHkwr ekU;rk;sa (Postulates of In-Service Education)
1- lsokjr~ vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk muosQ iwjs O;kolkf;d thou esa ,d fu;ksftr <ax ls gksuh pkfg;sA
2- lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ }kjk f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa esa xq.kkRed fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- lsokjr~ vè;kid dks fn;k x;k iwoZ izf'k{k.k muosQ O;kolkf;d thou esa izHkko'kkyh <ax ls vius dk;Z
dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, i;kZIr gksxkA
4- thou osQ vusd ekuoh; {ks=kksa esa fuR; izfr ifjorZu gks jgk gS ftlls fd f'k{kk Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr,o]
;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd mu ifjorZuksa ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr voxr gksrk jgsA
5- f'k{kk esa ifjorZu ykus osQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd vU; lEcfU/r {ks=kksa esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ls
voxr gksrk jgsA blosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk] Kku] dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk vkfn esa
ifjorZu yk;k tk;s rFkk fodkl fd;k tk;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 6- 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks gy djus osQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd bl izdkj dh xksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k
tk;] ftudk mi;ksx izHkko'kkyh <ax ls gks losQA
7- lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk] f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s ,d vko';d rRo gSA
lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dk vFkZ (Meaning of In-service Education)
lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk esa O;kolkf;d vè;kidksa ,oa vU; vè;kidksa dks muosQ O;olk; ls lEcfU/r fujUrj
tkudkjh iznku djuk] ,oa O;kolkf;d xq.kksa rFkk dkS'kyksa esa lq/kj ,oa fodkl djuk lfEefyr gSA lsokjr~
vè;kid&f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk] vè;kid dks f'k{k.k&O;olk; esa izos'k djus osQ i'pkr~ muosQ yxkrkj fodkl
osQ fy;s mfpr vuqns'ku dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, nh tkrh gSA lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk }kjk vè;kidksa osQ
vUnj O;kolkf;d xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of In-service Education)
1- ,e- ch- cqp
1. “In-service education is thus, a programme of activities aiming at the continuing growth
of teachers and educational personnel in service.”
¶lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk ,d fØ;kc¼ ;kstuk gS] ftldk mís'; f'k{kd vkSj 'kSf{kd lsok deZpkfj;ksa dk
fujUrj fodkl gSA —M.B. Buch
2. “All those activities and courses which aim at enhancing and strengthening the profes-
sional knowledge, interest and skills of serving teachers. —Canne (1969)
¶os leLr fØ;k;sa ,oa ikB~;Øe ftudk mís'; lsokjr~ vè;kid osQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa dks LFkkbZ djuk rFkk
muesa bPNk 'kfDr ,oa dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djuk gksrk gS] lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ izR;; esa vkrk gSA¸
μosQu (1969)
lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dh fØ;k;sa (Activities of In-service Teacher Education)

1- O;kolkf;d Kku izkIr djuk]
2- dkS'ky dk fodkl djuk]
3- O;olk; osQ izfr vfHko`fÙk mRiUu djuk]
4- O;olk; ls lEcU/ j[kuk]
5- O;kolkf;d dkS'ky] iz'kkldh; dkS'ky] izcU/dh; dkS'ky] O;oLFkkidh; dkS'ky] usrR` o dkS'ky vkfn dk
fodkl djuk]
6- f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr vfHk#fp mRiUu djuk]
7- f'k{k.k&fof/;ksa vkSj 'kks/ dk;ks± ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe rFkk
8- lsfeukj] flEiksft;e] xks"Bh] okrkZyki vkfn fØ;kdykiksa dh O;oLFkk djukA
lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk dk egRo (Importance of In-Service Teacher Education)
1- fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx (University Education Commission, 1949)

fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx us vè;kid&f'k{kk dh vko';drk bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr dh gSμ¶;g vlk/kj.k ckr
gS fd fo|ky; dk vè;kid tks f'k{kk 25 o"kZ dh vk;q rd lh[krk gS mlh osQ vk/kj ij vè;;u djrk jgrk
gS vkSj vius vuqHkoksa osQ vfrfjDr fdlh uohu Kku dks ugha izkIr dj ikrk gSA blosQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS
fd f'k{kd dks uohu Kku ls le;≤ ij voxr djkrs jguk pkfg, rHkh og vius O;olk; osQ izfr iw.kZr%
dÙkZO; fuokZg dj ldrk gSA¸

1. “It is extra-ordinary that our school learn all of whatever subject they before reaching the age uksV
of 24 or 25 and then all their further education is left to experiences which is another name for
stagnation. We must realize that experiment before reaching its fullness and the teacher to keep
alive and fresh become necessary from time to time.”
bl izdkj fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx 1949 us Hkh lsokjr~ vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk rFkk izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk dk mYys[k
fd;k gSA
2- ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx (Secondary Education Commission)
ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us vè;kid f'k{kk osQ izR;; dks fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k vkSj bldh vko'drk osQ lq>ko fuEu
'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;s gSaμ
¶vè;kid&izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa fdrus gh Js"Bre fu;kstu djsa ysfdu os Js"Bre vè;kid iSnk djus esa vleFkZ gksrh
gSaA os osQoy vè;kidksa osQ vUnj mu xq.kksa] dkS'kyksa ,oa vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk lekos'k dj ldrh gSa ftuls fd os vius
dk;Z dk lapkyu vPNs <ax ,oa fo'okl ls dj losaQ] vkSj muosQ vUrxZr vf/dre vuqHko lekfgr gks losaQA
2. “However excellent the programme of teacher training may be, it does not by itself produce an
excellent teacher. It can only include the knowledge skills and attitudes which will enable the
teacher to begin his task with reasonable degree of confidence and with the minimum amount of
experience.”
lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk/kj (Bases of In-Service Teacher Education)

ts- ih- fy;ksukMZ osQ dFku ¶lh[kuk thou i;ZUr gksrk gS¸ osQ vuqlkj lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ vxzfyf[kr vkèkkj
crk;s gSaμ
1- f'k{kk ,d thou i;ZUr pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA osQoy vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa gh O;kolkf;d lsok
osQ fy, vè;kidksa dks rS;kj ugha dj ldrhaA
2- f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa fnu&izfrfnu u;s&u;s vuqla/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls u;s&u;s fopkjksa dk izknqHkkZo gks jgk gS]
fd f'k{kkFkhZ dks D;k vkSj oSQls i<+k;k tk;sA
3- izR;sd O;fDr vius iwoZ O;ogkjksa dks nksgjkrk gSA mlh rjg f'k{kd Hkh vius mlh <ax ls i<+kuk pkgrk
gS] tSls fd og igys i<+krk jgk gSA
4- Hkkjr osQ fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls xk¡oksa esa ;k NksVs dLcksa esa iqLrdksa] 'kks/&funsZ'kksa] ,oa liQy vuqHkoksa
;k vuqns'kksa dk lnk vHkko jgrk gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls f'k{kd vius O;olk; esa n{k gks ldrs gSaA
ts- bZ- xzhu us viuh iqLrd School Personnel Administration esa fuEufyf[kr fofHkÂ dkj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k
gS] ftuosQ dkj.k lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dh vko';drk dk irk yxkrk gSμ
1- Kku osQ {ks=k esa iqu% vFkkZiu dh izo`fÙk dk fodkl rhoz xfr ls gks jgk gS ftlls fd vè;kid izf'k{k.k
osQ le; nh x;h f'k{kk dh fujis{krk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk losQA
2- ns'k esa v;ksX; f'k{kdksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k gS ftudk ykHk ns'k ,oa lekt dks ugha gks ik jgk gSA
3- cgqr lh ,slh f'k{k.k izfof/;ksa dk fodkl gks jgk gS] ftldk mi;ksx iqjkus f'k{kd ugha dj ik jgs gSaA
4- fo|ky;h f'k{k.k esa u;s ,oa mi;ksxh vuqns'ku ekè;eksa dh [kkst dh tk jgh gSA Hkk"kk] iz;ksx'kkyk] f'k{k.k
e'khu] dEI;wVj vkSj nwjn'kZu dk mi;ksx u;s <ax ls f'k{k.k ,oa vf/xe osQ fy;s gks jgk gSA
5- 'kks/ }kjk f'k{k.k dh izÑfr esa u;h psruk dk fodkl fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlls d{kkxr f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
esa lq/kj gks jgk gSA
6- f'k{kd dks fnu&izfrfnu f'k{kkFkhZ dh vusd leL;kvksa dks gy djuk iM+rk gSA
7- lkekftd okrkoj.k] ewY;ksa] ekudksa vkfn esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k f'k{kd dks uohu fof/;ksa ,oa ;qfDr;ksa dk
iz;ksx djuk gksrk gS] ftlls ewY;kadu dh izfof/;ksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 8- f'k{kd dks fofHkÂ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkÂ Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gS] ftlosQ fy;s fofHkÂ izdkj
osQ Kku] vfHko`fÙk ,oa dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
9- oqQN le; i'pkr~ f'k{kd ;g Hkwy tkrk gS fd mldks O;olk; vkjEHk djus ls igys D;k Kku fn;k x;k
FkkA
10- f'k{kd osQ uSfrd ewY;ksa ,oa O;ogkjksa esa Hkh fxjkoV vkrh tkrh gSA
lsokjr vè;kid&f'k{kk dh vko';drk (Need of In-Service Teacher Education)
1- vè;kidksa osQ O;olkf;d thou esa izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dk ;kstukc¼ ,oa Øfed fu;kstuA
2- 'kSf{kd foLrkj osQ }kjk f'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk esa fodklA
3- f'k{kdksa dks lsokiwoZ izf'k{k.k osQ }kjk nh x;h f'k{kk muosQ O;kolkf;d thou esa mfpr ,oa i;kZIr <ax ls
iz;ksx ugha gks ikrhA
4- ekuoh; O;ogkjksa esa ,sls cgqr ls {ks=k gSa] ftuesa fuR; u;s&u;s ifjorZu gks jgs gSa] blosQ fy;s vko';d
gS fd f'k{kd fujUrj mu ifjorZuksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gksrk jgsA ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i f'k{kk osQ mís';ks]a
ikB~;Øeksa] f'k{k.k fof/;ksa] vuqns'ku lkefxz;ksa osQ }kjk f'k{kk izfØ;k dks vko';d :i ls vR;k/qfud ,oa
xfr'khy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ foLrkj }kjk muosQ visf{kr O;ogkjksa esa ifjorZu
yk;k tk ldrk gSA
5- f'k{kk esa ifjorZu djus osQ fy;s] vU; fo"k; {ks=kksa esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ls lsokjr~ vè;kid osQ xq.kksa esa fodkl
,oa ifjorZuA
6- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ izlkj }kjk ;g iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd f'k{kk esa tks ifjorZu gks jgs gSa muls
fo|ky; osQ vè;kidksa dks voxr djk;k tk;s ftlls og u;s ifjos'k dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks Hkyh izdkj
le> dj mudk lek/ku dj losaQA
lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; (Objectives of In-Service Teacher Education)
1- f'k{kd dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dks c<+kus osQ fy;s u;s&u;s míhiuksa dks iznku djukA
2- f'k{kdksa dks viuh leL;kvksa osQ izfr tkudkjh iznku djuk] rFkk mudks gy djus osQ fy;s muosQ Kku ,oa
cks/ dk mi;ksx djus esa lgk;rk iznku djukA
3- izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k izfof/;ksa osQ mi;ksx esa lgk;rk iznku djukA
4- f'k{kk esa gks jgh u;h f'k{k.k izfof/;ksa ,oa vkfo"dkjksa ls lsokjr~ vè;kid dks voxr djkukA
5- f'k{kd osQ ekufld n`f"Vdks.k esa foLrkj djukA
6- lsokjr~ vè;kidksa dks ewY;kadu izfof/;ksa ,oa ikB~;Øe osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh iznku djukA
7- f'k{kdksa dks muosQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa esa o`f¼ djukA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk 'kks/ laxBu foHkkx (National Education Associate Reasearch Division) osQ vuqlkj
lsokjr~ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ mís'; bl izdkj gSaμ
1- f'k{kdksa dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djuk] tks mUgsa vPNs f'k{kd cuus esa ck/k mRiÂ djrh gSaA
2- u;s f'k{kdksa dks lgk;rk iznku djuk tksfd izFke ckj d{kkxr dfBukb;ksa dk vuqHko dj jgs gSaA
3- lsokjr~ vè;kidksa esa lrr~ izf'k{k.k ,oa Kku dh o`f¼ djukA
lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ ewyHkwr fu;e (Rules of In-Service Teacher Education)
1- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk ,oa iwoZ lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk esa vUrj gSA

2- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk ,d izdkj dh izk<S &+ f'k{kk gSA vLrq] izk<S + vf/xe osQ fu;eksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa dk iz;ksx uksV
lsokjr~ vè;kidksa osQ liQy O;kolkf;d thou osQ fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk dk dk;ZØe f'k{kk txr dks rHkh vR;k/qfud cuk ldrk gS tc ;g Lo;a xfr'khy
jgsA
lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk dh orZeku lajpuk vkSj izfreku (Current Structure and Models of In-service
Teacher Education)
1- vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;Øe (Orientation courses)
2- vodk'k dkyhu ikB~;Øe (Vocational courses)
3- vUrjky ikB~;Øe (Sandwich courses)
4- fjizsQ'kj ikB~;Øe (Refresher courses)
5- i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe (Correspondence courses)
6- lkaè;kdkyhu ikB~;Øe (Evening courses)
7- xgu ikB~;Øe (Intensive courses)
8- dk;Z'kkyk (Workshop)
9- flEiksft;e (Symposium)
10- 'kSf{kd lEesyu (Educational conferences)
11- fo'ks"kKksa dk vknku&iznku (Exchange of Experts)
12- izlkj osQUnz (Extension center)
13- vYidkyhu ikB~;Øe (Short term courses)
14- izdk'ku foHkkx (Publication unit)
15- O;kolkf;d ys[ku (Vocational writings)
16- vizR;{k ys[ku (Indirect writings)
17- iz;ksx (Experimentation)
18- oSKkfud xksf"B;k¡ (Scientific Seminars)A
lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ fy;s fof'k"V mís';ksa dk mi;ksx funsZ'ku osQ :i esa fd;k
tk ldrk gSA 'kSf{kd lkexzh] ewY;kadu izfof/ vkfn bl dk;ZØe dks liQy cukus
esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
lsokjr~ f'k{kk dh laLFkk;sa vkSj lk/u (Institutions and Means of In-Service Education)
1- f'k{kk dh jkT; laLFkk;sa (State Institutes of Education)μbu laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk fofHkÂ jkT;ksa esa
lsokjr~ vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa osQ fy;s dh x;hA bu laLFkkvksa osQ ekè;e ls fofHkÂ
izdk'kuksa dh lgk;rk ls lwpuk;sa iznku djrh gSaA izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ fofHkÂ i{kksa tSlsμikB~;Øe] fof/;ksa]
izfof/;ksa ij 'kks/ dk;kss± dk v;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkÂ izdkj dh dk;Z'kkykvksa] xkf"B;ksa] ikB~;Øeksa
,oa okn&fooknksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
2- foKku dh jkT; laLFkk;sa (State Institutes of Science)μbu laLFkkvksa esa izkFkfed ,oa ekè;fed nksuksa
Lrjksa ij foKku f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed fodkl ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 3- vxzt as h dh jkT; laLFkk;sa (State Institutes of English)μns'k osQ fofHkÂ jkT;ksa esa vaxt sz h f'k{kk dh ckjg
laLFkk;sa gSaA osQUnzh; vaxzsth f'k{kk laLFkku gSnjkckn esa gSA p.Mhx<+ dk {ks=kh; vaxzsth f'k{kk laLFkku iatkc]
gfj;k.kk ,oa fgekpy izns'k esa lsok iznku djrk gSA vaxszth f'k{k.k dh izfof/;ksa dks lh[kus osQ fy;s lsokjr
vè;kidksa osQ fy;s pkj ekg dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA
4- foLrkj lsok foHkkx (Extension Services Departments)μns'k osQ 104 egkfo|ky;ksa esa izlkj&lsok
ossQUnz [kksys x;s gSaA bu foHkkxksa dk mís'; vè;kid f'k{kk dk uohuhdj.k djuk gSA xksf"B;ksa] okn&fooknksa
vkfn osQ }kjk u;s fo"k;ksa dh f'k{k.k&fof/;ksa ,oa izfof/;ksa esa lq/kj fd;k tkrk gSA
5- vè;kidksa osQ fy;s i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe (Correspondence Courses for Teachers)μloZizFke
osQUnzh; f'k{kk laLFkku fnYyh }kjk vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dks i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe }kjk izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
dh x;hA bl izdkj osQ dk;ZØeksa osQ vk;kstu {ks=kh; f'k{kk fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh 'kq: fd;sA buesa uohure
fo'ofo|ky; fgekpy izns'k dk gS] ftlesa ch- ,M- ,oa ,e- ,M- Lrj ij i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe 'kq: fd;k
x;kA lu~ 1972 esa fo'ofo|ky; us ,e- ,M- osQ ikB~;Øe ij jksd yxk nh rFkk ch- ,M- osQ ikB~;Øe
dks ;Fkkor~ tkjh j[kkA
6- ,e- ,M- dk lkaè;kdkyhu ikB~;Øe (Evening Courses for M. Ed.)μoqQN LFkkuksa ij lsokjr~
vè;kidksa osQ ykHk osQ fy, ,e- ,M- osQ lkaè;kdkyhu ikB~;Øeksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA osQUnzh; f'k{kk
laLFkku fnYyh us ,e- ,M- dk nks o"khZ; ikB~;Øe vkjEHk fd;kA iatkc fo'ofo|ky; ,oa iatkch
fo'ofo|ky; us bl izdkj dh lsok Øe'k% ifV;kyk vkSj p.Mhx<+ esa 'kq: dh ftlesa bl izdkj osQ
ikB~;Øe dk le; ,d o"kZ j[kk x;kA
7- vè;kidksa osQ fy;s xzh"edkyhu laLFkk;sa (Summer Insitutes for Teachers)μfo'ofo|ky; vuqnku
vk;ksx osQ lg;ksx ls lsokjr~ vè;kidksa osQ fy;s fo'ks"k :i ls foKku fo"k; esa ns'k osQ fofHkÂ Hkkxksa esa xehZ
osQ vodk'k esa izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ,slh laLFkkvksa dh le; lhek N% lIrkg rd gksrh gSA
blesa os ml dk;ZØe esa vf/d le; ysrs gSa] ftlls fd mudks u, fo"k; dk Kku fn;k tk;sA
8- xksf"B;k¡ (Seminars)μxksf"B;ksa dk dk;ZØe ,d lIrkg ls N% lIrkg rd gksrk gSA bl izdkj dh xksf"B;ksa
dh lsokjr~ vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
9- fjizsQ'kj ikB~;Øe (Refresher Courses)μu;s ikB~;Øeksa dh lgk;rk ls vè;kidksa osQ eè;e u;s
fopkjksa dk izlkj fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk v;ksx us ;g lq>ko fn;k gS fd izR;sd f'k{kd dks ikap o"kZ ckn
rhu ekg osQ fy;s vko';d :i ls bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A {ks=kh; f'k{kk fo|ky; us bl
{ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA lu~ 1957 esa Hkkjrh; la?k osQ f'k{kd laxBu us ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe
dk v;kstu fd;kA
10- O;kolkf;d lkfgR; (Vocational Literature)μlsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dk fodkl NksVh&NksVh iqfLrdkvksa
,oa if=kdkvksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk jgk gSA bl izdkj dk izdk'ku jk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku] Hkkjr ljdkj
osQ f'k{kk ea=kky;] jkT; f'k{kk osQ fofHkÂ foHkkxksa ,oa vU; laLFkkvksa osQ }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
11- vYi&dkyhu ikB~;Øe (Short Term Courses)μlsokjr~ vè;kidksa dks vYidkyhu ikB~;Øeksa dh
lgk;rk ls f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA
12- nwjxkeh f'k{kk (Distance Education)μnwjxkeh f'k{kk dh lgk;rk ls Hkh lsokjr~ vè;kidksa dks f'k{kk
nh tkrh gSA
13- vUrjky ikB~;Øe (Sandwich Courses)μbl izlkj osQ ikB~;Øeksa dk mi;ksx lsokjr~ vè;kid dh
f'k{kk osQ fy;s cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tkrk gSA

14- dk;Z'kkykvksa dk v;kstu (Holding Workshops)μlsokjr~ vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk dk vk;kstu fofHkÂ uksV
dk;Z'kkykvksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA
lsokjr~ f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa (Problem of In-Service Education)
1- míhidksa dh deh]
2- izsj.kk dh deh]
3- bPNk'kfDr dh deh]
4- vuqi;qDr fof/;ksa ,oa izfof/;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk]
5- vi;kZIr ewY;kadu izfof/;k¡]
6- vuqi;qDr ikB~;Øe
7- leL;k Ïksr osQ vè;;u dk vHkko
8- vè;kidksa dk vi;kZIr izf'k{k.k
9- iz'kkldh; leL;k;sa
10- laLFkkxr leL;k;sa
11- foÙkh; dfBukbZ
12- mís';ksa osQ fof'k"Vhdj.k dh deh]
13- vuqorhZ dk;ZØeksa dh deh] rFkk
14- lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk ,oa laLFkk osQ lEcU/ksa esa vko';d dehA
lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s lq>ko (Suggestion for Development)
(v) f'k{kk v;ksxksa }kjk fliQkfj'ksa
1- fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk izR;sd Lrj ij lrr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk (Continuing Teacher Education) dh
O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg;sA fo'ofo|ky; osQ lg;ksx ls laLFkk ls iwoZ dh f'k{kk ,oa la?k ls iwoZ dh f'k{kk
yEcs iSekus ij fu;ksftr dh tkuh pkfg;sA
2- lk/uksa dh dfe;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, f'k{kdksa osQ fy, izkjfEHkd voLFkk ls gh izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
dh tkuh pkfg;s ftldh vof/ izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ osQ ckn fujUrj rhu ekg osQ fy, gksuh pkfg,A ;g dk;Z
muosQ lsokdky esa gh gksuk pkfg;sA
3- jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d ewyHkwr uhfr dk iz;ksx djosQ izR;sd lsokjr~ vè;kid osQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa esa o`f¼
dh tkuh pkfg;sA Hkkjr esa izkFkfed Lrj osQ f'k{kdksa dks muosQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa osQ fodkl osQ fy;s bl
izdkj dh lqfoèkk ugha gSA
4- jk"Vªh; izf'k{k.k ,oa f'k{kk vuqlU/ku ifj"kn~ us izR;sd jkT; dks oqQN oS/kfud lq>ko fn;s gS ftuosQ vuqlkj
lrr~ f'k{kk osQ fy, rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A izFke Js.kh esa vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A f}rh; Js.kh esa ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
r`rh; ,oa vfUre Js.kh esa oqQN fo'ks"kKksa osQ }kjk iz/kukè;kidksa dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
izFke Js.kh esa j[ks x, izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk f}rh; ,oa r`rh; Js.kh esa j[ks x,
f'k{k.kk£Fk;ksa }kjk gksuh pkfg;sA
5- fofHkÂ oxks± ls lEcfU/r vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dk Lo:i fHkÂ gksuk pkfg,A bu lcosQ fy,
lrr~ f'k{kk dk dk;ZØe ifjo£rr gksuk pkfg;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 6- lrr~ f'k{kk dk fu;kstu ,d O;kid :i esa gksuk pkfg,] ftldk vk/kj fo|ky; dh vko';drk] f'k{kdksa
dh vko';drk] fudVre Hkfo"; esa lEHkkfor fodkl gksuk pkfg,A O;oLFkkid dks lrr~ f'k{kk esa Hkkx
ys jgs f'k{kdksa esa /hjs&/hjs lq/kj ,oa fodkl dh izfØ;k dks lapkfyr djuk pkfg,A
7- lrr~ f'k{kk esa xgjkbZ ls fpUru djus ,oa fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh vko';drk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A orZeku le; esa lrr~ f'k{kk dk ,d vkRe&fuHkZj osQUnz [kksyus dk iz;kl gks jgk gSA
8- iwoZ lsokjr~ f'k{kd ,oa lsokjr~ vè;kid osQ eè; lEcU/ LFkkfir gksuk pkfg,A muosQ eè; fdlh Hkh izdkj
dk HksnHkko ugha j[kuk pkfg,A
9- lrr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk lsok dh liQyrk fo'ks"kKksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA vè;kidksa esa
O;kolkf;d Kku dh o`f¼ osQ fy, mudks vusdksa izdkj osQ míhidksa ,oa voljksa dks iznku djuk pkfg,A
10- f'k{kdksa dks bl dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy;s ,d uhfr rS;kj dh tk ldrh gS] ftlls fd muosQ vUnj
cqfu;knh izjs.kk ,o míhid osQ }kjk mudks izsfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkUrfjd mn~nhidksa esa iqjLdkj] Lrj
esa fodkl] fyf[kr izksRlkgu vkfn vkrs gSaA
11- bl izdkj osQ vk;kstuksa dk ewY;kadu nks Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke voLFkk og gS tcfd lrr~
f'k{kk dk fu;kstu fd;k x;k gks vkSj nwljh voLFkk og gS tcfd lsokjr~ vè;kid viuh f'k{k.k vof/
lekIr djosQ okil tk jgs gksaA bu nksuksa Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
12- bl izdkj osQ dk;ZØe esa lgk;d okrkoj.k dks rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gSA dk;ZØe esa lfEefyr gksus
okys f'k{kdksa esa bl izdkj dh Hkkouk ugha gksuh pkfg, fd ;g ,d O;FkZ fØ;k gSA muosQ vUnj bl izR;;
osQ fy, l`tukRed ,oa laosnukRed fpUru djus dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
13- lrr~ f'k{kk osQ fy;s /u] ekuo 'kfDr ,oa le; dh vko';drk gksrh gS blfy;s lrr~ f'k{kk gsrq izkFkfedrk
dk fu/kZj.k jkT; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij djuk pkfg,A blls lrr~&f'k{kk dk izHkkoh :i esa fØ;kUo;u lEHko
gks losQxkA
14- foLrkj lsok foHkkx dks izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa vU; 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ls lEcfU/r dj
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A foLrkj lsok izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa osQ eè; viuk futh vfLrRo cuk;s j[kuk pkfg,A
(c) vU; lq>ko
1- izlkj dh vko';drk (Need for Expansion)μvi;kZIr lqfo/k gksus osQ dkj.k ,sls f'k{kd izlkj dh
lsok dh O;oLFkk ls oafpr jg tkrs gaS tksfd O;fDrxr laLFkkvksa ls lEcfU/r gksrs gSAa blfy;s ;g vko';d
gS fd izlkj&lsok dk foLrkj fd;k tk;s rFkk blesa vf/dre vè;kidksa dks lfEefyr gksus dk volj
iznku fd;k tk;sA f'k{kk fo|ky;ksa esa izlkj&lsok osQ foHkkx [kksys tk;saA lsokjr~ vè;kidks dh lqfo/k osQ
fy;s ftyk ,oa miftyk Lrj ij dk;kZy;ksa dh lqfo/k iznku dh tk;sA
2- fofHkÂ ,tsfUl;ksa dk lg;ksx (Co-operation of various Agencies)μizlkj&lsok foHkkx] jkT; f'k{kk
laLFkku] jkT; Lrj osQ f'k{kk foHkkx vkSj jktdh; fo|ky;ksa osQ ifj"knksa vkfn f'k{kk dh fofHkÂ ,tsafl;ksa dks
vkil esa lg;ksx dh vko';drk gS ftlls fd muosQ dk;ZØeksa esa va'kkPNknu (Overlapping) u gksA
3- fujh{kdksa dh Hkwfedk (Role of Inspectors)μ'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa osQ vè;kidksa dk ;g ije dÙkZO; gS
fd os vius f'k{kdksa dks lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, mRlkfgr djsaA f'k{kk
vf/dkjh Hkh bl dk;ZØe esa lfEefyr gksus okys vH;£Fk;ksa dks mRlkfgr djsa rFkk muosQ KkuksiktZu dh
bl izfØ;k dk fooj.k mudh ok£"kd fjiksVZ esa nsaA
4- lqfu;ksftr dk;ZØe (Well-Planned Programme)μlsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dk fu;kstu lqO;ofLFkr
,oa lqfu;ksftr <ax ls djuk pkfg,A bl dk;ZØe dh fuf'pr :ijs[kk gksuh pkfg,A laLFkkxr vko';drk
osQ vuq:i gh bl dk;ZØe esa o`f¼ djuh pkfg;sA

5- lk/u O;fDr (Resource Persons)μlc izdkj osQ ;ksX; vè;kid gh bl dk;Z osQ fy;s vuqoQw y lkèku uksV
O;fDr dh rjg dk;Z dj ldrs gSAa budk p;u fo'ofo|ky; osQ izkis Qs ljks]a egkfo|ky; osQ izkis Qs ljksa rFkk jkT;
Lrj osQ fo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kk&fonksa esa ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftuosQ ikl fl[kkus osQ fy, oqQN u;k Kku gksA
6- vuqorhZ dk;ZØe (Follow-up Programmes)μizlkj&lsok dk;ZØe }kjk vuqorhZ&dk;ZØeksa dks mfpr
<ax ls ykxw djus osQ fy;s oqQN ,sls lk/uksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls fd bl dk;ZØe dk
mi;ksx gks losQA
7- vuqlU/ku (Research)μbu dk;ZØeksa dh mi;ksfxrk vuqlU/ku osQ fu"d"kks± }kjk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
f'k{kdksa dks mlosQ fu"d"kks± dks vU; rd igqapkus osQ fy, izsfjr djuk pkfg,A f'k{kdksa osQ fy, lwpuk rFkk
muosQ fopkjksa osQ izdk'ku osQ fy;s izR;sd rhu ekg ckn foLrkj lsok }kjk i=k if=kdk,a izdkf'kr djuh
pkfg;sA
8- vè;kidksa osQ fy, izyksHku (Incentive to Teachers)μorZeku le; esa bl izdkj osQ izyksHkuksa dh
vko';drk gS tksfd f'k{kdksa dk è;ku bl izdkj osQ dk;ZØe dh vksj vkd£"kr dj losaQA vodk'k osQ
fnuksa esa bl dk;ZØe esa vkus okys f'k{kdksa dks fdlh u fdlh izdkj O;kolkf;d lqfo/k ls ykHkkfUor djuk
pkfg;sA mudks ch- ,M- rFkk ,e- ,M- vkfn dh mikf/ nh tkuh pkfg, ftlls fd mudk eukscy c<+sA
bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk vejhdk esa dh x;h gSA
9- fo"k;xr f'k{kdksa dk la?k (Subject Teacher’s Associations)μdksBkjh vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k gS fd
fo"k; ls lEcfU/r f'k{kdksa osQ la?kksa dh LFkkiuk uxj] ftyk] jkT; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij gksuh pkfg,A blesa
fofHkÂ fo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fofHkÂ fo"k; gksus pkfg,A bl izdkj dk fu;kstu iz;ksxksa osQ vkjEHk osQ fy;s
izyksHku dk dk;Z djsxkA jkT; Lrj osQ f'k{kk foHkkxksa dks bl izdkj osQ la?kksa dks lgk;rk iznku djuh pkfg;s]
ftlls fd ;s yksx le;≤ ij xksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu djosQ vius futh i=k&if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku dj
losQa A
10- fo"k; fo'ks"kK (Subject Experts)μfofHkÂ fo"k;ksa dh f'k{k.k izfof/;ksa osQ funsZ'ku ,oa Kku osQ fy;s
ftykLrj ij fo'ks"kKksa dh fu;qfDr;k¡ dh tkuh pkfg;sa tks f'k{kdksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh f'k{k.k fof/;ksa
,oa izfofèk;ksa dh tkudkjh iznku djsaA
1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)
1- lsokjr vè;kid f'k{kk dk mís'; f'k{kdksa dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dks c<+kus osQ fy, u;s&u;s -----------------------
dks iznku djukA
2- bldk mís'; izHkko'kkyh ----------------- osQ mi;ksx esa lgk;rk iznku djukA
3- lsokjr vè;kid f'k{kk dk izeq[k mís'; f'k{kd osQ ------------------ n`f‘dks.k esa foLrkj djukA
4- bldk mís'; f'k{kdksa dks muosQ --------------- xq.kksa esa o`f¼ djukA
3-2 lsokiwoZ vè;kid f'k{kk (Pre-service Teacher Education)

LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ cPpksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl ij fo'ks"k cy nsuk vko';d le>k x;kA ;g Hkh
fu'p; fd;k x;k fd cPpksa osQ ikB~;Øe esa 1937 esa izLrkfor csfld f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk lekos'k fd;k
tk;A bl ikB~;Øe dks nsus osQ fy, ;ksX; vkSj izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh vko';drk vuqHko gqbZA vr% f'k{kk
osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k ij cy fn;k x;kA fuEufyf[kr vè;kid izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe
izkjEHk fd;s x;sμ

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (1) iwoZ izkFkfed LowQyksa osQ fy, vè;kid&izf'k{k.k (Teacher’s Training for Pre-primary
Schools)μiwoZ&izkFkfed (Pre-primary) LowQyksa osQ fy, gkbZLowQy mÙkh.kZ (vc b.VjehfM,V ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ
vè;kidksa dks ulZjh (Nursery) fd.MjxkVZu (Kindergarten) rFkk ekW.Vsljh (Montesori) iz.kkfy;ksa esa izf'k{k.k
dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA bu izf'k{k.k osQUnzksa esa {ks=kh; Hksn (Regional Difference) ik;k tkrk gSA cM+kSnk dk ,e-
,l- fo'ofo|ky; iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, mÙkj Lukrd ikB~;Øe (Post-Graduate Course) pyk
jgk gSA osQUnzh; ljdkj us 1954 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&lfefr (Indian Infant Education Committee) dh LFkkiuk
djosQ iwo&Z izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh gSA rc ls vc rd yxHkx 20 ljdkjh vkSj 100 futh
izf'k{k.k osQUnz bl Lrj osQ vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQUnz [kqy pqosQ gSaA
(2) izkFkfed LowQyksa osQ vè;kidksa dk izf'k{k.k (Teacher’s Training for Primary Schools)μ1947 ls
Hkkjr osQ lHkh izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij csfld f'k{kk dks ykxw fd;k x;k] ijUrq lHkh izkFkfed fo|ky;
csfld f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ugha cnys tk losQA bl izdkj ns'k esa izkFkfed csfld LowQy rFkk izkFkfed xSj csfld LowQy
nksuksa py jgs gSAa blfy, izkFkfed LowQyksa osQ vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, lkekU; vkSj csfld nks izdkj osQ izf'k{k.k
osQUnz pykus iM+sA bl izf'k{k.k osQ fy, nks o"khZ; ikB~;Øe pyk;k x;kA ,d izf'k{k.k esa de ls de gkbZLowQy
mÙkh.kZ vkSj nwljs esa fefMy ;k twfu;j gkbZLowQy mÙkh.kZ vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA igys okyksa dks mPp
izek.k i=k (Upper Certificate) vkSj nwljksa dks fuEu Lrj dk izek.k i=k (Lower Certificate) fn;k tkrk gSA
csfld vkSj xSj csfld ikB~;Øeksa esa cgqr cM+k vUrj gSA csfld ikB~;Øe dks pkj oxks±μgLrf'kYi] f'k{kk'kkL=k]
lkekftd vuqHko] vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA oqQN jkT;ksa esa {ks=kh; vko';drk osQ vuqlkj oqQN
vkSj rÙo Hkh lfEefyr dj fy, x;s gSaA xSj csfld ikB~;Øe esa gLrf'kYi (Handicrafts) dks NksM+dj 'ks"k
lHkh fo"k;ksa esa izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA nksuksa izdkj dh f'k{kk osQ fy, i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
dh tkrh gSA
(3) twfu;j gkbZLowQy vè;kidksa osQ fy, iwoZ&Lukrd izf'k{k.k (Undergraduate Training for Junior
High School Teachers)μtks O;fDr b.VjehfM,V ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dj ysrs gSa] mUgsa twfu;j gkbZLowQyksa esa i<+kus osQ
fy, izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd jkT; esa bl izf'k{k.k dh leku O;oLFkk ugha gS fiQj Hkh ikB~;Øe leku gh
jgrk gSA blosQ ikB~;Øe osQ nks Hkkx gksrs gSaμlS¼kfUrd (Theoretical) rFkk iz;ksxkRed (Practical)A tcyiqj]
lkxj] ukxiqj osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa eas fMIyksek bu Vh¯px (Diploma in Teacher)] cM+kSnk] xqtjkr] cEcbZ] dukZVd
vkSj iwuk esa Vh¯px fMIyksek (T. D.) rFkk m- iz- esa csfld VhplZ l£VfiQosQV (B. T. C.) rFkk l£VfiQosQV vkWiQ Vh¯px
(C. T.) rFkk twfu;j VhplZ l£VfiQosQV (J. T. C.) ikB~;Øe pyk;s tkrs gSaA lHkh ikB~;Øe ,d o"khZ; gSaA vc m-
iz- esa lh- Vh- rFkk ts- Vh- lh- lekIr dj fn;s x;s gSaA
(4) ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ fy, Lukrd izf'k{k.k (Graduate Training for Secondary Schools)μns'k osQ
fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ vè;kidksa vkSj fo|ky; fujh{kdkas (Inspectors of Schools) osQ fy, Lukrd
izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe pyk;k tkrk gSA ns'k osQ lHkh fo'ofo|ky; ch- ,M- dh mikfèk iznku djrs gSaA ;g izf'k{k.k
fo'ofo|ky; rFkk mlls lEc¼ egkfo|ky;ksa osQ ch- ,M- foHkkx esa fn;k tkrk gSA ;s ikB~;Øe Hkh csfld vkSj xSj
csfld nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA m- iz- esa csfld izf'k{k.k osQ fy, ,y- Vh- (L. T.) dk fMIyksek izpfyr gS tks nks
o"khZ; gSA ;g vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ ch- ,M- izf'k{k.k osQ lerqY; gSaA
ljdkjh f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk fo|ky; fujh{kdksa osQ fy, Hkh izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk gSA fnYyh esa ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-
}kjk Hkh ge izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk izknsf'kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa (The Regional-Colleges of Education) esa dh
xbZ gSA fnYyh esa ls.Vªy bULVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,twosQ'ku (C. I. E.) rFkk us'kuy bULVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,twosQ'ku (N. I. E.) esa
;g izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA
(5) fo'ks"kKksa dk izf'k{k.k (Training of Specialists)μbl izf'k{k.k O;oLFkk esa laxhr] yfyr dykvksa]
x`g&foKku rFkk 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkSj gLrf'kYi osQ ikB~;Øe lapkfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA 1957 bZ- esa Xokfy;j esa

y{ehckbZ 'kkjhfjd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; (Lakshmi Bai Physical Training College) dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA ,sls uksV
fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa esa izf'k{k.k nsus okyh 12 laLFkk,¡ gSaA
(6) LukrdksÙkj vè;kid izf'k{k.k vkSj 'kksèk&dk;Z (Post-graduate Teacher’s Training and Research
Work)μ,e- ,M~- mikfèk osQ uke ls] ch- ,M~- ;k ,y- Vh- osQ izf'k{k.k osQ ckn ,d o"khZ; ikB~;Øe LukrdksÙkj
izf'k{k.k gsrq pyk;k tkrk gSA tks O;fDr ch- ,- (f'k{kk'kkL=k) dj pqosQ gSa muosQ fy, y[kuÅ] vyhx<+] dkuiqj
rFkk vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa nks o"khZ; ,e- ,- (f'k{kk'kkL=k) dk ikB~;Øe pyk;k tkrk gSA oqQN fo'ofo|ky; ,e-
,M~- mikfèk izkIr O;fDr;ksa dks ,e- fiQy- (M Phil. Education) dk ,d o"khZ; izf'k{k.k Hkh nsrs gSaA ,e- fiQy-
djus osQ ckn O;fDr Ms<+ ;k nks o"kZ osQ i'pkr~ ih&,p- Mh- (Ph. D.) osQ fy, f'k{kk'kkL=k esa viuk 'kksèk&izcUèk
tek dj ldrk gSA ,slh O;oLFkk vHkh rd csfld ikB~;Øe esa ugha gSA
(7) vè;kfidkvksa osQ fy, izf'k{k.k (Training for Lady Teachers)μizk;% lg&f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls efgyk,¡
iq#"kksa osQ lkFk gh vè;kid izf'k{k.k izkIr djrh gSaA oqQN laLFkk,¡ vyx ls Hkh ,dek=k efgykvksa dks vè;kid
izf'k{k.k nsrh gSaA oqQN jkT;ksa esa izf'k{k.k osQ fy, efgykvksa osQ LFkku vkjf{kr gSaA
3-3 nwjLFk f'k{kk (Distance Education)

vFkZ rFkk ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition)
^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* dh ifjHkk"kk izks- gksecxZ (1981) us bl izdkj nh gSA nwjorhZ f'k{kk esa [kqys vf/xe dks lEizs"k.k
ekè;eksa vFkok f'k{kk rduhdh ls lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA lEizs"k.k ekè;eksa }kjk f'k{kd dk O;k[;ku Nk=kksa dks
muosQ ?kjksa rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA nwjn'kZu dh lgk;rk ls f'k{kd Nk=kksa osQ ikl rd igq¡p dj f'k{kk nsrk gSA
f'k{kd&Nk=k dh vUr%&izfØ;k ,d i{kh; gh gksrh gSA ^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* esa êqDr vf/xe* osQ fy;s ifjfLFkfr;k¡
mRiÂ dh tkrh gSaA
êqDr&vf/xe* dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj gS] ¶bl izdkj osQ vf/xe dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ yphyh rFkk LorU=k o
LoPNUn gksrh gSaA Nk=k viuh bPNk ,oa vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj vius fu;kstu osQ vuq:i vè;;u dj ldrs
gSaA os viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa lqfo/kvksa osQ vuq:i vius vè;;u dh O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSaA¸
nwjorhZ f'k{kk dh ekU;rk;sa (Postulates of Distance Education)
(1) blesa vkdk'kok.kh rFkk nwjn'kZu dk mi;ksx lfEefyr gSA
(2) ;g ,d lkekU; f'k{kd dks mÙke f'k{kd osQ :i esa izLrqr djrh gSA bl izdkj bldh lgk;rk ls mls
vU; }kjk gVk;k ugha tkrkA
(3) blosQ }kjk vuqns'ku esa xq.kkRed fodkl }kjk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;k tkrk gSA
f'k{kk rduhdh ^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSA mldk eq[; iz;kl ;g gksrk gS fd
lEizs"k.k ekè;e osQ ?kVdksa rFkk vf/xe izfØ;k esa lkFkZd lEcU/ LFkkfir djosQ visf{kr mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh
tk;sA ;g rHkh lEHko gks ldrk gS tc iz.kkyh fo'ys"k.k mikxe dk leqfpr :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk;sA
vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ izk:i dk fu;kstu] f'k{k.k vf/xe ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk muosQ ewY;kadu
dh O;oLFkk lqpk# :i ls dh tk ldrh gSA
nwjorhZ f'k{kk dh fo'ks"krk;sa (Characteristics of Distance Education)
(1) ;g ijEijkxr f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls fHkÂ gSA blesa f'k{kd gh Nk=kksa rd igq¡prk gSA
(2) blesa f'k{k.k&fof/;ksa ,oa vkO;wg dh vis{kk lEizs"k.k&ekè;eksa osQ iz;ksx dks iz/kurk nh tkrh gSA
(3) blosQ }kjk [kqys vf/xe osQ fy;s ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiÂ dh tkrh gSAa Nk=k dks vè;;u esa iw.kZ LorU=krk gksrh gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (4) blosQ }kjk lkekU; f'k{kd dks lgk;rk iznku djosQ mls mÙke f'k{kd osQ :i esa dk;Z djk;k tkrk gS]
mls gVk;k ugha tkrk gSA
(5) blesa vkdk'kok.kh] nwjn'kZu rFkk vU; lapkj ekè;eksa dk iz;ksx tulk/kj.k dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s fd;k
tkrk gSA
(6) blosQ }kjk vuqns'ku esa xq.kkRed fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
(7) blosQ }kjk lEizs"k.k&ekè;eksa osQ ?kVdksa rFkk vf/xe&izfØ;k esa fudV dk lEcU/ LFkkfir djosQ mís';ksa
dh izfkIr dh tkrh gSA
(8) blesa lEizs"k.k&ekè;eksa ls vf/d KkusfUnz;ksa dks fØ;k'khy ugha fd;k tkrk] vfirq visf{kr vf/
xe&Lo:iksa osQ fy;s ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiÂ dh tkrh gSaA
(9) blesa iz.kkyh&fo'ys"k.k mikxe }kjk f'k{kk&fu;kstu] f'k{kk&vf/xe ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa ewY;kadu dh O;oLFkk
dh tkrh gSA
(10) bldk izeq[k ;ksxnku [kqys&fo'ofo|ky;] i=kkpkj&ikB~;Øe lrr~ f'k{kk rFkk [kqys&vf/xe esa gSA
Hkkjro"kZ esa nwjorhZ f'k{kk dk mi;ksx (Utility of Distance Education in India)
1- Hkkjr tSls fodflr ns'k esa nwjorhZ f'k{kk dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA jk"Vªh; uhfr esa vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dks c<+kok
fn;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa 15 ls 35 vk;q oxZ dk izR;sd f}rh; Nk=k vkSipkfjd f'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj
ikrk gSA ^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* }kjk bl oxZ osQ fy;s vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk lEHko gks ldrh gSA
2- Hkkjro"kZ esa dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i=kkpkj f'k{kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vulqU/ku ,oa
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lu~ 1966 esa xzh"edkyhu i=kkpkj f'k{kk dk vkjEHk {ks=kh; egkfo|ky;ksa esa fd;k ftlosQ
}kjk f'k{kk Lukrd mikf/ nh tkrh gSA bldk lHkh lEcfU/r fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqeksnu fd;k tk pqdk
gSA lu~ 1970 ls i=kkpkj laLa Fkkvksa dks vf/d c<+kok fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh vusd laLFkkvksa ,oa foHkkxksa
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa esa i=kkpkj&ikB~;Øe dk eq[; :i ls vaxzsth] fgUnh rFkk {ks=kh;
Hkk"kkvksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe osQ ijh{kkiQy lkekU;r;k pkyhl izfr'kr jgs gSaA
3- fnlEcj lu~ 1967 esa fjtoZ cSad vkWiQ bf.M;k }kjk cSad osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s ,d dk;Zdkjh laLFkk dk
fu;kstu fd;k x;kA ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftldh fliQkfj'k }kjk ^cSa¯dx m|ksx* dh LohÑfr
nh xbZA cSad iz.kkyh osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s us'kuy bULVhV~;wV vkWiQ cSad eSusteSaV dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftlesa
O;kid :i esa vfHkØfer vuqns'ku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bl vk'k; dh iqLrdksa dh jpuk vfHkØfer
vuqns'ku osQ :i esa dh xbZ] mudk izdk'ku fd;k x;k vkSj cSad izf'k{k.k esa iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
4- Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa ,ts.Vksa dks izf'kf{kr djus osQ fy, vfHkØfer vuqns'ku vkO;wg dks viuk;k
x;k gSA bUgksaus vfHkØfer vuqns'ku ikB~;&iqLrdksa dh jpuk dh gSA blesa ,slh ikB~;&oLrq dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;k gS ftles thou chek dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh dks vf/d izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk losQA bl izdkj dh
ikB~;&iqLrosQa vaxt sz h] fgUnh rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa rS;kj dh xbZ gSa ftlls lHkh izn's kksa osQ ,tsUVksa dks izf'kf{kr
fd;k tk losQA
5- jk"Vªh; oSQehdy ,oa iQVhZykbtj fyfeVsM }kjk dk;ZdÙkkvksa dks izf'kf{kr djus gsrq vfHkØfer vuqns'ku
lkexzh dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k ftlls vfHk;Urkvksa rFkk vU; dk;Zdykiksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k fn;k tk losQA
blesa lEizs"k.k ekè;eksa dk O;kid iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftlesa deZpkfj;ksa us vf/d #fp ysdj dkS'kyksa dk
fodkl fd;kA
6- xqtjkr osQ Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; }kjk leLr izn's k osQ fdlkuksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe dk iz;ksx
fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa esa fd;k x;kμ

(i) i'kqvksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k rFkk ns[kHkky] uksV

(ii) bUtu iEi] laj{k.k rFkk ÅtkZ laj{k.k]
(iii) eqxhZ ikyu rFkk iks"k.k
(iv) iQy o`{kksa dh ns[k&Hkky rFkk laj{k.k]
(v) dikl dh iSnkokjA
7- Hkkjro"kZ esa fgekpy] iatkc] cEcbZ] vukeykbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk Lukrd rFkk LukrdksÙkj dh fofHkÂ
fo"k;ksa dh mikf/ gsrq i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe rFkk vU; lEizs"k.k ekè;eksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa ^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkfo"; esa bldk iz;ksx vU;
{ks=kksa esa Hkh fd;k tk losQxkA
nwjorhZ f'k{kk osQ fy;s lq>ko (Suggestion for Distance Education)
(1) bldk izlkj ,sls {ks=kksa rFkk LFkkuksa esa djuk pkfg;s tgk¡ yksx f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh vko';drk vuqHko
djrs gSa vkSj fdlh dkj.k f'k{kk ls oafpr jg x;s gSaA
(2) bldk mi;ksx rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa osQ O;fDr;ksa dks f'kf{kr djus esa gS] tgk¡ O;fDr xjhch dh js[kk ls
uhps gSa vkSj f'k{kk xzg.k esa vleFkZ gSaA
(3) bldk mi;ksx vukSipkfjd f'k{kk esa izHkkoh :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(4) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ^lHkh dks f'k{kk osQ leku voljksa* dh lqfo/k dh O;oLFkk gSA nwjorhZ f'k{kk }kjk bl
izdkj osQ voljksa dh iw£r dh tk ldrh gSA f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh lqfo/k 25 izfr'kr uxjksa osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ
fy;s gS tcfd 75 izfr'kr xzkeh.k fuokfl;ksa dks nwjh dh f'k{kk tSls volj lqyHk fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
vkt d{kk f'k{k.k }kjk f'k{kk dh vko';drk dh iw£r ugha dh tk ldrhA nwjorhZ f'k{kk dk iz;ksx djosQ gh
f'k{kk dh vko';drk dh iw£r dh tk ldrh gSA
nwjorhZ f'k{kk dk D;k egÙo gS\

2- fn, x, dFku osQ lkeus lgh vFkok xyr × dk fu'kku yxkb,μ (State whether the
following statements are True or False)
1- osQUnzh; ljdkj us 1954 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lfefr dh LFkkiuk djosQ iwoZ&izkFkfed
vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh gSA
2- mÙkj izns'k esa izpfyr ,y-Vh izf'k{k.k vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ ch-,M- izf'k{k.k
osQ lerqY; gSA
3- nwjLFk f'k{kk esa f'k{kd gh Nk=kksa rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
4- nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ }kjk xq.kkRed fodkl lEHko ugha gSA

• vè;kid f'k{kk ek=k ,d dk;ZØe ugha gS cfYd ,d ,slk fe'ku ;k vk;kstu Hkh gS ftlosQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªh;
lanHkZ esa vkèkqfud ifjo£rr vè;kidh; Hkwfedk osQ fuoZgu osQ fy, n{krk rFkk oqQ'kyrk izkfIr gsrq O;fDr;ksa
dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • lu~ 1929 esa gVkZx lfefr us vius izLrko esa Li"V :i ls lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij cy
fn;k FkkA gVkZx lfefr osQ izLrko osQ eatwj gksus ij la?kh; 'kklu dh jkT; ljdkjksa us vè;kid&f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk dk vkjEHk fd;k FkkA
1- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk (Inservice Teacher-Education)
2- lsokiwoZ vè;kid&f'k{kk (Pre-Service Teacher-Education)
• lu~ 1937 osQ ckn ls Hkkjr esa lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk dk fodkl vkjEHk gqvkA
• lsokjr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQ }kjk f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa esa xq.kkRed fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• thou osQ vusd ekuoh; {ks=kksa esa fuR; izfr ifjorZu gks jgk gS ftlls fd f'k{kk Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr,o]
;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd mu ifjorZuksa ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr voxr gksrk jgsA
• f'k{kk esa ifjorZu ykus osQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd vU; lEcfU/r {ks=kksa esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ls voxr
gksrk jgsA blosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk] Kku] dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk vkfn esa ifjorZu yk;k
tk;s rFkk fodkl fd;k tk;sA
• lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk esa O;kolkf;d vè;kidksa ,oa vU; vè;kidksa dks muosQ O;olk; ls lEcfU/r fujUrj
tkudkjh iznku djuk] ,oa O;kolkf;d xq.kksa rFkk dkS'kyksa esa lq/kj ,oa fodkl djuk lfEefyr gSA lsokjr~
vè;kid&f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk] vè;kid dks f'k{k.k&O;olk; esa izos'k djus osQ i'pkr~ muosQ yxkrkj fodkl
osQ fy;s mfpr vuqns'ku dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy;s nh tkrh gSA lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk }kjk vè;kidksa osQ
vUnj O;kolkf;d xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
• fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx us vè;kid&f'k{kk dh vko';drk bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr dh gSμ¶;g vlk/kj.k
ckr gS fd fo|ky; dk vè;kid tks f'k{kk 25 o"kZ dh vk;q rd lh[krk gS mlh osQ vk/kj ij vè;;u djrk
jgrk gS vkSj vius vuqHkoksa osQ vfrfjDr fdlh uohu Kku dks ugha izkIr dj ikrk gSA blosQ fy;s ;g vko';d
gS fd f'k{kd dks uohu Kku ls le;≤ ij voxr djkrs jguk pkfg, rHkh og vius O;olk; osQ izfr
iw.kZr% dÙkZO; fuokZg dj ldrk gSA¸
• ekuoh; O;ogkjksa esa ,sls cgqr ls {ks=k gSa] ftuesa fuR; u;s&u;s ifjorZu gks jgs gSa] blosQ fy;s vko';d gS
fd f'k{kd fujUrj mu ifjorZuksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gksrk jgsA ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa]
ikB~;Øeksa] f'k{k.k fof/;ksa] vuqns'ku lkefxz;ksa osQ }kjk f'k{kk izfØ;k dks vko';d :i ls vR;k/qfud ,oa
xfr'khy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ foLrkj }kjk muosQ visf{kr O;ogkjksa esa ifjorZu yk;k
tk ldrk gSA
• lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ izlkj }kjk ;g iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd f'k{kk esa tks ifjorZu gks jgs gSa muls fo|ky;
osQ vè;kidksa dks voxr djk;k tk;s ftlls og u;s ifjos'k dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks Hkyh izdkj le> dj
mudk lek/ku dj losaQA
• fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk izR;sd Lrj ij lrr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk (Continuing Teacher Education) dh O;oLFkk
dh tkuh pkfg;sA fo'ofo|ky; osQ lg;ksx ls laLFkk ls iwoZ dh f'k{kk ,oa la?k ls iwoZ dh f'k{kk yEcs iSekus
ij fu;ksftr dh tkuh pkfg;sA
• jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d ewyHkwr uhfr dk iz;ksx djosQ izR;sd lsokjr~ vè;kid osQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa esa o`f¼ dh
tkuh pkfg;sA Hkkjr esa izkFkfed Lrj osQ f'k{kdksa dks muosQ O;kolkf;d xq.kksa osQ fodkl osQ fy;s bl izdkj
dh lqfoèkk ugha gSA
• jk"Vªh; izf'k{k.k ,oa f'k{kk vuqlU/ku ifj"kn~ us izR;sd jkT; dks oqQN oS/kfud lq>ko fn;s gS ftuosQ vuqlkj
lrr~ f'k{kk osQ fy, rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A izFke Js.kh esa vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk

dh tkuh pkfg,A f}rh; Js.kh esa ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A uksV
• LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ cPpksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl ij fo'ks"k cy nsuk vko';d le>k x;kA ;g Hkh fu'p;
fd;k x;k fd cPpksa osQ ikB~;Øe esa 1937 esa izLrkfor csfld f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk lekos'k fd;k tk;A bl
ikB~;Øe dks nsus osQ fy, ;ksX; vkSj izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh vko';drk vuqHko gqbZA vr% f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k ij cy fn;k x;kA
• iwoZ&izkFkfed (Pre-primary) LowQyksa osQ fy, gkbZLowQy mÙkh.kZ (vc b.VjehfM,V ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ vè;kidksa
dks ulZjh (Nursery) fd.MjxkVZu (Kindergarten) rFkk ekW.Vsljh (Montesori) iz.kkfy;ksa esa izf'k{k.k dh
O;oLFkk dh x;hA
• osQUnzh; ljdkj us 1954 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&lfefr (Indian Infant Education Committee) dh LFkkiuk
djosQ iwoZ&izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh gSA
• csfld vkSj xSj csfld ikB~;Øeksa esa cgqr cM+k vUrj gSA csfld ikB~;Øe dks pkj oxks±μgLrf'kYi]
f'k{kk'kkL=k] lkekftd vuqHko] vkSj Hkk"kk oxZ esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA oqQN jkT;ksa esa {ks=kh; vko';drk
osQ vuqlkj oqQN vkSj rÙo Hkh lfEefyr dj fy, x;s gSaA xSj csfld ikB~;Øe esa gLrf'kYi (Handicrafts)
dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh fo"k;ksa esa izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA nksuksa izdkj dh f'k{kk osQ fy, i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q vè;kid
izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
• tcyiqj] lkxj] ukxiqj osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa eas fMIyksek bu Vh¯px (Dip. T)] cM+kSnk] xqtjkr] cEcbZ] dukZVd
vkSj iwuk esa Vh¯px fMIyksek (T. D.) rFkk m- iz- esa csfld VhplZ l£VfiQosQV (B. T. C.) rFkk l£VfiQosQV vkWiQ
Vh¯px (C. T.) rFkk twfu;j VhplZ l£VfiQosQV (J. T. C.) ikB~;Øe pyk;s tkrs gSaA lHkh ikB~;Øe ,d o"khZ;
gSaA vc m- iz- esa lh- Vh- rFkk ts- Vh- lh- lekIr dj fn;s x;s gSaA
• ns'k osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ vè;kidksa vkSj fo|ky; fujh{kdkas (Inspectors of Schools)
osQ fy, Lukrd izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe pyk;k tkrk gSA ns'k osQ lHkh fo'ofo|ky; ch- ,M- dh mikfèk iznku djrs
gSaA
• ;s ikB~;Øe Hkh csfld vkSj xSj csfld nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA m- iz- esa csfld izf'k{k.k osQ fy, ,y- Vh- (L.
T.) dk fMIyksek izpfyr gS tks nks o"khZ; gSA ;g vU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ ch- ,M- izf'k{k.k osQ lerqY; gSaA
• ^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* dh ifjHkk"kk izk-s gksecxZ (1981) us bl izdkj nh gSA nwjorhZ f'k{kk esa [kqys vf/xe dks lEiz"s k.k
ekè;eksa vFkok f'k{kk rduhdh ls lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA lEizs"k.k ekè;eksa }kjk f'k{kd dk O;k[;ku Nk=kksa
dks muosQ ?kjksa rd igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA nwjn'kZu dh lgk;rk ls f'k{kd Nk=kksa osQ ikl rd igq¡p dj f'k{kk nsrk
gSA
• êqDr&vf/xe* dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj gS] ¶bl izdkj osQ vf/xe dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ yphyh rFkk LorU=k o
LoPNUn gksrh gSaA Nk=k viuh bPNk ,oa vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj vius fu;kstu osQ vuq:i vè;;u dj
ldrs gSaA os viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa lqfo/kvksa osQ vuq:i vius vè;;u dh O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSaA¸
• Hkkjr tSls fodflr ns'k esa nwjorhZ f'k{kk dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA jk"Vªh; uhfr esa vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dks c<+kok
fn;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa 15 ls 35 vk;q oxZ dk izR;sd f}rh; Nk=k vkSipkfjd f'k{kk xzg.k ugha dj ikrk
gSA ^nwjorhZ f'k{kk* }kjk bl oxZ osQ fy;s vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk lEHko gks ldrh gSA
• Hkkjro"kZ esa dbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i=kkpkj f'k{kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vulqU/ku ,oa
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lu~ 1966 esa xzh"edkyhu i=kkpkj f'k{kk dk vkjEHk {ks=kh; egkfo|ky;ksa esa fd;k ftlosQ
}kjk f'k{kk Lukrd mikf/ nh tkrh gSA bldk lHkh lEcfU/r fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqeksnu fd;k tk pqdk gSA
lu~ 1970 ls i=kkpkj laaLFkkvksa dks vf/d c<+kok fn;k x;k gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • fnlEcj lu~ 1967 esa fjtoZ cSd a vkWiQ bf.M;k }kjk cSd a osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s ,d dk;Zdkjh laLFkk dk fu;kstu
fd;k x;kA ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k ftldh fliQkfj'k }kjk ^cSa¯dx m|ksx* dh LohÑfr nh xbZA cSad
iz.kkyh osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s us'kuy bULVhV~;wV vkWiQ cSad eSusteSaV dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftlesa O;kid :i
esa vfHkØfer vuqns'ku dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
• Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa ,ts.Vksa dks izf'kf{kr djus osQ fy, vfHkØfer vuqns'ku vkO;wg dks viuk;k
x;k gSA bUgksaus vfHkØfer vuqns'ku ikB~;&iqLrdksa dh jpuk dh gSA blesa ,slh ikB~;&oLrq dks lfEefyr fd;k
x;k gS ftles thou chek dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh dks vf/d izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk losQA bl izdkj dh ikB~;&iqLrosQa
vaxtsz h] fgUnh rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa rS;kj dh xbZ gSa ftlls lHkh izn's kksa osQ ,tsUVksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k tk losQA
• Hkkjro"kZ esa fgekpy] iatkc] cEcbZ] vukeykbZ fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk Lukrd rFkk LukrdksÙkj dh fofHkÂ fo"k;ksa
dh mikf/ gsrq i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe rFkk vU; lEizs"k.k ekè;eksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

• vkO;wgμ j.kuhfrA
• vuqns'kuμ funsZ'kA
• vuqeksnuμ LohÑfr nsukA

1- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ Øfed fodkl dk ifjp; nhft,A
2- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØe dh vko';drk dk o.kZu dhft;sA
3- lsokjr~ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
4- lsokiw.kZ vè;kid izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe dk fooj.k nhft,A
5- nwjorhZ f'k{kk dk vFkZ vkSj fo'ks"krk;sa crykb;sA
6- Hkkjr esa nwjorhZ f'k{kk dh D;k vko';drk gS\
1. 1- míhiuksa 2. f'k{k.k izfof/;ksa 3. ekufld 4. O;kolkf;d
2. 1- 2. 3. 4. ×

bdkbZ—5% izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{;
uksV
bdkbZμ4% izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk ds mís';
(Aims and Objectives of Teacher Education
at Secondary Level)
mís'; (Objectives)
4.1 izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objectives at teacher
Education of Secondary Level)
4.2 izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;ozQe dk izk:i (Teacher Education Curriculum
frame work at Primary Level)
4.3 izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ l=k (Semester at Teacher Education Primary Level)
mís'; (Objectives)
• izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsAA
izkFkfed Lrj ij ckydksa dh le> ,oa ifjiDork c<+ tkrh gSA vr% izkFkfed Lrj dh vè;kid&f'k{kk dk
izk:i iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj ls fHkUu gksuk pkfg,A bl Lrj ij rhu izeq[k mís';ksa lkfgfR;d mís';] vadxf.kr rFkk
rduhdh vkSj lkekftd ,oa HkkokRed mís';ksa dks egÙo fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl Lrj ij f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa ,oa
izfofèk;ksa ,oa lEcUèkh fof'k"V Kku rFkk dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] tcfd izkFkfed Lrj osQ fy,
[ksy&fofèk rFkk dgkuh&fofèk gh izeq[k gSaA izkFkfed Lrj osQ fy, f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa osQ vfèkd Kku ,oa dkS'ky
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
4-1 izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objective
of Teacher Education at Secondary Level)
(1) ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk f}rh; Hkk"kk] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku rFkk okrkoj.k vè;;u osQ f'k{k.k dh {kerkA
(2) bu fo"k;ksa osQ fy, leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh igpku rFkk mudh O;oLFkk djus dh {kerkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (3) dk;Z&vuqHko] euksjt

a u lEcUèkh vuqHko] 'kkjhfjd rFkk HkkSfrd fozQ;kvksa lEcUèkh lS¼kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd
KkuA
(4) ckydksa osQ fodklozQe dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa lEcUèkh euksoSKkfud fl¼kUrksa dh le>A
(5) KkukRed] HkkokRed rFkk fozQ;kRed i{kksa osQ fodkl gsrq izeq[k vfèkxe vfèkfu;eksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa dh
le>A
(6) ckyd osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl esa ifjokj] lkFkh vkSj lekt dh Hkwfedk osQ egÙo dks le>ukA
(7) fo|ky; rFkk ifjokj osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa ls ykHk dh tkudkjh dk gksukA
(8) d{kk&f'k{k.k rFkk fo|ky; lEcUèkh leL;kvks osQ lekèkku gsrq fozQ;kRed vuqlUèkku osQ iz;ksx dh {kerkA
(9) lkekftd ifjorZu esa fo|ky; rFkk f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dh le>A
izkFkfed Lrj dh vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ {ks=kh; dk;ZozQe dks Hkh rhu gh izeq[k {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSμ
1- f'k{k.k dk lEcUèkh fl¼kUr (Pedagogical theory),
2- leqnk; osQ lkFk dk;Z djuk (Working with Community),
3- ikB~;oLrq rFkk f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa dk Kku ,oa vH;kl rFkk iz;ksxkRed dk;Z
izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid dks fdruh Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k esa l{ke gksuk vfuok;Z gS\
4-2 izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;ozQe dk izk:i (Teacher Education
Curriculum frame work at Primary Level)
1- {ks=k 2- egÙo 3- ikB~;ozQe dk izk:i

(Area) (Weightage) (Structure of Courses)
1- f'k{k.k&dyk lEcUèkh fl¼kUr 20» 1- Hkkjrh; lekt dh u;h izo`fÙk;ksa esa

vè;kid&f'k{kk
(Pedagogical Theory) 2- cky euksfoKku
3- lqfoèkkvksa rFkk vko';drkuqlkj fof'k"V
ikB~;ozQe
2- leqnk; osQ vuq:i dk;Z iz.kkyh 20» 4- leqnk; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuq:i dk;ks±
(Working with the Community) dk lEiknu dkS'ky
3- ikB~;oLrq rFkk f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa dk Kku 60» 5- ewy izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe (10»)
,oa vH;kl ,oa iz;ksxkRed dk;Z 6- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy, fof'k"V izf'k{k.k (10»)
(Content-cum Methodology, 7- xf.kr f'k{k.k (7-5»)
Practice & Practical Work) 8- i;kZoj.k&vè;;u (1-5»)
9- dk;Z&vuqHko (10»)
10- LokLF; ,oa 'kkjhfjd ,oa euksjatu dh
fozQ;k;sa (5»)
11- iz;ksxkRed dk;Z (10»)
;ksx 100» 11 ikB~;ozQe

bdkbZ—5% izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{;
uksV
ikbejh Lrj ij f'k{kd esa f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa dk leqfpr Kku ,oa dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
bl Lrj ij vè;kid dh ltZukRed {kerk cPpksa ij ldkjkRed izHkko Mkyrh gSA

fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsaμ (Fill in the blanks)
1- izkFkfed Lrj ij rhu ize[q k mís';ksa ------------] vadxf.kr rFkk rduhdh ,oa lkekftd rFkk HkkokRed mís';ksa
dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA
2- izkFkfed Lrj ij gh cPpk ekr`Hkk"kk osQ lkFk&lkFk ------------ Hkk"kk ls Hkh ifjfpr gks tkrk gSA
3- izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQe dks ------------ esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
4- izkfFked Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQeksa esa O;olkf;d rFkk iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± dks ------------ izfr'kr egÙo nsuk
pkfg,A
4-3 izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ l=k (Teacher Education Semester at
Primary Level)
izkFkfed Lrj dh vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQe dks pkj l=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA oqQN ikB~;ozQeksa ls ^f'k{kk
,d vè;;u {ks=k* dk cksèk djk;k tkuk pkfg,A vU; ikB~;ozQeksa dk vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh fozQ;kvksa ,oa dkS'ky
osQ fodkl osQ fy, lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
bu ewy ikB~;ozQeksa osQ vfrfjDr lkekU; Hkk"kk] lkekftd fo"k;] vFkZ'kkL=k rFkk foKku fo"k;ksa dh tkudkjh osQ
fof'kf"V ikB~;ozQeksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A foKku rFkk lkekftd fo"k;ksa dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj
dh tk, ftlls f'k{kd f'k{kk dks ,d O;olk; osQ :i esa le> losaQA f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr euksfoKku] n'kZu
rFkk lekt'kkL=k vkfn fo"k;ksa dk Hkh Kku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A f'k{kk dh ewy ikB~;oLrq 75 izfr'kr rFkk lEcfUèkr
fo"k;ksa dks 25» egÙo fn;k tk,A O;kolkf;d rFkk iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± dks 50 izfr'kr egÙo nsuk pkfg,A fof'k"V
izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa dks Hkh lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A

• izkFkfed Lrj ij ckydksa dh le> ,oa ifjiDork c<+ tkrh gSA vr% izkFkfed Lrj dh vè;kid&f'k{kk dk
izk:i iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj ls fHkUu gksuk pkfg,A bl Lrj ij rhu izeq[k mís';ksa lkfgfR;d mís';] vadxf.kr
rFkk rduhdh vkSj lkekftd ,oa HkkokRed mís';ksa dks egÙo fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl Lrj ij f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa
,oa izfofèk;ksa ,oa lEcUèkh fof'k"V Kku rFkk dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] tcfd izkFkfed Lrj osQ
fy, [ksy&fofèk rFkk dgkuh&fofèk gh izeq[k gSaA izkFkfed Lrj osQ fy, f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa osQ vfèkd Kku ,oa
dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
• izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{;μ
(1) ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk f}rh; Hkk"kk] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku rFkk okrkoj.k vè;;u osQ f'k{k.k dh {kerkA
(2) bu fo"k;ksa osQ fy, leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh igpku rFkk mudh O;oLFkk djus dh {kerkA
(3) dk;Z&vuqHko] euksjatu lEcUèkh vuqHko] 'kkjhfjd rFkk HkkSfrd fozQ;kvksa lEcUèkh lS¼kfUrd rFkk
O;kogkfjd KkuA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (4) ckydksa osQ fodklozQe dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa lEcUèkh euksoKS kfud fl¼kUrksa dh le>A
(5) KkukRed] HkkokRed rFkk fozQ;kRed i{kksa osQ fodkl gsrq izeq[k vfèkxe vfèkfu;eksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa dh
le>A
(6) ckyd osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl esa ifjokj] lkFkh vkSj lekt dh Hkwfedk osQ egÙo dks le>ukA
(7) fo|ky; rFkk ifjokj osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa ls ykHk dh tkudkjh dk gksukA
(8) d{kk&f'k{k.k rFkk fo|ky; lEcUèkh leL;kvks osQ lekèkku gsrq fozQ;kRed vuqlUèkku osQ iz;ksx dh
{kerkA
(9) lkekftd ifjorZu esa fo|ky; rFkk f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dh le>A

• vuqla/kuμ [kkst] 'kks/A
• ifjiDoμ iw.kZr;k oqQ'ky fodkl] fodkl dh n`f‘ ls tks iw.kZ dks izkIr gqvk gksA

1- izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A
2- izkFkfed Lrj ij vè;kid esa dks fdu&fdu fo"k;ksa esa n{k gksuk vko';d gS rFkk D;ksa\
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)
1. lkfgfR;d mís'; 2. f}rh; 3. pkj l=k 4. 50»

bdkbZ—5% ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa y{;
uksV
bdkbZμ5% ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa y{;
(Aims and Objectives of Teacher Education
at Secondary Level)
mís'; (Objectives)
5.1 ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objectives of Teacher Education
at Second any Level)
5.3 'kCndks'k (KeyworosQ)
mís'; (Objectives)
• ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{; ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
“The process of education involves three steps–(1) determinig objectives, (2) providing experiences
designed to achieve the objectives and (3) measuring and evaluating the result to determine if
the objectives have been achieved.”
Preface, Essentials Educational Evaluation. New York, 1962

—Edwin Wandt and G. W. Brown
^f'k{k.k dk fu;kstu* (Planning of Teaching) djrs le; dk;Z&fo'ys"k.k osQ i'pkr~ f'k{k.k vFkok lh[kus osQ
mís'; dks fuèkkZfjr djosQ mUgsa Li"V 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr dj nsuk pkfg;s ftlls ;g ckr ekywe gks tk;s fd fo|k£Fk;ksa
esa dkSu&dkSu ls O;kogkfjd ifjorZu fdl&fdl {ks=k esa djus gSaA pw¡fd lh[kus osQ mís'; dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk
rkRi;Z mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dk ljy Hkk"kk esa Li"V djuk gS] blfy;s f'k{kdksa fo'ks"k :i ls fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa dh lqfoèkk
osQ fy, ge fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa ekè;fed Lrj ij i<+k;s tkus okys oqQN fo"k;ksa ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dh oqQN
lwfp;k¡ izLrqr dj jgs gSaA bu lwfp;ksa dks uewus osQ :i esa Lohdkj djrs gq, fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kd nwljs fo"k;ksa osQ lh[kus
osQ mís';ksa rFkk mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dh lwfp;k¡ vklkuh ls rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 5-1 ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objectives of
Teacher Education at Second)
mís'; mís'; dh fo'ks"krk;sa

(Objectives) (Specification of Objectives)
fgUnh
1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks Hkk"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i ls iw.kZ ,oa 1- og èofu;ksa rFkk muosQ lewgksa dks Li"V :i ls
Li"V :i ls le>us dh ;ksX;rk izkIr djukA igpku losQxkA
2- og èofu esa vUrj crk losQxkA
3- og 'kCnksa] eqgkojksa] ;qfDr;ksa rFkk yksfDr;ksa dk
izlaxkuqowQy Hkko rFkk vFkZ le> losQxkA
4- og leku vFkZ j[kus okys 'kCnksa dh fofHkUurk
le> losQxkA
5- og leku èofu okys 'kCnksa dk vUrj le>
losQxkA
6- og izlax osQ vuqlkj 'kCnksa osQ vFkks± rFkk Hkkoksa dks
xzg.k dj losQxkA
2- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i dk iw.kZ ,oa 1- og fyf[kr 'kCnksa] eqgkojksa] lqfDr;ksa rFkk yksfDr;ksa
Li"V :i ls le>us dh ;ksX;rk mRiUu djkukA osQ izlax vuqowQy Hkko rFkk vFkZ le> losQxkA
2- og 'kCnksa rFkk okD;ka'kksa osQ egRo dks le>
losQxkA
3- og muosQ ijLij lEcUèk dks le> losQxkA
4- og egRoiw.kZ fopkjksa] rF;ksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks le>
losQxkA
5- og ifBr va'k osQ osQUnzh; Hkko dks xzg.k dj
losQxkA
6- og ys[kd dh euksn'kk dks le> losQxkA
7- og mfpr xfr ,oa cksèk osQ lkFk fyf[kr va'k i<+
losQxkA
8- og ifBr va'k dk Hkk"kk] fo"k; rFkk 'kSyh dh n`f"V
ls fo'ys"k.k ,oa ewY;kadu dj losQxkA
3- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa vius fopkjksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks ekSf[kd 1- og 'kCnksa Hkkoksa] lqfDr;ksa rFkk yksfDr;ksa dk mfpr
:i esa izdV djkus dh oqQ'kyrk izkIr djukA iz;ksx dj losQxkA
2- og 'kCnksa rFkk eqgkojksa vkfn dk 'kq¼ mPpkj.k dj
losQxkA
3- og 'kq¼ Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh dk iz;ksx dj losQxkA
4- og vHkh"V lkexzh izLrqr dj losQxkA

4- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa vius fopkjksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks fyf[kr 1- og mfpr xfr osQ lkFk fy[k losQxkA uksV
:i ls O;Dr djus dh oqQ'kyrk mRiUu djukA 2- og lqUnj] lqMkSy rFkk Li"V fy[k losQxkA
3- og 'kCnksa rFkk eqgkojksa dk fyf[kr :i esa mfpr
iz;ksx dj losQxkA
4- og 'kq¼ okD;ksa dh jpuk dj losQxkA
5- og 'kq¼ crZuh dk iz;ksx dj losQxkA
6- og fojke fpUgksa dk mfpr iz;ksx dj losQxkA
7- og izHkko'kkyh Hkk"kk ,oa 'kSyh dk iz;ksx dj
losQxkA
8- og fopkjksa esa Øec¼rk yk losQxkA
9- og ys[ku dk;Z esa ifjPNsn mfpr <ax ls cuk
losQxkA
5- fo|k£Fk;ksa dh Hkk"kk rFkk lkfgR; esa :fp mRiUu 1- og ikB~;&iqLrdksa osQ vfrfjDr jkspd dgkfu;ksa]
djukA ukVdksa] miU;klksa rFkk dforkvksa dks i<+ losQxkA
2- og vius Lrj osQ vuqlkj lkfgR; dk vè;;u ,oa
jlkLoknu dj losQxkA
3- og vU; lkfgR;dkjksa dh jpukvksa dks i<+kus osQ
fy;s vkd£"kr gks losQxkA
4- og LowQy osQ vUnj rFkk ckgj okys lHkh lkfgfR;d
dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ys losQxkA
5- og lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dk laxzg dj losQxkA
6- og lqUnj rFkk izHkko'kkyh dforkvksa dks d.BLFk
dj losQxkA
7- og dgkuh] fucUèk rFkk dfork vkfn fy[k losQxkA
8- og d{kk rFkk LowQy dh if=kdk esa vko';d
;ksxnku ns losQxkA
6- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa fgUnh lkfgR; osQ ltZu dh ;ksX;rk 1- og viuh dYiuk] fujh{k.k rFkk roZQ ,oa foosd
mRiUu djkukA vkfn 'kfDr;ksa dks c<+k losQxkA
2- og viuh ekufld 'kfDr;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij vius
fopkjksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls O;Dr dj
losQxkA
3- og vius fopkj rFkk Hkkoksa dks ekSfyd <ax ls
vfHkO;fDr dj losQxkA
ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa esa cPpksa dks vaxzsth èofu;ksa dk 'kq¼ mPpkj.k] okD; lajpuk
osQ Bhd Kku vkfn osQ lqèkkj ij cy fn;k x;kA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV English
1. The Student understands simple English 1. He recognises sound and sound syetem.
when spoken. 2. He differentiates sound and recognises
contrasts in sounds in English and Hindi
3. He gets at the meanings conveyed by
sounds.
4. He derives meanings from strees and dif-
ferent intonation patterns.
2. He expresses himself orally in simple and 1. He repoduces the sounds corectly.

correct English. 2. He uses proper stress, pitch and intona-
tion.
3. He uses appropriate vocabulary and struc-
tures.
4. He speaks with proper pauses.
5. He has a normal speed in his speech.
6. He composes his ideas in a proper
sequence.
3. He is able to read simple English with 1. He Understands the meanings of words,

understanding. phrases and structures in context.
2. He gets at the central idea of the passage.
4. He recognises relationship between
differents ideas.
5. He interprets traits of character as depicted
in the passage.
6. He discriminates between the main and
subsidiary ideas.
4. He is able to express himself in simple and 1. He uses words, pharses and structures cor-
correct English. rectly.
2. He spells words correctly.
3. He uses punctuation marks and capital let-
ters correctly.
4. He synthesises the sentences.
5. He breaks complex sentences into simple
ones.
5. He appreciates simple poems 1. He recognises the rhythm of English poem.

2. he reads the poem with proper rhythim.
3. He locates words and phrases which ex-
press-imagery.
4. He expresses ideas from his own experi-
ence.
6. He is able to translate simple Hindi 1. He substitutes parallel words, phrases, idi-

into English and vice versa. oms and structures in the language of trans-
lation, i.e., Hindi or other languages.

2. He modifies the structures of both the lan- uksV

guages in an appropriate way.
3. He maintains the sequence of ideas as
given in the original passage.
4. He retains the spirit of the original pas-
sage.
5. He joins sentences for better expression in
the language of translation.
6. He drops words and expressions which are
unnecessary from the point of view of the
language of translation, i.e., either English
or Hindi.
7. He develops interest in English. 1. He reads books in English other than the

prescribed ones.
2. He reads English magzines and dailies.
3. He listens to radio broadcasts English.
4. He develops skill in using dictionaries and
other reference books.
5. he takes part in English debates, recitations
and plays.
6. He coilects phrases, idioms and quotations.
ekè;fed Lrj ij cPpksa esa ltZukRedrk osQ fodkl gsrq oqQN lq>ko nsaA
foKku
1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks foKku osQ rF;ksa] inksa] izR;;ksa og Kku osQ rF;ksa] inksa] izR;;ksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa ,oa
rFkk fl¼kUrksa ,oa izfrfØ;k dk Kku izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa dkμ
djkukA 1- iqu% Lej.k dj losQxkA
2- og mUgsa igpku losQxkA
3- og mudk foHksnhdj.k dj losQxkA
4- og mudk oxhZdj.k dj losQxkA
5- og muesa ijLij lEcUèk LFkkfir dj losQxkA
6- og oSls gh ekSf[kd rFkk izn'kZukRed mnkgj.k
izLrqr dj losQxkA
7- og mudh O;k[;k dj losQxkA
8- og mUgsa Øekuqlkj O;ofLFkr dj losQxkA
9- og muesa Hkwy fudky losQxkA
2- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa foKku osQ Kku dks uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa 1- og leL;k ls lEcfUèkr fl¼kUrks]a rFkk lkexzh dk
esa iz;ksx djus dh {kerk mRiUu djkukA pquko dj losQxkA
2- og rF;ksa rFkk inksa dk lR;iku (Verification)
dj losQxkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 3- og iznÙkksa dh i;kZIrrk dk irk yxk losQxkA

4- og vkdM+ksa osQ vkèkkj ij lkekU;hdj.k dj
losQxkA
5- og =kqfV;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa vko';d lqèkkj dj
losQxkA
3- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa foKku ls lEcfUèkr dkS'ky mRiUu 1- og fo"k; ls lEcfUèkr js[kk fp=k] xzkiQ] pkVZ rFkk
djkukA rkfydk vkfn rS;kj dj losQxkA
2- og ;U=kksa dk oqQ'kyrkiwoZd iz;ksx dj losQxkA
3- og ;U=kksa dks lqèkkj losQxkA
4- og iznÙkksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[k losQxkA
5- og foKku osQ midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs le;
mfpr lkoèkkuh cjr losQxkA
4- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa foKku osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djkukA 1- og foKku ls lEcfUèkr lkfgR; dk vè;;u dj
losQxkA
2- og foKku&dYc rFkk foKku osQ vU; dk;Z&Øeksa
esa bPNkuqlkj #fp ys losQxkA
3- og foKku lEcUèkh lkfgR; dh vkSj vkd£"kr gks
losQxkA
4- og Lofu£er midj.k cukdj iz;ksx dj losQxkA
5- og foKku dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ij tk
losQxkA
6- og oSKkfud izn'kZuh rFkk okn&fookn esa Hkkx ys
losQxkA
7- og foKku dh if=kdkvksa esa ys[k ns losQxkA
5- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa oSKkfud n`f"V dks.k fodflr djkukA 1- og nwljksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k dks le> losQxkA
2- og vUèkfo'okl dks NksM+s losQxkA
3- og vius fujh{k.k dks fo'okl lkFk O;oDr dj
losQxkA
4- og ubZ lkf{k;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij futh fu.kZ; ns
losQxkA
6- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa uSl¯xd ?kVukvksa ,oa foKku osQ 1- fo|kFkhZ viuk fpUru] eu ij djrs le; fuEu&
izHkkoksa dh jlukHkwfr djkukA fyf[kr ckrsa izdV dj losQxkμ
(i) 'kq¼rk]
(ii) LoPNrk]
(iii) Øfedrk]
(iv) fujh{k.k dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kukA

2- og vkèkqfud foKku dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks le>us osQ uksV

fy;s mRlqd gks losQxkA
3- og foKku osQ bfrgkl dks le>us osQ fy, izsfjr
gks losQxkA
4- og oSKkfudksa osQ thou&pfj=k rFkk muosQ dk;ks±
dk vè;;u djus osQ fy;s mRlqd jg losQxkA
ekè;fed Lrj ij vkdj Nk=kksa esa HkkokfHkO;fDr dh {kerk dk cM+h rhoz xfr ls
fodkl gksrk gSA
xf.kr
1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks xf.kr osQ inksa] izrhdksa] izR;;ksa] 1- og xf.kr osQ inksa dk vFkZ le> losQxkA
midYiukvksa] fl¼kUrksa rFkk fØ;kvksa dk Kku nsuk 2- og xf.kr osQ fl¼kUr] ifjHkk"kkvksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa
rFkk tkudkjh izkIr djukA dk izR;kLej.k dj losQxkA
3- og eq[;&eq[; izfØ;kvksa dks le> losQxkA
4- og mudh lcdh O;k[;k dj losQxk
5- og mu lcosQ mnkgj.k ns losQxkA
6- og rqyuk }kjk =kqfV;k¡ fudky losQxkA
2- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa xf.kr osQ Kku dks uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa 1- og uohu ifjfLFkfr dks igpkuh ifjfLFkfr esa cny
esa iz;ksx djus dh {kerk mRiUu djkukA losQxkA
2- og iznÙkksa dks le>dj mudk fo'ys"k.k dj losQxkA
3- og iznÙkksa dh i;kZIrrk rFkk vi;kZIrrk osQ lEcUèk
esa fu.kZ; ys losQxkA
4- og leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy;s mi;qDr fofèk;ks]a
fu;eksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa dk pquko dj losQxkA
5- og leL;kvksa dk roZQiw.kZ <ax ls gy <w¡<+ losQxkA
6- og fu"d"kZ fudkydj lkekU;hdj.k dj losQxkA
7- og fn;s x;s iznÙkksa osQ vkèkkj ij Hkfo";ok.kh dj
losQxkA
3- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa xf.kr osQ fy, visf{kr dkS'ky mRiUu 1- og xf.kr lEcUèkh rkfydkvksa rFkk ;U=kksa dk iz;ksx
djkukA dj losQxkA
2- og xzkiQksa] pkVks± rFkk js[k fp=kksa vkfn dks cuk
losQxkA
3- og bu lcdh O;k[;k dj losQxkA
4- og ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr x.kuk 'kq¼rk ,oa xfr osQ
lkFk dj losQxkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 5- og fyf[kr dk;Z dks lqO;ofLFkr :i ls dj

losQxkA
4- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa xf.kr osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djkukA 1- og xf.kr lEcUèkh lkfgR; dk vè;;u dj losQxkA
2- og xf.kr dh leL;kvksa osQ lEcUèk esa okn&fookn
dj losQxkA
3- og xf.kr dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku djus esa #fp
ys losQxkA
4- og ikB~;&iqLrdksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; iqLrdksa osQ
iz'uksa dks gy dj losQxkA
5- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa xf.kr osQ izfr vfHko`fÙk mRiUu djkukA 1- og xf.kr lEcUèkh izfl¼ O;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk jguk
ilUn dj losQxkA
2- og xf.kr dk Nk=k gksus esa xkSjo vuqHko dj
losQxkA
3- mlesa xf.kr osQ iz'uksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy;s
vko';d eukso`fÙk mRiUu gks losQxhA
4- og xf.kr lEcUèkh dk;ks± dh ljkguk dj losQxkA
6- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa O;fDrRo&y{k.k fodflr djkukA 1- og viuk dk;Z djrs le; fu;ferrk rFkk le;
dk ikyu dj losQxkA
2- og vkius dk;Z dks lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls LoPNrkiwod
Z
dj losQxkA
3- og vius fyf[kr rFkk ekSf[kd dk;Z dks izLrqr
djrs le; Li"Vrk] 'kq¼rk ifj'kq¼rk (Preci-
sion), ;FkkrF;rk (Exactness) rFkk rk£ddrk
,oa lqlga rrk (Compactness) izn£'kr dj losQxkA
fn, x, dFku osQ lkeus lgh vFkok xyr × dk fu'kku yxkb,μ (State whether the following
statements are 'True' or 'False')
1- ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa esa O;olkf;d f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA
2- ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ leku Lo:i dk y{; j[kk x;kA
3- ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa esa fo|k£Fk;ksa dks vius fopkjksa rFkk Hkkoksa dks ekSf[kd
:i esa vfèkdkj djus esa oqQ'kyrk ij ”kksj fn;k x;kA
4- ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa esa foKku osQ Kku dks uohu ifjO;fDr;ksa esa iz;ksx djus
dh {kerk mRiUu djus ij cy fn;k x;kA
lkekftd fo"k;
1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks fo"k; esa lEcfUèkr inksa] rF;ksa] izR;;ksa] (bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ukxfjd'kkL=k rFkk vFkZ'kkL=k)
?kVukvks]a dkyØe] fn'kkvksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa og inks]a rF;ks]a izR;;ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa osQ lEcUèk
dk Kku izkIr djkukA esaμ

1- izR;kLej.k dj losQxkA uksV

2- igpku losQxkA
3- fo'ys"k.k dj losQxkA
4- O;k[;k dj losQxkA
5- mudk Øfed egRo le> losQxkA
6- fp=kksa] ekufp=kksa rFkk pkVks± }kjk lwpuk;sa izkIr dj
losQxkA
7- foHksnhdj.k ,oa rqyuk dj losQxkA
8- fu"d"kZ fudky losQxkA
2- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa fo"k; esa lEcfUèkr lh[ks gq;s rF;ksa] 1- og inksa rFkk izR;;ksa dk uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
?kVukvksa] fl¼kUrksa rFkk izfrfØ;kvksa vkfn osQ Kku iz;ksx dj losQxkA
dks uohu ifjfLFfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djus dh {kerk 2- og leL;k dks igpku losQxkA
mRiUu djukA 3- og thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk
ewY;kadu djus osQ fy;s lh[ks gq;s Kku dk mfpr
iz;ksx dj losQxkA
4- og leL;k osQ lekèkku gsrq ifjdYiuk cuk losQxkA
5- og ifjdYiuk ls lEcfUèkr gsrq ifjdYiuk cuk
losQxkA
6- og ifjdYiuk ls lEcfUèkr lkf{k;ksa dks ,d=k dj
losQxkA
7- og u;s fu"d"kks± rFkk fl¼kUrksa dk izfriknu dj
losQxkA
3- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa fo"k; ls lEcfUèkr dkS'ky mRiUu 1- og fo"k; esa lEcfUèkr fp=kks]a js[kk fp=kks]a ekufp=kks]a
djkukA xzkiQksa rFkk pkVks± dks cuk losQxkA
2- og ,sfrgkfld Hkouksa] nqxks±] crZuksa] flDdksa] xguksa
rFkk vL=k&'kL=kksa ,oa Hkwrdky dh vU; oLrqvksa osQ
izfr:i cuk losQxkA
3- og fp=kksa rFkk pkVks± vkfn dk Bhd izdkj ls iz;ksx
dj losQxkA
4- og rF;ksa dk roZQiw.kZ fo'ys"k.k djosQ rk£dd <ax
ls fu.kZ; ys losQxkA
5- og ubZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le> losQxkA
6- og dkj.k&ifj.kke lEcUèk fudky losQxkA
7- og fu;keksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa dks mi;qDr <ax ls
O;Dr dj losQxkA
8- og lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Hkyh izdkj le>
losQxkA og lanHkZ xzUFkksa dks i<+ losQxkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 4- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa fo"k; osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djkukA 1- og fo"k; ls lEcfUèkr iqLrdksa dks i<+ losQxkA
2- og flDosQ rFkk fp=k vkfn ,d=k dj losQxkA
3- og vk£Fkd] HkkSxksfyd rFkk ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls
egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ij tkus esa #fp ys losQxkA
4- og fo"k; ls lEcfUèkr leL;kvksa ij okn&fookn
dj losQxkA
5- og fo"k; lEcUèkh ys[k fy[k losQxkA
6- og fo"k; ls lEcfUèkr oLrqvksa dh izn'kZfu;ksa esa
Hkkx ys losQxkA
7- og fo"k; ls lEcfUèkr [ksyksa esa Hkkx ys losQxkA
5- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa mfpr eukso`fÙk;k¡ mRiUu djkukA 1- og i{kikr jfgr n`f"Vdks.k viuk losQxkA
2- og mnkj fopkj O;Dr dj losQxkA
3- og ns'k izse dh Hkkouk j[k losQxkA
4- og ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa fo'okl j[k losQxkA
5- og lekykspukRed n`f"Vdks.k viuk losQxkA
6- og viuh rFkk vU; ns'kksa dh lkaLÑfrd nk; dks
vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[k losQxkA
7- og vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk esa fodkl O;Dr dj
losQxkA
• ^f'k{k.k dk fu;kstu* (Planning of Teaching) djrs le; dk;Z&fo'ys"k.k osQ i'pkr~ f'k{k.k vFkok lh[kus
osQ mís'; dks fuèkkZfjr djosQ mUgsa Li"V 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr dj nsuk pkfg;s ftlls ;g ckr ekywe gks tk;s
fd fo|k£Fk;ksa esa dkSu&dkSu ls O;kogkfjd ifjorZu fdl&fdl {ks=k esa djus gSaA pw¡fd lh[kus osQ mís'; dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus dk rkRi;Z mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dk ljy Hkk"kk esa Li"V djuk gS] blfy;s f'k{kdksa fo'ks"k :i
ls fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa dh lqfoèkk osQ fy, ge fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa ekè;fed Lrj ij i<+k;s tkus okys oqQN
fo"k;ksa ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dh oqQN lwfp;k¡ izLrqr dj jgs gSaA bu lwfp;ksa dks uewus osQ :i esa Lohdkj djrs
gq, fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kd nwljs fo"k;ksa osQ lh[kus osQ mís';ksa rFkk mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dh lwfp;k¡ vklkuh ls rS;kj dj
ldrs gSaA
• ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa y{;μ 1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks Hkk"kk osQ ekSf[kd :i ls iw.kZ ,oa Li"V
:i ls le>us dh ;ksX;rk izkIr djukA 2- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i dk iw.kZ ,oa Li"V :i ls le>us
dh ;ksX;rk mRiUu djkukA
• English: The Student understands simple English when spoken. He is able to read simple
English with understanding. He is able to express himself in simple and correct English.
• foKkuμ1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks foKku osQ rF;ksa] inksa] izR;;ksa rFkk fl¼kUrksa ,oa izfrfØ;k dk Kku izkIr djkukA 2-
fo|k£Fk;ksa esa oSKkfud n`f"V dks.k fodflr djkukA 3- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa uSl¯xd ?kVukvksa ,oa foKku osQ izHkkoksa dh
jlukHkwfr djkukA
• xf.krμ 1- fo|k£Fk;ksa dks xf.kr osQ inksa] izrhdksa] izR;;ksa] midYiukvksa] fl¼kUrksa rFkk fØ;kvksa dk Kku nsuk

rFkk tkudkjh izkIr djukA 2- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa xf.kr osQ Kku dks uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djus dh {kerk uksV
mRiUu djkukA 3- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa xf.kr osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djkukA
• lkekftd fo"k;μ1- fo|k£Fk;ksa esa fo"k; esa lEcfUèkr lh[ks gq;s rF;ksa] ?kVukvksa] fl¼kUrksa rFkk izfrfØ;kvksa
vkfn osQ Kku dks uohu ifjfLFfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djus dh {kerk mRiUu djukA

• orZuhμ 'kCn osQ o.kZ mudk Øe rFkk mPpkj.k fofèk] ekxZ] jkLrkA
• ifjPNsnμ dkV&Nk¡Vdj vyx djuk] c¡Vokjk] [k.M] HkkxA
• d.BLFkμ eq¡g tckuh ;kn fd;k gqvk (tSls dksbZ dfork daBLFk djuk)A

1- fgUnh] vaxzsth] foKku rFkk xf.kr f'k{k.k osQ D;k mís'; gksus pkfg,\ mudha fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA
2- lkekftd vè;;u osQ vfèkxe mís';ksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq, muesa lEcfUèkr O;ogkj ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k
dhft;sA
1. × 2. × 3. 4.
3. Hkkjr dh vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk bfrgkl vkSj leL;k,¡μ lj;w izlkn pkScs @ vf[kys'k pkSc]s Hkonh;

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ6% egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ
mís'; ,oa y{; (Aims and Objectives of Teacher
Education at Secondary Level)
mís'; (Objectives)
6.1 egkfo|ky; Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Student at College Level)
6.2 egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; (Characteristics of Student at College Level)
6.3 vè;kid f'k{kk osQ xk¡/hoknh mís'; (Objectives of Gandhiyan Teacher Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
fo|kFkhZ bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ l{ke gksaxsμ
• egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
vè;kid dks vius Nk=kksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl osQ ekxZ dks iz'kLr djuk gksrk gSA vr% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ }kjk
Hkkoh vè;kidksa dks lok±xh.k fodkl gksuk vko';d gSA tc rd vè;kid dk lok±xh.k fodkl ugha gksxk rc
rd og vius Nk=kksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl esa ;ksxnku ugha dj losQxkA vr% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØe esa
KkukRed i{k osQ lkFk&lkFk HkkokRed o fØ;kRed i{kksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
izR;sd Lrj ij f'k{k.k dk mís'; Kku iznku djuk gksrk gS vkSj tgk¡ rd mís';ksa dk laca/ gS] fofHkUu Lrjksa
ij muesa oqQN fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk ifjorZu gksrk gSA izLrqr bdkbZ esa egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk
osQ mís';ksa ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
6-1 egkfo|ky; Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Student at

College Level)
1- bl Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ ,d laØe.k dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS ftlesa og fd'kksjkoLFkk ls ;qokoLFkk dh vksj c<+rk gSA
2- O;kolkf;d ,oa lkekftd lek;kstu osQ }kjk fo|kFkhZ vius vki thou&;kiu djus osQ fy, rS;kj gksrk gSA

bdkbZ—6% egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{;
3- fo|kFkhZ /hjs&/hjs dfBu ,oa fLFkj {kerkvksa dh vksj c<+rk gS rFkk mldh oqQN vknrsa cu tkrh gSa vkSj dk;Z uksV
djus dk rjhdk ,oa O;fDrRo esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA
4- fo|kFkhZ vewrZ Kku] rk£dd Kku] fl¼kUr fuekZ.k djus osQ ;ksX; gks tkrk gSA
6-2 egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; (Aims and Objectives of
Teacher Education at Secondary Level)
1- egkfo|ky; osQ fy;s Hkkoh vè;kidksa esa vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku] uohu izo`fÙk;ksa ls ifjfpr ,oa mfpr
fof/;ksa }kjk i<+kus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
2- lk/kj.k ,oa mPpLrjh; f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dks fodflr dj mls iztkrU=kh;] ,dkdh ,oa lekt'kkL=kh; lekt
osQ izfr tkx:d cukuk pkfg,A
vfUre O;ogkj (Terminal Behaviour)
(i) f'k{kk osQ nk'kZfud] lkekftd] euksoSKkfud fl¼kUrksa dk KkuA
(ii) f'k{kk osQ y{; ,oa mís';ksa dks igpkuukA
(iii) lk/kj.k ,oa mPp f'k{kk osQ mís'; dks tkuukA
(iv) mPp f'k{kk osQ lk/kj.k ,oa fof'k"V mís';ksa dks tkuukA
(v) O;fDr dh ,dkdh iztkrU=kh; lekt'kkL=kh; lekt ls tqM+h O;kogkfjd xfrfof/;ksa dks tkuukA
(vi) iztkrU=kh; lekt osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d xfrfof/;ksa dks tkuukA
3- vius fof'k"V fo"k; dks i<+kus osQ fy;s dkS'kykRed ,oa KkukRed dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA
4- vius fof'k"V fo"k; osQ f'k{k.k esa f'k{kk rduhdh osQ iz;ksx djus osQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA
(i) f'k{kk rduhd osQ fl¼karksa dks tkuukA
(ii) 'kSf{kd ,oa funs'kukRed rduhdh esa vUrj Li"V djukA
(iii) lh[kus esa lgk;d f'k{kk rduhdh dh Hkwfedk dh iz'kalk djukA
(iv) 'kSf{kd inksa dk fo'ys"k.k djukA
(v) lw{e ikB~; ;kstuk] vfHkdfer vuqn's ku dks cukuk rFkk mUgsa d{kk&d{k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djukA
(vi) fofHkUu f'k{k.k izk:i osQ vUrj dks tkuukA
(vii) fofHkUu fof'k"V f'k{k.k izk:i osQ vuq:i f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djukA
egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij Nk=kksa esa gksus okys egRoiw.kZ ifjorZuksa dks bafxr djsaA
5- fd'kksjkoLFkk dh tho&euks&lkekftd vko';drkvksa dks tkuuk vkSj bu vko';drkvksa dh izfr tkx:d
gksuk ,oa bl izdkj osQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djuk tksfd fd'kksjkoLFkk dh 'kSf{kd ,oa O;fDrxr leL;kvksa
dk lek/ku djus esa lgk;rk iznku djsaA
(i) vko';drk osQ fl¼kar dks tkuukA
(ii) vk/kjHkwr vko';drkvksa dks tkuukA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (iii)
mu iz;klksa osQ eè; vUrj Li"V djuk tksfd O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa dh iw£r u gks ldus osQ dkj.k
mRiUu gq, gksaA
(iv) tSfod ,oa euksoSKkfud vko';drkvksa osQ eè; vUrj Li"V djukA
(v) fd'kksjksa osQ fy;s funsZ'ku osQ egRo dks tkuukA
(vi) funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ i¼fr osQ Øfed inksa dks tkuukA
(vii) ijh{k.k ysus] funsZ'ku nsus] mÙkj iqfLrdk osQ vkdyu dks mfpr ewY;kadu dh i¼fr dks tkuuk rFkk
blosQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA
(viii) ftls vko';d gks mls euksoSKkfud lgk;rk iznku djukA
6- fjlpZ izkstsDV] fØ;kRed vuqla/ku] iz;ksxkRed vuqla/ku dks ,sls {ks=k esa djuk tksfd muosQ O;ogkjksa rFkk
d{kkd{k dh leL;kvksa ls lEcfU/r gksA
7- ifjorZu'khy lekt esa vè;kid ,oa LowQy dh Hkwfedk dk Kku gksukA
fn, x, dFkuksa osQ lkeus lgh (3) vFkok xyr (×) dk fu'kku yxkb,μ (State whether the following
1- egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij Nk=k dk ekufld fodkl pw¡fd /heh xfr ls gksrk gS
vr% vè;kid dks mu ij de cks> Mkyuk pkfg,A
2- egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ /hjs&/hjs dfBu ,oa fLFkj {kerkvksa dh vksj c<+rk gSA
3- egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ vewrZ Kku] rk£dd Kku ,oa fl¼kar fuekZ.k djus osQ
;ksX; gks tkrk gSA
4- egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij fo|k£Fk;ksa esa vusd izdkj osQ euksfodkj mRiUu gksrs gSa blfy,
vè;kid dks mudk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
6-3 vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ xka/hoknh mís'; (Objectives of Gandhiyan Teacher

Education)
1- v¯glk] lR;rk] vkRe&la;e] vkReKku ,oa dk;Z dh egkurk ij cy nsukA
2- leqnk; esa f'k{kd dk;Z ,d lkekftd ifjorZudÙkkZ osQ :i esa fuf'pr djukA
3- cM+s leqnk; dks fn'kk iznku djukA
4- LowQy ,oa leqnk; osQ chp eè;LFk dk dk;Z djukA
5- okrkoj.k lEcU/h Ïksrksa dks laj{k.k iznku djuk ,oa ,sfrgkfld oLrqvksa ,oa nwljh oLrqvksa dks lajf{kr djukA
6- cM+s gksrs cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd] lkekftd] HkkokRed ,oa O;fDrxr leL;kvksa osQ izfr /ukRed n`f"Vdks.k
j[kukA
7- Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa fo|kFkhZ f'k{k.k osQ mís';ksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djuk ,oa LowQy dks iztkrkaf=kd]
,dkdh] lkekftd lekt dks fodflr djus osQ mís';ksa dks izkIr djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djukA
8- lh[kus ,oa f'k{k.k esa ekuoh; fl¼kUrksa osQ }kjk f'k{k.k esa ;ksX;rk fodflr djukA
9- le>us dh ;ksX;rk] #fp] n`f"Vdks.k ,oa dkS'ky vkfn dks fodflr djuk ftlls f'k{kd bl ;ksX; cus fd
og cPpksa osQ fodkl dks lajf{kr dj losQA

bdkbZ—6% egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa y{;
10- okrkZyki] dkS'kykRed ;ksX;rkvksa dks ekuoh; lEcU/ksa osQ fy;s fodflr djuk tksfd f'k{kd dks bl ;ksX; uksV
cuk;s ftlesa fd og fo|kFkhZ dks d{kkd{k osQ ckgj ,oa vUnj lh[kus osQ fy, izsfjr djsA
11- ftl fo"k; dks vè;kid i<+rs gSa mlesa uohu izo`fÙk;ksa dk Kku j[k dj f'k{k.k dh rduhfd;ksa dk Kku
iznku djukA
12- vUos"k.kkRed ,oa fØ;kRed vuqla/ku dks izksRlkfgr djukA

• vè;kid dks vius Nk=kksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl osQ ekxZ dks iz'kLr djuk gksrk gSA vr% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ }kjk
Hkkoh vè;kidksa dks lok±xh.k fodkl gksuk vko';d gSA tc rd vè;kid dk lok±xh.k fodkl ugha gksxk
rc rd og vius Nk=kksa osQ lok±xh.k fodkl esa ;ksxnku ugha dj losQxkA vr% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØe
esa KkukRed i{k osQ lkFk&lkFk HkkokRed o fØ;kRed i{kksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
• izR;sd Lrj ij f'k{k.k dk mís'; Kku iznku djuk gksrk gS vkSj tgk¡ rd mís';ksa dk laca/ gS] fofHkUu Lrjksa
ij muesa oqQN fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk ifjorZu gksrk gSA
• egkfo|ky; osQ fy;s Hkkoh vè;kidksa esa vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku] uohu izo`fÙk;ksa ls ifjfpr ,oa mfpr fof/
;ksa }kjk i<+kus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A
• lk/kj.k ,oa mPpLrjh; f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dks fodflr dj mls iztkrU=kh;] ,dkdh ,oa lekt'kkL=kh; lekt
osQ izfr tkx:d cukuk pkfg,A
• vius fof'k"V fo"k; dks i<+kus osQ fy;s dkS'kykRed ,oa KkukRed dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA
• vius fof'k"V fo"k; osQ f'k{k.k esa f'k{kk rduhdh osQ iz;ksx djus osQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA
• fd'kksjkoLFkk dh tho&euks&lkekftd vko';drkvksa dks tkuuk vkSj bu vko';drkvksa dh izfr tkx:d
gksuk ,oa bl izdkj osQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djuk tksfd fd'kksjkoLFkk dh 'kSf{kd ,oa O;fDrxr leL;kvksa
dk lek/ku djus esa lgk;rk iznku djsaA
• fjlpZ izkstsDV] fØ;kRed vuqla/ku] iz;ksxkRed vuqla/ku dks ,sls {ks=k esa djuk tksfd muosQ O;ogkjksa rFkk
d{kkd{k dh leL;kvksa ls lEcfU/r gksA
• ifjorZu'khy lekt esa vè;kid ,oa LowQy dh Hkwfedk dk Kku gksukA

1- ,dkdhμ vosQykA
2- funs'kuμ vkKk nsuk] dFku] funsZ'k nsukA

1- egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
2- egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís'; ekè;fed Lrj osQ mís';ksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gSa\
1. xyr 2. lgh 3. lgh 4. xyrA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 6-9 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Reference Books)

bdkbZ-7% vè;kid f'k{kk ds vfHkuo ikBÔØe&ch-,y-,M]ch-,llh-,M
uksV
bdkbZ 7% vè;kid f'k{kk ds vfHkuo ikBÔØe&ch-,y-
,M]ch-,llh-,M (Innovative Courses of Teacher
Education—B.El.Ed, B.Sc.Ed.)
mís'; (Objectives)
7.1 çkFkfed f'k{kk ikBÔØe ds Lukrd (ch-,y-,M-) (Bachelor of Elementary Education

Course)
7.2 ekunaMksa vkSj ekudksa ds fy, ch-bZ,y-,M çksxzke (Norms and Standards for B.El.Ed
Programme)
7.3 ijh{kk dh ijh{kk] ekud vkSj ;ksX;rk (Examination, Standards and Qualification of
Examination)
7.4 lkbal f'k{kk dk Lukrd (lai.w kZ) ch-,llh-,M- (Bachelor of Science Education (Integrated)
B.Sc.Ed.)
7.5 ch-,llh ,M çksxkz e (lai.w kZ) dk mís'; (Objectives of the B.Sc.Ed (Integrated) Programme)
7.6 ços'k ds fy, ekunaM ;ksX;rk (Eligibility Norms for Admission)
7.7 ewY;kadu çfØ;k (Evaluation Procedure)
7.8 ewy çf'k{k.k çksxzke (Core Training Programme)
7.9 baVuZf'ki çksxzke (Internship Programme)
mís'; (Objectives)
• byheSUVjh f'k{kk ikBÔØe ds Lukrd ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• ch-b,y-,M çksxzke ds fy, ekunaMksa vkSj ekud dk oj.kZuA
• ijh{kk] ekudksa vkSj ijh{kk dh ;ksX;rk dh O;k[;kA
• lkbal f'k{kk ds Lukrd (laiw.kZ) ch-,llh-,M- ds ckjs esa pjpkZA
• ch-bZ,y-,M çksxzke ds mís';ksa dk oj.kZuA
• nkf•ys ds fy, ik=krk ekunaMksa dk oj.kZuA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • ewY;kadu çfØ;k ds ckjs esa pjpkZA

• ewy çf'k{k.k çksxzke dk oj.kZuA
• baVuZf'ki çksxzke dh O;k[;kA
Hkkjr esa] ,tqds'ku dk Lukrd (ch-,M-) ,d dkslZ gS tks mUgsa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS ftufd vè;kiu esa dSfj;j
dks vkxs c<+kus esa fnypLih gksrh gSA mPp çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa vkSj mPp fo|ky;ksa esa i<+kus ds fy, ch-,M-
dh fMxzh vfuok;Z gSA ch-,M- dkslZ esa ços'k ds fy, U;wure ;ksX;rk vkV~Zl dk Lukrd (ch-,)] lkbal dk
Lukrd (ch-,llh) ;k dkWelZ ds Lukrd (ch-dkse) gSA tcfd vkVZ LVªhe ds Nk=kksa dks bfrgkl] ukxfjd 'kkL=k]
Hkwxksy] vkSj Hkk"kkvksa tSls fo"k;ksa dks i<+kus ds fy, çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA lkbal LVªhe ds Nk=kksa dks xf.kr]
HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku vkSj tho foKku fl•kus ds fy, çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ch-,M- djus ds ckn]
Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Nk=k f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ekLVj vkWiQ ,tqds'ku (,e-,M-) dj ldrs gSA jk"Vªh; vè;kid
f'k{kk ifj"kn lkafofèkd fudk; gS tks Hkkjr esa f'k{k.k ds ikBÔØe dks fu;af=kr djrh gSA cSpyj vkWiQ ,fyesaVªh
,tqds'ku (ch-bZ,y-,M) çksxzke ,d pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr is'ksoj çkFkfed vè;kid f'k{kk dk fMxzh çksxzke gS
tks Ldwy ds ofj"B ekè;fed Lrj (d{kk ckjgoha) ds ckn fd;k tkrk gSA
7-1 çkFkfed f'k{kk ikBÔØe ds lkFk (ch-,y-,M) (Bachelor of Elementary

Education Course)
jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn vc lkafofèkd çkfèkdkj ds lkFk fufgr gS ,sls lHkh dne mBkus ds fy, tks mUgss
yxrk gS fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj lefUor fodkl dks lqfu'fpr djus vkSj fuèkkZj.k vkSj Ldwy
f'k{kk ds iw~oZ çkFkfed] çkFkfed] ekè;fed vkSj ofj"B ekè;fed Lrj ds fy, rS;kjh lfgr f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds
ekudksa ds j•j•ko ds fy, Bhd gSA ekunaMksa vkSj ekudksa dk fuekZ.k f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa f'k{kdksa dh
rS;kjh ds fy, vkSj Ldwyh f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds fy, vko';d gSA
7-2 ekunaMksa vkSj ekudksa ds fy, ch-bZ,y-,M çksxzke (Norms and Standards for
B.El.Ed Programme)
laLFkk,a çkFkfed f'k{kk (ch-bZ,y-,M) çsxzke ds Lukrd ds fy, ,ulhVhbZ pkj lky iwjk le; ,dhÑr vkeus
lkeus f'k{kk dk çLrko is'k dj jgh gSA
7-2-1 ikBÔØe dh vofèk (Duration of the Course)
(d) laiw.kZ çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk dh fMxzh dk;ZØe gS ftldks vc ls] byheSUVjh ,T;qds'ku dk Lukrd (ch-
bZ,y-,M) dgk tkrk gS] U;wure vofèk pkj 'kS{kf.kd o"kZ dh gksxh] vè;;u ds pkSFkk@vafre o"kZ esa 16
lIrkg de ls de dke dh ,d baVuZf'ki Hkh 'kkfey gSA
([k) bl dk;ZØe esa HkrhZ mEehnokjksa dks 6 lky ds Hkhrj vafre o"kZ dh ijh{kk dks iwjk djuk gksxkA
7-2-2 ços'k ekunaM (Admission Criteria)
(d) çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk esa pkj lky dh fMxzh çksxzke esa nkf•yk ikus bPNqd mEehnokjksa dks fuèkkZfjr
lsaVªykbTM ,aVªsal VsLV (lhbZVh) dks ikl djuk gksxk] ;g fo'ks"k:i ls mEehnokj dh {kerk dk vkdyu
djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA

lhVksa dk vkj{k.k laoSèkkfud@dkuwuh çkoèkkuksa ds vuqlkj miyCèk djk;k tk ldrk gSA uksV
([k) nkf•ys ds fy, ;ksX;rk
(i) ch-bZ,y-,M esa ços'k ds fy, U;wure ;ksX;rk 10$2 ofj"B ekè;fed ijh{kk esa ikl ;k fdlh Hkh vU; cjkcj
dh ijh{kk esa 50» dqy vad de ls de gS A
(ii) bl dk;ZØe esa nkf•yk ikus ds bPNqd mEehnokj dks fo'ofo|ky; ds dSysaMj ds vuqlkj viuh 17 o"kZ
dh vk;q iwjh djuh gksxhA
7-2-3 nkf•yk vkSj çoklu (Intake and Migration)
(d) ,d Js.kh esa mEehnokjksa dk nkf•yk 35 ls vfèkd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
([k) laLFkku ,ulhVhbZ dh iwoZ vuqefr ds lkFk Nk=kksa dh la[;k ds fy, isgys o"kZ ds var esa dsoy ,d ckj
Nk=kksa dks ,d laLFkku ls nwljs laLFkku esa ços'k djus dh vuqefr ns ldrh gSA
7-2-4 ikBÔØe vkSj vè;;u dh vofèk (Course and Periods of Study)
laLFkku uhps fn, x, ikBÔØeksa dh ;kstuk ds çnku fuj~ns'k dk ikyu djsaxs%
(d) çkFkfed f'k{kk ds Lukrd (ch-bZ,y-,M) ds ikBÔØe dh ;kstukA
ch-,y-,M çksxzke dks Kku ds vè;;u] ekuo fodkl] f'k{kk 'kkL=k] vkSj lapkj dkS'ky dks ,dhÑr djus
ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl çksxzke esa vfuok;Z vkSj oSdfYid nksuksa ikBÔØe çLrko fn, tkus
pkfg,% vfuok;Z O;kogkfjd ikBÔØe vkSj ,d vfuok;Z O;kid Ldwy baVufZ'ki ds vuqHkoA fl¼kar vkSj
O;kogkfjd ikBÔØeksa eas vfuok;Z :i ls fuEufyf•r dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,%
fl¼kar ikBÔØe
• cqfu;knh ikBfÔØe
• ewy ikBÔØe
• f'k{k.k ikBÔØe
• mnkj ikBÔØe
• f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vU; fodYi
O;kogkfjd ikBÔØe
• çn'kZu vkSj Bhd dyk] f'kYi vkSj 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk
• Hkkxhnkjhiw.kZ dk;Z
• voyksdu cPps
• Lo fodkl dk;Z'kkyk
• Ldwy laidZ dk;ZØe
• Ldwy baVuZfZ'ki
• ifj;kstuk dk;Z
• laj{kd vkSj vke cksypky
• 'kS{kf.kd laoèkZu xfrfofèk
([k) l¼kar vkSj O;kogkfjd ikBÔØekss dk 1(d) vkSj 1([k) Vscy esa fn, x, Kku ds {ks=kksa ds :i esa oxhZÑr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
ekU;rk dh ekax djus okys laLFkkuksa dks çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ikBÔØeksa esa funsZ'k çnku djuk
f'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ,d vfHkUu vax gS] çR;sd laLFkk ds fy, i;ZVu vkSj çkjafHkd Ldwyh f'k{kk
esa vfHkuo xfrfofèk ds dsaæ dk nkSjk djrh gSA

1- cgq fodYih; ç'u% lgh fodYi pqusa (Multiple Choice Questions)
1- ch-bZ,y-,M esa nkf•ys ds fy, 10$2 ofj"B ekè;fed ijh{kk esa ------- de ls de vad ds lkFk ikl gksuk
pkfg,A
(d) 40» ([k) 50» (x) 60» (?k) 70»
2- ch-bZ,y-,M esa nkf•y ls isgys mEehnokj dks viuh --------- o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh djuh gksxhA
(d) 17 ([k) 18 (x) 19 (?k) 20
3- lHkh fl¼kar ikBÔØe ds fy, vkarfjd ewY;kadu dk vfèkeku -------- gks ldrk gS vkSj lHkh O;kogkfjd
ikBÔØeksa ds fy, 100» gks ldrk gSA
(d) 10» ([k) 20» (x) 30» (?k) 40»
4- dlh Hkh ijh{kk ds fo"k;ksa ds fy, ijh{kd dks de ls de -------- lky ds f'k{k.k vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A
(d) 3 ([k) 4 (x) 5 (?k) 6
5- ch-bZ,y-,M esa vkSlr Nk=k dks laidZ ds fy, lIrkg esa -------- dk;Z fnol fn, tkrs gSA
(d) 2 ([k) 3 (x) 5 (?k) 6
Vscy 1(d) % O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds ewyHkwr vkèkkj

vè;;u ds {ks=k ch-bZ,y-,M
fo"k; Kkudks"k ewy ikBÔØe%
e1-1 Hkk"kk dh LoHkko
e1-2 ewy xf.kr
e1-3 ewy çkÑfrd foKku
e1-4 ewy lkekftd foKku
nks Lrj mnkj vuq'kklu fof'k"V oSdfYid ikBÔØe%
o2.X vkSj o3.X dksbZ Hkh ,d pquk gqvk fo"k;
vkèkkj ikB;Øe (cgq&vuq'kklukRed)%
v1.2 ledkyhu Hkkjr

f'k{kk vkèkkj ikBÔØe% uksV

v3-6 f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,a
v3-7 Ldwy ;kstuk vkSj çcaèku
v4-8 ikBÔp;kZ vè;;u
v4-9 fyax vkSj fo|ky; f'k{kk
cky vè;;u vkèkkj ikBÔØe%
v1-1 cky fodkl
v2-3 vuqHkwfr vkSj lh•uk
v2-4 Hkk"kk vfèkxzg.k
Vscy 1([k) % O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k esa vuqç;qÙkQ ikBÔØe

vè;;u ds {ks=k ch-bZ,y-,M ikBÔØe
cky vè;;u O;kogkfjd ikBÔØe%
O;1-2 (d) Ldwy laidZ dk;ZØe
(•) f'kYi
O;2-3 cPpks dk voyksdu
O;2-1 ikBÔØe esa Hkk"kk
O;3-2 rdZ&xf.kr dh f'k{kk
O; 3.3 i;kZoj.k vè;;u ds f'k{kk'kkL=k
oSdfYid f'k{k.k ikBÔØe esa ls ,d% OP4-1 Hkk"kk
o'4-2 xf.kr
o'4-3 çkÑfrd foKku
o'4-4 lkekftd foKku
;k
oSdfYid mnkj f'k{kk ls lacfèkr ikBÔØe esa ls
,d%
om4-1 dEI;wVj ,T;qds'ku
om4-2 fo'ks"k f'k{kk
Ldwy laidZ dk;ZØe% l3-1 d{kk
çcaèku l3-2 lkexzh fodkl ,oa ewY;kadu
f'k{kd vkSj dkS'ky cqfu;knh ikBÔØe%

çf'k{k.k dk v2-5 ekuoh; laca¼ vkSj lapkj
fodkl O;kogkfjd ikBÔØe%
O;1-1 jaxeap

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV O;1-2 f'kYi

O;2-4 vkRe fodkl
O;2-5 vke 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk@'kS{kf.kd dk mi;ksx
le`f¼
{ks=k ij vkèkkfjr ifj;kstuka,@dk;Z
Ldwy vuqHko Lv Ldwy baVuZf'ki ifj;kstuk
uksV% fopkjksÙkstd @ fun'khZ fooj.k vuqcaèk , esa fn, x, gSaA
Nk=k ds laidZ dk le;
Nk=k dk U;wure laidZ dk le; o"kkZsa ds :i esa Vscy 2 esa fn;k x;k gSA
Vscy 2% o"kZ ds vuqlkj Nk=k dk U;wure laidZ dk le;
vè;;u ds o"kZ Nk=k ds çfr fnu laidZ Nk=k çfr lIrkg laidZ laidZ ds le;
dh
dk le;(?kaVks esa) dk le; (?kaVks esa) dh dqy la[;k(?kaVks esa)
1 6-7 33-5 835-5
2 5-3 26-5 662-5
3 5-4 27-0 675-0
4 5-8 29-0 725-0
dqy 23-2 116-0 2900-0
Nk=kksa ds laidZ ds le; dks laidZ dh vofèk ds :i esa i<+k tkrk gSA ,d vofèk vkerkSj ij 50 feuV dh gksrh
gSA vkSlr Nk=k dks laidZ ds le; ds fy, lIrkg esa 5 dk;Z fnol fn, tkrs gSA
,d o"kZ esa 25 dk;Z lIrkg laidZ ds le; dh dqy la[;k gSA
7-2-5 ch-,y-,M dk;ZØe dk lapkyu (The Conduct of the B.EI.Ed. Programme)
laLFkkuksa dks vè;;u ds O;kolkf;d dk;ZØe ds fuEufyf•r fof'k"V ekaxksa dks iwjk djuk gksxk%
(1) ch-bZ,y-,M Nk=kksa dks vU; laLFkkuksa ds lkFk 'kS{kf.kd ds lkFk gh lg ikB;Øe vkSj daI;wVj] •sy dk
eSnku] iqLrdky;] lHkkxkj] vkfn ds :i esa lHkh cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa ds bLrseky dks ,dhÑr djuk gksxkA
(2) laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds chp var%fo"k; 'kS{kf.kd xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<+kok nsuk gksxkA
(3) O;k[;ku vkSj laxks"Bh ds vk;kstu ls f'k{kk ij çopu dk vkjaHk vkSj Nk=kksa vkSj ladk; lnL;ksa ds fy,
ppkZ lewg dk vkjaHk djuk gksxkA
(4) fo'ofo|ky; @ laLFkkuksa dks fof'k"V dk;ZØeksa ds vk;kstu ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj is'ksoj lgk;rk nsuh
pkfg,A(tSls% jaxeap] f'kYi] dk;Z'kkykvksa vkRe fodkl)
(5) de ls de Ng çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds ,d lewg ds fy, laLFkk vkjaHk djus vkSj ckrphr dks cuk, j[kuk
pkfg,A bu Ldwyksa esa vè;;u ds dk;ZØe ds nkSjku lHkh O;kogkfjd xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, cqfu;knh dk;Z
vkSj lacafèkr dke gksus pkfg,A
(6) laLFkk dks Ldwyksa esa Lukrdksa ds fy, fu;qfÙkQ lsok,a 'kq: djuh pkfg,A

7-3 ijh{kk dh ijh{kk] ekud vkSj ;ksX;rk (Examination, Standards and uksV
Qualification of Examination)
fo'ofo|ky;@laLFkku lacafèkrksa ds mi;qÙkQ vè;kns'k tks leh{kk ds fy, vius lkafofèkd fudk;ksa ds ekè;e ls
çkoèkku cuk,axs vkSj ,ulhVhbZ ds lkFk ijke'kZ esa gSA
(1) fo'ofo|ky; ds çR;sd o"kZ ds var esa ijh{kk vk;ksftr djsaxsA
(2) O;kogkfjd ikBÔØeksa dk vkarfjd :i ls ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(3) ,d ekWMjs'ku cksMZ fo'ofo|ky; @ laLFkk }kjk xfBr lHkh O;kogkfjd ikBÔØe vkSj baVuZf'ki dk;ZØe ds
fy, xq.koÙkk vkSj laLFkkuksa ds chp lerk ds lacafèkr eqíksa dh fuxjkuh djsxhA
(4) fl¼kar ds lHkh ikBÔØeksa ds fy, vkarfjd ewY;kadu dh osVst 30» vkSj lHkh O;kogkfjd ikBÔØeksa ds
fy, 100» gks ldrh gSA
(5) ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus ds fy, vko';d U;wure vad çR;sd fyf•r i=k esa 40»] vkarfjd ewY;kadu esa 45»]
O;kogkfjd esa 50» gS vkSj çR;sd o"kZ ds fy, dqy feykdj 50» gkus pkfg,A
(6) tks vkarfjd ewY;kadu esa mÙkh.kZ gS dsoy mu mEehnokjksa dks ijh{kk esa cSBus dh vuqefr nh tk,xhA
(7) dksbZ Hkh mEehnokj gS thlds dqy esa 50» vad gS] ysfdu dsoy ,d fo"k; esa og foiQy jgk gS vkSj
ml fo"k; esas mlds vad 25» ls de ugha gS rks mls dEikVZesaV ijh{kk esa cSBus vkSj mldks vxys lky
ds fy, vkxs c<us dh vuqefr fn tk,xh tks fd 'kqYd ds Hkqxrku ij fo'ofo|ky; ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj
gksxkA ;fn mEehnokj dEikVZesaV ijh{kk esa vliQy jgrk ;k ijh{kk esa mifLFkr ugha gksrk rks og mldks
fiNys o"kZ esa okil dj fn;k tk,xkA
(8) fdlh Hkh ijh{kk ds fo"k;ksa ds fy, ijh{kd dks vè;;u ds mlds {ks=k esa de ls de 3 lky dk O;kolkf;d
vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A
7-3-1 deZpkjh] midj.k vkSj çf'k{k.k (Staff,Equipment and Training)
(d) 'kS{kf.kd ladk;
• ladk; i.kZdkfyd lkeF; % 14
• ladk; Nk=k vuqikr % 1 % 103
• Nk=kksa dh la[;k % 35 X 4 ¾ 140
• ladk; va'kdkfyd lkeF;Z % 3
([k) laLFkk,a ladk; lnL;ksa dks vuqlaèkku lfgr is'ksoj vH;kl esa 'kkfey djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djsaxsA
(x) laLFkk,a 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØe ds fy, ladk; lnL;ksa ds vknku&çnku dks çksRlkfgr djsxhA
(?k) ç'kklfud LVkiQ
• ikBÔp;kZ ç;ksx'kkyk ifjpj % 1
• lalkèku ç;ksx'kkyk ifjpj % 1
• lalkèku ç;ksx'kkyk ifjpj % 2
(M+) deZpkfj;ksa ds jkstxkj dh çÑfr
lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dks iw.kZdkfyd vkSj fu;fer vkèkkj ij fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Bhd ls xBu dh
p;u lfefr lHkh inksa ds fy, mEehnokjksa dk p;u djsaxA f'k{k.k deZpkfj;ksa dk osru dk <kapk
;wthlh@ljdkj ds ekunaM ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (p) ladk; dk p;u

çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk foHkkx ds ladk; ds ikl fofoèk fo'ks"kKrk (Vscy 3 esa fn;k gS) ds lkFk&lkFk
f'k{kd esa ,d LukrdksÙkj is'ksoj fMxzh ;k f'k{kk esa ,d vuqlaèkku dh fMxzh ;k f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa
vuqHko@vuqlaèkku dk çn'kZu gksuk pkfg,A
7-4 lkbal f'k{kk ds Lukrd (lai.w kZ) ch-,llh-,M- (Bachelor of Science Education
(Integrated) B.Sc.Ed.)
f'k{kk ds 1660oha lnh ds ,ulhbZvkjVh ds pkj {ks=kh; dkWystksa ds le; ls ch-,llh- ch-,M- pkj lky dk
laiw.kZ dk;ZØe gSA ch-,llh ch-,M- ,d lexz fMxzh gS tks ikBÔØe esa liQy gksus okys mEehnokjksa dks nh
tkrh gSA
;g pkj o"khZ; laiw.kZ dk;ZØe vtesj] Hkqous'oj] eSlwj vkSj Hkksiky esa ,ulhbZvkjVh ds pkj {ks=kh; f'k{kk
egkfo|ky;ksa esa 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA bl dk;ZØe dks foKku vkSj ekuork esa
ekè;fed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA
7-5 ch-,llh-,M çksxzke (laiw.kZ) dk mís'; (Objectives of the B.Sc.B.Ed

(Integrated) Programme)
Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks l{ke djus ds fy,%
1- jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa vkSj y{;ksa dks le>kus ds fy, {kerkvksa dks c<+kok nsuk ftudk Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa mYys• gSA
2- vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu dk çfrfufèk ds :i esa vfèkfu;eA
3- lkekftd lkeatL;] varjjk"Vªh; le> vkSj ekuo vfèkdkj vkSj cPps ds vfèkdkj ds laj{k.k dks c<+kok nssukA
4- n{krk vkSj foKku@xf.kr ds f'k{kd ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky gkfly djukA
5- n{krk vkSj ,d çHkkoh foKku vkSj xf.kr ds f'k{kd cuus ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djsaA
6- l{ke vkSj çfrc¼ f'k{kd cukukA
7- i;kZoj.k] tula[;k] fyax lekurk] dkuwuh lk{kjrk vkfn ds :i esa mHkjrs gq, eqíksa ds ckjs esa laosnu'khy gksukA
8- rdZlaxr lksp vkSj Nk=kksa ds chp oSKkfud lksp fodlr djukA
9- Nk=kksa ds chp lkekftd okLrfodrkvksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkx:drk fodflr djukA
10- çcaèkdh; vkSj laxBu dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djsaA
ch-,llh-,M çksxzke (laiw.kZ) esa 'kkfey gksaxs
(1) çFke o"kZ ch-,llh-,M
(2) f}rh; o"kZ ch-,llh-,M
(3) r`rh; o"kZ ds ch-,llh-,M
(4) vafre o"kZ ch-,llh-,M
ikBÔØe vkSj ikBÔØe dh lajpuk uhps nh tk,xhA
7-6 ços'k ds fy, ekunaM ;ksX;rk (Eligibility Norms for Admission)

mEehnokj dks ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe (laiw.kZ) eas nkf•yk ikus ds fy, de ls de 50» vad ;k xzsM ch ds
lkFk mPp ekè;fed Ldwy çek.ki=k ijh{kk foKku èkkjk esa ikl djuh gksxhA

7-6-1 funZs'k ds ekè;e%(Medium of Instruction) uksV

f'k{kk dk ekè;e vaxzsth gksxkA
7-6-2 ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe (laiw.kZ) dh ijh{kk esa cSBus ds fy, ik=krk ekunaM (Eligibility
Norms for appearing at B.Sc.B.Ed (Integrated)Examination)
(1) f}rh; o"kZ ds ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe dh ijh{kk (lai.w kZ) esa cSBus ds fy, mEehnokj dks bl fo'ofo|ky;
ls lac¼hr egkfo|ky; dssa ikBÔØe ds fy, nks inksa dks çèkkukpk;Z dh larfq"V ds fy, j•uk gksxk vkSj
egkfo|ky; ds çèkkukpk;Z ls bl rjg ds çek.k i=k dks ijh{kk iQkeZ ds lkFk iss'k djuk gksxkA mEehnokj
de ls de 2@3rd çFke o"kZ ch-,llh-,M ds fo"k;ksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg,A
(2) r`rh;s o"kZ ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe dh ijh{kk (laiw.kZ) esa cSBus ds fy, mEehnokj dks bl fo'ofo|ky;
çFke o"kZ ch-,llh-,M laiw.kZ ds lHkh ikBÔØeksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg, vkSj f}rh; o"kZ ch-,llh-,M esa de
ls de 2@3rd fo"k;ksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg,A
(3) vafre o"kZ ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe dh ijh{kk (laiw.kZ) esa cSBus ds fy, mEehnokj dks bl fo'ofo|ky;
f}rh; o"kZ ch-,llh-,M laiw.kZ ds lHkh ikBÔØeksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg, vkSj r`rh; o"kZ ds ch-,llh-,M esa
de ls de 2@3rd fo"k;ksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg,A
vafre o"kZ ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe dh ijh{kk (laiw.kZ) esa cSBus ds fy, mEehnokj dks
bl fo'ofo|ky; ls lac¼hr egkfo|ky; dssa ikBÔØe ds fy, nks inksa dks çèkkukpk;Z
dh larfq"V ds fy, j•uk gksxk vkSj egkfo|ky; ds çèkkukpk;Z ls bl rjg ds çek.k
i=k dks ijh{kk iQkeZ ds lkFk iss'k djuk gksxkA
(,u-ch-- fu;e çèkkukpk;Z dh larfq"V dk è;ku esa j•rs gq,)

(d) mEehnokj dk çR;sd l=k esa de ls de 80» fl¼kar vofèk esa Hkkx gksA
(•) mEehnokj dk lHkh O;kogkfjd vkSj vU; ikBÔØe dk dke iwjk gksuk pkfg, vkSj if=kdkvksa ds :i esa
viuk vkys• j•sA
(•) mEehnokj ds Hkkx f}rh;] r`rh; vkSj prq~FkZ ds çR;sd vkarfjd ikBÔØe esa de ls de 50» vad gksus
pkfg,A
7-6-3 ch-,llh-ch-,M ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ djus ds fy, ekunaM (Norms for passing B.Sc.B.Ed
Examination)%&
bl ikBÔØe esa çFke o"k]}rh; o"k]r`rh;s o"kZ vkSj vafre o"kZ ch-,llh-ch-,M dh vkarj?d vkSj cká ewY;kadu
ijh{kk eas mEehnokj ds }kjk dqy çkIr fd, x, vadksa dks fups fn, x, VsCky ds vkèkkj ij Nk=k dks lEekfur
fd;k tk,xkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Øe d{kk cká ewY;kadu esa vkarfjd ewY;kadu eas

la[;k » vad U;wure xzsM
1- nwjLFk f'k{kk çFke Js.kh dqy 70» vkSj Åij ysfdu de ls de 50» vad Hkkx 1 ds
çR;sd ds fo"k; esa çR;sd esa xzsM O (Hkkx
f}rh;] Hkkx r`rh;] Hkkx prFkZ)
2- çFke Js.kh dqy 60» ls 69» ysfdu de ls de 50» vad Hkkx 1 ds
çR;sd ds fo"k; esa çR;sd esa xzsM A (Hkkx
3- mPp f}rh; Js.kh dqy 55» ls 59» ysfdu de ls de 50» vad Hkkx 1 ds
çR;sd ds fo"k; esa çR;sd esa xzsM B+ (Hkkx
4- f}rh; Js.kh dqy 50» ls 54» ysfdu de ls de 50» vad Hkkx 1 ds
çR;sd ds fo"k; esa çR;sd esa xzsM B (Hkkx
5- foiQy Hkkx ds çR;sd fo"k; esa 50» ls uhps
7-7 ewY;kadu çfØ;k (Evaluation Procedure)

ch-,llh-,M çksxzke (laiw.kZ) ds fy, mEehnokj dk uhps fn, x, rjhds ls ewY;kadu fd;k tk,xkA
(d) ckgjh ijh{kk% fo'ofo|ky; gj lky ds var esa Hkkx 1 ds lHkh fl¼kar ikBÔØe ds fy, bl ijh{kk
dk lapkyu djsaxs tSlk ml o"kZ esa fn•k;k x;k gksxkA
([k) vkarfjd ewY;kadu% vfèkdre vad ds fy, dkWyst }kjk vkarfjd ewY;kadu fd;k tk,xk tks fd ml
o"kZ ds Hkkx f}rh;] Hkkx r`rh;] Hkkx prqFkZ esa fn•k;k x;k gksxkA ewY;kadu ds fy,] egkfo|ky; vad nsxsa
vkSj ds fy, og gj lky ds var esa fo'ofo|ky; dks çLrqr djsaxsA fo'ofo|ky; bu vadksa dks xzsM esa
cnysxsa vkSj vafre ewY;kadu xzsM ds :i esa gksxkA çkIr xzsM mEehnokj ds vad i=k ij fn•k;k tk,xkA
xzsfMax dh ç.kkyh uhps nh xbZ gSA
xzsM- vad dh lhek
vks 75» vkSj Åij
, 65» ls 74»
ch 55» ls 64»
ch Iyl 50» ls 54»
lh 40» ls 49»
Mh 30» ls 40»
bZ 30» ls uhps
7-8 ewy çf'k{k.k çksxzke (Core Training Programme)

bl dk;ZØe esa NksVs f'k{k.k ds ikB vkSj ,drk ds ikB Hkh 'kkfey gSA
(d) NksVs f'k{k.k dk ikB%Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks 12 NksVs f'k{k.k ds ikB ns nsaxs]bu ikBksa ds fy,] os uhps nh xbZ lwph
esa ls fdlh Hkh Ng f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk p;u djsaxAi<kus vkSj fiQj ls çR;sd dkS'ky ds fy, i<kus ds

fy, os nks ikB ds pØ iwjk djsaxANksVs f'k{k.k ds ikB esa iPphl esas lss vad fn, tk,xsaA uksV
1- çsj.kk fuèkZkfjr djsa 2- Li"Vhdj.k
3- •qyk vkSj can iwNrkN 4- mnkgj.k ds lkFk le>kuk
5- çksRlkgu :ikarj 6- lqn`<hdj.k
7- CySd cksMZ ys•u 8- lekirh
i<+kus vkSj fiQj ls çR;sd dkS'ky ds fy, i<kus ds fy, os nks ikB ds pØ iwjk djsaxsA
([k) ,drk dk ikB% NksV f'k{k.k esa Ng dkS'ky dk vH;kl djus ds ckn]Nk=k de ls de 20 feuV ds pkj
ikB ns nsaxs]tks os vH;kl dkS'ky dh vofèk dks ,dhÑr djus ds fy, nsaxA ,drk ds ikB esa iPphl esas
lss vad fn, tk,xsaA
(x) vuqdkj dk ikB% çR;sd Nk=k dks ,d lgdehZ lewg ds lnL;ksa ij uhps fn, x, {ks=k esa de ls de ,d
vuqdj.k lcd vkpj.k djuk gksxkAvuqdkj ds ikB dh dqy la[;k pkj gksxhA
1- ikjaifjd rjhd 2- f'k{k.k dh ekWMy
3- ny vè;kiu 4- çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr ikB
vuqdkj ds ikB esa iPphl esas lss vad fn, tk,xsaA
(?k) ikB voyksdu (8 ikB)
(d) vH;kl dk lcd% çR;sd Nk=k 12 d{kk ds ikB dks tgk¡ rd laHko gks nks rjhdksa esa leku :i ls
forfjr djds nsaxs ysfdu fofèk ds vuqlkj os 5 ikB ls de ugha gksus pkfg,A;s ikB ekU;rk çkIr
fd, gks, ekè;fed @ mPprj ekè;fed Ldwy fo'ofo|ky; }kjk Ldwy ds vH;kl ds fy, fn,
tk,xsaAegkfo|ky bu vH;kl ds fy, 180 esas lss vkarfjd vad nsaxsA
(•) ikB voyksdu% çR;sd Nk=k dks gj lky Hkj esa forfjr rjhds esa vU; Nk=kksa ds 12 ikB lcd
dk ikyu djuk gksxkA
(x) lkexzh lg i¼fr dk;Z'kkyk,%bles lkexzh lg i¼fr dh nks dk;Z'kkyk, gkasxh ftues foKku ds
fy, vkSj xf.kr ds fy, yxHkx 20 ?kaVs gksaxsAçR;sd dk;Z'kkyk esa 30 vads fn, tk,xasA
(?k) çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr çf'k{k.k%;g baVsy dk;ZØe ds f'k{kdksa ;k ,e,llhvkbZVh dk;ZØe ds fy,
vkbZlhVh dk;Z'kkyk daI;wVj ç;ksx'kkyk esa vk;ksftr dh gksxk bZles ftuess gksaxs fn, xbZA blfd
vofèk 30 ?kaVs dh gks ldrh gS vkSj ;g 20 vad dh gksxhA
(Ä) LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj ,u,l,l xfrfofèk;k lkekU; f'k{kk ?kVd ds fy, lacafèkr xfrfofèk;k gS vkSj
;g vafre o"kZ eas Hkh tkjh fd;k tk,xkA
7-9 baVuZf'ki çksxzke (Internship Programme)

mís';% Nk=k f'k{kd dks l{ke djuk
1- ,d vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa ds f'k{k.k dk fujh{k.k djus dk volj eyuk pkfg,A
2- vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa ds ekxZn'kZu ds rgr l•kuk pkfg,A
3- lrr f'k{k.k dk ,d vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A
4- vU; lHkh Ldwy dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx yssuk pkfg,A
5- Ldwy esa f'k{kdksa dks dqy vuqHko eglwl gksuk pkfg,A
(d) CykWd f'k{k.k(8 ikB)% bl dk;ZØe esa] Ldwy f'k{kd ds ijke'kZ ds lkFk fo"k; dh ,d fofèk ds fy,
Nk=k f'k{kd ,d bdkbZ dk p;u djsaxsA og bdkbZ ds fy, bdkbZ dh ;kstuk rS;kj djsaxA Ldwy f'k{kd

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ;k f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu vkSj çs{k.k ds vèkhu bdkbZ dks og rhu pkj vofèk ds fy, i<+k,xsaA f'k{k.k
ds var esa os rS;kj vkSj ,d bdkbZ ds ijh{k.k ds lapkyu djsaxsA
(•) çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr ikB% Nk=k f'k{kd ikB esa de ls de nks vkWM?;ks fotqvy dSlsV] Vhoh dk;ZØe]
baVjusV] dEI;wVjkbTM dk;ZØe vkfn tSls vkèkqfud rduhd dk mi;ksx djsaxsAçkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr ikB esa
40 esa ls vad fn, tk,xsaA;fn dqN dkj.kksa dh otg ls lapkyu vlaHko gks tkrk gS rks Ldwyksa esa bu ikBks
dks vuqdj.k ikBks ds :i esa vk;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(x) f'k{k.k Nk=k f'k{kd ds ekWMy ds vkèkkfjr ikB esa og vius rjhdksa ds fy, mi;qÙkQ f'k{k.k ds fdlh Hkh
nks ekWMy ds vkèkkj ij de ls de pkj ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxsA f'k{k.k Nk=k f'k{kd ds ekWMy ds vkèkkj
ikB esa 40 esa ls vad fn, tk,xsaA
(?k) ewY; ,T;qds'kUl@i;kZoj.k 'k?{kk ij vkèkkfjr ikB % Nk=k f'k{kd ewY; ,T;qds'kUl @ i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds
vkèkkj ij de ls de pkj ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxA ny ds f'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr ikB esa
60 esa ls vad fn, tk,xsaA
(M-) ny f'k{k.k ikB% Nk=k f'k{kd pkj ny ds f'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxsA ny
ds f'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr ikB esa 60 esa ls vad fn, tk,xsaA
(p) ikB voyksdu% çR;sd Nk=k dks gj lky Hkj esa forfjr rjhds esa vU; Nk=kksa ds 20 ikB dk ikyu djuk
gksxkA
vU; xrfofèk;ka%
(d) LokLF; f'k{kk% Nk=k dh 'kkjhfjd pqLrh bl ikBÔØe dk eq[; mís'; gSA bl mís'; dh lsok ds fy, dqN
'kkjhfjd O;k;ke] lq;Z ueLdkj] ;ksx ;k •sy fu;fer :i ls 'kkjhfjd funZs'kd ds ekxZn'kZu esa vH;kl
fd;k tk,xkA dqN p;fur Nk=kksa dks fo'ks"k •sy ds fy, l{ke f•ykMh ds :i esa rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA
egkfo|ky; LokLF; f'k{kk ds fy, vkarfjd vad 10 esa ls nsaxsA
(•) ,u-,l-,l% bl dk;ZØe esa lHkh Nk=kksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gks ldrk gS vkSj fo'ofo|ky; ls bl lacaèk esa
çkIr fn'kk&funZs'kksa ds vuqlkj le;≤ ij fd;k tk,xkA egkfo|ky; ,u,l,l ds fy, vkarfjd vad
10 esa ls nsaxsA
7-9-1 ikBÔØe lacafèkr O;kogkfjd dk;Z (Course Related Practical Work)
çFke o"kZ ch-,llh-ch-,M% blesa dksbZ f'k{k.k'kklz ls lacaèk?r O;kogkfjd ugha gksxk ysfdu O;kogkfjd O;fÙkQRo
fodkl dk;ZØe (ihMhih)]lkexzh laoèkZu dk;ZØe (lhbZih)] lkekftd lgHkkfxrk dk;ZØe (,lvkbZih)ls lacfa èkr
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,xkA f}rh; o"kZ ch-,llh-ch-,M% ç;ksx dh lwph bl çdkj gS%
1- ç;ksx'kkyk vuqHkoksa ekbØks f'k{k.k (Ng dkS'ky)
2- ,dhdj.k f'k{kk (pkj ikB)
3- vuq:fir f'k{kk (pkj ikB)
4- f'k{kk voyksdu (vkB ikB)
5- fodkl vkSj lh•us ds O;kogkfjd euksfoKku ls lacafèkr ikBÔØeA
r`rh; o"kZ ds ch-,llh-ch-,M% ç;ksx dh lwph bl çdkj gS%
1- vH;kl f'k{k.k (12 ikB)
2- f'k{k.k voyksdu (12 ikB)

3- lhlh,e dk;Z'kkyk,a & 2 uksV

4- f'k{k.k ç.kkyh vkSj 'kSf{kd ewY;kadu ds lacafèkr vH;kl dk;ZA
5- çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr çf'k{k.k
6- LokLF; f'k{kk
7- ,u-,l-,l
vafre o"kZ ch-,llh-ch-,M% ç;ksx dh lwph bl çdkj gS%
1- •aM f'k{k.k (8 ikB)
2- çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr f'k{kk (2 ikB)
3- f'k{k.k ds uewuk ij vkèkkfjr f'k{kk (2 ikB)
4- f'k{kk ds ewY; ij vkèkkfjr f'k{kk (4 ikB)
5- ny f'k{k.k (4 ikB)
6- voyksdu vkSj Ldwy dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh%
(d) f'k{k.k voyksdu (20 ikB)
7- fl¼kar ikBÔØe O;kogkfjd lacafèkr%
(d) ubZ VkbEl ds fy, f'k{kk
(•) 'kSSf{kd çcaèku
(x) i;kZoj.k f'k{kk vkSj 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku
(?k) 'kkjhfjd LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj ;ksx
8- çkS|ksfxdh vkèkkfjr f'k{k.k
9- leqnk; vkSj lg ikB;Øe xfrfofèk;ksa ds lkFk dk;Z djuk
10- LokLF; f'k{kk
11- ,u-,l-,l
lkexzh lg i¼fr dk;Z'kkyk, D;k gSa\

2- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)
1- mEehnokj dks ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe (laiw.kZ) eas nkf•yk ikus ds fy,s de ls de 50» vad
ds------ijh{kk ------- èkkjk esa ikfjr djuh gksxhA
2- fl¼kar ikBÔØeksa esa de ls de 3 vkarfjd ijh{k.k çR;sd o"kZ ds nkSjku vk;ksftr fd, tkus
pkfg,A
3- bles---------------lw{e f'k{k.k vkSj---------------,dhdj.k ikB gSA
4- vuqdj.k lcd dh dqy la[;k -------------------------- gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 7-10 lkjka'k (Summary)

• jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn vc lkafofèkd çkfèkdkj ds lkFk fufgr gS ,sls lHkh dne mBkus ds fy, tks
mUgs yxrk gS fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj lefUor fodkl dks lqfu'fpr djus vkSj fuèkkZj.k vkSj
Ldwy f'k{kk ds iw~oZ çkFkfed] çkFkfed] ekè;fed vkSj ofj"B ekè;fed Lrj ds fy, rS;kjh lfgr
f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ekudksa ds j•j•ko ds fy, Bhd gSA
• laLFkk,a çkFkfed f'k{kk (ch-bZ,y-,M) çsxkz e ds Lukrd ds fy, ,ulhVhbZ pkj lky iwjk le; ,dhÑr vkeus
lkeus f'k{kk dk çLrko is'k dj jgh gSA
• ,dhÑr çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk dh fMxzh dk;ZØe dks vc ls]cSpyj vkWiQ byheSUVjh ,T;qds'ku (ch-bZ,y-
,M) dgk tkrk gS U;wure vofèk pkj 'kS{kf.kd o"kZ dh gksxh vè;;u ds pkSFkk@vfare o"kZ esa 16 lIrkg de
ls de dke dh ,d baVuZf'ki Hkh 'kkfey gSA
• bl dk;ZØe esa HkrhZ mEehnokjksa dks 6 lky ds Hkhrj vfare o"kZ dh ijh{kk dks iwjk djuk gksxkA
• byheSUVjh f'k{kd ,T;qds'ku esa pkj lky dh fMxzh çksxzke esa nkf•yk ikus bPNqd mEehnokjksa dks fuèkkZfjr
lsaVªykbTM ,aVªsal VsLV (lhbZVh) dk ikl djuk gksxk];g fo'ks"k:i ls mEehnokj dh {kerk dk vkdyu djus
ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA
• ,d Js.kh esa mEehnokjksa dk nkf•yk 35 ls vfèkd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
• cSpyj vkWiQ ,fyesaVªh ,tqds'ku (ch-bZ,y-,M) ds ikBÔØe dh ;kstukA
• fl¼kar ikBÔØe%& iQkmaMs'ku ikBÔØe] cqfu;knh ikBÔØe] f'k{k.k ikBÔØe] mnkjoknh ikBÔØe] f'k{kk ds
{ks=k esa vU; fodYiA
• vH;kl & lacèa kh% & çn~'kZu vkSj yfyr dyk]f'kYi vkSj 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk]Hkkxhnkjh dk;Z]cPpksa dk voyksdu]Lo
fodkl dk;Z'kkyk] Ldwy laidZ dk;ZØe]Ldwy baVuZf'ki]ifj;kstuk dk;Z] VÔwVksfj;y vkSj vke cksypky]
'kS{kf.kd laoèkZu xfrfofèk;kA
• laLFkkuksa dks vè;;u ds O;kolkf;d dk;ZØe ds fuEufyf•r fof'k"V ekaxksa dks iwjk djuk gksxk%
(1) ch-bZ,y-,M Nk=kksa dks vU; laLFkkuksa ds lkFk 'kS{kf.kd ds lkFk gh lg ikB;Øe vkSj daI;wVj] •sy dk
eSnku] iqLrdky;] lHkkxkj] vkfn ds :i esa lHkh cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa dk bLrseky ,dhÑr djukA
(2) laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds chp var%fo"k; 'kS{kf.kd xfrfofèk;ksa dks c<kok nsukA
(3) O;k[;ku vkSj laxks"Bh ds vk;kstu ls f'k{kk ij çopu dk vkjaHk vkSj Nk=kksa vkSj ladk; lnL;ksa ds fy,
ppkZ lewgA
• fo'ofo|ky;@laLFkku lacfaèkrksa ds mi;qÙkQ vè;kns'k tks leh{kk ds fy, vius lkafofèkd fudk;ksa ds ekè;e ls
çkoèkku djsaxs vkSj ,ulhVhbZ ds lkFk ijke'kZ lkFkA
(1) fo'ofo|ky; ds çR;sd o~"kZ ds var esa ijh{kk vk;ksftr djsaxsA
(2) O;kogkfjd ikBÔØeksa vkarfjd :i ls ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(3) ,d ekWMjs'ku cksMZ lacafèkr fo'ofo|ky; @ laLFkk }kjk xfBr lHkh O;kogkfjd ikBÔØe vkSj baVuZf'ki
dk;ZØe ds fy, xq.koÙkk vkSj laLFkkuksa ds chp lerk ds eqíksa dh fuxjkuh djsxhA
• 'kS{kf.kd ladk;
• ladk; i.kZdkfyd lkeF; % 14
• ladk; Nk=k vuqikr % 1 % 103
• Nk=kksa dh la[;k % 35 X 4 ¾ 140
• ladk; va'kdkfyd lkeF;Z % 3

• Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks l{ke djus ds fy,% uksV

1- jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa vkSj y{;ksa dks le>kus ds fy, {kerkvksa dks c<kok nsuk ftudk Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa
mYys• gSA
2- vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjo~rZu dk çfrfufèk ds :i esa vfèkfu;eA
3- lkekftd lkeatL;] varjjk"Vªh; le> vkSj ekuo vfèkdkj vkSj cPps ds vfèkdkj ds laj{k.k dks c<kok
nssukA
4- n{krk vkSj foKku@xf.kr ds f'k{kd ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky gkfly djukA
• mEehnokj dks ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe (laiw.kZ) eas nkf•yk ikus ds fy, de ls de 50» vad ;k xzsM ch ds
lkFk mPp ekè;fed Ldwy çek.ki=k ijh{kk foKku èkkjk esa ikl djuh gksxhA
• f}rh; o"kZ ds ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe dh ijh{kk (laiw.kZ) esa cSBus ds fy, mEehnokj dks bl fo'ofo|ky;
egkfo|ky; ds çèkkukpk;Z ls bl rjg ds çek.k i=k dks ijh{kk iQkeZ ds lkFk is's k djuk gksxkA mEehnokj
de ls de 2@3rd çFke o"kZ ch-,llh-,M ds fo"k;ksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg,A
• r`rh;s o"kZ ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe dh ijh{kk (laiw.kZ) esa cSBus ds fy, mEehnokj dks bl fo'ofo|ky; ls
lac¼hr egkfo|ky; dssa ikBÔØe ds fy, nks inksa dks çèkkukpk;Z dh larfq"V ds fy, j•uk gksxk vkSj
çFke o"kZ ch-,llh-,M laiw.kZ ds lHkh ikBÔØeksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg, vkSj f}rh; o"kZ ch-,llh-,M esa de
ls de 2@3rd fo"k;ksa esa ikl gksuk pkfg,A
• ch-,llh-,M çksxzke (laiw.kZ) ds fy, mEehnokj dk uhps fn, x, rjhds ls ewY;kadu fd;k tk,xkA(d) cká
ijh{kk] (•) vkarj?d ewY;kaduA
• vkarfjd ewY;kadu% vfèkdre vad ds fy, dkWyst }kjk vkarfjd ewY;kadu fd;k tk,xk tks fd ml o"kZ ds
Hkkx f}rh;] Hkkx r`rh;] Hkkx prqFkZ ds <kaps esa fn•k;k x;k gksxkA
• mís';% Nk=k f'k{kd dks l{ke djuk%1- ,d vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa ds f'k{k.k dk fujh{k.k djus dk volj eyuk
pkfg,A 2- vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa ds ekxZn'kZu ds rgr l•kuk pkfg,A 3- lrr f'k{k.k dk ,d vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A
4- vU; lHkh Ldwy dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx yssuk pkfg,A 5- Ldwy esa f'k{kdksa dks dqy vuqHko eglwl gksuk
pkfg,A
• CykWd f'k{k.k(8 lcd)% bl dk;ZØe es]a Ldwy f'k{kd ds ijke'kZ ds lkFk fo"k; dh ,d fofèk ds fy, Nk=k
f'k{kd ,d bdkbZ dk p;u djsaxsA og bdkbZ ds fy, bdkbZ dh ;kstuk rS;kj djsaxA Ldwy f'k{kd ;k f'k{kd
ds ekxZn'kZu vkSj çs{k.k ds vèkhu bdkbZ dks og rhu pkj vofèk ds fy, i<+k,xsaAf'k{k.k ds var esa os rS;kj
vkSj ,d bdkbZ ds ijh{k.k ds lapkyu djsaxsA
• ,d gh xfrfofèk dks vU; fofèk ds fy, nksgjk;k tk,xkA CykWd f'k{k.k esa 120 esa ls vad fn, tk,xsaA
• f'k{k.k Nk=k f'k{kd ds ekWMy ds vkèkkfjr ikB esa og vius rjhdksa ds fy, mi;qÙkQ f'k{k.k ds fdlh Hkh nks
ekWMy ds vkèkkj ij de ls de pkj ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxsAf'k{k.k Nk=k f'k{kd ds ekWMy ds vkèkkj ikB
esa 40 esa ls vad fn, tk,xsaA
• ewY; ,T;qds'kUl@i;kZoj.k 'k?{kk ij vkèkkfjr ikB % Nk=k f'k{kd ewY; ,T;qds'kUl@i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds vkèkkj
ij de ls de pkj ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxA ny ds f'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr ikB esa 60 esa ls vad
fn, tk,xsaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 7-11 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

• vfHkuoμ 'kq: djuk ;k u, fopkjksa dk mi;ksxA
• ekunaMμ ,d vko';d ;k ekud lgefr O;ÙkQA
• oSèkkfudμ de nj }kjk gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

1- cSpyj çkFkfed f'k{kk ikBÔØe (ch-,llh-,M) ds fy, vko';d ekunaM vkSj 'krksaZ ds ckjs esa crk,aA
2- ch-,llh-,M ikBÔØe (laiw.kZ)dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS\
3- ch-,llh-,M (laiw.kZ) ijh{kk esa çnf'kZr gksus ds fy, D;k ;ksX;rk gS\
4- ch-,llh-,M dh dksj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa o.kZuA
1- 1. ([k) 2. (d) 3. (x) 4. ([k)
5. (?k)
2- 1. ekè;fed] foKku 2. nks 3. 6 dkS'ky] pkj 4. 4
1. lekos'kh f'k{kk% vè;;u vkSj f'k{k.k% lqtku bZ- mrkjk-ike LpqDV~t] ykWjsal vyZcke ,lksfl,V~lA
2. vè;kid f'k{kk esa eqís vkSj leL;k,a% cuZkMsV jkWfcUluA
3. vè;kid f'k{kk% vkFkZj ,e-dksgsu]Ýyksjsu ch-czosj]ike LpqDV~t]ykWjsal vyZcke ,lksfl,V~lA

bdkbZ—8% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ oSèkkfud fudk; vkSj muosQ dk;Zμ jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~
uksV
bdkbZμ8% vè;kid f'k{kk osQ oSèkkfud fudk; vkSj muosQ
dk;Zμ jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (Statutory
bodies in Teacher Education and their
functions (NCTE)
mís'; (Objectives)
8.1 jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk dk xBu (Structure of Teacher Education Council)
8.2 jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (N.C.T.E) osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe (Eductional Programme of
N.C.T.E)
mís'; (Objectives)
• jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
dksBkjh vk;ksx (1964&66) osQ }kjk viuh laLrqfr esa] f'k{kk osQ LrjksUu;u dk nkf;Ro i;kZIr ek=kk esa Hkkjr
ljdkj ij gS] ;g dgs tkus osQ ckn 1973 esa jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA osQUnzh;
f'k{kk ijke'kZnk=kh lfefr (1972) us bl vfHkizk; dk ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;kA
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dkiQh fnuksa rd jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ fy, Hkh
eq[;ky; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh jgh vkSj ckn esa tc bls oSèkkfud ntkZ feyk rks ;g laLFkk vyx dk;kZy;
esa dk;Z djus yxhA
osQUnz ,oa jkT; Lrjh; ljdkj dks f'k{kd f'k{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa vkus okyh eqf'dyksa vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu leL;kvksa
osQ lekèkku gsrq t:jh ijke'kZ nsus osQ mís'; ls bl ifj"kn~ dks xfBr fd;k x;kA ckn esa 1995 bZ- esa ,d foèks;d
osQ ekè;e ls bl ifj"kn~ dks oSèkkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k vkSj ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ leku gh Lok;Ùk'kklh gksus
dk vfèkdkj Hkh fey ik;kA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 8-1 jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk xBu (Structure of Teacher Education
Council)
igys tgk¡ bl ifj"kn~ dk xBu 41 lnL;h; izk:i esa fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa osQUnzh; f'k{kk eU=khμ vè;{k]
jkT;f'k{kk foHkkxh; izfrfufèk 21] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx lnL; 1] loZHkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ
,d lnL;] osQUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksMZ osQ ,d lnL;] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ ,d lnL;] vk;kstu vk;ksx
osQ ,d izfrfufèk] Hkkjr ljdkj euksu;u osQ 12 izfrfufèk] iwoZ&izkFkfed] izkFkfed ekè;fed] rduhdh ,oa
O;kolkf;d vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k ls 12 izfrfufèk] f'k{kk lfpo 2] ifj"kn~ vè;{k euksu;u osQ ,d lnL;
vkSj lnL; lfpo osQ in ij ,d lnL; gksrs Fks] ogha ij ijorhZ le; blosQ fy, lfpo] dk;kZy; deZpkjh
,oa dk;Zdkfj.kh gsrq O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kA pkj {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ ,oa jkT; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"knksa dk Hkh xBu fd;k
x;k] ftuosQ }kjk ns'k osQ lqnwjorhZ {ks=kksa esa Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks fu;U=k.k dj ikuk ifj"kn~ gsrq lEHko
gks ik;kA fujh{k.k lfefr vkfn dk Hkh xBu fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ vkpk;ks± dks tks f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k ls lEcfUèkr
gSa] lfEefyr djrs gq, fd;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn igys N.C.E.R.T. osQ fu;a=k.k esa dk;Z djrh Fkh ysfdu
vc ;g Lora=k :i ls dk;Zjr~ gSA
ubZ fnYyh esa vkt bl ifj"kn~ dk Hkh viuk i`Fko~Q dk;kZy; gSA laoSèkkfud ntkZ fn, tkus osQ igys bl ifj"kn~
osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa ftu igyqvksa dks egRo fn;k x;k Fkk] muesa ls fuEu izeq[k gSaμ
(d) jkT; ljdkjksa dks Hkh t:jr osQ eqrkfcd f'k{kk f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa fdlh ;kstuk osQ xBu esa lgk;rk ,oa
lq>ko iznku djukA
([k) vè;kid f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr leLr fo"k;ksa esa Hkkjr ljdkj dks lq>ko ,oa ijke'kZ iznku djuk vkSj lsokiwoZ
rFkk lsokdkyhu vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk ewY;kadu djuk vkSj lqèkkj gsrq ;kstuk fuekZ.k djukA
(x) iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ftu ;kstukvksa dks vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ifjis{z ; esa rS;kj fd;k x;k gks] mudh fujUrj
izxfr dh leh{kk djukA
(?k) ifj"kn~ ls fdlh lEcfUèkr vk;ke osQ lUnHkZ esa ;fn ljdkj osQ }kjk jk; ek¡xh tkrh gS rks mi;qDr lq>ko
,oa vfHker izLrqr djukA
(Ä) ljdkj dks bl ckjs esa fu.kZ; xzg.k esa lg;ksx djuk fd ns'k esa vè;kid f'k{kk Lrj dks fdl izdkj ls
visf{kr ,oa vHkh"V oxhZ; cuk;k tk,A
1995 osQ ,u- lh- Vh- bZ- vfèkfu;e osQ rgr bl ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa foLrkj.k gks ik;k ftUgsa fuEukuqlkj izLrqr
fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
1- izek.khdj.k djukμvè;kid f'k{kk gsrq fuèkkZfjr xq.koÙkk dks Lej.k esa j[krs gq, ifj"kn~ dk dk;Z vè;kid
f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh fujh{k.k lfefr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls tk¡p djus osQ mijkUr mudk izek.khdj.k djuk Hkh gSA ekU;rk
esa tgk¡ mikfèk dks oSèk djkj fn;k tkrk gS ogha ij izek.khdj.k esa laLFkku dks f'k{kd f'k{k.k osQ fdlh Hkh
Lrjh; ikB~;Øe dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, ;ksX; djkj fn;k tkrk gS tks fd f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k lEcUèkh vko';d
lkèku ,oa lqfoèkkvksa dh i;kZIrrk ij vkfJr djrk gSA

uksV
fdl vfèkfu;e osQ rgr vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa foLrkj gks ik;k\

statements are True or False)
1- dksBkjh deh'ku dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ i'pkr~ lu~ 1973 esa jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k x;kA
2- jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk xBu ,d Lora=k bdkbZ osQ :i esa gqvkA
3- jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk eq[;ky; eSlwj esa fLFkr gSA
4- jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ us lu~ 1976 esa vè;kid f'k{kk gsrq ikB~;Øe dk
izk:i rS;kj fd;kA
5- vè;kidksa dh lkekftd rFkk O;kolkf;d Hkwfedk osQ fy, ifj"kn~ enzkl (psUubZ)
esa lu~ 1987 esa ,d dk;Z'kkyk dh O;oLFkk dhA
2- ekU;rk iznku djukμf'k{kd f'k{k.k osQ fofoèk Lrjh; ikB~;Øeksa osQ lapkyu osQ fy, fo'ofo|ky;]
egkfo|ky; ;k laLFkkuksa osQ f'k{kk foHkkxksa dks ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk ekU;rk izkIr djuk vko';d ekuk x;k vkSj lalkèku
,oa lqfoèkkvksa dh mfpr tk¡p djus osQ ckn tks fd lEcfUèkr foHkkx esa miyCèk gks] ifj"kn dk dk;Z mUgsa ekU;rk
iznku djuk gSA
3- vfèkdkj&i=k iznku djukμ;g Hkh bl ifj"kn~ osQ gsrq ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ekuk x;k ftlosQ rgr~ ifj"kn~ dks
mi;qDr mikfèkèkkjh fdlh O;fDr dks f'k{k.k dk;Z dks djus osQ fy, vfèkdkj&i=k iznku djuk vkrk gSA igys bls
nks lky rd osQ fy, iqu% ckn esa 5 ;k 10 o"kZ dh vofèk gsrq vkSj vUrr% vkthou gsrq oSèk vfèkdkj iznku fd,
tkus dk izkoèkku fd;k x;k gSA
oqQN vU; dk;ks± dks ifj"kn~ gsrq fu£n"V fd;k x;k] tks fuEu gSaμ
1- vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ losZ{k.k djkuk vkSj izkIr ifj.kkeksa dk izdk'ku djuk]
2- f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa osQ fy, leUo;u vkSj fu;eu (dksvkWMhZus¯Vx&ekWuhV¯jx) djuk]
3- vè;kid&f'k{kdksa osQ fy, U;wure ;ksX;rk lEcUèkh fn'kk&funsZ'k rS;kj djuk]
4- fdlh Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr gksus osQ fy, ekud (U;wure 'kSf{kd ;ksX;rk]
oqQ'kyrk] n{krk vkfn) dks fuf'pr djuk]
5- vè;kid f'k{kk esa uohu ikB~;Øe ,oa dk;ZØeksa osQ izkjEHkhdj.k osQ fy, mi;qDr fn'kk&funs'Z k vkSj fof'k"V
vko';drkvksa dh lwph rS;kj djuk ftuesa lkekU; rFkk fof'k"V nksuksa gh Lrjh; vè;kid f'k{kk lfEefyr gks]a
6- fuf;er :i ls uokpkfjd vkSj 'kksèk lEcUèkh xfrfofèk;ksa dks vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa lapkfyr djuk]
7- leLr f'k{kd dk;ZØeksa dk fujh{k.k ,oa vuqnku gsrq izcUèk djuk]
8- vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcUèkksa dks fodflr djuk]
9- lsokdkyhu vè;kid f'k{kk ;kstuk fuekZ.k ,oa mudk fØ;kUo;u djuk ftlls lsokjr vè;kid@vè;kfidkvksa
dks vuqlUèkku vkSj lwpukvksa osQ ckjs esa vfHkKku izkIr gks losQ]
10- vU; laxBuksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa lqfuf'pr djuk rkfd O;oLFkk dk foosQUnzhdj.k
gks losQ]

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 11- vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa okf.kfT;dj.k dks jksdrs gq, xq.koÙkk Lrj osQ mUu;u ,oa fu;U=k.k dks lqfuf'pr
djuk]
12- vè;kid f'k{kk dk;kZØeksa dks mÙke vè;kid@vè;kfidkvksa dh rS;kjh gsrq nkf;Ro'khy cukuk gSaA
8-2 jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (N.C.T.E) osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe (Educational
Programme of N.C.T.E)
(1) ch- ,M- i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe osQ lapkyu ij jksdμch- ,M- dk Lrj fuf'pr :i ls fxjrk tk jgk gSA
osQUnzh; f'k{kk eU=kh Jh osQ- ,y- Jh ekyh us osQUnzh; ljdkj dks 31 vxLr 1981 dks ch- ,M- i=kkpkj osQ
cUn djus osQ fy, ,d izfrosnu fn;k FkkA
(2) O;olk; vkpkj.k lafgrkμubZ f'k{kk uhfr 1986 osQ vè;kidksa osQ fy;s vkpj.k lafgrk fodkl gsrq
dk;Z'kkyk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhA jk"Vªh; lEesyu esa vkpj.k lafgrk ij fopkj&foe'kZ gqvk rFkk bl ifj"kn~
us Hkh xEHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;kA
(3) vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe dh :ijs[kkμjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe dks iw.kZ:i
ls cnyus dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA bl ifj"kn~ us lu~ 1976 esa vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ fy;s ikB~;Øe dk izk:i
rS;kj fd;kA blus ikB~;Øe dh :ijs[kk osQ fy;s ,d ^,izksp isij* izLrqr fd;k FkkA
(4) vè;kidksa dh lkekftd rFkk O;kolkf;d Hkwfedkμvè;kidksa dh Hkwfedk osQ fy, enzkl
(psUubZ) esa lu~ 1987 esa ,d dk;Z'kkyk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA blh izdj.k ij d'ehj esa ,d lsehukj
gqvk ftlesa vè;kidksa osQ mÙkjnkf;Roksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k x;kA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr us Hkh bl
izdj.k dks egRo fn;kA
(5) Hkkoh dk;ZØeksas dk izLrkoμbl ifj"kn~ us vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr dk;ks± dks izLrkfor
fd;k gSA
(d) izkFkfed Lrj osQ fy, vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe dk fodkl djuk]
([k) vè;kid&f'k{kk esa izos'k osQ fy, ekun.M fodflr djuk]
(x) vè;kid&f'k{kk if=kdk (N.C.T.E. Bulletin) dk izdk'ku djuk]
(?k) vè;kid&f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe]
(Ä) vè;kid&f'k{kk dk pkj o"khZ; dk;ZØe]
(p) vè;kid&f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; lsehukj dk vk;kstu]

• dksBkjh vk;ksx (1964&66) osQ }kjk viuh laLrqfr esa] f'k{kk osQ LrjksUu;u dk nkf;Ro i;kZIr ek=kk esa Hkkjr
ljdkj ij gS] ;g dgs tkus osQ ckn 1973 esa jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA osQUnzh;
f'k{kk ijke'kZnk=kh lfefr (1972) us bl vfHkizk; dk ,d izLrko ikfjr fd;kA
• jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dkiQh fnuksa rd jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ fy, Hkh
eq[;ky; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh jgh vkSj ckn esa tc bls oSèkkfud ntkZ feyk rks ;g laLFkk vyx dk;kZy;
esa dk;Z djus yxhA
• osQUnz ,oa jkT; Lrjh; ljdkj dks f'k{kd f'k{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa vkus okyh eqf'dyksa vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu leL;kvksa
osQ lekèkku gsrq t:jh ijke'kZ nsus osQ mís'; ls bl ifj"kn~ dks xfBr fd;k x;kA ckn esa 1995 bZ- esa ,d
foèks;d osQ ekè;e ls bl ifj"kn~ dks oSèkkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k vkSj ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ leku gh

Lok;Ùk'kklh gksus dk vfèkdkj Hkh fey ik;kA uksV

• ubZ fnYyh esa vkt bl ifj"kn~ dk Hkh viuk i`Fko~Q dk;kZy; gSA laoSèkkfud ntkZ fn, tkus osQ igys bl ifj"kn~
osQ dk;Z{ks=k esa ftu igyqvksa dks egRo fn;k x;k Fkk] muesa ls fuEu izeq[k gSaμ
(d) jkT; ljdkjksa dks Hkh t:jr osQ eqrkfcd f'k{kk f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa fdlh ;kstuk osQ xBu esa lgk;rk
,oa lq>ko iznku djukA
([k) vè;kid f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr leLr fo"k;ksa esa Hkkjr ljdkj dks lq>ko ,oa ijke'kZ iznku djuk vkSj
lsokiwoZ rFkk lsokdkyhu vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk ewY;kadu djuk vkSj lqèkkj gsrq ;kstuk fuekZ.k
djukA
(x) iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa ftu ;kstukvksa dks vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ifjisz{; esa rS;kj fd;k x;k gks] mudh
fujUrj izxfr dh leh{kk djukA
(?k) ifj"kn~ ls fdlh lEcfUèkr vk;ke osQ lUnHkZ esa ;fn ljdkj osQ }kjk jk; ek¡xh tkrh gS rks mi;qDr lq>ko
,oa vfHker izLrqr djukA
(Ä) ljdkj dks bl ckjs esa fu.kZ; xzg.k esa lg;ksx djuk fd ns'k esa vè;kid f'k{kk Lrj dks fdl izdkj
ls visf{kr ,oa vHkh"V oxhZ; cuk;k tk,A
• jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (N.C.T.E) osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeμ(1) ch- ,M- i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe osQ
lapkyu ij jksd_ (2) O;olk; vkpkj.k lafgrk_ (3) vè;kid_ (4) vè;kidksa dh lkekftd rFkk
O;kolkf;d Hkwfedk_ (5) Hkkoh dk;ZØeksas dk izLrkoA

• Lok;Ùk'kklhμ Lo;a 'kklukf/dkj izkIrA
• uokpkjμ u;k fo/kuA

1- vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ Lo:i dk foospu dhft,A
2- vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
1. 2. × 3. × 4.
5.

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ9% vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsfa l;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zμ
jk-'kS-v-iz-i- (Agencies of Teacher Education and
their Functions—N.C.E.R.T.)
mís'; (Objectives)
9.1 jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~μ ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- (National Council of
Educational Research and Training)
9.1.1 ifj"kn~ }kjk fu;U=kd bdkbZ (Council Controlled Unit)
9.1.2 vè;kid&f'k{kk foHkkx (Teacher Education Department)
9.1.3 {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku dk;ZozQe (Programme with original Education Institutions)
9.1.4 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu laLFkku (National Education Planning and
Administrative Institute)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn ds dk;Z lapkyu ls voxr gksaxsA
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dks jk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku Hkh dgrs gSaA bl ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
osQ vUrxZr Lok;Ùk'kklh bdkbZ ds :i esa f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ,d dsUnzh; vfHkdj.k dks LFkkfir djus gsrq 1
flrEcj] 1966 dks lfefr iathdj.k vfèkfu;e (1860) ds rgr~ jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k
ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftldk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh ds Jh vjfoUn ekxZ ij fLFkr gS rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh dks blds lkFk lEcfUèkr fd;k x;kA blds pkj {ks=kh; egkfo|ky;&vtesj] eSlwj]
Hkqous'oj rFkk Hkksiky esa gSaA ;g f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa jk"Vªh; Lrj dk laxBu gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa blds dsUnz
LFkkfir fd;s x, gSaA
lEcfUèkr bdkb;k¡μ ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dh rgr fofHkUu bdkb;k¡ dk;Z djrh gSaA buesa euksfoKku vkèkkj]
foKku f'k{kk] vè;kid f'k{kk] nk'kZfud vkèkkj] {ks=kh; lsok] 'kksèk if=kdk rFkk 'kSf{kd 'kksèk ,oa uokpkfjd

bdkbZ—9% vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Z
izdks"B] ikB~;&iqLrd ,oa ikB~;ozQe] izkjfEHkd vkSj izkFkfed f'k{kk] JO;&n`'; f'k{kk] izkS<+ f'k{kk ,oa uksV
lk{kjrk] dsUnzh; foKku dk;Z'kkyk] 'kSf{kd losZ{k.k bdkbZ] dk;kZuqHko ,oa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] ijh{kk ,oa
ewY;kadu] fodykax f'k{kk] funsZ'ku vkSj ijke'kZ] osQUnzh; 'kSf{kd rduhdh laLFkku vkfn vusd foHkkx rFkk
vo;oh bdkb;k¡ lfozQ; gSaA
9-1 jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~μ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- (National
Council of Educational and Training Research)
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds fHkUu&fHkUu ;kstukvksa ds }kjk ifj"kn~ ;g iz;Ru djrh gS fd f'k{kd f'k{k.k ,oa fo'ks"kr;k
ekè;fed f'k{k.k Lrj ds LrjksUu;u dk dk;Z laHko gks ldrk gSA ikB~;ozQeksa dks fodflr vkSj vkèkqfud cuk,
j[kus ds fy, f'k{kdh; funsZ'ku iqfLrdk] Nk=k dk;Z&iqfLrdk (ooZQ&cqd) vkSj mi;qDr JO;&n`'; f'k{k.k lkexzh
dk fodkl djuk] vè;kid f'k{kk esa mUu;u gsrq foLrkj dk;ZozQe vkSj {ks=kh; lsok dk foLrkj djuk] ijh{kk
iz.kkyh esa lqèkkj gsrq Bksl iz;Ru djrs gq, mls vfèkdkfèkd rkSj ij oLrqfu"B :i iznku djuk] fofHkUu fo|ky;h;
fo"k;ksa esa vè;kidksa dks lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k iznku djuk] foKku rFkk xf.kr f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vfHkuo dk;ZozQeksa
dk fuekZ.k vkSj fozQ;kUou djuk tks ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd vkSj rduhdh fodkl dh fn'kk esa lkFkZd fl¼ gks lds
vkfn ifj"kn~ ds }kjk fd, x, ,oa vkxkeh fnuksa esa fd, tkus okys ewyHkwr ,oa Bksl dk;Zdyki gSaA
bl gsrq fuEu dk;ZozQeksa dk vk;kstu ifj"kn~ ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSμ
1- foKku lkekftd foKku rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa ds f'k{k.k dks izHkkodkjh cukus ds fy, mi;qDr f'k{k.k lgk;d
lkefxz;ksa tSlsμpkVZ] ekufp=k] JO;&n`'; lkexzh) dk fuekZ.k djukA
2- foKku] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku vkfn ds {ks=k esa fo'ks"kdj ikB~;ozQe ,oa f'k{k.k fofèk esa lqèkkj gsrq 'kSf{kd
ikB~;ozQe] midj.k] ikB~;&lkexzh vkfn dk fuekZ.k djukA
3- 'kksèk ,oa izfrHkk [kkst vè;srko`fÙk;k¡ iznku djukA
4- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k foHkkx dh lgk;rk ls 'kksèk dk;Z lapkfyr djukA
5- fo|ky; Hkou fuekZ.k esa fdiQk;r gsrq 'kksèk dk;Z djuk] 'kSf{kd losZ{k.k djuk] lkekftd vè;;u ds {ks=k
esa ekud 'kCnkoyh fuèkkZj.k esa fn'kk esa Bksl iz;Ru djuk vkfnA
6- vè;kid] ikB~;ozQe] f'k{k.k fofèk] f'k{k.k rduhdh vkfn ds {ks=k es dfBukb;ksa ds lekèkku gsrq 'kksèkdk;Z
O;ofLFkr djukA
7- jkT; dsUnzksa ds }kjk lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k] 'kSf{kd fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa
ds ckjs esa Kku gkfly djukA
8- izkFkfed f'k{kk vkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk rFkk lk{kjrk dk;ZozQe dks vxzLkkfjr djukA
9- foKku ,oa xf.kr ds vè;kidksa gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; rduhdh fodkl vfHkdj.k vkSj ;w- th- lh- dh enn ls
xzh"edkyhu dk;ZozQe lapkfyr djukA
10- izknsf'kd f'k{kk laLFkkukèkhu xzh"edkyhu ikB~;ozQe ,oa lsokdkyhu dk;ZozQe vk;ksftr djukA
fo|ky;h Lrj ij ikB~;ozQeksa dks fodflr djus ,oa mUgsa vkèkqfud cukus ds fy, f'k{kd funsZ'ku
iqfLrdk] Nk=k dk;Z iqfLrdk (ooZQ cqd) vkSj mi;qDr JO;&n`'; f'k{k.k lkexzh rS;kj djus dk
Bksl dk;Z djrh gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 9-1-1 ifj"kn~ }kjk fu;U=kd bdkbZ (Council Controlled Unit)

eq[;ky; esa ifj"kn~ dh fu;U=kd bdkbZ dk;Zjr gS ftldk ewy dk;Z ifj"kn ds dk;ks± dk izcUèku] funs'ku vkSj
fu;U=k.k fu;e] vfèkfu;e ,oa izkoèkkuksa ds vuqlkj djuk gksrk gSA bl bdkbZ esa 12 lnL; gksrs gSa vkSj blds
vè;{k f'k{kk vFkok ekuo lalkèku fodkl eU=kh gksrs gSaA ifj"kn~ osQ uSfefÙkd dk;ks± ds lapkyu vkSj izcUèku
dk dk;Z funs'Z ku ds }kjk la;Dq r fuos'kd vkSj lfpo dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA ifj"kn~ ds 17 {k=kh; dk;kZy;
bdkbZ;k¡ Hkh dk;Zjr gSaA
;g fo|ky;h; f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj gsrq uhfr] dk;ZozQe] ikB~;ozQe vkfn dks rS;kj djus rFkk mUgsa
fozQ;kfUor djus ds fy, ,d rjiQ dke djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ f'k{kk dh fn'kk esa gksus okys vuqlaèkku ,oa
vUos"k.k dks Hkh vkxs c<+kus dh fn'kk esa lkFkZd iz;Ru djrh gSA bl fn'kk esa le;≤ ij ekuo lalkèku
fodkl eU=kky; dks 'kSf{kd lq>ko ,oa ijke'kZ iznku djrs jguk Hkh bl ifj"kn~ dk ,d izeq[k dk;Z gSA
foLrkj lsok foHkkxksa dks izR;sd jkT; esa dk;e fd;k x;k gS ftlds la;kstd vusdkusd 'kSf{kd fodkl dk;ZoQz eksa
dk vk;kstu djrs gSa ,oa izèkkur% xzUFkky; lsok] JO;&n`'; lkexzh izn'kZu dk;ZozQe rFkk izdk'ku dk;Z dh
ns[kHkky djrs gSaA buds vykok 'kSf{kd laxksf"B;ksa] vkSj ijh{kk ds {ks=k esa uohu iz;Ru djuk] ikB~;ozQe fuekZ.k
gsrq iz;Ru djuk] vè;;u o`Ùk (vè;kidh;) fuekZ.k djuk rkfd fopkjksa dk fofue; djuk lEHko gks lds vkfn
Hkh muds dk;Z{ks=kksa ds rgr vkrk gSA lsokdkyhu 'kSf{kd dk;ZozQeksa esa fn'kk&funsZ'ku ,oa iqu'p;kZ ikB~;ozQeksa dk
vk;kstu] vYidkyhu xgu vè;;u ikB~;ozQe] laxks"Bh] dk;Z'kkyk] lHkk vkfn ds }kjk O;kolkf;d n{krk esa
c<+ksrjh ds fy, iz;kl] xzh"edkyhu ikB~;ozQe ,oa dk;ZoQz e] vè;kid&vè;;u dsUnz vkSj Dyc vkfn dk laxBu
,oa lapkyu djuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA
izknsf'kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds lhek{ks=k esa lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dks ik¡p vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa ck¡Vdj lfEefyr fd;k x;k
gSA tEew vkSj d'ehj] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy izns'k] fnYyh] p.Mhx<+] mÙkj izns'k vkfn jkT;ksa dks mÙkjh {ks=k
(vtesj)] egkjk"Vª] eè; izns'k] xqtjkr vkfn dks eè; {ks=k (Hkksiky)] fcgkj] mM+hlk] if'pe caxky vkfn dks
iwohZ {ks=k (Hkqous'oj)] vkUèkz izns'k] dukZVd] rfeyukMq] dsjy vkfn dks nf{k.k {ks=k (eSlwj) rFkk 'ks"k jkT;ksa
dks (;Fkk&vle] ef.kiqj] f=kiqjk] v#.kkpy izns'k] ukxkyS.M vkfn) mÙkj&iwoZ {ks=k esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh ds ekè;e ls Hkh ikB~;ozQe] vè;kidh; rS;kjh] vuqns'kukRed lkexzh fuekZZ.k]
ewY;kadu] lsok foLrkj vkfn ds {ks=k esa fofHkUu dk;Z laikfnr fd, tkrs gSAa jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku ds }kjk Hkh 'kSf{kd
xfrfofèk;ksa esa mfpr rkyesy] leUo;u] lg;ksx vkfn dks c<+kus ds fy, iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
jkT; f'k{kk foHkkx] fo'ofo|ky;] vU; mPp f'k{kk dsUnzksa vkfn ds lkFk leUo;u
djosQ ifj"kn dk;Z djrh gSA {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds ekè;e ls pkj o"khZ; ,dho`Qr
f'k{kk ikB~;ozQe ,d o"khZ; ch- ,M- ikB~;ozQe vkSj ,e- ,M- ikB~;ozQeksa dks ifj"kn~
lapkfyr djrh gSA
9-1-2 vè;kid&f'k{kk foHkkx (Teacher Education Department)

,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- ds vè;kid&f'k{kk foHkkx ds eq[; {ks=k bl izdkj gSaμ
(1) izkFkfed Lrj ds vè;kid&f'k{kk ds dkS'ky ij vkèkkfjr ikB~;ozQe foHkkxμbl izdkj ds ikB~ozQe
dks jk"Vªh; vè;kid&f'k{kk ifj"kn~ us fodflr fd;k gSA blds vUrxZr izkFkfed rFkk ekè;fed Lrj ds

fy;s ikB~;ozQeksa ds lq>ko fn;s x, gSa ftlds vUrxZr f'k{k.k dyk] euksfoKku] Hkk"kk (fgUnh rFkk uksV
vaxzth) okrkoj.k dk vè;;u] dk;Z vuqHko] LokLF; f'k{kk] xf.kr vkSj dyk dh f'k{kk dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;k gSA
(2) vè;;u&lkexzh foHkkxμbl foHkkx dk dk;Z izkFkfed Lrj ds vè;kidksa gsrq foKku& f'k{k.k rFkk fgUnh
ekr` Hkk"kk dh f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa ij vè;;u lkexzh rS;kj djuk gSA
(3) izkFkfed rFkk ekè;fed Lrj ds fy;s fo|ky; vuqHko gS.M cqd foHkkx
(4) vè;kid&f'k{kk ds izos'k izfozQ;k gsrq foHkkx
vè;kid&f'k{kk foHkkx ds dk;Z
blds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
(1) lsokjr f'k{kdksa ds fy;s izf'k{k.k ,oa izlkj dh O;oLFkk djukA
(2) izkFkfed] ekè;fed rFkk fo|ky; dh f'k{kk ij 'kksèk dk;ks± dks c<+kok nsukA
(3) vè;kid&f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ds fy;s 'kksèk dk;ks± dk lEiknu djuk vkSj c<+kok nsukA
(4) lsokjr f'k{kdksa ds fy;s izf'k{k.k ,oa izlkj dh O;oLFkk djukA
(5) izkFkfed] ekè;fed rFkk fo|ky;ksa dh f'k{kk ij 'kksèk dk;ks± dks c<+kok nsukA
(6) vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;ozQeksa (Orientation Courses) dh O;oLFkk djukA
9-1-3 {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku dk;ZoQz e (Programme with original Education Institutions)
dbZ izdkj ds 'kSf{kd dk;ZozQeksa dk lapkyu {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku dk;ZozQe ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ;Fkk&,d
o"khZ; vè;kid f'k{kk] f}o"khZ; vkS|ksfxd ozQkÝV esa fMIyksek (vè;kidksa ds fy,)] i=kkpkj lsokdkyhu ikB~;ozQe
(ftls ,u- lh- Vh- bZ- dh laLrqfr ds vuqlkj ckn esa cUn dj fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj iqu% lsokjr f'k{kd gsrq lapkyu
dh O;oLFkk dh tk jgh gS)] pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe vkfnA pkj o"khZ; ikB~;ozQe esa ch- ,l- lh-
] ch- ,-] ch- ,M tSlh mikfèk;k¡ nh tkrh gSa ftlesa fo"k; Kku esa Hkk"kk (izknsf'kd Hkk"kk rFkk vaxzsth)] lkekftd
vè;;u] xf.kr] HkkSfrd foKku] dyk] dk"Bdyk] LokLF; rFkk 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk rFkk euksfoKku] n'kZu'kkL=k]
lekt'kkL=k] bfrgkl] 'kSf{kd leL;k,¡] funsZ'ku vkSj ewY;kadu dks O;kolkf;d oxZ esa j[kk x;k gSA nksuksa gh {ks=k
esa yxHkx chl iQhlnh vfèkHkkj fn;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k 60 izfr'kr vfèkHkkj lekukUrj ikB~;ozQe dks fn;k tkrk gS
ftlesa f'k{k.k fo"k;xr~ fof'k"V Kku vkSj f'k{k.k fofèk ,oa rduhdh dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk]
ewY;] Kkukuqiz;ksx] jlkLoknu vkSj ewY;kadu vkfn fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa tkudkjh Hkh bl ikB~;ozQe ds vèkhu iznku
dh tkrh gSA 'kSf{kd bLrseky vkSj 'kksèk dk;Z ds lapkyu gsrq izR;sd {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku ds lkFk ,d izn'kZu
fo|ky; ;k fMekuLVªs'ku LowQy tqM+k gksrk gSA vr,o vè;kiu vH;kl dk;ZozQe ds laiknu esa fdafpr ek=k Hkh
leL;k ugha vkrh gSA nh?kZdkyhu b.VuZf'ki ds fy, fiQj Hkh lg;ksxh fo|ky;ksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS rkfd
Nk=kkè;kid@Nk=kkè;kfidk,¡ D;k vkSj oSQls f'k{k.k dk;Z dks T;knk vljdkjh cuk;k tk ldrk gS] blds ckjs esa
xgu KkuktZu djus esa l{ke gks losaQA
lsokdkyhu vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZozQe esa lsokjr vè;kid&vè;kfidk,¡ vius gh fo|ky; esa laLFkku ds fo'ks"kK
dh ns[kjs[k es f'k{k.k vH;kl dk dke djrs gSa] tcfd lS¼kfUrd vè;;u ds fy, mUgsa laLFkku dh vksj ls
gj lqfoèkk ds lkFk gh o`fÙk Hkh nh tkrh gSA bl gsrq xzh"e dkyhu vodk'k (nks) dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
fo|ky; iz;ksx gsrq n`'; Vsi] JO; Vsi] LykbM] fiQYe fLVªi vkfn dk fuekZ.k ifj"kn~ ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
izkFkfed rFkk fefMy Lrjh; fo|ky;h; foKku fdV dk fuekZ.k vR;fèkd ykHknk;d fl¼ gks ik;k gSA fo|ky;h;
lax.kd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fo'ks"k dk;ZØe dk lpkyu Hkh bl ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj vkèkqfud

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV LekVZ LowQy (LiwQrZ fo|ky;) ;kstuk dk ewrZ :i nsus gsrq Hkh ljkguh; iz;kl ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
ifj"kn~ dh izeq[k if=kdk rFkk 'kksèk if=kdk, gSaμbf.M;u ,twosQ'kuy fjO;w- Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] LowQy
lkbUl] izkbejh Vhpj] izkbejh f'k{kd] tuZy vkWiQ bf.M;u ,twosQ'kuy vkfnA jk"Vªh; izfrHkk [kkst ijh{k.k
dk vk;kstu ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa liQy gksus okys izfrHkkou Nk=k@Nk=kkvksa
dks foKku] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku ;k vfHk;kaf=kdh ,oa fpfdRlk foKku esa ih- ,p- Mh- Lrj rd vè;;u
gsrq yxkrkj Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ nh tkrh gSaA ifj"kn~ us f'k{kk dh 10$2$3 iz.kkyh osQ fØ;kUo;u dh fn'kk esa Bksl
dk;Z fd;k gSA oxZ 1 ls 12 rd rdjhcu leLr fo"k;ksa gsrq ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k dk dke Hkh ifj"kn~ osQ ekè;e
ls fd;k tkrk gSA
;w- ,u- ,iQ- ,- osQ lg;ksx ls tula[;k f'k{kk ifj;kstuk] ;wuhlsiQ dh izkbejh f'k{kk] iks"k.k] LokLF; f'k{kk]
izkbejh ikB~;Øe uohuhdj.k] lkeqnkf;d f'k{kk vkSj cPpksa osQ fy, ehfM;k iz;ksx'kkyk rFkk ckY;koLFkk dh f'k{kk
tSlh ifj;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor djus dh fn'kk esa ifj"kn~ us lkFkZd iz;Ru fd;k gSA
f'k{kk ij uohu jk"Vªh; uhfr osQ 1986 esa fuekZ.k osQ ckn ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk ^fo|ky;h f'k{kk gsrq jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ
dh :ijs[kk* uked ,d iqfLrdk gky gh esa (2005) rS;kj dh xbZ] ftlesa 1988 osQ nLrkost dk vkèkqfudhdj.k
fd;k x;kA bl iqfLrdk esa lUnHkZ vkSj ljksdkj] izkjfEHkd vkSj ekè;fed Lrj ij ikB~;p;kZ la;kstu] mPp
ekè;fed Lrj ij ikB~;p;kZ la;kstu] ewY;kadu vkSj O;oLFkk dk izcUèku ljh[ks ewyHkwr {ks=kksa ij fo'ks"k :ijs[kk
dk fuekZ.k ,oa izLrko fd;k x;k gSA
bl rjg ge dg ldrs gSa fd jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ,d ,slk vfHkdj.k gS tks
vè;kid f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa lkekU; vkSj fo|ky;h; f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fo'ks"k :i ls dk;Z dj jgh gS vkSj f'k{kk
esa LrjksUu;u osQ fy, dfVc¼ izrhr gksrh gSA
,u lh- bZ vkj- Vh- osQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, jkT;&Lrj ij dkSu&lh
bdkb;k¡ dk;Zjr~ gSA oqQN bdkb;ksa ,oa lacafèkr jkT;ksa osQ uke fyf[k,A

lgh fodYi pqfu,μ (Choose the correct options)—
1- jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dk le; gSμ
(d) 15 vxLr 1880 ([k) 1 ¯lrEcj 1966
(x) 14 uoacj 1952
2- N.C.E.R.T dk eq[;ky; fLFkr gSμ
(d) psUubZ ([k) eqacbZ
(x) fnYyh
3- ,u- lh- bZ- vkj Vh- ,d 'kk[kk fLFkr gSμ
(d) eSlwj esa ([k) okjk.klh esa
(x) oèkkZ esa
4- ,u lh- bZ- vkj- Vh eq[;ky; esa dk;Zjr~ 12 lnL;h; bdkbZ dk vè;{k gksrk gSA
(d) eq[;ea=kh ([k) jk"Vªifr }kjk fuokZfpr lnL;
(x) f'k{kk

9-1-4 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu laLFkku uksV

'kSf{kd jk"Vªh; iz.kkyh esa bl laLFkku dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;g fo|ky;h; Lrj ij ,d izeq[k Lok;Ùk osQUnz
gS tks 'kSf{kd {ks=k esa fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklfud izcaèku dh fn'kk esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA bl laLFkku dk Hkh
eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh osQ Jh vjfoUn ekxZ ij fLFkr gS vkSj lEcfUèkr {ks=k esa osQUnzh; ,oa mPpre laLFkku osQ
:i esa dk;Zjr gSA bl laLFkku osQ eq[; dk;Z fuEu gSμ
1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vU; ns'kksa esa lEioZQ LFkkfir djukA
2- 'kSf{kd fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklu osQ {ks=k esa vè;;u vkSj 'kksèk dk;ks± esa leUo;u dh deh dks nwj djus gsrq
iz;Ru djukA
3- lsokdkyhu dk;ZØe osQ :i esa 'kSf{kd fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu esa izf'k{k.k iznku djuk rkfd lEcfUèkr
vfèkdkfj;ksa esa n{krk vkSj oqQ'kyrkvksa dk fodkl djuk lEHko gks losQ vkSj fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu esa
LoPNrk vk losQA
4- izf'k{k.k lEcUèkh lqfoèkkvksa dks osQUnzh; Lrj osQ lkFk gh izknsf'kd vkSj jkT; Lrj ij lqyHk djkuk tks 'kSf{kd
fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklu ls ;qDr gksA
5- bl {ks=k esa uokpkj vkSj uohu i¼fr;ksa osQ fodkl gsrq fopkj dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu ,oa lapkyu djukA
6- lEcfUèkr {ks=k esa uohu lek;kstuksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djus gsrq fn'kk&funs'Z ku ikB~;Øeksa dk vk;kstu
,oa leqfpr <ax ls lapkyu djuk vkfnA
7- lEcfUèkr {ks=k esa lkfgR; (iqLrosaQ] 'kSf{kd fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklfud 'kksèk&if=kdk] iqfLrdk vkfn) dk
izdk'ku djuk rFkk vko';d funsZ'ku dh lqfoèkk miyCèk djkuk (osQUnz ;k jkT; Lrjh; O;fDr vFkok
laLFkkuksa osQ fy,)A
8- lEcfUèkr {ks=k esa vk pqdh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, fu;fer :i ls laxks"Bh] dk;Z'kkyk vkfn dk
vk;kstu djukA
9- vè;;u&iqujkoyksdu (ns'kh rFkk fons'kh 'kSf{kd fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu osQ lUnHkZ esa) rFkk laxks"Bh]
lHkk&izfrosnu vkfn dks izdkf'kr djuk tks uohu rF;] lwpuk] uokpkj vkfn osQ ckjs esa lwpukvksa osQ
lEizlkj.k esa lgk;d gksA
10- 'kSf{kd 'kksèk fooj.k dks izdkf'kr djuk vkSj lS¼kfUrd rF;ksa dks izpkfjr&izlkfjr djus osQ fy, eqfnzr
rFkk bysDVªkWfud ekè;eksa dk lgkjk ysukA
11- fodflr ns'kksa osQ lkFk 'kSf{kd fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklu dh lqfoèkk ,oa fLFkfr dks tkuus osQ fy, lEioZQ cuk,
j[kukA
f'k{kk fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu osQ {ks=k esa bl laLFkku osQ dk;ZØe cgq&vk;keh gSaA blosQ }kjk if=kdkvksa ,oa iqLrdksa
dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk gSA 'kksèk lEcUèkh fjiksVZ izdkf'kr dh tkrh gSa izdk'ku }kjk fl¼kar vkSj mi;ksx esa
leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu lEcUèkh 'kksèk dk;ks± dh leh{kk
dh tkrh gSA vius ns'k dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA uohu Kku osQ vkèkkj ij fu;kstu
,oa iz'kklu lEcUèkh fl¼kUrksa dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu osQ fofHkÂ i{kksa ij laLFkku
osQ }kjk ckjg iqLrdksa dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA ftu lsehukj rFkk dk;Z'kkykvksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS muosQ
fu"d"kks± dk izdk'ku Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ftu uohu izoÙkZuksa rFkk vk;ksxksa dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mudk ewY;kadu
Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g laLFkku fu;kstdksa rFkk iz'kkldksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gS rFkk uohu Kku ls
voxr djkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk

• lEcfUèkr bdkb;k¡μ ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dh rgr fofHkUu bdkb;k¡ dk;Z djrh gSaA buesa euksfoKku vkèkkj]
foKku f'k{kk] vè;kid f'k{kk] nk'kZfud vkèkkj] {ks=kh; lsok] 'kksèk if=kdk rFkk 'kSf{kd 'kksèk ,oa uokpkfjd
izdks"B] ikB~;&iqLrd ,oa ikB~;ozQe] izkjfEHkd vkSj izkFkfed f'k{kk] JO;&n`'; f'k{kk] izkS<+ f'k{kk ,oa
lk{kjrk] dsUnzh; foKku dk;Z'kkyk] 'kSf{kd losZ{k.k bdkbZ] dk;kZuqHko ,oa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] ijh{kk ,oa
ewY;kadu] fodykax f'k{kk] funsZ'ku vkSj ijke'kZ] osQUnzh; 'kSf{kd rduhdh laLFkku vkfn vusd foHkkx rFkk
vo;oh bdkb;k¡ lfozQ; gSaA
• fuEu dk;ZozQeksa dk vk;kstu ifj"kn~ ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSμ
1- foKku lkekftd foKku rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa ds f'k{k.k dks izHkkodkjh cukus ds fy, mi;qDr f'k{k.k
lgk;d lkefxz;ksa tSlsμpkVZ] ekufp=k] JO;&n`'; lkexzh) dk fuekZ.k djukA
2- foKku] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku vkfn ds {ks=k esa fo'ks"kdj ikB~;ozQe ,oa f'k{k.k fofèk esa lqèkkj gsrq
'kSf{kd ikB~;ozQe] midj.k] ikB~;&lkexzh vkfn dk fuekZ.k djukA
3- 'kksèk ,oa izfrHkk [kkst vè;srko`fÙk;k¡ iznku djukA
4- la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k foHkkx dh lgk;rk ls 'kksèk dk;Z lapkfyr djukA
5- fo|ky; Hkou fuekZ.k esa fdiQk;r gsrq 'kksèk dk;Z djuk] 'kSf{kd losZ{k.k djuk] lkekftd vè;;u
ds {ks=k esa ekud 'kCnkoyh fuèkkZj.k esa fn'kk esa Bksl iz;Ru djuk vkfnA
6- vè;kid] ikB~;ozQe] f'k{k.k fofèk] f'k{k.k rduhdh vkfn ds {ks=k es dfBukb;ksa ds lekèkku gsrq
'kksèkdk;Z O;ofLFkr djukA
7- jkT; dsUnzksa ds }kjk lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k] 'kSf{kd fu;kstu vkSj iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa
ds ckjs esa Kku gkfly djukA
8- izkFkfed f'k{kk vkSj izkS<+ f'k{kk rFkk lk{kjrk dk;ZozQe dks vxzLkkfjr djukA
9- foKku ,oa xf.kr ds vè;kidksa gsrq vUrjkZ"Vªh; rduhdh fodkl vfHkdj.k vkSj ;w- th- lh- dh enn
ls xzh"edkyhu dk;ZozQe lapkfyr djukA
10- izknsf'kd f'k{kk laLFkkukèkhu xzh"edkyhu ikB~;ozQe ,oa lsokdkyhu dk;ZozQe vk;ksftr djukA

• vfHkdj.kμ v/huLFk dke djus okyh laLFkkA
• dk;eμ fLFkj] LFkk;h] Bgjk gqvkA
• izdks’μ bekjr osQ Hkhrj dk vkaxuA
• dk’dykμ ydM+h ls lkeku cukus dh dykA
• dfBc¼μ rRijA

1- ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh osQ dk;ks± dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
2- ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dh fu;a=k.k bdkbZ osQ dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A
3- ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh osQ vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment) uksV

1. ([k) 2. (x) 3. (d) 4. (x)

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ10% vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zμ
MkbV] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- (Agencies of Teacher
Education and their Function DIET & SCERT)
mís'; (Objectives)
10.1 ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku (District Instritution of Education and Training (DIET)
10.2 jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku rFkk izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ (State Council of Educational Research and
Training (SCERT)
10.2.1 ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk izk:i (Structure of SCERT)
10.2.2 ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh osQ dk;Z (Functions of SCERT)
10.6 lanHkZ iqLrdsa (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs&
ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku osQ dk;ks± ls voxr gksaxsA
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ dk;ks± ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
vkt fdlh turkaf=kd ns'k dk fodkl ogk¡ osQ f'k{kdksa osQ Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA Hkkjr dh f'k{kk dk bfrgkl
vfèkd izkphu gSA ijarq vè;kid f'k{kk dk fodkl vusd voLFkkvksa dks ikj dj pqdk gSA Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~
bl {ks=k esa vfèkd fodkl gqvk gSA vusd vk;ksx rFkk lfefr;ka xfBr dh xb±A mUgksaus vè;kid f'k{kk esas lqèkkj
gsrq Bksl lq>ko Hkh fn,A loZizFke izkFkfed Lrj osQ vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq lu~ 1802 esa lhjkeiqj esa izf'k{k.k
laLFkku [kksyk x;kA efgykvksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, dydÙkk esa 1823 bZ- esa izf'k{k.k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ rhu izdkj dh izf'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ (i) ukWeZy LowQyμ izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq (ii)
vè;kid izf'k{k.k fo|ky;] fefMy LowQy vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq rFkk (iii) izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; gkbZ LowQy
osQ vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq FksA
csfld f'k{kk us vè;kidksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk f'k{k.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;kA jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~
dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1973 esa dh xbZA osQUnz ljdkj rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk dks Li‘ fd;k x;kA bl izdkj
vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lkèkuksa dk foHkktu izeq[k :i ls nks Lrjksa esa fd;k x;kμ

bdkbZμ10% vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zμ MkbV] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh
1- jkT; Lrjh; vfHkdj.k (National Level Agencies) uksV

(i) fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (UGC)
(ii) jk‘ªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ (NECRT)
(iii) jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (NCTE)
(iv) jk‘ªh; lkekftd foKku vuqlaèkku ifj"kn~ (ICSSR)
(v) jk‘ªh; f'k{kk fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu laLFkku (NIEPA)
(vi) mPp f'k{kk vè;;u osQUnz (CASE)
2- jkT; Lrjh; vfHkdj.k (National Level Agencies)
(i) jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ (SCERT)
(ii) jkT; vè;kid f'k{kk cksMZ (SBTE)
(iii) ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku (DIET)
(iv) fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk foHkkx (UDE)
(v) lrr~ vè;kid f'k{kk osQUnz (CTEC)
(vi) nwjorhZ vè;kid f'k{kk (DTE)
(vii) xzh"edkyhu laLFkku (SIE)
(viii) f'k{kk egkfo|ky; (CTE)
;gk¡ jkT; Lrjh; vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lkèkuksa esa ls MkbV rFkk ,llhbZvkjVh dh Hkwfedk dk fooj.k izLrqr gSA
10-1 ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku (District Institution of Education and
Training (DIET)
izR;sd jkT; us bl laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ,d dk;Zcy osQ :i esa dh gS] ftlls orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa egÙoiw.kZ
ifjorZu gqvk gSA bl laLFkku osQ eq[; dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- lsok iwoZ rFkk lsokjr~ f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k rFkk vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;Øeksa dh O;oLFkku djukA
2- izkS<+ f'k{kk esa vuqns'kksa i;Zos{kdksa rFkk vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ fy, lrr~ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djukA
3- f'k{kk laLFkkvksa osQ izkpk;ks± dks fu;kstu ,oa izcaèku dk;ks± dk izf'k{k.k nsuk rFkk lw{e Lrj ij fu;kstu
dk;Z djukA
4- leqnk; osQ usrkvksa rFkk vU; lekt lsoh laLFkkvksa osQ izcaèk dks vfHkfoU;kl nsuk] ftlls fo|ky;h f'k{kk
dks izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk losQA
5- ftyk cksMZ dh f'k{kk rFkk fo|ky;ksa dh tfVy leL;kvksa dks 'kSf{kd lgk;rk rFkk lq>ko nsukA
6- fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku izdYiksa dk vk;kstu djuk rFkk iz;ksxkRed dk;ks± dks c<+kok nsukA
7- ;g laLFkku izkS<+ f'k{kk izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØeksa dk ewY;kadu osQUnz osQ :i esa dk;Z djukA
8- f'k{kdksa rFkk vuqns'kdksa dks vè;;u osQUnzksa dh lsokvksa dh O;oLFkk djukA
9- ;g laLFkku lykgdkj rFkk ijke'kZ ,tsalh osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
10- f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk ykus osQ fy, dk;Z'kkyk] lsehukj rFkk vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;Øeksa dk Hkh vk;kstu djrh
gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ;g laLFkku jkT; f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ varxrZ gh viuk dk;Z djrh gS vkSj ifj"kn~ osQ fofHkUu foHkkxksa ls vuqns'ku
lkexzh izkIr djosQ mudk mi;ksx Hkh djrh gSA vè;kidksa dk vius 'kSf{kd dk;ks± dks djus osQ fy, c<+kok
nsrh gSA
jkT;okj MkbVksa dh la[;k (Statewise Number of DIETs)
Ø- la- jkT; la[;k Ø- la- jkT; la[;k
1 vkaèkz izns'k 23 2- v#.kkapy izns'k 11
3- vle 19 4- fcgkj 24
5- NÙkhlx<+ 07 6- xksok 01
7- xqtjkr 07 8- gfj;k.k 17
9- fgekpy izns'k 12 10- tEew rFkk d'ehj 04
11- >kj[kaM 10 12- dukZVd 20
13- osQjy 14 14- eè; izns'k 38
15- egkjk‘ª 30 16- ef.kiqj 08
17- es?kky; 07 18- fetksje 08
19- ukxkyS.M 06 20- mM+hlk 17
21- iatkc 17 22- jktLFkku 30
23- flfDde 03 24- rfeyukMq 29
25- f=kiqjk 04 26- mÙkj izns'k 70
27- mÙkjkapy 10 28- if'pe caxky 16
29- v.Meku o fudksckj 01 30- p.Mhx<+ μ
31- nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh μ 32- neu vkSj nho μ
33- fnYyh 07 34- y{k}hi 01
35- ikf.Mpsjh 1 oqQy 498
10-2 jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku rFkk izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ (State Council of Educational
Research and Training (SCERT)
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- rFkk vè;kid f'k{kk funs'kky; 15 tuojh] 1990 esa vfLrRo esa vk,A 1964 esa ;g jkT; 'kSf{kd
laLFkku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
10-2-1 ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk izk:i (Structure of SCERT)
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds izeq[k foHkkx rFkk bdkbZ;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaA
(i) ikB~;Øe fodkl dk foHkkx
(ii) vè;kid f'k{kk rFkk lsokjr f'k{kk foHkkx
(iii) f'k{kk vuqlaèkku foHkkx
(iv) foKku rFkk xf.kr f'k{kk foHkkx
(v) f'k{kk rduhdh foHkkx

(vi) ewY;kadu rFkk ijh{kk lqèkkj foHkkx uksV

(vii) tula[;k f'k{kk foHkkx
(viii) izkjafHkd fo|ky; rFkk izkjafHkd f'k{kk foHkkx
(ix) izkS<+ f'k{kk rFkk detksj oxZ f'k{kk foHkkx
(x) foLr`r lsok rFkk fo|ky; izcaèku foHkkx
(xi) izdk'ku bdkbZ
(xii) iqLrdky; bdkbZ
(xiii) iz'kkldh; bdkbZ
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- f'k{kk foHkkx dk 'kS{kf.kd vax gSA tks fo|ky; f'k{kk rFkk vè;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk lqèkkj
ds fy, iz;kljr jgrk gSA
10-2-2 ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds dk;Z (Functions of SCERT)
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku rFkk izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ NCERT ds izk:i ds vuqlkj izR;sd jkT; esa xfBr dh xbZ gSA
SCERT esa dk;ZØe ijke'kZ lfefr gksrh gS ftldk izeq[k jkT; f'k{kk ea=kh gksrk gSA
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds izeq[k dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa&

• ;g jkT; esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa] lsds.Mjh izf'k{k.k fo|ky; rFkk izkjafHkd izf'k{k.k fo|ky;
dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dh ns[k js[k djrk gSA
• ;g jkT; esa lsokijd vè;kid f'k{kk dk izcaèk djrk gS rFkk izh Ldwy] izkjafHkd] ekè;fed rFkk mPprj
ekè;fed f'k{kk ds fy, vfèkdkjh fu;qDr djrh gSA
• ;g vè;kid izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa esa lsokijd vè;kid f'k{kdksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
• vè;kidksa rFkk vè;kid f'k{kdksa ds loZ=k fodkl ds fy, nwjLFk f'k{kk rFkk vU; dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu
djrk gSA
• ;g izhLdwy] izkjafHkd] ekè;fed rFkk mPprj ekè;fed f'k{kk ds fy, vè;kid f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa
ikB~;iqLrdksa] funsZ'ku lkexzh dk fuekZ.k rFkk ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
• ;g UNICEF, NCERT vU; ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk pkfyr fofHkUu fof'k"V 'kSf{kd izkstsDV dk;kZfUor djrk gS
ftlls Ldwyh f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj gks ldsA
,l- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dk;ZØe ijke'kZ lfefr dk izeq[k dkSu gksrk gS\
LoμewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the banks)–
1- ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku ----------------- osQ varxZr dk;Z djrk gSA
2- vè;kid f'k{kk gsrq igyk laLFkku lu~ 1802 esa ----------------- esa [kksyk x;kA
3- ,l- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- esa ------------ ftldk izeq[k jkT; f'k{kk ea=kh gksrk gSA
4- ,l- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- jkT; ds vè;kid f'k{kdksa ds fy, ------------ dj fuekZ.k djrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk

vkt fdlh turkaf=kd ns'k dk fodkl ogk¡ osQ f'k{kdksa osQ Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA Hkkjr dh f'k{kk
dk bfrgkl vfèkd izkphu gSA ijarq vè;kid f'k{kk dk fodkl vusd voLFkkvksa dks ikj dj pqdk
gSA Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ bl {ks=k esa vfèkd fodkl gqvk gSA vusd vk;ksx rFkk lfefr;ka xfBr dh
xb±A mUgksaus vè;kid f'k{kk esas lqèkkj gsrq Bksl lq>ko Hkh fn,A loZizFke izkFkfed Lrj osQ vè;kidksa
osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq lu~ 1802 esa lhjkeiqj esa izf'k{k.k laLFkku [kksyk x;kA efgykvksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ
fy, dydÙkk esa 1823 bZ- esa izf'k{k.k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk gqbZA lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ rhu izdkj dh
izf'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ (i) ukWeZy LowQyμ izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq (ii) vè;kid izf'k{k.k fo|ky;]
fefMy LowQy vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq rFkk (iii) izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; gkbZ LowQy osQ vè;kidksa osQ
izf'k{k.k gsrq FksA
csfld f'k{kk us vè;kidksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk f'k{k.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;kA jk‘ªh; vè;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1973 esa dh xbZA osQUnz ljdkj rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk dks Li‘ fd;k
x;kA bl izdkj vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lkèkuksa dk foHkktu izeq[k :i ls nks Lrjksa esa fd;k x;kμ
1- jkT; Lrjh; vfHkdj.k_ 2- jkT; Lrjh; vfHkdj.kA
ftyk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkkuμizR;sd jkT; us bl laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ,d dk;Zcy osQ :i
esa dh gS] ftlls orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu gqvk gSA
;g laLFkku jkT; f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ varxrZ gh viuk dk;Z djrh gS vkSj ifj"kn~ osQ fofHkUu foHkkxksa
ls vuqns'ku lkexzh izkIr djosQ mudk mi;ksx Hkh djrh gSA vè;kidksa dk vius 'kSf{kd dk;ks±
dks djus osQ fy, c<+kok nsrh gSA
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku rFkk izf'k{k.k ifj"knμ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- rFkk vè;kid f'k{kk funs'kky; 15
tuojh] 1990 esa vfLrRo esa vk,A 1964 esa ;g jkT; 'kSf{kd laLFkku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk izk:iμ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds izeq[k foHkkx rFkk bdkbZ;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaA
(i) ikB~;Øe fodkl dk foHkkx_
(ii) vè;kid f'k{kk rFkk lsokjr f'k{kk foHkkx_
(iii) f'k{kk vuqlaèkku foHkkx_
(iv) foKku rFkk xf.kr f'k{kk foHkkx_
(v) f'k{kk rduhdh foHkkx_
(vi) ewY;kadu rFkk ijh{kk lqèkkj foHkkx_
(vii) tula[;k f'k{kk foHkkx_
(viii) izkjafHkd fo|ky; rFkk izkjafHkd f'k{kk foHkkx_
(ix) izkS<+ f'k{kk rFkk detksj oxZ f'k{kk foHkkx_
(x) foLr`r lsok rFkk fo|ky; izcaèku foHkkx_
(xi) izdk'ku bdkbZ_
(xii) iqLrdky; bdkbZ rFkk
(xiii) iz'kkldh; bdkbZA
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- f'k{kk foHkkx dk 'kS{kf.kd vax gSA tks fo|ky; f'k{kk rFkk vè;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk
lqèkkj ds fy, iz;kljr jgrk gSA

10-4 'kCndks'k (Keywords) uksV

• vuqeksnuμ LohÑfr nsukA
• funs'kuμ vkKk nsuk] dFku] funsZ'k nsukA

1- ftyk f'k{kk laLFkku (MkbV) osQ dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A
2- ns'kHkj esa LFkkfir jkT;okn MkbV laLFkkuksa dh la[;k dk C;ksjk nhft,A
3- jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ izk:i ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
4- SCERT osQ dk;ks± dk mYys[k djsaA
mÙkjμ LoμewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)
1. ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2. lhjkeiqj 3. dk;ZØe ijke'kZ lfefr
4. funsZ'ku lkexzh

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ11% vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ
dk;Zμ,osQMfed LVkIk+Q dkWyst
(Agencies of Teacher Education and their
Functions—Academic Staff College)
mís'; (Objectives)
11.1 vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡μ ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWyst (Agencies of Teacher Education—
Academic Staff College)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsalhμ ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWyst dh Hkwfedk ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
,tsUlht eè;LFk bdkb;ka gksrh gSa tks 'kSf{kd iz'kklu lac/ a h dk;ks± osQ lEiknu esa lgk;d gksrh gSAa f'k{kk foHkkx
Hkh ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls (f'k{kk ea=kky; }kjk) cuk;h x;h 'kSf{kd ;kstukvksa dks fozQ;kfUor djus esa ,d ,tsUlh
dh gh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA vfHkdj.k lac/ a h dk;ks± dks lEikfnr djus okyh laLFkk;sa rhu izdkj dh gks ldrh gSμ a
(i) LoSfPNd laLFkk;saμ;s os laLFkk;sa gksrh gSa] tks lekt fgr esa f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj djrh gSa ,oa 'kSf{kd
dk;ks± dks xfr nsus esa egÙoiw.kZ izkekf.kr gksrh gSAa bu laLFkkvksa dk ewy mís'; ekuo lsok djuk rFkk ijekFkZ
gh gksrh gSA ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls Hkh bu laLFkkvksa dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy;s izsj.kkRed ;kstuk,¡ ykxw dh
tkrh gSaA ;s laLFkk;sa jftLVªs'ku vf/fu;e] lkslk;Vht vf/fu;e] 1860 osQ v/hu iatho`Qr gksrh gSaA
(ii) ljdkjh laLFkk,¡μ;s os laLFkk,a gksrh gSa tks osQUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj vFkok nksuksa osQ la;qDr iz'kklu osQ
vèkhu jgdj dke djrh gSaA Hkkjr esa jktdh; egkfo|ky;] jktdh; izkFkfed fo|ky;] ekè;fed ,oa
mPp ekè;fed fo|ky; ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ gSaA
(iii) Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkk,¡μLok;Ùk'kklh laLFkkvksa ls rkRi;Z ,slh laLFkkvksa ls gksrh gS ftudh LFkkiuk ljdkj
osQ ekè;e ls dh tkrh gS ,oa budh dk;Ziz.kkyh yksd leqnk; ls lacaf/r (turkaf=kd) gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa
NCERT, UGC, Universities ,oa blh izdkj dh vU; 'kSf{kd laLFkk;sa Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkk,¡ gh gSaA

bdkbZ—11% vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡ vkSj muosQ dk;Zμ,osQMfed LVkWiQ dkyst
f'k{kk iz'kklu ,d oSKkfud i¼fr Hkh gS ftlosQ rgr~ f'k{kk laca/h izca/dh; dk;ks± dk izcU/ fd;k tkrk gSA uksV
;s izca/ djus okyh laLFkk,a ljdkjh vFkok xSj ljdkjh gks ldrh gSaA tks eè;LFkrk osQ :i esa lEiUu fd,
tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa 'kSf{kd izcU/ dc ls vkjaHk gqvkA blosQ fo"k; eas lgh rF;kRed ,oa Bksl izkekf.kd fcUnq
rks ugha crk;k tk ldrk ijUrq tgka rd bl fo"k; esa ,sfrgkfld tkudkjh feyh gS] mlosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa
'kSf{kd iz'kklu dh 'kq#vkr lu~ 1775 bZ- ls ekuh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa lu~ 1835 bZ- esa Hkh ykWMZ eSdkys osQ ekè;e
ls f'k{kk uhfr dks fu;r fd;k x;k FkkA blh laca/ esa lu~ 1854 bZ- esa ljpkYlZ us ,d enn izcU/ Hkh ykxw
dh FkhA bUVj deh'ku us lu~ 1882 bZ- esa f'k{kk iz'kklu esa lq/kj dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
f'k{kk laca/h dk;ks± dk izca/ djus okyh laLFkk,¡ ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh nksuksa gh gks
ldrh gSaA
Hkkjr esa lu~ 1921 esa }S/ 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ls lu~ 1929 esa gjVkWx desVh us f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"kn ls
fliQkfj'k dh tks lu~ 1935 esa ykxw gqbZ FkhA lktsZUV deh'ku us lu~ 1944 esa jk"Vª fodkl dks f'k{kk dk y{;
ekurs gq, iz'kklu laca/h ekeyksa esa mnkjrk cjrus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA bl rjg 'kSf{kd txr esa lq/kj djus]
iBu&ikBu dks lqO;ofLFkr djus] f'k{kk dk lefUor izpkj&izlkj dj Hkkjr esa 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls lefUor fodkl
djus] 'kSf{kd izcU/ dks lqpk# :i ls pykus] ijLij tkuus igpkuus dh 'kfDr dk izpkj djus] 'kSf{kd iz'kklu
esa ,d u;kiu] ykus ,oa jpukRed vkSj l`tukRed fodkl gsrq f'k{kk txr esa fHkUu&fHkUu vfHkdj.kksa dh
vko';drk eglwl dh xbZA f'k{kk laca/h laLFkkuksa dks ge fuEufyf[kr rjg ls Li"V dj ldrs gSaμ
1- 'kSf{kd izcU/ osQ {ks=k esa f'k{kk lac/h dk;ks± dks lqO;ofLFkr rjhosQ ls laikfnr djus gsrq ftu vfHkdj.kksa
vFkok ,tsUlht dk izcU/ fd;k x;k gS muesa LoSfPNd ,oa ljdkjh nks rjg dh ,stUlht eq[;r;k dke
djrh gSaA LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa esa oqQN laLFkk,¡ rks iwjh rjg ls Lok;Ùk gksrh gSa ,oa oqQN Lok;Ùk laLFkk,¡ gksrh
gSaA ljdkjh laLFkkvksa vFkok vfHkdj.kksa esa osQUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj ,oa LFkkuh; fudk; ,tsUlht osQ :i
esa fozQ;k'khy gksrh gSaA uxj ifj"knksa ,oa xzke iapk;rsa vFkok iapk;rsa LFkkuh; fudk; osQ gh vax gksrs gSaA
bl izdkj ,d pSuy osQ :i esa dk;Z laikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh Lrj ij vke rkSj ij ;g Hkh le>k
tk ldrk gS liQyrk fupys Lrj ij lcls vf/d fuHkZj djrh gSA ijUrq 'kSf{kd izca/ rFkk iz'kklu osQ
oqQ'ky gksus ij fupys Lrj ls Hkh ldkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dh gh rqyuk esa dh tkrh gSA ifj.kker% 'kSf{kd
izca/ izfozQ;k osQ ekè;e ls fHkUu&fHkUu ,tsUlht osQ ekè;e ls 'kSf{kd dk;ks± dks laikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- osQUnzh; ljdkj dh Hkk¡fr jkT; Lrj ij Hkh 'kSf{kd dk;ks± dks fozQ;kfUor djus gsrq eè;LFkrk dh Js.kh esa
,d pSuy dke djrh gSA bl pSuy esa f'k{kk ea=kh] mi f'k{kkea=kh] f'k{kk lfpo] la;qDr f'k{kk lfpo] f'k{kk
lapkyd] vfrfjDr f'k{kk lapkyd] lg f'k{kk lapkyd] f'k{kk mi lapkyd] {ks=kh; f'k{kk lapkyd] ftyk
fo|ky; fujh{kd] fo|ky; mi fujh{kd bR;kfn ,d pSuy Ükà[kykc¼ <ax ls f'k{kk laca/h dkeksa dks iwjk
djus esa lfozQ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
la;qDr f'k{kk lfpo osQ v/hu f'k{kk lfpo] f'k{kk mi lfpo vkSj f'k{kk lg lfpo dk ,d pSuy Hkh
gksrk gSA vr,o Nk=kksa dh f'k{kk osQ izpkj&izlkj vkSj Nk=k f'k{kk fodkl gsrq {ks=kh; fujh{kdksa dk Hkh izcU/
jgrk gSA bl rjg jkT; Lrj ij Hkh f'k{kk lapkyu gsrq vyx&vyx ,tsUlht dk;Z djrh gSaA 'kSf{kd
iz'kklu dk izcU/ LFkkuh; Lrj ij Hkh gksrh gSA blosQ rgr~ ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa dks f'k{kk txr esa ykxw
djus dh vyx&vyx dk;Z ;sktuk,a 'kkfey gksrh gSa] ftuesa eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr dk;Z laikfnr fd;s
tkrs gSaμ

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (i) f'k{kk iz'kklu osQ izca/dh; dk;ks± dks lqn`<+ cuk, j[kus gsrq ,d vPNs izca/u dk;ks± dk laiknu
djukA
(ii) fo|ky; dh ekU;rk laca/h vkSipkfjdrkvksa dk ikyu djkuk rFkk ml fo|ky; dks ekU;rk nsus
vFkok ugha nsus osQ laca/ es egRoiw.kZ dk;Z laikfnr djukA
(iii) fo|ky;ksa esa ykxw dh tkus okyh ikB~; iqLrdksa dk p;u djuk ,oa fo|ky;ksa dk fujh{k.k djuk
Hkh LFkkuh; Lrj ij fozQ;kfUor ,tsUlht gh fuHkkrh gSA 'kSf{kd iz'kklu esa LFkkuh; Lrj ij ftyk
ifj"kn ,d mPp LFkkuh; laLFkk gksrh gS tcfd ftyk ifj;kstuk vf/dkjh (izk<S + f'k{kk) ftyk f'k{kk
vfèkdkjh ls fupys Lrj dh lh<+kh gksrh gSA blh izdkj uxjikfydk {ks=k esa uxjikfydk f'k{kk vè;{k
,oa ekU;rk izkIr fo|ky;ksa gsrq lg mifujh{kd dke djrs gSaA
(iv) fo|ky;ksa dks vuqnku nsus osQ laca/ esa vko';d dk;Zokgh iw.kZ djkuk rFkk vuqnku (Grant) lacaèkh
dke djrs gSaA
(v) iz/kukè;kid fo|kyk;ksa esa ;|fi izca/d osQ :i esa rFkk fu;a=kd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA ijUrq
fo|ky;ksa esa ykxw fd, tkus okys ikB~;ozQe dk fu/kZj.k Hkh LFkkuh; Lrj ij gh laikfnr fd; tkrk gSA
3- osQUnz ljdkj osQ Lrj ij Hkh 'kSf{kd izca/ o iz'kklu laca/h dk;Z ,d psu ds ekè;e ls laikfnr gksrk gSA
bl psu dh izR;sd dM+h 'kSf{kd dk;Z dks laikfnr djus okyh ,tsalh gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa osQUnzh; Lrj ij
f'k{kk lacaèkh dk;ks± dh lwph fuEufyf[kr izdkj gSμ
(d) f'k{kk ea=kh
([k) jkT; mi ea=kh
(x) f'k{kk mi ia=kh
(?k) f'k{kk lfpo
(Ä) funs'kd Lrj ij 'kSf{kd dk;ks± dk pSuy bl rjg gksrk gSμ
ijke'kZnkrk] miijke'kZnkrk] dk;ZozQe laHkkx
(i) lkaf[;dh rFkk lwpuk
(ii) ifj;kstuk
(iii) izkS<+ f'k{kk
(p) la;qDr lfpoμdk;ks± dks laikfnr djus dh izcU/ la;qDr lfpo Lrj ij fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh
xbZ gSμ
(i) mi lfpo (iqLrd lq/kj)
(ii) mi f'k{kk ijke'kZnkrk mi lfpo (;qok lsok)
(iii) mi lfpo (fgUnh [k.M)
(iv) fo'ks"kkf/dkjh (laLo`Qr)
(v) funs'kd (iz'kklu)
(N) la;qDr lfpoμ'kSf{kd dk;ks± dks xfr la;qDr lfpo Lrj ij nsus gsrq Hkkjr esa fuEukafdr
fozQ;k'khy gSμ
(i) dk;ZozQe izcU/d
(ii) f'k{kk miijke'kZnkrk
(iii) mi lfpo (fo|ky; laHkkx)

(iv) mi lfpo (;wusLdks laHkkx) uksV

(v) lgk;d f'k{kk ijke'kZnkrk (izdk'ku ,dd)
(t) funs'kd (vkUrfjd foÙk)
(>) la;qDr f'k{kk ijke'kZnkrkμbl Lrj ij Hkh fuEufyf[kr rhu pSuyksa esa gksdj dk;Z laikfnr gksrk gSμ
(i) miijke'kZnkrk (lfpo {ks=k)
(ii) miijke'kZnkrk (mPp f'k{kk)
(iii) mi lfpo (fons'k Nk=ko`fÙk)
(×k) f'k{kk ijke'kZnkrk (rduhdh)
(i) mi ijke'kZnkrk (rduhdh f'k{kk foHkkx)
'kSf{kd dk;Z dk laiknu mi;ZqDr pSuy osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjr esa osQUnz Lrj ij gksrk gSA osQUnzh; f'k{kk uhfr dk
lapkyu Hkkjr esa osQUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"kn~ osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk izksRlkgu nsus osQ
mís'; ls gh osQUnz ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{k.k vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k
ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr] izo`Qfr ,oa jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk foHkkx dk izcUèkd
rVLFk eè;LFkrk dk dk;Z djrk gSA le;≤ ij osQUnz ljdkj osQ vykok jkT; ljdkjsa Hkh viuh&viuh f'k{kk
vius }kjk (jktLFkku ljdkj dh ;kstuk) vius Lrj ij dbZ ;kstuk,¡ fozQ;kfUor djrh gSaA bl izdkj ljdkjh
Lrj ij Hkh 'kSf{kd izcU/ gSA
11-1 vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡&,osQMfed LVki+Q dkWyst (Agencies of Teacher

Education— Academic Staff College)
fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk lEcfU/r egkfo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij osrueku osQ lEcU/ esa fjiksVZ nsus
okyh esgjks=kk lfefr osQ lq>ko ij fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh us iwjs ns'k esa 50 ,osQMsfed LVkiQ dkyst
(Academic Staff Colleges) LFkkfir djus dk y{; j[kk Fkk orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkystksa
dh la[;k 66 gSA ;s dkWyst fo'ofo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; osQ vè;kidksa dh dk;Z&i¼fr esa lq/kj ykus dk iz;kl
djsaxs] ftlls ns'k dh u;h f'k{kk&uhfr Hkyh izdkj dk;kZfUor dh tk losQA f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh esa lq/kj yk;s
fcuk mPp f'k{kk dh izxfr ugha gks ldrh] esgjks=kk lfefr us Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk gS fd mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Z
djus okys f'k{kd dks vfxze osrueku ij rHkh izksUur fd;k tk losQxk tc og ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyst ls dksbZ
izf'k{k.k izkIr dj ysxkA pkgs ;g izf'k{k.k fdlh ijEijkxr fo'ofo|ky; ;k eqDr fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fd;k x;k gksA
esgjks=kk lfefr osQ lq>ko ij fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa 50 ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWyst
[kksyus dk y{; j[kk FkkA orZeku le; esa ;g la[;k c<+dj 66 gks xbZ gSA
oqQN vk/kjHkwr leL;k,¡ (Some Basic Problems)μ;s ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyst oqQN leL;k;sa mRiUu djsaxs
ftudk gy igys gh [kkst ysuk gksxkA ;g rks lgh gS fd fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (U. G. C.) osQ lkeus budh
LFkkiuk esa foÙkh; vM+pu ugha vk;sxh] ijUrq fuEufyf[kr leL;k,¡ vo'; lkeus vk,¡xhμ
(1) fo'ofo|ky; vè;kidksa osQ iqu% izf'k{k.k osQ dk;ZozQe vk;ksftr djus ls lEcfU/r leL;kA
(2) bl mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, fu;qDr LVkiQ dh vkdkj&lEcU/h leL;kA
(3) ml xq.koÙkk (Quality) dh leL;k] ftuosQ vk/kj ij vuqns'kdksa (Instructors) dk pquko gksxkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (4) ;s vuqn's kd vkLFkk vkSj liQyrk osQ lkFk dÙkZO; fuokZg dj losQa ] blosQ fy, dksbZ izyksHku (Motivation)
fu/kZfjr djus dh leL;kA
(5) fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ls bu dkWystksa dks feyus okys lg;ksx osQ u feyus dh vk'kadk] ftlls
dÙkZO;ijk;.krk esa ck/k vk ldrh gSA
(6) fo'ofo|ky; vè;kidksa osQ iquizfZ 'k{k.k (Retraining) osQ fy;s vkus ls iwoZ vuqn's kdksa (Instructors) dh
rS;kjh dh leL;k vFkkZr~ muosQ lkeus fof'k"V izf'k{k.k rF; (Issues) D;k gks\a n`f"Vdks.k (Aspects) D;k gksa
vkSj fo"k;&lkexzh (Content) D;k gks\a buosQ fu/kZj.k osQ fcuk os bu vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k ugha ns ldrsA
(7) bu leL;kvksa osQ fujkdj.k osQ fcuk ;s ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyst vius mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ fuokZg esa liQy ugha
gks ldrsA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (U. G. C) tc vè;kidksa osQ iquizZf'k{k.k osQ dke dks fdlh
,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyst dks lkSaisxh rks og mls lEcfU/r dk;ZozQeksa osQ vk;kstu esa iw.kZ LorU=krk iznku
djsxhA rHkh f'k{kd ,d mi;qDr ckSf¼d (Intellectual)] uSfrd (Moral) lkekftd (Social) okrkoj.k
ik losQa xs vkSj dkWyt
s Bhd izdkj ls dÙkZO; fuokZg dj ik;sxkA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us Li"V laoQs r
fn;k gS fd ;s dk;ZozQe Hkkjrh; n'kkvksa osQ vuq:i gh vk;ksftr fd;s tkus pkfg,A
,osQMsfed LVkiQ dkWyst dh LFkkiuk osQ mís';ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
fodYi (The Alternatives)μ;g lq>ko fn;s x;s gSa fd fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vè;kidksa osQ
iquizZf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sμ
(1) ;s ,osQMsfed LVkiQ dkWyst (A. S. C.) fo'ofo|ky; dh ifjlhek esa jgrs gq, i`Fko~Q lÙkk (Separate
Entity) osQ :i esa dke djsaA
(2) bls vuojr f'k{kk (Continuing Education) dk i`Fko~Q foHkkx (Department) ekuk tk;A
(3) bls dkWyst fodkl ifj"kn~ (College Development Council) dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djus okyk ekuk tk; tSls
lEc¼ fo'ofo|ky; (Affiliating University) vius mÙkjnkf;Ro ij bldk lapkyu djrk gSA
(4) bl ,osQMsfed LVkiQ dks vPNs dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, jkT; dh 'kSf{kd fu;kstu ,oa iz'kklu dh laLFkk (Institute
of Educational Planning and Administration) osQ :i esa LFkkukUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us fo'ofo|ky; dks ,osQMsfed LVkWiQdkWyst osQ lapkyu osQ fy, iw.kZ LorU=krk ns nh
gS fd og mi;qDr fdlh Hkh fodYi dks pqu ysaA
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)—
1- lktsV± deh'ku us lu~ -------------------------- esa jk"Vªfodkl dks f'k{kk dk y{; ekurs gq, iz'kklu lac/
a h ekeyksa
esa mnkjrk cjrus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
2- esgjks=kk lfefr us Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk fd mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij dk;Z djus okys f'k{kd dks vfxze osrueku
ij rHkh izksUur fd;k tk losQxk tc og ---------------------- ls dksbZ izf'k{k.k izkIr dj ysxkA
3- fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us Li"V :i esa dgk gS fd ,osQMfed lVkWi+Q dkWyst osQ dk;ZozQe
------------------------- osQ vuq:i gh vk;ksftr fd, tkus pkfg,A
4- ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkyst osQ -------------------------------- dk p;u cM+h xaHkhjrk vkSj oqQ'kyrk ls djuk gksxkA

ize[q k y{; (The Major Objectives)μfo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyt s osQ fuEufyf[kr uksV
y{; (Objectives) fu/kZfj; fd;s gSaμ
(1) fo|ky; f'k{kk dk Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk fu/kZfjr yksdrkfU=kd ifjos'k esa vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl
ls vVwV lEcU/ cuk jgsA
(2) ;g le>uk fd vè;kid Hkkjr esa /eZ&fujis{k (Secular) lekt dk fuekZ.k oSQls dj ldrs gSa ftlesa
Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dks mlosQ vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd tUefl¼ vf/dkj vkSj lqfo/k,¡ fuckZ/ xfr ls
feyrs jgsaA
(3) f'k{k.k dh vk/kjHkwr oqQ'kyrk (Basic Skill of Teaching) dks vftZr djuk vkSj mlesa lq/kj ykukA
(4) fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa osQ laxBu (Organizaiton) izcU/ (Management) rFkk iz'kklu
(Administration) osQ ewyHkwr vk/kjksa (Fundamentals) dks xzg.k djosQ mUgsa ykxw djus dh {kerk
iznku djukA
mi;qZDr pkjksa y{; Lo;a gh Li"V gSaA vc gesa ;g ns[kuk gS fd ,osQMsfed LVki+Q dkWyst] bu y{;ksa dks fdl lhek
rd vogsyuk dj ldrs gSa ;k mu ij vko';drk ls vf/d cy ns ldrs gSaA
ikB;ozQe (The Curriculum)μmi;ZDq r y{;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,osQMsfed LVki+Q dkWyt s ksa dks viuk mi;ksxh
ikB~;ozQe fu/kZfjr djuk gksxkA ;g dk;Z dfBu ugha gksxk] D;ksfa d mi;qDZ r izR;sd y{; Lo;a Li"V gS vkSj ikB~;ozQe
fu/kZj.k osQ fy, mi;qZDr fn'kk fu/kZfjr djrk gSA
vè;kid e.My (The Staff )μ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWystksa osQ fy, vuqns'kdksa (Instructors) dk p;u cM+h gh
xEHkhjrk vkSj oqQ'kyrk ls djuk gksxkA vU;Fkk y{;ksa dh iwfrZ esa liQyrk ugha feysxhA bl lEcU/ esa gesa dksbZ
ekun.M (Critaria) fu/kZfjr djuk gksxkA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us bu dkWystksa dks iw.kZ Loru=krk nh gS
fd os tgk¡ ls Hkh pkgsa vkSj tSls Hkh pkgsa vuqns'kd pqu ldrs gSaA lEHkor% budk p;u fo'ofo|ky; esa ls gh
fd;k tk;sxkA ijUrq nqHkkZX; ls gesa ,slk lkfgR; miyC/ ugha gS tks ;g fn'kk nsrk gks fd fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kdksa dks
izf'k{k.k oSQls fn;k tk;\ D;k rduhd viuk;h tk;A d{kk dh fLFkfr esa fo'ofo|ky; vè;kid dh D;k fo'ks"krk
gksuh pkfg,A ;g Hkh Li"V ugha gSA Hkkjr esa ,osQMsfed LVki+Q dkWyst dh ;kstuk iqjkuh gS] vr% bldh mi;ksfxrk
vkSj lEHkkoukvksa ij dksbZ fVIi.kh djuk lEHko ugha gksxkA ijUrq bruh ckr vo'; eu esa ?kwerh gS fd oqQN yksx
O;FkZ gh fcuk ;ksX;rk osQ vuqns'kd (Instructor) cuus dh dkeuk djrs jgrs gSaA vuqns'kd (Instructor) cuus osQ
fy, lsok&n'kkvksa (Service Conditions) dk mi;qDr vkSj vkd"kZd gksuk cgqr vko';d gSA ijUrq bl vkd"kZ.k
ls iz'kklu vkSj O;oLFkk esa HkkbZ&Hkrhtkckn vkSj LokFkZijrk dh Hkkouk vk tk;sxh tks ,osQMsfed LVki+Q dkWyst osQ
y{;ksa dh iwfrZ esa ck/d gksxhA Hkys gh fcyEc gks tk;] ijUrq bl leL;k dk gy Hkh xEHkhjrk ls lksp ysuk pkfg,
ftlls bu dkWystksa dh mi;ksfxrk cuh jgsA

• ,tsUlht eè;LFk bdkb;ka gksrh gSa tks 'kSf{kd iz'kklu laca/h dk;ks± osQ lEiknu esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA f'k{kk
foHkkx Hkh ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls (f'k{kk ea=kky; }kjk) cuk;h x;h 'kSf{kd ;kstukvksa dks fozQ;kfUor djus
esa ,d ,tsUlh dh gh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA vfHkdj.k laca/h dk;ks± dks lEikfnr djus okyh laLFkk;sa rhu izdkj
dh gks ldrh gSaμ
(i) LoSfPNd laLFkk;saμ;s os laLFkk;sa gksrh gSa] tks lekt fgr esa f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj djrh gSa ,oa 'kSf{kd
dk;ks± dks xfr nsus esa egÙoiw.kZ izkekf.kr gksrh gSAa bu laLFkkvksa dk ewy mís'; ekuo lsok djuk rFkk ijekFkZ
gh gksrh gSA ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls Hkh bu laLFkkvksa dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy;s izsj.kkRed ;kstuk,¡ ykxw dh
tkrh gSaA ;s laLFkk;sa jftLVªs'ku vf/fu;e] lkslk;Vht vf/fu;e] 1860 osQ v/hu iatho`Qr gksrh gSaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (ii) ljdkjh laLFkk,¡μ;s os laLFkk,a gksrh gSa tks osQUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj vFkok nksuksa osQ la;qDr iz'kklu osQ
vèkhu jgdj dke djrh gSaA Hkkjr esa jktdh; egkfo|ky;] jktdh; izkFkfed fo|ky;] ekè;fed ,oa
mPp ekè;fed fo|ky; ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ gSaA
(iii) Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkk,¡μLok;Ùk'kklh laLFkkvksa ls rkRi;Z ,slh laLFkkvksa ls gksrh gS ftudh LFkkiuk ljdkj
osQ ekè;e ls dh tkrh gS ,oa budh dk;Ziz.kkyh yksd leqnk; ls lacaf/r (turkaf=kd) gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa
NCERT, UGC, Universities ,oa blh izdkj dh vU; 'kSf{kd laLFkk;sa Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkk;sa gh gSaA
• vè;kid f'k{kk dh ,tsafl;k¡&,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWystμfo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk lEcfU/r egkfo|ky;ksa osQ

f'k{kdksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij osrueku osQ lEcU/ esa fjiksVZ nsus okyh esgjks=kk lfefr osQ lq>ko ij
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh us iwjs ns'k esa 50 ,osQMsfed LVkiQ dkyst (Academic Staff
Colleges) LFkkfir djus dk y{; j[kk Fkk orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkystksa dh la[;k
66 gSA ;s dkWyt s fo'ofo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; osQ vè;kidksa dh dk;Z&i¼fr esa lq/kj ykus dk iz;kl djsxa ]s
ftlls ns'k dh u;h f'k{kk&uhfr Hkyh izdkj dk;kZfUor dh tk losQA f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh esa lq/kj yk;s
fcuk mPp f'k{kk dh izxfr ugha gks ldrh] esgjks=kk lfefr us Li"V 'kCnksa esa dgk gS fd mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij
dk;Z djus okys f'k{kd dks vfxze osrueku ij rHkh izksUur fd;k tk losQxk tc og ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyst
ls dksbZ izf'k{k.k izkIr dj ysxkA pkgs ;g izf'k{k.k fdlh ijEijkxr fo'ofo|ky; ;k eqDr fo'ofo|ky; }kjk
fd;k x;k gksA
• izeq[k y{; (The Major Objectives)μfo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us ,osQMsfed LVkWiQ dkWyst osQ
fuEufyf[kr y{; (Objectives) fu/kZfj; fd;s gSaμ
(1) fo|ky; f'k{kk dk Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk fu/kZfjr yksdrkfU=kd ifjos'k esa vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl
ls vVwV lEcU/ cuk jgsA
(2) ;g le>uk fd vè;kid Hkkjr esa /eZ&fujis{k (Secular) lekt dk fuekZ.k oSQls dj ldrs gSa ftlesa
Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dks mlosQ vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd tUefl¼ vf/dkj vkSj lqfo/k,¡ fuckZ/ xfr ls
feyrs jgsaA
(3) f'k{k.k dh vk/kjHkwr oqQ'kyrk (Basic Skill of Teaching) dks vftZr djuk vkSj mlesa lq/kj ykukA
(4) fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa osQ laxBu (Organizaiton) izcU/ (Management) rFkk iz'kklu
(Administration) osQ ewyHkwr vk/kjksa (Fundamentals) dks xzg.k djosQ mUgsa ykxw djus dh {kerk
iznku djukA

• laLrfrμ iz'kalk] HkkofHkO;fDr dh vkyadkfjd 'kSyh] fliQkfj'k
• etfylμ cSBus dh txg] lHkk] tylk (tSls&xkus ctkus dh etfyl)

1- ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWyst dh oqQN vk/kj Hkwr leL;k,¡ ,oa muosQ lek/ku dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
2- ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWyst osQ y{;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment) uksV

1. lu~ 1944 2. ,osQMfed LVkiQ dkWyst] 3. Hkkjrh; n'kkvksa] 4. vuqns'kdksa

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZ 12% f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd çf'{kdksa ds fy, p;u
ekunaM (Selection Criteria for Teachers and
Teacher Educators)
mís'; (Objectives)
12.1 HkrhZ (Recruitment)
12.2 HkrhZ ds rjhds (Recruitment Methods)
12.3 çkFkfed Lrj ds f'k{kd ds fy, p;u ekunaM (Selection Criteria for Primary level
Teacher)
12.4 f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk (Vh-bZ-Vh) (Teacher Eligibility Test (TET))
12.5 f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM (Selection Criteria for Teacher Educators)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
• HkrhZ ds ckjs esa ppkZ djus ds fy,A
• HkrhZ ds ckjs esa o.kZu A
• çkFkfed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM ds ckjs esa le>kus ds fy,A
• çkFkfed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM ds ckjs esa le>kus ds fy,A
• Hkkjr esa lHkh fo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk ds ckjs esa ppkZA
,d •kl dke ;k in ds fy, fdlh Hkh 'kjhj dk p;u djuk ,d egRoiq~.kZ çfØ;k gSA f'k{kdksa ds ekeys
esa] ;g çfØ;k vf/d pqukSrhiw~.kZ gks tkrh gS] D;ksafd cPpksa dh f'k{kk] f'k{kk ç.kkyh dk lcls egRoiw.kZ igyw
gSA bl bdkbZ esa f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM ds ckjs esa ppkZ gS] ysfdu blds ckjs
esa vè;;u ls igys ges çfØ;k dhs uhfr;k vkfn Hkh irk gksuh pkfg,A

bdkbZ—12% f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd çf'{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM
f'k{k.k vkSj Ldwyksa esa cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsuk ,d vklku dke ugha gS] blfy, Ldwy esa vè;kiu ds fy, uksV
mEehnokj dk p;u cgqr eq'fdy gSA vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa vPNs f'k{kdksa dks cukuk ,d cM+h fpark dk
fo"k; gSA lgh fn'kk esa ,d f'k{k.k dh ço`fÙk fodflr djuk vè;kid f'k{kdksa dh ,d cM+h ftEesnkjh gS]
blfy, lgh mEehnokj dk bu inksa ij p;u t:jh gSA
12-1 HkrhZ (Recruitment)

HkrhZ i;kZIr tu'kfÙkQ lzksrksa dk fodkl vkSj vuqj{k.k gSAblesa miyC/ ekuo lalk/uksa ds ,d NksVk rkykc dk
fuekZ.k 'kkfey gS ftlesa ls laxBu fudky ldrs gSa tc vfrfjÙkQ deZpkfj;ksa dh t:jr gksAHkrhZ dqN dkS'ky]
{kerk] vkSj ,d laxBu esa ukSdjh fjfÙkQ;ksa ds fy, vU; O;fÙkQxr fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk vkosndksa dks vkdjf"kr
djus dh çfØ;k gSAnsusysZ vkSj IyqECy; (1969)]HkrhZZ yksxksa dh visf{kr la[;k vkSj mudh xq.koÙkk ekius ls
lacaf/r gSA;g u dsoy ,d daiuh dh t:jr dks iwjk djus dh ,d ckr gS] ;g ,d xfrfof/ Hkh gS tks
daiuh ds Hkfo"; ds vkdkj dks çHkkfor djrh gS A fuEufyf•r ds fy, Hkrh dh t:jr mRiUu gks
ldrh%(1)inksUufr] LFkkukarj.k] lekfIr] lsokfuo`fÙk] LFkk;h fodykaxrk ;k ekSr dh fjfÙkQ;ksa dh otg ls(2)
O;kikj ds foLrkj] fofo/hdj.k] fodkl] vkSj brus ij dh otg ls fjfÙkQ;ksa dk fuekZ.kA
12-1-1 HkrhZ lekjksg
HkrhZ dk dk;Z tu'kfÙkQ ds lzksrksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, dke dh t:jrksa vkSj fofunsZ'k dks iwjk djuk gSAHkrhZ
çfØ;k dk igyk pj.k gS tks p;u ds lkFk tkjh gksrk gS vkSj mEehnokj dh fu;fqÙkQ ds lkFk lekIr gksrk
gSAukSdfj;ksa dks Hkjus ds fy, mEehnokjksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa dh çHkkoh vkiw~frZ m|e vkSj lac¼ dkjdksa dh
çfr"Bk]Je cktkj ds jkT; ds :i esa dbZ dkjdksa ij eq[; ,pvkj dk;Zi¼fr fuHkZj djsxkA vkarfjd dkjdksa
esa ru•+okg vkSj osru dh uhfr;ka ekStwnk d;Z cy dh mez lajpuk]inksUufr vkSj lsokfuof`Ùk dh uhfr;ka] dkjksckj
nj vkSj visf{kr dkfeZdksa ds çdkj 'kkfey gSAHkrhZ ds ckgjh fu/kZjd lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj dkuwuh dkjd
gSA
,d i;kZIr ekuo lalk/u ds fcuk daiuh le`¼] fodflr ;k ;gk¡ rd fd thfor ugha jg ldrhA gkyh ds
o"kksaZ esa çf'kf{kr tu'kfÙkQ ds fy, vko';d ,d dq'ky HkrhZ dk;Z dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dqN laxBuksa ij ncko
fn;k x;k gSA
HkrhZ dkfeZd ç'kklu dk lcls egRoiw~.kZ dk;Z gSAtc rd lgh çdkj ds yksx dke ij j•s ugha
tkrs gS]rc rd ;gka rd fd lcls vPNh ;kstuk] laxBu ekufp=k vkSj fu;a=k.k ç.kkyh dk dksbZ
iQk;nk ugha gksxkA
12-2 HkrhZ ds rjhds (Recruitment Methods)

tc HkrhZ lw=kksa ls ladsr feyrs gS tc ekuo lalk/u çkIr dh tk ldrh gS]HkrhZ ds rjhdksa vkSj rduhdksa ds
lkFk lkSnk dSls bu lzksrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, gSAMu vkSj LVhiQal HkrhZ fof/&çR;{k]vçR;{k vkSj rhljs
i{k ds ,d rhu Lrjh; oxhZdj.k dk ikyu djrs gSA
lh/s rjhds%bldk lcls vf/d mi;ksx çR;{k fof/ Ldwyksa] dkWystksa] çca/u laLFkkuksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky; ds
foHkkxksa ij gksRkk gSAvkerkSj ij] bl çdkj dh HkrhZ dh O;oLFkk 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa lk{kkRdkj dh O;oLFkk] vkSj

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV miyC/ LFkku vkSj Nk=kksa ck;ksMsVk cukus esa fd tkrh gSAlaxBuksa dk ifjlj esa HkrhZ ds ekè;e ls fu'fpr ykHk
gSAlcls igys] ykxr de gS] nwljk] os vYi lwpuk ij lk{kkRdkj dh O;oLFkk dj ldrs gS] rhljk] os f'k{k.k
ladk; dks iwjk dj ldrs gSa] pkSFkk] ;g mUgsa ,d cM+s ifjlj esa HkrhZ Nk=k dh ekax leqnk; laxBu dks cspus
dk volj nsrk gSAçca/dh; vkSj i;Zos{kh inksa ds fy, blds vfrfjÙkQ]dbZ laxBuksa ;k=kk fu;ksÙkQkvksa dk mi;ksx
O;kolkf;d Ldwyksa vkSj vkS|kssfxd çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ls dq'ky vkSj v¼Z&dq'ky deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ djus
ds fy, djrs gSAdHkh dHkh] ;gka rd fd vdq'ky Jfed Hkh bl i¼fr ls vkdf"kZr gks jgs gSAvU; lh/s rjhds
esa fu;ksÙkQkvksa ds Hkstus ds fy, ukSdjh esyksa esa çn~f'kZu]xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa eksckby f'kfojksa dk mi;ksx djus ds
fy, •jhnkjh dsUæksa dk nkSjk vkSj LFkkuksa tgka csjkstxkj laidZ fd;k tk ldrk gS dh LFkkiuk 'kkfey gSA
vçR;{k rjhds%bldk lcls vf/d mi;ksx v•ckjksa] if=kdkvksa tSls çdk'kuksa esa foKkiu vkSj O;kikj if=kdkvksa
rFkk rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d if=kdkvksa esa gksRkk gSAtxg]ehfM;k vkSj foKkiuksa ds le; dk pquko vkSj ikBd
ds fy, vihy lHkh foKkiuksa dh çHkkodkfjrk fu/kZfjr ij gSA
,d mi;ksxh foKkiu dks dke dk ,d laf{kIr C;kSjk nsuk pkfg,_tSls mRikn@lsok] vkdkj] m|ksx çdkj]
ykHkçnrk] foLrkj dk;ZØeksa ds laxBu dk ,d lkjka'k] vkSj eqvkotk iSdst dk ,d çLrkoA,d vPNs foKkiu
dks fof'k"V]Li"V]ikBd ds vuqdwy vkSj vkd"kZd gksuk pkfg,AvLi"V 'kCnksa esa vkSj O;kid vk/kfjr foKkiu
vçklafxd vuqç;ksxksa dk cgqr mRiknu dj ldrs gSa tks çlaLdj.k dh ykxr esa of`¼ ds fy, vko';d gSA,d
foKkiu dh rS;kjh esa ]blfy,] Lo;a dk p;u vkosndksa ds chp lqfu'fpr djus ds fy, cgqr lko/kuh yh
tkuh pkfg,Anwljs 'kCnksa esa] yksxksa dks fof'k"V t:jrksa dks iwjk ds fy, foKkiu dk tokc nsus ds ckjs esa lkspuk
pkfg,A,d lko/kuh ls 'kCnksa esa fy[ks x, foKkiu laxBu dh Nfo ds fuekZ.k esa enn dj ldrs gSAfoKkiu
dks laxBu vkSj laHkkfor mEehnokjksa dks volj çnku djus ds fy, Hkjrh dsaæ ls ukSdjh ds ckjs esa laidZ dh
tkudkjh dk ladsr iznku djuk pkfg,AvU; vçR;{k foKkiu rjhdksa esa jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh foKkiu 'kkfey
gSAuksfVl cksMZ daiuh ds }kj ij j•k foKkiu dk vDlj bLrseky gksus okyk ,d vU; rjhdk gSA
rhljs ny ds rjhds%bldk lcls vf/d mi;ksx lkoZtfud vkSj futh jkstxkj ,tsafl;ksa esa gksRkk gSAlkoZtfud
jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa dks dkj•kus ds deZpkfj;ksa vkSj DydZ dh ukSdjh ds lkFk cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;k gSAos ;g
Hkh is'ksoj deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ esa enn djus ds fy, çnku djrs gSAos futh ,tsafl;ksa ijke'kZ lsok,a çnku djrs
gS vkSj çeq• ,pvkj dk;Zi¼fr ,d 'kqYd pktZ djrs gSAbUgsa vke rkSj ij xqxkZsa] dk;kZy; ds deZpkfj;ksa]
foØsrk] i;Zos{kh vkSj çca/u dfe;ksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, fo'ks"kKrk çkIr gSA
f'k{kd ftlds ikl ch-,M- dh fMxzh gS fMxzh dh i<+kbZ ds ckn fMxzh çf'k{kr xzstq,V
f'k{kd dgk tkrk gSA
12-3 çkFkfed Lrj ds f'k{kd ds fy, p;u ekunaM (Selection Criteria for
Primary level Teacher)
iw~oZ çkFkfed f'k{kd] vf/ekur% esa de ls de 50» dqy vad ds lkFk 12 oha d{kk ikl gksuh pkfg,A
O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k dsUæksa dh ,d la[;k gS tks iw~oZ Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k dk lapkyu djrs gSA
eksaVsljh f'k{kd çf'k{k.k Ldwy gS tks Ldwy iw~oZ f'k{kk ds fy, çf'k{k.k ns jgs gSAçkFkfed f'k{kd ,d çkFkfed
Ldwy f'k{kd cuus ds fy, U;wure vko';drk ftlds ikl ,d ulZjh çf'k{k.k çek.k i=k@fMIyksek ;k fMxzh
gksAvke rkSj ij mEehnokj ftlds ikl f'k{kk esa fMIyksek (ch,M) gS os çkFkfed fo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa ds :i

esa viuk dSfj;j 'kq: djrs vkSj /hjs&/hj mls Åij ys tkrs gSAmEehnokj tks x`g foKku esa fMIyksek dj jgs uksV
gS os Hkh çkFkfed fo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, p;fur fd, tk ldrs gSAmEehnokj ds ikl de ls de 55»
dqy vad ds lkFk xzstq,V ;k iksLV xzstq,V gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;k ,d f'k{kk ;k f'k{k.k esa fMIyksek ;k fMxzh gksuh
pkfg,AmEehnokj dks fMIyksek ;k fMxzh dh i<+kbZ ds nkSjku de ls de f'k{k.k ds fo"k;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d
vè;;u djuk pkfg,A
'kS{kf.kd fjdkMZ ls vf/d O;fÙkQxr dkS'ky vkSj ;ksX;rk T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA
12-4 f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk (Vh-bZ-Vh) (Teacher Eligibility Test (TET))

f'k{kk ds vf/dkj vf/fu;e dks ikfjr djus ds lkFk f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk (Vh-bZ-Vh) esa ;ksX;rk izkIr djuk
vc lHkh ekStwnk vkSj egRokdka{kh ns'k esa çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gSAjk"Vªh;
vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn (,ulhVhbZ) Vh-bZ-Vh ds lapkyu ds fy, fn'kk funZs'kksa dks çdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS] ftles
ijh{k.k ds fy, vkaSfpR;]ik=krk ijh{kk ysus ds fy,]lajpuk vkSj ijh{k.k ds fy, ikBÔØe]fdl çdkj ds loky
gS iwNs tk,xs vkSj ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa vgZrk çkIr djus ds fy, vko';d vad ds ckjs esa iwjk fooj.k
miyC/ gSA
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ,d fMxzh (ch-,M- ;k Mh-,M) gS ;k ijh{kk ysus ds o~"kZ esa fMxzh dks iwjk djus ds dxkj ij
gks og lh-Vh-bZ-Vh ;k fdlh vU; Vh-bZ-Vh jkT;ksa }kjk vk;ksftr ysus ds fy, ;ksX; gSA f'k{kdksa dks 5 o"kZ dh vof/
ds Hkhrj Vh-bZ-Vh ysus dh vko';drk gksxh tks Vh-bZ-Vh ds le; ls igys vf/lwfpr fd;k gSAbl rjg dh ,d
vgZd ijh{kk HkrhZ eap ls lgh f'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kj djus ds fy, enn dj ldrh gSA
dsUæh; ljdkj vkSj dbZ jkT;ksa esa Vh-bZ-Vh dk vk;kstu 'kq: dj fn;k x;k gSAvxys lh-Vh-bZ-Vh 29 tuojh] 2012
dks vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA;gk¡ gS dSls osclkbV lh-Vh-bZ-Vh VsLV dk o.kZu djrh gSA
;g vU; ckrksa ds lkFk çnku fd;k x;k Fkk fd f'k{kk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e /kjk 2 ds •aM (,u) esa fufnZ"V
Ldwyksa esa ls fdlh esa ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, ik=k gksus ds fy, ,d O;fÙkQ ds fy, vko';d
;ksX;rk gS fd og@;g f'k{kd ik=krk VsLV (Vh-bZ-Vh) tks ,ulhVhbZ }kjk cuk, x, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj mi;qÙkQ
ljdkj }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xk mles ikfjr gksuk pkfg,A
,d f'k{kd ds :i esa fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, ik=k gksus ds fy, ,d O;fÙkQ ds fy, U;wure ;ksX;rk Vh-bZ-Vh lfgr
ds fy, rdZ fuEuor gS%
• blls HkrhZ çfØ;k esa jk"Vªh; vkSj csapekdZ f'k{kd xq.koÙkk ds ekudksa dks yk,xhA
• blls vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa vkSj bu laLFkkuksa ds Nk=kksa dks çsfjr djus ds fy, vkxs vius çn~'kZu ds ekudksa
esa lq/kj gksxkA
• ;g lHkh fgr/kjdksa ds fy, ,d ldkjkRed ladsr Hkstrk gS fd ljdkj f'k{kd xq.koÙkk ij fo'ks"k tksj nsrh
gSA
dsaæh; f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk (Vh-bZ-Vh) lhch,lbZ }kjk twu 2011 esa igyh ckj
vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 12-5 f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM (Selection Criteria for Teacher
Educators)
,ulhVhbZ ds fofu;e esa f'k{kdksa ds inksa ds fy, fu/kZfjr ;ksX;rkA

(d) ch,M f'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds fy, ;ksX;rk
(1) ç/kukpk;Z@çeq• (cgq ladk; laLFkku esa)
(i) 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d ;ksX;rk ds :i esa O;k[;krk ds in ds fy, fu/kZfjr fd;k tk,xk_
(ii) f'k{kk esa ih,p-Mh- vkSj]
(iii) nl lky dk vè;kiu vuqHko ftuesa ls de ls de ikap lky dk ,d ekè;fed f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkk esa
vè;kiu vuqHko gksA
mijksÙkQ ik=krk ekunaM ds vuqlkj ç/kukpk;Z@ç/kuksa ds :i esa fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, ik=k vkSj mi;qÙkQ mEehnokjksa
dh vuqiyC/rk dh fLFkfr e ;g çnku fd;k tkrk gS fd] ;g vuqefr ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj dh vof/ ds le;
esa lsokfuo`Ùk çksiQslj@ç/ku vuqca/ ds vk/kj ij f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa fu;qfÙkQ gksxh],sls le; rd mEehnokjksa dh
mez iSalB lky iwjh gksuh pkfg,A
(2) lgk;d çksiQslj
(d) iQkmaMs'ku ikBÔØe
(i) 50» vad ds lkFk foKku@ekufodh@dyk esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM
tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS)
(ii) ,e- ,M- de ls de 55» vad ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk
vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS)vkSj
(iii) dksbZ vU; ;wthlh@fdlh Hkh ,sls lEc¼ 'kjhj@ jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr fu;e]çkpk;Z vkSj O;k[;krkvksa ds
inksa ds fy, le;≤ ij vfuok;Z gksaxs
;k
(i) f'k{kk esa 55» vad ds lkFk ,e-,-(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k
fd;k tkrk gS)
(ii) ch ,M- de ls de 55» ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k
fd;k tkrk gS)
inksa ds fy, le;≤ ij vfuok;Z gksaxsA
(•) dk;Zç.kkyh ikBÔØe
(i) 50» vad ds lkFk ,d fo"k; esa ekLVj fMxzh(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh
dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS)
(ii) ,e-,M- fMxzh de ls de 55» vad ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh
dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS)
inksa ds fy, le;≤ ij vfuok;Z gksaxsA
;g çnku fd;k tkrk gS fd de ls de ,d O;k[;krk ds ikl fo'ks"k f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vkbZlhVh vkSj nwljs
esa fo'ks"kKrk gksuh pkfg,A

(•) ,e,M ikB;Øe ds fy, ;ksX;rk uksV

(1) çksiQslj @ ç/ku
(i) dyk @ ekufodh @ foKku @ okf.kT; esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh vkSj ,e- ,M -55» vad U;wure dh ,d ds
lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS) ;k
,e-,(f'k{kk) 55» vad ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k
fd;k tkrk gS) vkSj ch- ,M- 55» U;wure vad ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM tgk¡ xzsfMax
ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS)
(ii) f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ih,pMh] vkSj
(iii) o'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kk foHkkx ;k f'k{kk ds dkWyst esa de ls de nl lky dk vè;kiu dk vuqHko tks
dh ,e-,M Lrj esa U;wure ikap lky dh ,d fo'ks"kKrk ds {ks=k esa çdkf'kr dke ds lkFkA
mijksÙkQ ik=krk ekunaM ds vuqlkj çksiQslj@foHkkxkè;{k@ikBd ds :i esa fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, ik=k vkSj mi;qÙkQ
mEehnokjksa dh vuqiyC/rk dh fLFkfr eas ;g çnku fd;k tkrh gS fd] ,d o"kZ ds Hkhrj dh vof/ ds le;
esa lsokfuo`Ùk çksiQslj@foHkkxkè;{k@ikBd laidZ ds vk/kj ij f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa fu;qfÙkQ djus ds fy, vuqefr gSA
,sls le; rd mEehnokjksa dh mez iSalB lky iwjh gksuh pkfg,A
(2) lg;ksxh çksiQslj
(i) dyk @ ekufodh @ foKku @ okf.kT; esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh vkSj ,e- ,M- 55» vad U;wure dh ,d ds
,e-, (f'k{kk) vkSj ch-,M- 55» U;wure vad dh ,d ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM
tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS)
(ii) f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ih,pMh] vkSj
(iii) fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kk foHkkx ;k f'k{kk ds dkWyst esa de ls de vkB lky dk vè;kiu dk vuqHko tks
dh ,e-,M Lrj esa U;wure rhu lky dh ,d fo'ks"kKrk ds {ks=k esa çdkf'kr dke ds lkFkA
(3) lgk;d çksiQslj
(i) dyk @ ekufodh @ foKku @ okf.kT; esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh vkSj ,e- ,M -55» vad U;wure dh ,d ds
,e-, (f'k{kk) vkSj ch-,M- 55» U;wure vad dh ,d ds lkFk(;k ,d fcUnq iSekus esa ,d led{k xzsM
tgk¡ xzsfMax ç.kkyh dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS) vkSj dksbZ vU; ;wthlh@fdlh Hkh ,sls lEc¼ 'kjhj@ jkT;
ljdkj }kjk fu/kZfjr fu;e]çkpk;Z vkSj O;k[;krkvksa ds inksa ds fy, le;≤ ij vfuok;Z gksaxsA
;g çnku fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g okaNuh; gS ,e- ,M ds vfrfjÙkQ fd ,d ladk; lnL; ds ikl euksfoKku esa
,d ekLVj dh fMxzh gS vkSj vU; lnL; ds ikl nk'kZfud@lekt'kkL=k esaA
1- U;wure vko';drk ,d iwoZ çkFkfed Ldwy f'k{kd ds fy, 12 ds lkFk ----------------------- gSA
2- ----------- dh fMxzh ds lkFk LukrdksÙkj ;k Lukrd mEehnokj çkFkfed fo|ky; vkSj ofj"B ekè;fed fo|ky;
esa fl•k ldrs gSA
3- f'k{kk ds vf/dkj vf/fu;e dks ikfjr djus ds lkFk ------------------ esa ;ksX;rk izkIr djuk vc lHkh ekStwnk
vkSj egRokdka{kh ns'k esa çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 4- dyk@ekufodh@foKku@okf.kT; esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh vkSj ,e- ,M ---------- vad U;wure dh ,d ds lkFk]
,e-,M- ikBÔØe i<+kus ds fy, çksiQslj ds in ds fy, vko';d gSA
5- çksiQslj@foHkkxkè;{k@ikBd ds :i esa fu;qfÙkQ ds fy, ik=k vkSj mi;qÙkQ mEehnokjksa dh vuqiyC/rk ds
ekeys esa]ik=krk ekunaM ds vuqlkj]laidZ ds vk/kj ij --------------------------- dh fu;qfÙkQ djus ds fy,
vuqefr gSA
6- iQkmaMs'ku ikBÔØe esa] --------- ds lkFk foKku@ekuorkoknh@dyk esa ,d ekLVj fMxzh] ,e-,M- esa de
ls de ----------- vad ds lkFk ch,M ikBÔØe ds fy, lgk;d çksiQslj ds fy, vko';d ik=krk gSA

• HkrhZ i;kZIr tu'kfÙkQ lzksrksa dk fodkl vkSj vuqj{k.k gSAblesa miyC/ ekuo lalk/uksa ds ,d NksVk rkykc
dk fuekZ.k 'kkfey gS ftlesa ls laxBu fudky ldrs gSa tc vfrfjÙkQ deZpkfj;ksa dh t:jr gksAHkrhZ dqN
dkS'ky] {kerk] vkSj ,d laxBu esa ukSdjh fjfÙkQ;ksa ds fy, vU; O;fÙkQxr fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk vkosndksa dks
vkdjf"kr djus dh çfØ;k gSA
• HkrhZ dk dk;Z tu'kfÙkQ ds lzksrksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, dke dh t:jrksa vkSj fofunsZ'k dks iwjk djuk gSA
• HkrhZ dh lkekU; ç;kstu laxBukRed t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, laHkkfor ;ksX; mEehnokjksa dk NksVk rkykc
çnku ds fy, gSA blds fof'k"V ç;kstu Hkh gSa%
• dfeZ;ksa dh ;kstuk vkSj ukSdjh fo'ys"k.k xfrfof/;ksa ds lkFk la;kstu ds :i esa laxBu ds orZeku vkSj Hkfo";
dh t:jrksa dk fu/kZj.kA
• U;wure ykxr ds lkFk ukSdjh ds mEehnokjksa ds rkykc dks c<+k,¡A
• p;u çfØ;k dh liQyrk ds nj dks ukSdjh vkosndksa dh la[;k ds fy, vf/d;ksX; dks varxZr;ksX; de djus
ls c<+kus esa ennA
• Mu vkSj LVhiQal HkrhZ fof/&çR;{k]vçR;{k vkSj rhljs i{k ds ,d rhu Lrjh; oxhZdj.k dk ikyu djrs gSA
• lh/s rjhds%bldk lcls vf/d mi;ksx çR;{k fof/ Ldwyksa] dkWystksa] çca/u laLFkkuksa vkSj fo'oo?|ky; ds
foHkkxksa ij gksRkk gSAvkerkSj ij] bl çdkj dh HkrhZ dh O;oLFkk 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa lk{kkRdkj dh O;oLFkk]
vkSj miyC/ LFkku vkSj Nk=kksa ck;ksMsVk cukus esa fd tkrh gSA
• vçR;{k rjhds%bldk lcls vf/d mi;ksx v•ckjksa] if=kdkvksa tSls çdk'kuksa esa foKkiu vkSj O;kikj
if=kdkvksa rFkk rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d if=kdkvksa esa gksRkk gSA
• rhljs ny ds rjhds%bldk lcls vf/d mi;ksx lkoZtfud vkSj futh jkstxkj ,tsafl;ksa esa gksRkk gSAlkoZtfud
jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa dks dkj•kus ds deZpkfj;ksa vkSj DydZ dh ukSdjh ds lkFk cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;k gSA
• iw~oZ çkFkfed f'k{kd] vf/ekur% esa de ls de 50» dqy vad ds lkFk 12 oha d{kk ikl gksuh pkfg,A
O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k dsUæksa dh ,d la[;k gS tks iw~oZ Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k dk lapkyu djrs
gSA eksaVsljh f'k{kd çf'k{k.k Ldwy gS tks Ldwy iw~oZ f'k{kk ds fy, çf'k{k.k ns jgs gSAçkFkfed f'k{kd ,d
çkFkfed Ldwy f'k{kd cuus ds fy, U;wure vko';drk ftlds ikl ,d ulZjh çf'k{k.k çek.k i=k@fMIyksek
;k fMxzh gksAvke rkSj ij mEehnokj ftlds ikl f'k{kk esa fMIyksek (ch,M) gS os çkFkfed fo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa
ds :i esa viuk dSfj;j 'kq: djrs vkSj /hjs&/hj mls Åij ys tkrs gSA
• ekè;fed vkSj mPprj ekè;fed f'k{kd ds mEehnokj ds ikl vf/ekur ds lkFk fo"k; esa LukrdksÙkj fMxzh
vkSj f'k{kk esa Lukrd(ch,M) dh fMxzh gksuh pkfg,Ach-,M- ikBÔØe vPNh rjg ls ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ds
fy, f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djrk gSAfiNys f'k{k.k vuqHko ds lkFk mEehnokj ilan fd;k tkrk gSAf'k{kd çf'k{k.k
egkfo|ky;ksa ds ,d la[;k gS tks ;g ch-,M- ikBÔØe ,d o"kZ dh vof/ esa djkrs gSA

• f'k{kk ds vf/dkj vf/fu;e dks ikfjr djus ds lkFk f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk (Vh-bZ-Vh) esa ;ksX;rk izkIr djuk uksV
vc lHkh ekStwnk vkSj egRokdka{kh ns'k esa çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA
• f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ,d fMxzh (ch-,M- ;k Mh-,M) gS ;k ijh{kk ysus ds o~"kZ esa fMxzh dks iwjk djus ds dxkj
ij gks og lh-Vh-bZ-Vh ;k fdlh vU; Vh-bZ-Vh jkT;ksa }kjk vk;ksftr ysus ds fy, ;ksX; gSA f'k{kdksa dks 5 o"kZ
dh vof/ ds Hkhrj Vh-bZ-Vh ysus dh vko';drk gksxh tks Vh-bZ-Vh ds le; ls igys vf/lwfpr fd;k gSA

• fçafliyμ f'k{kk esa ih,p-Mh- vkSj nl lky dk vè;kiu vuqHko ftuesa ls de ls de ikap lky
dk ,d ekè;fed f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkk esa vè;kiu vuqHko gksA
• çksiQslj@ç/kuμ ,d dyk @ ekufodh @ foKku @ okf.kT; esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh vkSj ,e- ,M -55»
U;wure vad ds lkFk]f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ih,pMh] vkSj fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kk foHkkx ;k f'k{kk ds dkWyt
s esa
de ls de nl lky dk vè;kiu dk vuqHko
,d ,e-, (f'k{kk) vkSj ch-,M- 55» U;wure vad ds lkFk
• lgk;d çksiQsljμ ,d ekufodh @ foKku @ okf.kT; esa ,d ekLVj dh fMxzh vkSj ,e- ,M -55» U;wure
vad ds lkFk ;k
,d ,e-, (f'k{kk) vkSj ch-,M- 55» U;wure vad ds lkFk

1- çkFkfed f'k{kdksa ds fy, p;u ekunaM ds ckjs esa crk,aA
2- çf'kf{kr Lukrd f'k{kd D;k gS\
3- ch,M dkWyst esa ,d O;k[;krk ds fy, ik=krk D;k ekunaM gS\
4- f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky; ds çksiQslj ds fy, D;k vuqHko vko';d gS\
1. ulZjh çf'k{k.k çek.k i=k@fMIyksek ;k fMxzh 2. ch-,M
3. f'k{kd ik=krk ijh{kk (Vh-bZ-Vh) 4. 55»
5. çksiQslj@foHkkxkè;{k@ikBd 6. 55»] 50»
1. lekos'kh f'k{kk% vè;;u vkSj f'k{k.k% lqtku bZ- mrkjk-ike LpqDV~t] ykWjl
as vyZcke ,lksfl,V~lA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ13% fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx&uhfr lkis{k
vè;kid f'k{kk (Policy Perspectives on Teacher
Education-University Education Commission)
mís'; (Objectives)
13.1 fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dh tk¡p osQ fo"k; (Terms of Reference of the Commission)
13.2 vk;ksx osQ lq>ko rFkk flI+kQkfj'ksa (Suggestion Recommendation of Commission)
mís'; (Objectives)
• fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ xBu osQ mís'; ,oa vk;ksx }kjk dh xbZ flI+kQkfj'kksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj us bl ns'k dh f'k{kk dks lqfu;ksftr vkSj lqlaxfBr djus dk n`<+ fu'p;
fd;kA mlus ;g dk;Z fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk ls vkjEHk fd;kA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd Lok/hurk osQ ;qx
esa izos'k djus osQ le; ls Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vè;;u djus okys Nk=kksa dh la[;k esa fujUrj o`f¼ gks
jgh Fkh] fdUrq muesa f'k{kk dk Lrj fuEu gksus osQ dkj.k bl ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa esa O;kid vlUrks"k FkkA blosQ
vfrfjDr ;s fo'ofo|ky; Hkkjr dh uohu lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj ns'k dh
vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus esa vleFkZ FksA
mPp f'k{kk osQ mi;qZDr vkSj vU; nks"kksa dk fuokj.k djus osQ fopkj ls Hkkjr ljdkj us bl f'k{kk osQ iquxZBu
dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;kA mlh le; ls vkl&ikl mPp f'k{kk dh rRdkyhu dfe;ksa ls voxr gksus
osQ dkj.k ¶vUr£o'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ifj"kn¸ (Inter-University Board of Education) vkSj ¶osQfUnz;
f'k{kk&lykgdkj cksMZ¸ (Central Advisory Board of Education) us Hkkjr ljdkj osQ le{k ,d vf[ky
Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx fu;qDr djus dk izLrko izLrqr fd;kA ljdkj us bl izLrko dks ekU;rk iznku
djosQ 4 uoEcj] lu~ 1948 dks ¶fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx¸ dh fu;qfDr dhA blosQ vè;{k MkW- loZiYyh
jk/kÑ".k FksA vr% muosQ uke ls bl ¶vk;ksx¸ dks ¶jk/kÑ".ku deh'ku¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

bdkbZ—13% fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx&uhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk
vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr osQ mís'; (Aims of the Appointment of the Commission)μ¶vk;ksx¸ dh fu;qfDr uksV
osQ mís'; Lo;a ¶vk;ksx¸ osQ 'kCnksa esa bl izdkj gSaμ¶Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa fjiksVZ nsuk vkSj
mu lq/kjksa ,oa foLrkjksa osQ lEcU/ esa lq>ko izLrqr djuk] tks ns'k dh orZeku vkSj Hkkoh vko';drkvksa osQ fy;s
okaNuh; gksaA¸
13-1 vk;ksx osQ tk¡p osQ fo"k; (Terms of Reference of the commission)
vk;ksx ls yxHkx 20 fo"k;ksa dh tk¡p djus osQ fy;s dgk x;k Fkk] ftuesa ls eq[; Fksμ
1- Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ laxBu] fu;U=k.k] dk;Z&{ks=k ,oa fo/ku osQ lEcU/ esa vko';d ifjorZuA
2- fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk dh vof/] ekè;e ,oa ikB~;ØeA
3- izknsf'kd ;k vU; vk/kj ij vf/d fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiukA
4- Hkkjr esa fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk ,oa vuqlU/ku dk;Z osQ mís';A
5- Nk=kksa osQ vuq'kklu] Nk=kkoklksa] mid{kk&dk;Z (Tutorial Work) vkfn dk la;kstuA
6- fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa muls lEc¼ dkWystksa esa f'k{kk ,oa ijh{kk osQ Lrjksa esa mUu;uA
7- fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa /k£ed f'k{kkA
8- vè;kidksa dh ;ksX;rk,¡] lsok&n'kk,¡] osru] dk;Z ,oa vf/dkjA
lkjka'k esa ¶vk;ksx¸ ls fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk osQ lc vaxksa dk vè;;u djus vkSj muesa lq/kj djus osQ fy;s lq>ko
nsus dks dgk x;kA ¶vk;ksx¸ us bu dk;ks± dks ,d o"kZ ls de le; esa gh lekIr djosQ 25 vxLr] lu~ 1949
dks viuk izfrosnu Hkkjr ljdkj dks izsf"kr dj fn;kA
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dks jk/kÑ".ku deh'ku osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
13-2 vk;ksx osQ lq>ko rFkk fliQkfj'ksa (Suggestions and Recommendation of

Commission)
¶vk;ksx¸ us fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk osQ lHkh vaxksa osQ lEcU/ esa vius fopkj izdV fd;s gSa vkSj muesa lq/kj djus
osQ fy;s Bksl lq>ko Hkh fn;s gSaA egRoiw.kZ vaxksa ls lEcfU/r mlosQ fopkjksa] lq>koksa vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dks
vyx&vyx 'kh"kdksa osQ vUrxZr ys[kc¼ fd;k x;k gSμ
(1) fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk osQ mís'; (Aims of University Education)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk
osQ fuEukafdr mís'; crk;s gSaμ
(i) LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ gekjs ns'k dh vk£Fkd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa egku~
ifjorZu gq, gSaA bu ifjorZuksa us gekjs fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ dk;ks± ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa o`f¼ dj nh gSA vr%
vc mUgsa jktuhfrd] O;kolkf;d] vkS|ksfxd ,oa okf.kfT;d {ks=kks esa usr`Ro xzg.k dj ldus okys
O;fDr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg;sA
(ii) fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks iztkrU=k dks liQy cukus osQ fy;s] f'k{kk dk izlkj vkSj Kku dh [kkst dj ldus
okys O;fDr;ksa dks mRiÂ djuk pkfg;sA
(iii) fo'ofo|ky; lekt&lq/kj osQ dk;Z esa egku ;ksx ns ldrs gSaA vr% mUgsa nwjn'khZ] cqf¼eku vkSj ckSf¼d
lkgl okys O;fDr;ksa (Intellectual Adventurers) dks tUe nsuk pkfg;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (iv)
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks viuh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dks foLe`r ugha pkfg;sA vr% bUgsa jk"Vªh; fojklr dks
viukus okys vkSj mlesa ;ksxnku nsus okys uo;qodksa dks rS;kj djuk pkfg;sA
¶vk;ksx¸ osQ 'kCnksa esaμ¶ge U;k;] LorU=krk] lekurk ,oa cU/qrk dh izkfIr }kjk iztkrU=k dh [kkst esa
layXu gSaA vr% gekjs fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vfuok;Zr% bu vkn'kks± dk izrhd ,oa laj{kd gksuk pkfg;sA¸
(2) f'k{kd&oxZ (Teaching Staff)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kdksa dh n'kk esa lq/kj djus osQ fy;s
fuEu lq>ko fn;s gSaμ
(i) f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s fdjk;s osQ fuokl&LFkkuksa dh fo'ofo|ky; osQ lehi gh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sA
(ii) f'k{kdksa dks vè;;u osQ fy;s ,d ckj esa 1 o"kZ dk vkSj lEiw.kZ lsokdky esa 3 o"kZ dk vk/s osru ij
vodk'k fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(iii) f'k{kdsa dks ¶izkWfoMs.V&iQ.M¸ dh vf/d mÙke lqfo/k iznku dh tkuh pkfg;sA bl iQ.M esa f'k{kd
,oa fo'ofo|ky; nksuksa dks 8&8 izfr'kr nsuk pkfg;sA
(iv) f'k{kdksa dks ,d lIrkg esa 18 ?k.Vs (Periods) ls vf/d dk f'k{k.k&dk;Z ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(v) f'k{kdksa (Teachers) dks 60 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa vius inksa ls vodk'k fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA vPNs LokLF;
okys izkis Qs ljksa (Professors) dks 64 o"kZ dh voLFkk rd vius inksa ij dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nh tkuh
pkfg;sA
(3) f'k{k.k osQ Lrj (Standards of Teaching)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us dkWyt s ks vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{k.k&Lrj dk
mUu;u djus osQ fy;s v/ksfyf[kr fliQkfj'ksa dh gSaμ
(i) dkWyt s ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ijh{kk&fnolksa dks NksMd
+ j ,d o"kZ esa de ls de 180 fnu f'k{k.k dk;Z
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(ii) Nk=kksa dh c<+rh gqbZ HkhM+ dks jksdus osQ fy;s f'k{k.k fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 3]000 vkSj muls lEc¼ dkWystksa
esa 1]500 ls vf/d Nk=k ugha gksus pkfg;sA
(iii) LukrdksÙkj (Post-Graduate) d{kkvksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks O;k[;kuksa esa mifLFkr gksus osQ fy;s foo'k ugha
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA LukrdksÙkj d{kkvksa esa fopkj&xksf"B;ksa (Seminars) dh ;kstuk fØ;kfUor dh tkuh
pkfg;sA
(iv) f'k{kdksa osQ O;k[;ku ifjJe vkSj lko/kuh ls rS;kj fd;s tkus pkfg;sA muosQ O;k[;kuksa dh iw£r djus
osQ fy;s fyf[kr dk;Z] V~;wVksfj;y d{kkvksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa esa vè;;u dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg;sA
(v) ijh{kkvksa osQ Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus osQ fy;s izFke] f}rh; vkSj r`rh; Js.kh osQ fy;s U;wure izkIrkad Øe'k%
70] 55 vkSj 40 izfr'kr gksuk pkfg;sA
(4) ikB~;Øe (Courses of Study)μ¶vk;ksx¸ osQ ikB~;Øe lEcU/h fopkj fuEukafdr gSaμ
(i) LukrdksÙkj mikf/μLukrd cuus osQ 2 o"kZ i'pkr~ vkSj ¶vkulZ dkslZ¸ osQ 1 o"kZ i'pkr~ nh tkuh
pkfg;sA
(ii) f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lkekU; vkSj fo'ks"khÑr f'k{kk esa leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(iii) Lukrd dh mikf/ izkIr djus osQ fy;s vè;;u dh vof/ 3 o"kZ dh gksuh pkfg;sA
(iv) dkWystksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa mUgha Nk=kksa dks izos'k fn;k tkuk pkfg;s tks 12 o"kZ dh fo|ky; f'k{kk
lekIr dj pqosQ gksaA
(v) fo'ks"khÑr f'k{kk (Specialization) osQ nks"kksa dk fuokj.k djus osQ fy;s fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj ekè;fed
LowQyksa esa ¶lkekU; f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUr ,oa iz;ksx¸ (Theory and Practice of General Education)
dk f'k{k.k vkjEHk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

(5) f'k{kk dk ekè;e (Medium of Instruction)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us lc jkT;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa ij fopk uksV
djus osQ ckn f'k{kk osQ ekè;e osQ fo"k; esa fuEukafdr fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaμ
(i) la?kh; Hkk"kk osQ fy;s osQoy nsoukxjh fyfi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj bl fyfi osQ nks"kksa dks
;Fkk'kh?kz nwj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(ii) la?kh; vkSj izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl djus osQ fy;s 'kh?kz gh Bksl dne mBk;s tkus pkfg,¡A
(iii) mPp f'k{kk dk ekè;e vaxzsth osQ ctk, izknsf'kd Hkk"kk,¡ gksuh pkfg;s] ij la?kh; Hkk"kk (fgUnh) dks
f'k{kk dk ekè;e cukus dh LorU=krk gksuh pkfg;sA
(iv) fo|k£Fk;ksa dks uohu Kku osQ lEioZQ esa j[kus osQ fy;s gkbZ LowQyks]a dkWyt s ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vaxt
sz h
dh f'k{kk dks cuk;s j[kuk pkfg;sA
(v) mPprj ekè;fed ,oa fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij Nk=kksa dks 3 Hkk"kkvksa dh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg;sμ(a)
ekr`Hkk"kk vFkkZr~ izknsf'kd Hkk"kk] (b) fgUnh vFkkZr~ la?kh; Hkk"kk vkSj (c) vaxzsthA
fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx }kjk f'k{kdksa dks nh tkus okyh fo'ks"k lqfoèkkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
(6) LukrdksÙkj&izf'k{k.k o vuql/ a ku dk;Z (Post-Graduate Training and Research Work)μ¶vk;ksx¸

us fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa LukrdksÙkj vkSj vuqla/ku dk;Z osQ Lrjksa dks Å¡pk mBkus osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr lq>ko
fn;s gSμ
(i) LukrdksÙkj d{kkvksa esa Nk=kksa dks izos'k vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij fn;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj Nk=kksa ,oa f'k{kdksa
esa ?kfu"B O;fDrxr lEcU/ LFkkfir fd;s tkus pkfg;sA
(ii) ,e- ,e&lh- ,oa ih&,p- Mh- osQ Nk=kksa dks ¶f'k{kk&ea=kky;¸ }kjk cM+h la[;k esa Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ nh tkuh
pkfg;sA
(iii) LukrdksÙkj d{kkvksa osQ ikB~;Øeksa esa ,d fo'ks"k fo"k; osQ mPp vè;;u ,oa vuqla/ku dh fof/;ksa osQ
izf'k{k.k dks LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(iv) Mh- fyV~- vkSj Mh- ,e&lh- mikf/;k¡ osQoy mPp dksfV osQ ekSfyd ,oa izdkf'kr dk;ks± ij nh tkuh pkfg,A
(v) ih&,p- Mh- osQ Nk=kksa dk p;u vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj muosQ vuqla/ku dk;Z
dh vfof/ nks o"kZ ls de ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
(7) ijh{kk,¡ (Examinations)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh ijh{kk iz.kkyh dks lcls vf/d nks"kiw.kZ ik;k
gSA vr% ¶vk;ksx¸ us ;g fopkj izdV fd;k gSμ¶gesa bl ckr dk fo'okl gS fd ;fn gels fo'ofo|ky;
f'k{kk esa osQoy ,d ckr osQ ckjs esa lq>ko nsus osQ fy;s dgk tk;s] rks og lq>ko ijh{kkvksa osQ lEcU/ esa
gksxkA¸ bu ijh{kkvksa dks nks"k&eqDr djus osQ fy;s] ¶vk;ksx¸ us fuEufyf[kr fliQkfj'ksa dh gSaμ
(i) f=ko"khZ; fMxzh dkslZ dh ijh{kk 3 o"kZ i'pkr~ u yh tkdj] izR;sd o"kZ osQ vUr esa yh tkuh pkfg;sA
;g ijh{kk ¶Lor% iw.kZ bdkb;ksa¸ (Self-Contained Units) esa yh tkuh pkfg;s vkSj Nk=kksa osQ fy;s
izR;sd bdkbZ vFkkZr~ izfr o"kZ dh ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ gksuk vfuok;Z gksuk pkfg;sA
(ii) Nk=kksa dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu djus osQ fy;s ;Fkk'kh?kz ¶oLrqfu"B izxfr ijh{kkvksa¸ dk oqQyd (Set of
Objective Progressive Tests) rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(iii) fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh lc ijh{kkvksa esa Ñikd (Grace Marks) nsus dh i¼fr lekIr dj nh tkuh
pkfg;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (iv) ijh{kkvksa osQ Lrj dk mUu;u djus osQ fy;s izFke] f}rh; vkSj r`rh; Js.kh osQ U;wure izkIrkad Øe'k%
70] 55 ,oa 40 izfr'kr gksus pkfg;saA
(v) izR;sd fo'ofo|ky; esa de ls de 5 o"kZ osQ f'k{k.k dk vuqHko j[kus okys 3 lnL;ksa dk ,d iw.kZdkyhu
cksMZ laxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA bl cksMZ osQ fuEukafdr 3 eq[; dk;Z gksus pkfg;sμ
(a) fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa muls lEc¼ dkWystksa osQ f'k{kdksa dks oLrqfu"B ijh{kkvksa dh uohu ;kstuk,¡ cukus
esa lgk;rk nsukA
(b) mDr f'k{kdksa dks ikB~;Øe esa la'kks/u djus osQ fy;s lkexzh dh O;oLFkk djukA
(c) lEc¼ dkWystksa osQ Nk=kksa dh izxfr dk le;≤ ij ¶izxfr&ijh{kkvksa¸ }kjk ewY;kadu djukA
fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsaμ (Fill in the blanks)
1- 1948 esa xfBr fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx us --------- esa viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr dj nhA
2- fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx us f'k{kdksa osQ fy, izkWfoMsaV iQaM dh vf/dre lqfo/k dh fliQkfj'k dh ftlesa
fo'ofo|ky; ,oa f'k{kd nksuksa dks --------- nsuk pkfg,A
3- fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuqlkj f'k{kd dh lsok fuo`fÙk dh vk;q --------- gksuh pkfg,A
4- vk;ksx us f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ij fopkj djrs gq, la?kh; Hkk"kk osQ fy, osQoy --------- osQ iz;ksx dh ckr dghA
(8) O;kolkf;d f'k{kk (Professional Education)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ egRo dks Lohdkj
fd;k gS vkSj mlosQ fofHkÂ vaxksa osQ lEcU/ esa viuh fliQkfj'kksa dks fyf[kr :i iznku fd;k gS] ;Fkkμ
(i) Ñf"k (Agriculture)μ
1- Nk=kksa dks Ñf"k dk izR;{k vkSj O;kogkfjd Kku iznku djus osQ fy;s xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k&f'k{kk dh
laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg;sA
2- Ñf"k osQ uohu dkWystksa dks ;FkklEHko uohu xzkeh.k fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls lEc¼ fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3- izkFkfed] ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk esa Ñf"k dh f'k{kk dks loZizFke LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- Ñf"k&vuqla/ku dk;Z osQ fy;s] osQUnzh; ,oa jkT;&ljdkjksa }kjk ¶iz;ksxkRed iQkeZ¸ (Experimental
Farms) [kksys tkus pkfg;sA
5- Ñf"k osQ orZeku dkWystksa dks mnkjrkiwoZd vk£Fkd lgk;rk nsdj vf/d lk/u lEiUu cuk;k tkuk
pkfg;sA
(ii) okf.kT; (Commerce)
1- ch- dkWe- dh f'k{kk izkIr djrs le;] Nk=kksa dks 3 ;k 4 izdkj dh fofHkÂ O;kolkf;d iQeks± esa
O;kogkfjd dk;Z djus dk volj fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
2- ch- dkWe- ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ gksus okys Nk=kksa dks fdlh fo'ks"k 'kk[kk esa fo'ks"kK cuus dk ijke'kZ fn;k
tkuk pkfg;sA
3- ,e- dkWe- esa osQoy fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk j[kus okys Nk=kksa dks vè;;u djus dh vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg;sA
bl ijh{kk esa iqLrdh; Kku dh vis{kk O;kogkfjd Kku ij vf/d cy fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(iii) f'k{k.k (Teaching)
1- izf'k{k.k&dkWystksa osQ ikB~;Øe esa la'kks/u ,oa lq/kj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj iqLrdh; Kku dh
vis{kk vè;kiu osQ vH;kl ij vf/d cy fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA

2- izf'k{k.k&dkWystksa esa vf/dka'k vè;kid ogh gksus pkfg;s tks LowQyksa esa i<+kus dk i;kZIr vuqHko uksV
izkIr dj pqosQ gksaA
3- Nk=kkè;kidksa osQ ok£"kd dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djus osQ le;] mudh f'k{k.k&;ksX;rk dks fo'ks"k egRo
fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- ,e- ,M- dh fMxzh osQ fy;s osQoy mUgha O;fDr;ksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] tks oqQN o"kks±
dk f'k{k.k vuqHko izkIr dj pqosQ gksaA
5- f'k{kk fl¼kUr osQ ikB~;Øe dks yphyk ,oa LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqowQy cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(iv) bathfu;¯jx o VsDukWykWth (Engineering and Technology)
1- orZeku bathfu;¯jx ,oa VsDukWykWth dh laLFkkvksa dks ns'k dh jk"Vªh; lEifÙk le>k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj
mudh mi;ksfxrk esa o`f¼ dh tkuh pkfg;sA
2- ns'k dh fofHkÂ vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy;s bathfu;¯jx dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa fofHkÂ
izdkj dh laLFkkvksa dk f'kykU;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3- mPp O;kolkf;d f'k{kk iznku djus osQ fy;s VsDukWykWftdy laLFkkvksa (Technological Institutes)
dh 'kh?kz ls 'kh?kz l`f"V dh tkuh pkfg;sA
4- iQksjeSu] MªkÝVleSu vkSj vksojfl;jksa dks f'k{kk nsus okys bathfu;¯jx LowQyksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ djus
osQ fy;s dne mBk;s tkus pkfg;sA
5- bathfu;¯jx osQ LowQyksa ,oa dkWystksa esa f'k{kk xzg.k djus okys Nk=kksa dks dkj[kkuksa esa dk;Z djus]
O;kogkfjd Kku izkIr djus dk iw.kZ volj fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(v) dkuwu (Law)
1- dkuwu dk vè;;u djus dh vkKk osQoy mUgha Nk=kksa dks nh tkuh pkfg;s tks 3 o"kZ osQ ¶iwo&Z dkuwuh
,oa lkekU; fMxzh dkslZ¸ (Pre-Legal and General Degree Course) dks izkIr dj pqosQ gksaA
2- dkuwu osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks vius vè;;u dky esa vU; fMxzh dkslZ ysus dh vuqefr osQoy fo'ks"k
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iznku dh tkuh pkfg;sA
3- izR;sd LFkku dks dkuwu dh d{kkvksa ls dkuwu lEcU/h vuqlU/ku dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sA
4- dkuwu osQ fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa osQ ikB~;Øe dh vof/ 3 o"kZ dh gksuh pkfg;sA
5- dkuwu osQ vè;kidksa esa ¶iw.kZdkyhu¸ vkSj ¶vYidkyhu¸] nksuksa izdkj osQ vè;kid fu;qDr fd;s
tkus pkfg;sA
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx (lu~ 1949) us dkWyst izkè;kidksa gsrq (Periods) vè;kid vof/
lIrkg esa 18 ?kaVs j[kus dh fliQkfj'k dh Fkh tks vkt Hkh ykxw gSA
(vi) fpfdRlk (Medicine)

1- izR;sd esfMdy dkWyst esa ;ksX; vè;kid vkSj izpqj f'k{k.k&lkexzh gksuh pkfg;sA
2- Lukrd iwoZ vkSj LukrdksÙkj d{kkvksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3- fdlh Hkh esfMdy dkWyst esa 100 ls vf/d Nk=kksa dks izos'k ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- ns'kh fpfdRlk&i¼fr;ksa esa vuqlU/ku&dk;Z osQ fy;s lqfo/k,¡ iznku dh tkuh pkfg;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 5- esfMdy dkWyst esa vè;;u djus okys izR;sd Nk=k osQ fy;s 10 jksxh gksus pkfg;sA
(9) /k£ed f'k{kk (Religious Education)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us vius izfrosnu esa ;g er vafdr fd;k gS fd
;|fi Hkkjr /eZ&fujis{k jkT; gS] rFkkfi bldk vfHkizk; ;g ugha gS fd f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa esa /k£ed f'k{kk
ugha nh tk ldrh gSA bldk vfHkizk; /k£ed dV~Vjrk vkSj ladh.kZrk dk fu"ks/ djuk gS] u fd O;fDrxr
/k£ed LorU=krk dkA vius bu fopkjksa osQ vk/kj ij ¶vk;ksx¸ us /k£ed f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa vuosQ
O;kogkfjd lq>ko fn;s gSa] ;Fkkμ
(i) lc f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dks viuk nSfud dk;Z oqQN feuV osQ ekSu fpUru osQ i'pkr~ vkjEHk djuk pkfg;sA
(ii) fMxzh dkslZ osQ f}rh; o"kZ esa fo'o osQ izfl¼ /k£ed xzUFkksa esa ls lkoZHkkSfed egRo osQ oqQN pqus gq;s
Hkkx i<+k;s tkus pkfg;sA
(iii) fMxzh dkslZ osQ izFke o"kZ esa fo'o osQ lqifz l¼ /k£ed usrkvksa dh thofu;k¡ i<+kbZ tkuh pkfg;s]a tSlμ
s cq¼]
bZlk] xk¡/h] 'kadj] dchj] ukud] ek/o] lqdjkr] jkekuqt] eqgEen lkgc ,oa duÝ;wf'k;lA

LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj us bl ns'k dh f'k{kk dks lqfu;ksftr vkSj lqlxa fBr djus dk n`<+ fu'p;
fd;kA mlus ;g dk;Z fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk ls vkjEHk fd;kA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd Lok/hurk osQ ;qx
esa izos'k djus osQ le; ls Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vè;;u djus okys Nk=kksa dh la[;k esa fujUrj o`f¼ gks
jgh Fkh] fdUrq muesa f'k{kk dk Lrj fuEu gksus osQ dkj.k bl ns'k osQ fuokfl;ksa esa O;kid vlUrks"k FkkA blosQ
vfrfjDr ;s fo'ofo|ky; Hkkjr dh uohu lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj ns'k dh
vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus esa vleFkZ FksA
• mPp f'k{kk osQ mi;qZDr vkSj vU; nks"kksa dk fuokj.k djus osQ fopkj ls Hkkjr ljdkj us bl f'k{kk osQ iquxZBu
dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;kA mlh le; ls vkl&ikl mPp f'k{kk dh rRdkyhu dfe;ksa ls voxr gksus
osQ dkj.k ¶vUr£o'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ifj"kn¸ (Inter-University Board of Education) vkSj ¶osQfUnz;
f'k{kk&lykgdkj cksMZ¸ (Central Advisory Board of Education) us Hkkjr ljdkj osQ le{k ,d vf[ky
Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx fu;qDr djus dk izLrko izLrqr fd;kA ljdkj us bl izLrko dks ekU;rk
iznku djosQ 4 uoEcj] lu~ 1948 dks ¶fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx¸ dh fu;qfDr dhA blosQ vè;{k MkW-
loZiYyh jk/kÑ".k FksA vr% muosQ uke ls bl ¶vk;ksx¸ dks ¶jk/kÑ".ku deh'ku¸ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
• vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr osQ mís'; (Aims of the Appointment of the Commission)μ¶vk;ksx¸ dh
fu;qfDr osQ mís'; Lo;a ¶vk;ksx¸ osQ 'kCnksa esa bl izdkj gSaμ¶Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa fjiksVZ
nsuk vkSj mu lq/kjksa ,oa foLrkjksa osQ lEcU/ esa lq>ko izLrqr djuk] tks ns'k dh orZeku vkSj Hkkoh vko';drkvksa
osQ fy;s okaNuh; gksaA¸
• vk;ksx ls yxHkx 20 fo"k;ksa dh tk¡p djus osQ fy;s dgk x;k Fkk] ftuesa ls eq[; Fksμ
1- Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ laxBu] fu;U=k.k] dk;Z&{ks=k ,oa fo/ku osQ lEcU/ esa vko';d ifjorZuA
2- fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk dh vof/] ekè;e ,oa ikB~;ØeA
3- izknsf'kd ;k vU; vk/kj ij vf/d fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiukA
4- Hkkjr esa fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk ,oa vuqlU/ku dk;Z osQ mís';A
5- Nk=kksa osQ vuq'kklu] Nk=kkoklksa] mid{kk&dk;Z (Tutorial Work) vkfn dk la;kstuA
6- fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa muls lEc¼ dkWystksa esa f'k{kk ,oa ijh{kk osQ Lrjksa esa mUu;uA
7- fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa /k£ed f'k{kkA

8- vè;kidksa dh ;ksX;rk,¡] lsok&n'kk,¡] osru] dk;Z ,oa vf/dkjA uksV

• ¶vk;ksx¸ us fo'ofo|ky;&f'k{kk osQ lHkh vaxksa osQ lEcU/ esa vius fopkj izdV fd;s gSa vkSj muesa lq/kj djus
osQ fy;s Bksl lq>ko Hkh fn;s gSaA egRoiw.kZ vaxksa ls lEcfU/r mlosQ fopkjksa] lq>koksa vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dks
vyx&vyx 'kh"kdksa osQ vUrxZr ys[kc¼ fd;k x;k gSμ(1) fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk osQ mís';_ (2) f'k{kd&oxZ_
(3) f'k{k.k osQ Lrj_ (4) ikB~;Øe_ (5) f'k{kk dk ekè;e_ (6) LukrdksÙkj&izf'k{k.k o vuqla/ku dk;Z_
(7) ijh{kk,¡_ (8) O;kolkf;d f'k{kk_ (9) /k£ed f'k{kkA

• izfrosnuμ izkFkZuk] fjiksVZA
• oLrqfu’μ orqijd] vkWCtsfDVcA
• f'kykU;klμ uhao MkyukA

1- fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx osQ xBu osQ mís'; ,oa tk¡p osQ fo"k;ksa dk foospu dhft,A
2- fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa o lq>koksa dk fooj.k nhft,A
1. 24 vxLr lu~ 1949 2. 8&8 izfr'kr 3. 60 o"kZ 4. nsoukxjh fyfi

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ14% ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksxμuhfr&lkis{k
vè;kid f'k{k.k
(Policy Perspectives on Teacher Education—
Secondary Education Commission)
mís'; (Objectives)
14.1 eqnkfy;j deh'ku (Mudaliar Commission)
14.2 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso lfefrμ1938 (Acharya Narendra Dev Commission—1938)
14.3 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso lfefrμ1953 (Acharya Narendra Dev Commission—1953)
14.4 dksBkjh deh'ku (Kothari Commission)
mís'; (Objectives)
• ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dh tk¡p osQ fo"k; ,oa mudh fliQkfj'kksa ls voxr gksaxsA
ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa 1882 esa gUVj deh'ku us foLrkj ls fopkj fd;k rFkk vusd egRoiw.kZ lq>ko
fn;sA 1919 esa lSMyj deh'ku us ekè;fed f'k{kk dh lajpuk esa ifjorZu dk egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn;k] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i ekè;fed f'k{kk ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA gjVkWx lfefr us rduhdh rFkk lkekU; gkbZ LowQyksa dh
LFkkiuk osQ lq>ko fn;sA 1937 esa ekè;fed Lrj rd cqfu;knh f'k{kk ;kstuk izLrqr dhA 1944 esa lktsZUV fjiksVZ
us foLr`r f'k{kk ;kstuk izLrqr dhA
ekè;fed f'k{kk jk"Vª dh 'kfDr dks okafNr fn'kk iznku djrh gSA bl vksj ns'k dh ljdkj tkx:d jgh
gSA blfy, le;≤ ij vk;ksx rFkk lfefr;ksa dk xBu gksrk jgk gSA ;gk¡ ij eqnkfy;j deh'ku]
vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso lfefr (1938)] (1953) ,oa dksBkjh deh'ku osQ lUnHkZ esa ekè;fed f'k{kk ij
fopkj&foe'kZ izLrqr gSA

bdkbZ—14% ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksxμuhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk
14-1 eqnkfy;j deh'ku (Mudaliar Commission) uksV

ekè;fed f'k{kk ns'k osQ lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe dh jh< gSA 'kjhj jpuk esa tks egÙo jh<+ dh gM~Mh dk gS] ogh
LFkku ns'k osQ vFkZra=k esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dk gSA Lok/hurk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ ;g vko';drk vuqHko dh xbZ fd
ns'k dh ekè;fed f'k{kk dk vo'; gh iquewZY;kadu gksuk pkfg,A blfy, 1952 esa ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dh
fu;qfDr gqbZA bl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 1953 esa izLrqr dhA
1- fu;qfDr rFkk lnL;μekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu ljdkj osQ izLrko la[;k F 9.5/52BI fnukad 23
flrEcj] 1952 osQ vuqlkj gqvkA bl vk;ksx esa fuEu lnL; Fksμ
(1) MkWDVj ,- y{e.kLokeh eqnkfy;jμ ps;jeSu
(2) tkWu ØkbLVμ lnL;
(3) MkW- oSQfuFk jkLV fofy;Elμ lnL;
(4) Jherh galk esgrkμ lnL;
(5) Jh ts- ,- rkjkiksjokykμ lnL;
(6) MkW- osQ- ,y- Jhekyhμ lnL;
(7) Jh ,e- Vh- O;klμ lnL;
(8) Jh osQ-th- lÕ;nSuμ lnL;
(9) Jh osQ-,u- clqμ lnL;A
MkW- ,e-,e- pkjh osQ vk;ksx osQ fy, lgk;d lfpo dk dk;Z fd;kA
2- vk;ksx osQ lUnHkZ dk;Z (Terms of Reference)μbl vk;ksx osQ lUnHkZ dk;Z bl izdkj Fksμ
(1) Hkkjr esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr dh tk¡p djukA
(2) ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ iquxZBu rFkk fodkl osQ fy;sμ(1) ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ mís';] laxBu rFkk ikB~;Øe
dk fuekZ.kA (2) izkFkfed] cqfu;knh rFkk mPpf'k{kk osQ lUnHkZ esa ekè;fed f'k{kkA (3) fofHkUu izdkj osQ ekè;fed
fo|ky;ksa esa lglEcU/A (4) vU; lEcfU/r leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djuk] ftlls ns'k dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj
lkjs ns'k esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dh le:irk gks losQA
3- f'k{kk osQ mís';μekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us f'k{kk osQ mís'; bl izdkj fu/kZfjr fd;s gSaμ
(i) iztkrU=kh; ukxfjdrk dk fodklμblosQ vUrxZr vius ns'k dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd liQyrkvksa
dh ljkguk djuk] vius ns'k dh nqcZyrkvksa dks nwj djuk] vius ns'k dh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ vuqlkj lsok djus
vkSj futh LokFkks± vkSj #fp;ksa dks R;kx dj jk"Vªh; fgr osQ fy, dk;Z djus dk Hkko mRiUu djukA
(ii) O;kolkf;d mUufrμf'k{kk lekIr djus rd ckydksa dks O;kolkf;d Kku gks tkuk pkfg,A
(iii) O;fDrRo dk fodklμckyd osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl dh lHkh lEHkkoukvksa ij fopkj djosQ rnuqlkj dk;Z
djukA
4- usr`Ro dk izf'k{k.kμekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us tura=k dh liQyrk osQ fy;s usr`Ro osQ izf'k{k.k dks Hkh f'k{kk
osQ mís';ksa esa j[kk gSA
5- ekè;fed f'k{kk dk iquxZBuμeqnkfy;j deh'ku us ekè;fed f'k{kk ,oa fo'ofo|ky; dh f'k{kk osQ eè;
vyxko dh fLFkfr dks lekIr djus osQ fy, ekè;fed f'k{kk dk iquxZBu bl izdkj laLrqr fd;k FkkA
(i) vof/μekè;fed f'k{kk dh vof/ 11 ls 17 rd dh vk;q dh gSA ekè;fed rFkk csfld f'k{kk i¼fr
esa fojks/ ugha gksA bl vof/ esaμ (1) fefMy] twfu;j] lsosQUMjh ;k lhfu;j csfld Lrj dh rhu&o"khZ;
f'k{kk] (2) mPprj ekè;fed Lrj dk pkj o"kZ dk ikB~;Øe lfEefyr gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (ii) rhu o"khZ; fMxzh dkslZμvk;ksx us b.VjehfM,V Lrj dks lekIr dj 11 o"kZ dh gk;j lsosQ.Mjh rFkk rhu
o"kZ osQ fMxzh ikB~;Øe dh O;oLFkk dh gSA
(iii) ikB~;Øeksa dh fofHkUurk;saμvk;ksx us fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa dk lekos'k fd;k gS] ftlls gj fo|kFkhZ viuh
#fp osQ vuqlkj fo"k;ksa dk pquko dj losQA ;s ikB~;Øe ekè;fed Lrj osQ igys o"kZ ls gh vkjEHk gks
tkrs gSaA
(iv) vkUrfjd ewY;kaduμvk;ksx us LowQy osQ ys[kksa (Records) dks ewY;kadu esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k gSA blls
Nk=kksa dk lgh ewY;kadu gksxk vkSj fo|ky;ksa esa vuq'kklu lq/jsxkA
(v) Vsduhdy f'k{kkμ;|fi eqnkfy;j deh'ku us ekè;fed Lrj ij rduhdh f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s
cgqewY; lq>ko fn;s FksA bUgha lq>koksa osQ vuqlkj cgqís';h; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ijUrq ;s fo|ky; ns'k
dh vko';drk dh iw£r u dj losQA
vk;ksx osQ lq>ko bl lEcU/ esa fuEu izdkj gSaμ
` 1- VsDuhdy LowQy cgqr la[;k esa cgqís'kh; LowQy ;k mlosQ vax osQ :i esa pyk;s tkus pkfg,A
2- cM+s uxjksa esa lsUVªy VsDuhdy LowQyksa dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,] ftlls os LFkkuh; LowQyksa dh vko';drkvksa
dh iw£r dj losaQA
3- vizSafVl izf'k{k.k osQ fu;e cuk;s tk;saA
4- Vsduhdy rFkk VsdukWykthdy fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa dh lykg ls gksuh pkfg,A
5- bUMfLVª;y ,twosQ'ku dj (Cess) yxkuk pkfg,A
6- vU; izdkj osQ fo|ky;μbu fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk osQ ihNs mís'; ;g Fkk fd fof'k"V mís';ksa dh iw£r
gsrq f'k{kk nh tk;sA bl izdkj osQ fo|ky;ksa osQ vUrxZr ;s fo|ky; [kksyus dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZμ(1) ifCyd
LowQy tkjh jgus pkfg,A (2) izfrHkkoku ckydksa dks jkT; rFkk osQUnz dh lgk;rk feyuh pkfg,A (3)
jsthMsfU'k;y (vkoklh;) LowQyksa dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,A (4) ckydksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s vf/d la[;k esa
fo|ky; gksus pkfg,A
7- lgf'k{kkμeqnkfy;j deh'ku us ukjh rFkk lgf'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa dgkμ^yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk esa dksbZ
varj ugha gS_ fiQj Hkh yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, x`gfoKku osQ f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A bl lEcU/ esa eq[;
fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj gSaμ(1) yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gS_ fiQj Hkh yM+fd;ksa osQ fy;s
x`gfoKku osQ f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A bl lEcU/ esa eq[; fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj gSμ
a (1) yM+oQs &yM+fd;ksa
dh f'k{kk esa dksbZ vUrj u gksrs gq, Hkh x`g f'k{kk osQ vè;;u dks lgf'k{kk okys fo|ky;ksa esa izeq[krk nh tkuh
pkfg,A (2) tgk¡ ij vko';drk gS] ogk¡ yM+fd;ksa osQ fy;s vyx LowQy [kksys tk;saA (3) fefJr vFkok
lgf'k{kk okys fo|ky;ksa esa fuf'pr 'krs± yxkbZ tk;saA
8- Hkk"kkvksa dk vè;;uμeqnkfy;j deh'ku us Hkk"kkvksa osQ ik¡p oxZ fu/kZfjr fd;sμ(1) ekr`Hkk"kk] (2) {ks=kh;
Hkk"kk tcfd og ekr`Hkk"kk u gks] (3) la?k dh ljdkjh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa tkuh tk;s] (4) 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk] (5)
vaxzsthA blfy, vè;;u osQ lEcU/ esa fliQkfj'ksa ;s gSaμ(1) ekè;fed Lrj ij ekr`Hkk"kk vFkok {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
f'k{kk dk vè;;u gksuk pkfg,A mlesa Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa dks fo'ks"k lqfo/k;sa nh tkuh pkfg,A (2) fefMy
Lrj ij ckydksa dks nks Hkk"kk;sa vo'; vkuh pkfg;sA fgUnh rFkk vaxzsth twfu;j csfld Lrj ij ykxw gksuh pkfg,A
(3) gkbZLowQy ;k gk;j lsosQ.Mjh Lrj ij de ls de nks Hkk"kk;sa vo'; vkuh pkfg,] ftuesa ls ,d ekr`Hkk"kk
;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk gksA
9- ikB~;Øeμvk;ksx us nks Lrjksa ij ikB~;Øe izLrkfor fd;k gSμ
fefMy Lrj ijμ1- Hkk"kk] 2- lkekftd vè;;u] 3- lkekU; foKku] 4- xf.kr] 5- dyk rFkk laxhr] 6- m|ksx]
7- 'kkjhfjd f'k{kkA

gkbZ LowQy rFkk gk;j lsosQ.Mjh Lrj ijμ(d) ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ;k ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk dk uksV
iw.kZ ikB~;ØeA
fuEufyf[kr esa ls ,d vU; Hkk"kkμ
1- fgUnh (vfgUnh Hkkf"k;ksa osQ fy;s)
2- vkjfEHkd vaxzsth (ftUgksaus fefMy esa vaxzsth ugha i<+h)
3- mPp vaxzsth (vaxzsth ftUgksaus igys i<+h)
4- vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk (fgUnh osQ vfrfjDr)
5- vk/qfud fons'kh Hkk"kk (vaxzsth osQ vfrfjDr)
6- 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkA
([k) (1) lkekftd vè;;u igys nks lky
(2) lkekU; Kku
(x) fuEufyf[kr esa ls ,d m|ksxμ
1- drkbZ&cqukbZ] 2- dk"B dyk]
3- /krq dk dke] 4- ckxckuh]
5- flykbZ] 6- Vkb¯ix]
7- dk;Z'kkyk] 8- flykbZ] d<+kbZ] d'khnkdkjh]
9- ekWM¯yxA
10- ikB~;&iqLrosaQμvk;ksx us ikB~;iqLrdksa esa lq/kj osQ fy;s vius lq>ko bl izdkj fn;s gSaμ
1- gkbZ ikoj VsDLV&cqd desVh dk xBu gks ftlesa gkbZdksVZ dk ,d tt] lsok vk;ksx dk lnL;] oqQyifr]
gSMekLVj] nks f'k{kk'kkL=kh ,oa f'k{kk lapkyd gksa vkSj ;g Lora=k :i ls dk;Z djsaA
2- izdk'kuksa dh fcØh ls ,d dks"k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk;s ftlls Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ rFkk iqLrdh; lgk;rk vkfn dh
tk;sA
3- desVh dfri; Lrjksa dk fu/kZj.k djsA
4- osQUnz ljdkj iqLrdksa dh Vsduhd osQ fy;s vkVZ LowQy [kksysA
5- osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dks CykDl dk laxzg j[kuk pkfg, ftls og izdk'kdksa dks m/kj ns losQA
6- fdlh ,d fo"k; ij ,d gh ikB~;&iqLrd ugha yxkuh pkfg,A
7- Hkk"kkvksa osQ vè;;u osQ fy;s fuf'pr ikB~; iqLrosaQ yxkuh pkfg,A
8- ,slh dksbZ Hkh iqLrd ikB~;Øe esa u yxkbZ tk;s tks /k£ed ;k lkekftd Hkkouk dks Bsl igqapkrh gksA
9- ikB~; iqLrdksa dks tYnh&tYnh cnyus dh uhfr dks grksRlkfgr djuk pkfg;sA
11- f'k{k.k dh xfrfof/ i¼fr;k¡μvk;ksx dk è;ku f'k{k.k&i¼fr dh vksj Hkh jgk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa vk;ksx
dh laLrqfr;k¡ fuEu izdkj gSaμ
1- f'k{k.k fof/ osQoy Kku nsus okyh gh ugha] vfirq ewY;ksa] eukso`fÙk o vknr osQ fuekZ.k djus okyh gksuh
pkfg,A
2- ,DVhfoVh rFkk izkstsDV fof/;k¡ viukbZ tk;saA vfHkO;fDr izxV djus okyk dk;Z fn;k tk;sA
3- lHkh izdkj osQ f'k{k.k esa Li"V fopkj rFkk vfHkO;fDr ij cy nsuk pkfg,A
4- lewg esa dk;Z djus dh izo`fÙk dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 5- izxfr'khy f'k{k.k&i¼fr;ksa dk izk;ksfxd (Experimental) ,oa izn'kZukRed (Demonstration) fo|ky;ksa

esa ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
12- vuq'kkluμeqnkfy;j deh'ku us vuq'kklu dh leL;k ij fopkj djrs gq, dgk gSμ¶f'k{kk esa fodkl rFkk
iqu£uekZ.k ml le; rd ykHkdkjh ugha gS tc rd fo|ky;ksa esa vuq'kklughurk gSA¸ bl vk;ksx us dgk gSμ
1- pfj=k fuekZ.k dh f'k{kk fo|ky; osQ dk;ZØe esa u gksukA
2- vuq'kklu osQ fodkl osQ fy;s fo|ky;h&ljdkj cukuh pkfg,A
3- lkewfgd [ksyksa dks izksRlkgu feysA
4- ,slk vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k tk;s ftlls fo|k£Fk;ksa dk mi;ksx pqukoksa osQ le; u fd;k tk losQA
13- /k£ed rFkk uSfrd f'k{kkμ/k£ed rFkk uSfrd f'k{kk ,sfPNd vk/kj ij gh fo|ky;ksa esa nh tk;sA ;g f'k{kk
osQoy mlh /eZ ij vkLFkk j[kus okyksa osQ fy;s gksxhA deh'ku osQ 'kCnksa esaμ¶d{kk f'k{k.k osQ vk/kj ij /k£ed
;k uSfrd f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg,A ;g fo|ky; osQ izHkko ,oa vè;kidksa osQ O;ogkj ij fuHkZj gksuh pkfg,A vr%
,sfPNd vk/kj ij gh /k£ed f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg,A¸
14- lgxkeh fØ;k;saμikB~;sÙkj fØ;kvksa dk ckyd osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl esa vR;Ur egRo gSA blfy,μ
(1) lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dks f'k{k.k dk vfHkUu vax ekuk tk;sA
(2) ckypj vkUnksyu dk jkT; lgk;rk nsA
(3) osQUnz ljdkj ,u-lh-lh- dk izlkj djsA
(4) izkFkfed fpfdRlk] jsMØkl vkfn dks lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa izksRlkgu fn;k tk;sA
15- ekxZ izn'kZu ,oa ijke'kZμeqnkfy;j deh'ku us ekxZ izn'kZu dk;ZØe dh vko';drk vuqHko dh gSA blhfy,
O;kolkf;d rFkk ckSf¼d ikB~;Øeksa dk lekos'k f'k{kk ;kstuk esa fd;k x;k gSA vr% bu igyqvksa ij fopkj bl
izdkj gSμ
(1) ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa 'kSf{kd ekxZ izn'kZu ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
(2) Nk=kksa osQ Kku osQ izlkj osQ fy;s fofHkUu O;kolkf;d fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu gksuk pkfg,A
(3) izf'kf{kr ekxZ&izn'kZd vf/dkfj;ksa] oSQfj;j&ekLVlZ dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gksuh pkfg,A
(4) osQUnz&ljdkj ekxZ&izn'kZdksa osQ izf'k{k.k esa ;ksx nsA
15- Nk=k dY;k.kμvk;ksx us Nk=k dY;k.k osQ vUrxZr LokLF; ,oa 'kjhj f'k{kk ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k dh gSA
;s fliQkfj'ksa fuEu izdkj gSaμ
(1) LowQy esfMdy l£ol lHkh jkT;ksa esa vkjEHk gksA lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa Nk=kksa dk LokLF;&ijh{k.k gks vkSj mldh
fpfdRlk Hkh gksA
(2) vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa rFkk Nk=kkoklksa esa iks"kd&rRo ;qDr Hkkstu feysA
(3) fo|ky; vius okrkoj.k dh liQkbZ j[ksa vkSj Nk=kksa esa Je&fu"Bk mRiUu djsaA
(4) 40 o"kZ dh vk;q ls de lHkh vè;kidksa dks Nk=kksa dh 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa esa ;ksx nsuk pkfg,A gj Nk=k dk
ys[kk j[kk tk;sA
17- ewY;kaduμijh{kk ,oa ewY;kadu gh f'k{kk dk vk/kj gS rks ;g vR;qfDr u gksxhA vè;kidksa osQ fy;s ;g
vko';d gks tkrk gS fd os Nk=kksa }kjk dh xbZ izxfr dk irk yxk;saA blfy;s vk;ksx us ;s fliQkfj'ksa dh gSaμ
1- cká ijh{kkvksa dh la[;k de dh tk;sA fucU/kRed ijh{kkvksa esa oS;fDrdrk de dh tk;s vkSj ijh{kk;sa
yh tk;saA
2- ckydksa osQ Hkfo"; dk fu/kZj.k djus osQ fy;s muosQ lok±xh.k fodkl dk ys[kk j[kk tk;sA

3- vfUre ewY;kadu esa vkUrfjd ewY;kadu o LowQy osQ ys[kksa ij Hkh è;ku fn;k tk;sA uksV
4- vadksa osQ LFkku ij izrhd&fpUg i¼fr viukbZ tk;sA ekè;fed ikB~;Øe dh lekfIr ij osQoy ,d
tu&ijh{kk (Public Examination) gksA
5- izek.k&i=kksa esa fo"k; Hkh fn;s tk;saA iwjd&ijh{kk Hkh yh tk;sA
18- izf'k{k.k dkS'ky dk fodklμeqnkfy;j deh'ku vè;kidksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr lpsr jgk gSA losZ{k.k osQ
eè; mlus ;g vuqHko fd;kμge blls lger gks x;s gSa] ;fn vè;kid dh orZeku vlUrq"V n'kk ,oa grk'kk
dks nwj fd;k tk;s vkSj f'k{kk dk okLrfod fuekZ.k gks tk;s] rks blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd muosQ Lrj rFkk lsok
dh n'kk esa lq/kj fd;k tk;sA
(1) vè;kidksa osQ pquko esa le:irk gksA
(2) izkbosV LowQyksa esa gSMekLVj lfgr vè;kidksa dh fu;qfDr osQ fy;s p;u lfefr gksA
(3) izkscs'ku ihfj;M ,d o"kZ dk gksA
(4) gkbZ LowQy dks i<+kus okys vè;kid VsªUM&xzstq,sV gksaA gk;j&lsosQUMjh osQ fy;s b.VjehfM,V ;k ;wfuo£lVh
osQ vè;kidksa osQ led{k ;ksX;rk;sa gksuh pkfg,A
(5) f=kykHk (isa'ku] izksfoMsUV iQ.M] bU';ksjsUl) ;kstuk vkjEHk dh tk;sA
(6) LowQy Lrj ij vè;kidksa osQ ckydksa dks fu%'kqYd f'k{kk nh tk;sA
(7) lgdkfjrk osQ vk/kj ij vè;kidksa osQ fy;s edku cuok;s tk;sa ,oa lsfeukj] f'kfoj vkfn esa tkus osQ fy,
mUgsa ;k=kk&HkÙkk Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
(8) vè;kidksa osQ inksa dks vf/d vkd"kZd cuk;k tk;sA
(9) nks izdkj dh izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa gksaA
(i) tks gkbZ] gk;j lsosQUMjh Lrj osQ led{k O;fDr;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsaA
(ii) tks Lukrdksa dks izf'k{k.k nsaA
igyk dk;ZØe nks o"kZ dk vkSj nwljk ,d o"kZ dk gksA
(10) ,e-,M- osQ izf'k{k.k gsrq rhu o"kZ osQ vè;kiu&vuqHko izkIr VsªUM xzstq,V dks izos'k feyuk pkfg,A
19- iz'kklu dh leL;kμf'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dh miyfC/ mÙke iz'kklu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vusd eU=kky;ksa dk
lg;ksx Hkh bl dk;Z gsrq vko';d gks tkrk gSA laxBu] iz'kklu] fujh{k.k] ekU;rk ,oa n'kk;sa] Hkou ,oa lk/u]
dke osQ ?k.Vs rFkk vodk'k] lkoZtfud lsok esa HkrhZ vkfn ij blh osQ vUrxZr vk;ksx us ;s fliQkfj'ksa dh gSaμ
(1) f'k{kk&funs'kd] f'k{kkeU=kh dks ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy;s mÙkjnk;h gksA og la;qDr lfpo dk dk;Z Hkh djsA
(2) osQUnz rFkk izns'k osQ f'k{kk&efU=k;ksa dh ,d lfefr gks tks f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s Hkh dk;Z djsA
(3) 25 lnL;ksa dk ,d cksMZ gksA f'k{kk&funs'kd budk lHkkifr gksA ,d VhplZ Vsª¯ux cksMZ Hkh gksA
(4) fujh{kdksa dk dk;Z leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djuk rFkk lq>ko nsuk gksA x`gfoKku] dyk rFkk laxhr esa ekU;rk
nsus osQ fy;s fo'ks"k iSuy dh fu;qfDr gksuh pkfg,A
(5) fujh{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk m¡Qph gksuh pkfg,A 10 o"kZ osQ vuqHko izkIr vè;kid] gSMekLVj] Vsª¯ux&dkWyst esa
vè;kid fujh{kd in ij fu;qDr gksus pkfg;sA
(6) u;s fo|ky;ksa dks ekU;rk rHkh nh tk;s] tcfd og lHkh n'kk;sa iwjh djrs gksaA
(7) fo|ky; dh izcU/ lfefr esa vè;kidksa osQ izfrfuf/ ,oa gSMekLVj Hkh lnL; gksaA izcU/ lfefr dk dksbZ
Hkh lnL; fo|ky; osQ dke esa gLr{ksi u djsA gj lfefr dks fuf'pr fu;e cuk ysus pkfg,A ;g f'k{kk
foHkkx dh uhfr dks viuk;s rFkk vius dk;Z dh fjiksVZ nsA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (8) xzkeksa esa fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk gksA bUgsa Hkou fuekZ.k dh lgk;rk feysA Hkfo"; esa [kqyus okys fo|ky;ksa
esa fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa dk è;ku j[kk tk;sA
(9) fo|ky;ksa dk dk;Z bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, ftlls leqnk; dks ijs'kkuh u gksA 200 fnu dk dk;Z&o"kZ gksA
nks ekg dk xzh"ekodk'k rFkk 10 ,oa 15 fnu osQ vYi&vodk'k o"kZ esa nks ckj gksaA
(10) ljdkjh {ks=kksa esa 16 ls 18] 19 ls 21] 22 ls 24 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ O;fDr osQ fy;s tk;saA 50» pquko lh/s
gksaA
20- foÙk dh O;oLFkkμekè;fed vk;ksx us f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s vko';d /u dh O;oLFkk osQ fy;s fliQkfj'ksa
dh gSaA ;s fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj gSaμ
(1) jkT; rFkk osQUnz osQ lg;ksx ls dk;Z pysA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s cksMZ vkWiQ oksosQ'kuy
,tqosQ'ku dk fuekZ.k gks ftlesa lEcfU/r eU=kky;ksa osQ izfrfuf/ gksaA
(2) O;olkf;d f'k{kk dj (Industrial Education Cess) yxk;k tk;sA
(3) jsyos] ;krk;kr] Mkd&rkj ij lSl (Cess) yxk;k tk;sA f'k{kk esa fn;k x;k nku bUdeVSDl ls eqDr gks]
/k£ed laLFkkvksa rFkk VªLV dk iSlk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa yxk;k tk;sA
(4) f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh lEifÙk rFkk [ksy osQ eSnkuksa ij lEifÙk dj ugha yxkuk pkfg,A
(5) osQUnz ljdkj ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ iquxZBu dh oqQN ftEesnkjh ysA
ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dk ml le; Lokxr gqvk FkkA vkt ifjfLFkfr cny xbZ gS vkSj mlosQ vuqlkj
u;k vk;ksx xfBr gqvk gSA mlus Hkh viuh fliQkfj'ksa nh gSaA ftuls f'k{kk txr esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA lekt
esa cnyko vk;k gSA
eqnkfy;j deh'ku us ikB~;iqLrdksa esa lq/kj gsrq D;k lq>ko fn,\
14-2 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso lfefrμ1938 (Acharya Narendra Dev Commission—

1938)
i`"BHkwfeμLok/hurk ls igys 1938 bZ- esa vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso dh vè;{krk esa mÙkj izns'k dh izkFkfed rFkk
ekè;fed f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ij fopkj djus gsrq ,d lfefr laxfBr dh xbZ FkhA 1939 esa
bl lfefr us ,d o`gn~ izfrosnu izLrqr fd;kA ml le; dkaxzsl ljdkjksa us bLrhisQ ns fn;s] blfy, lfefr dh
fjiksVZ ij dk;Z u gks ldkA ekè;fed f'k{kk ij rks dk;kZUo;u fd;k u tk ldkA igyh lfefr }kjk dh xbZ
fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj gSaμ
(1) ekè;fed f'k{kk] dkWyst f'k{kk osQ iwjd dk dk;Z djrh gSaA vr% ekè;fed f'k{kk iz.kkyh vius esa lEiw.kZ
gksuh pkfg,A leLr fo|ky;ksa dks ^dkWyst* dh laKk nh tk;sA
(2) f'kYi ,oa dykk ij de è;ku fn;k tk;s ,oa vaxzsth dh vfuok;Zrk iznku dh tk;sA
(3) ikB~;Øe dks O;kogkfjd cuk;k tk;sA
(4) okn&fookn] vè;;u osQUnz] Nk=k&ifj"kn~] ukV~; Dyc] lkfgfR;d Dyc] jk"Vªh; bfrgkl] iQksVksxzkiQh]
bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] LdkmV&xkb¯Mx] fo|ky;&cSd a ] ljdkjh] LVksj] fiz; O;ogkj vkfn laLFkk;sa ikB~;&lgHkkxh
fØ;kvksa osQ :i esa laxfBr dh tk;saA
(5) pkj ;k ik¡p o"kZ osQ ikB~;Øe okys rduhdh rFkk bathfu;¯jx dkWyst vusd O;kogkfjd rFkk mi;ksxh

ikB~;Øeksa osQ lkFk [kksys tk;saA uksV

(6) yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dk izlkj djus osQ fy, l?ku iz;Ru rFkk dk;ZØe gkFk esa fy;s tk;saA
(7) ikjEifjd laLFkkvksa (laLÑr ikB'kkykvksa rFkk mnwZ edrc) dks bl izdkj laxfBr rFkk fodflr fd;k tk;s
fd ;gk¡ osQ Nk=k vkxs dh f'k{kk dks <ax ls pyk losaQA
(8) ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa cqf¼ ijh{kk dk lekos'k fd;k tk;sA le;≤ ij fo|ky;ksa dh iz'kklfud tk¡p dh
tk;sA f'k{kk ifj"kn~ lkekU; f'k{kk dh ijh{kk;sa vk;ksftr djsaA
(9) O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k gsrq f'k{k.k fo|ky; rFkk dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
(10) ikB~; iqLrdksa dks vPNk cuk;k tk;sA
(11) f'k{kk ij vusd izdkj ls fu;U=k.k j[kk tk;sA lsUVªy iSMkxkWthdy bULVhV~;wV dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
buosQ lkFk&lkFk fo|eku fo|ky;ksa osQ fodkl] vuq'kklu] ukxfjd 'kkL=k f'k{kk fu;U=k.k vkfn ij bl lfefr us
fopkj izdV fd;s FksA
f}rh; egk;q¼ osQ dkj.k f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk iqu% fo Ükà[kfyr gks x;h vkSj bl n'kk esa iz;Ru u gks
losQA Lok/hurk izkfIr osQ ckn rd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ bruh cny xb± fd mÙkj izns'k iz'kklu dks ;g
vko';drk vuqHko gqbZ fd iqu% ,d lfefr ekè;fed f'k{kk ij fopkj djs rFkk iquxZBu gsrq viuh
laLrqfr;k¡ izLrqr djsA
14-3 vkpk;Z ujsanz nso lfefrμ1953 (Acharya Narendra Dev Commission—

1953)
nwljh lfefr dk xBu mÙkj izns'k ljdkj osQ vkKki=k fnukad 8 ebZ] 1953 osQ vuqlkj gqvk FkkA bl lfefr osQ
29 lnL; FksA bl lfefr osQ vè;{k Fks vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso ,oa lfpo Jh Hkxorh'kj.k ¯lgA
bl lfefr dk dk;Z{ks=k bl izdkj Fkkμ
(1) ekè;fed f'k{kk dh uohu ;kstuk ij fopkj djukA
(2) cksMZ vkWiQ gkbZLowQy ,.M bUVjehfM,V ,tqosQ'ku osQ A, B, C ,oa D xzqi dk ijh{k.k djukA
(3) yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa osQ ikB~;Øe dh fHkUurk ij fopkj djukA
(4) fof'k"V {ks=k esa dk;ZØe dh mi;ksfxrk ij fopkj djukA
(5) vè;kid eaMy] f'k{k.k lk/u vkfn dh oqQ'kyrk dh tkap djukA
(6) O;kogkfjd rFkk vkS|ksfxd fo"k;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dh tk¡p djukA
(7) rduhdh f'k{kk dks lkekU; f'k{kk ls feykukA
bl lfefr dh vkB milfefr;k¡ xfBr dh xb±μ(1) lUnHkZ ,oa dk;Z {ks=k] A, B, C, D, lewg ikB~;Øe] (2) ukjh
f'k{kk (lEiw.kZ)] (3) C ,oa D lewg dh miyfC/;k¡ rFkk O;kogkfjdrk] (4) vodk'k rFkk NqfV~V;k¡] (5) yM+fd;ksa
dh f'k{kk] (6) lkekU; rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk leUo; lfefr] (7) ikB~; iqLrd ,oa (8) O;oLFkkiu (Manage-
ment) lfefrA bu lHkh lfefr;ksa us le;≤ ij cSBosaQ rFkk turk ls HksaV dhA
lfefr us f'k{kk lEcU/h vusd fo"k;ksa ij fopkj fd;kA ;gk¡ ij ge la{ksi esa lfefr dh vusd egRoiw.kZ fliQkfj'kksa
dk Lrj izLrqr dj jgs gSaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 1- ikB~;Øe (Syllabus)μiqjkuh lfefr (1939) dh fliQkfj'kksa ,oa f'k{kk foHkkx mÙkj izns'k (1948 bZ-) }kjk
izLrkfor ikB~;p;kZ ij fo'ks"k fopkj fd;kA c<+rh vko';drkvksa ,oa ifjorZu ij Hkh fopkj fd;k x;kA lfefr us
ikB~;Øe fo"k;d fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj dh gSaμ
(1) fgUnh osQ lkFk laLÑr vfuok;Z gksA laLÑr rFkk fgUnh esa ikl gksuk vfuok;Z gksA fgUnh osQ vfrfjDr vk/qfud
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk dk vè;;u fd;k tk;sA lkekU; Kku dks fu/kZfjr ikB~;Øe ls ckgj j[kk tk;sA igys nks
o"kks± esa xf.kr dk f'k{k.k vfuok;Z gksA
(2) gk;j lsosQ.Mjh LowQyksa esa yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s x`g&foKku vfuok;Z gksA
(3) igys nks o"kks± esa N% fo"k; vfuok;Z gksa ,oa vfUre nks o"kks± fo"k; vfuok;Z gksaA
(4) Nk=kksa dks vfrfjDr fo"k; esa Hkh ijh{kk nsus dh vuqefr gksA
(5) okf.kT;] o`Qf"k] lkSUn;Z Nk=k] iwoZ&rduhd ;k jpukRed fo"k;ksa dk f'k{k.k iznku djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk
pquko lko/kuh ls fd;k tk;sA o`Qf"k fo"k; i<kus okyh laLFkkvksa ds ikl lk/u lEiUu iz;ksx'kkyk rFkk de
ls de 10 ,dM+ Hkwfe vo'; gksA
2- rduhdh f'k{kkμ lfefr us rduhdh f'k{kk ds fodkl rFkk izpkj gsrq ;s fliQkfj'ksa dh gSaμ
(1) rduhdh fo|ky; lkekU; f'k{kk ds lkFk rduhdh iznku djsaA rduhdh fo|ky;ksa dk izcU/ ;FkkolEHko
f'k{kk foHkkx djs vkSj vko';drk gksus ij Hkh vU; foHkkxksa dks bldk izcU/ lkSaik tk,A
(2) m|ksxkas rFkk f'k{kk foHkkx ds eè; leUo; LFkkfir djus ds fy;s ,d ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k tk;sA
(3) lHkh Lrjksa ij oqQ'ky lsokvksa dk xBu fd;k tk;sA rduhdh rFkk jpukRed izdkj ds fo|ky; vf/d [kksys
tk;saA cksMZ vkWiQ Vsduhdy ,tqosQ'ku izek.k&i=k iznku djsA O;kogkfjd ikB~;ozQe mRlkgo/Zd gksaA
rduhdh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa es fu%'kqYd f'k{kk nh tk;sA
(4) euksoSKkfud lsokvksa] ekxZ&izn'kZu rFkk ijke'kZ ds izf'k{k.k ds fy;s vYidkyhu ikB~;ozQe pyk;s tk;saA
(5) ijh{k.kksa ds fuekZ.k] 'kSf{kd ,oa euksoSKkfud vuqlU/ku vkfn ds fy;s ,d ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k tk;sA
(6) ftyk Lrj ij euksfoKku 'kkykvksa dk xBu fd;k tk;sA
(7) orZeku izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa f'k{kk dh mikf/;ksa ds ikB~;ozQe esa ifjorZu fd;k tk;sA
3- ijh{kk iz.kkyhμbl lUnHkZ esa igyh lfefr] jk/kÑ".ku deh'ku vkfn dh fliQkfj'kksa rFkk fo'ys"k.k osQ lUnHkZ
esa fopkj djosQ eq[; fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj nh xbZ gSaμ
(1) b.VjehfM,V ijh{kk ;Fkkor~ pysA gkbZ LowQy ijh{kk esa O;fDrxr ijh{kk£Fk;ksa dks Hkh ykHk gksA orZeku
tuf'k{kk ijh{kk esa vuqlU/ku djus osQ fy;s losZ{k.k fd;k tk;sA bUVjehfM,V ijh{kk esa cSBus osQ fy;s de
ls de vk;q 16 o"kZ gksA
(2) ijh{kk esa cSBus osQ fy;s 75 izfr'kr mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gksA vuqifLFkfr osQ dkj.k jksosQ x, Nk=k dks laLFkk
osQ f[kykiQ vihy djus dk vf/dkj u gksA
(3) gkbZ LowQy esa Nk=ko`fÙk ijh{kk dk vk;kstu fd;k tk;sA Nk=kksa dks izxfr nsus osQ fy;s le;≤ ij fu;eksa
esa ifjorZu fd;s tk;saA izR;sd d{kk (9] 10] 11) esa rhu ,oa d{kk 12 esa nks lkef;d ijh{kk,¡ gksaA d{kk
esa lkewfgd ijh{kk ifj.kke osQ vk/kj ij izxfr nh tk;sA
4- vodk'kμlfefr us 200 dk;Z fnol izfr o"kZ dh laLrqfr dh gSA ;g dk;Zdky 235 fnu ls vf/d ugha
gksuk pkfg,A izfro"kZ tqykbZ osQ vkBosa fnu fo|ky; [kqysaA vU; NqfV~V;k¡ 31 gksaA xehZ rFkk lnhZ dh NqfV~V;k¡ N%
ls lkr lIrkg dh gksuh pkfg,A fnu esa 5 ?k.Vs dk f'k{k.k dk;Z gksA izkr%dky osQ fo|ky;ksa esa ;g le; 4
?k.Vksa dk gksuk pkfg,A ok£"kd ijh{kk,¡ ebZ esa gksaA blosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ ckn xzh"e ½rq osQ fy, fo|ky; cUn gks
tkus pkfg,A

5- uSfrd f'k{kkμuSfrd f'k{kk rFkk ekuooknh f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk vfHkUu vax gksuk pkfg,A Nk=kksa dks lHkh uksV
èkeks± osQ vk/kjHkwr rF;ksa dks cryk;k tkuk pkfg,A Nk=kksa dks fo|ky; vkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ de ls de nl feuV
dh izkFkZuk lHkk dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg,A egku iq#"kksa osQ thou pfj=k i<+k;s tk;saA
6- vuq'kkluμvuq'kklu cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s Nk=k] vè;kid rFkk vfHkHkkod la?kksa dk fuekZ.k gksuk pkfg,A
fo|ky; esa izhiSQDV iz.kkyh vkjEHk dh tk;sA fo|ky; ls fuyEcu] jsLVhosQ'ku rFkk 'kkjhfjd n.M] nksuksa esa
gSMekLVj loksiZ fj gksuk pkfg,A lekt lsok dh Hkkouk fodflr djuh pkfg,A fiQYeksa esa A rFkk U dk Li"Vhdj.k
gks] ftlls ;g irk py tk;s fd fiQYe o;Ldksa osQ fy;s gS ;k lkekU; O;fDr;ksa osQ fy;sA fo|ky;&jsfM;ks&dk;ZØeksa
dk vk;kstu liQyrkiwoZd gksuk pkfg,A
7- izcU/ lfefr;k¡μizcU/ lfefr;ksa ls vfHkizk; mu lfefr;ksa ls gS ftudk izcU/ LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk gksrk gS]
;s lfefr;k¡ fo|ky;ksa dk izcU/ vius <ax ls djrh gSaA lfefr us izcU/ lfefr;ksa osQ lUnHkZ esa viuh fliQkfj'ksa
bl izdkj dh gSaμ
(1) mÙke izcU/ okyh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks ljdkj }kjk izksRlkgu feyuk pkfg,A
(2) ftu izcU/ lfefr;ksa dk izcU/ [kjkc gS rks ogk¡ dk izcU/ iz'kkld (Administrator) vius gkFkksa esa
ys ysaA blosQ fy, nks ;k rhu O;fDr;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh gSA
(3) izcU/ lfefr esa iz/kukè;kid rFkk vè;kid izfrfuf/ Hkh gksaA
(4) fe'kujh izcU/d esUVsusUl iQ.M ls viuk osru ysrs gSa] ;g izFkk lekIr gksuh pkfg,A
(5) ;fn ,d VªLV ;k O;oLFkk dh vusd f'k{k.k laLFkk;sa gSa rks mudh izcU/ lfefr;k¡ vyx&vyx gksuh pkfg,A
izcU/ lfefr esa vf/dre 12 lnL; gksus pkfg,A lfefr dk dk;Zdky rhu o"kZ dk gksuk pkfg,A
(6) fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r lekpkj&i=kksa esa foKfIr gksus osQ ckn gksuh pkfg,A vè;kidksa dh fu;qfDr ifjoh{k.k
(Probation) ij gksuh pkfg,A fu;qfDr dh n'kk;sa f'k{kk vf/fu;e esa o£.kr gksuh pkfg,A fyf[kr le>kSrs
osQ vHkko esa vè;kid osQ lkFk T;knrh ugha gksuh pkfg,A
(7) ljdkj ls okafNr lgk;rk izcU/ lfefr;ksa rFkk fo|ky;ksa dks feyuh pkfg,A fodkl iQ.M Hkh Nk=kksa ls
fy;k tk;sA
8- ikB~;&iqLrosQa μbl le; izpfyr ikB~;&iqLrdksa dks izLrkfor djus dh iz.kkyh dks cnyk tk;sA laLFkk osQ iz/ku
dks iqLrosaQ p;u djus dk vf/dkj gksA f'k{kk foHkkx lgk;rk osQ fy;s oqQN iqLrosaQ izLrkfor dj ldrk gSA
fo"k;kuqlkj mÙke iqLrdksa dks rS;kj djus osQ fy;s izksRlkgu feyuk pkfg,A iqLrdksa dh rS;kjh osQ fy;s i;kZIr le;
feyuk pkfg,A budh NikbZ vPNh gksuh pkfg,A
bl lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vk/kj ij gh mÙkj izns'k dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh rFkk f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk egy [kM+k fd;k
x;k FkkA ijUrq vc fiQj le; cny x;k gS vkSj izns'k dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ifjorZu dh ek¡x djus yxh gSA
vkpk;Z ujsanznso lfefr (1953) us 'A' rFkk 'U' lfVZiQkbM fiQYeksa osQ Li‘hdj.k osQ
fy, vkxzg fd;k FkkA ftlls ;g Li‘ gks losQ fd dkSu&lh fiQYe osQoy O;Ldksa osQ
fy, gS vkSj bl izdkj cPpksa dks mlls nwj j[kk tk losQA
14-4 dksBkjh deh'ku (Kothari Commission)

f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us ekè;fed f'k{kk oQks fodkl dh jh<+ dgk gSA vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj gSaμ
1- vkxkeh 20 o"kks± esa ekè;fed f'k{kk bl izdkj gksμ
(1) vkxkeh fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk fu;kstu mfpr <ax ls djukA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (2) mfpr Lrj osQ fu/kZj.k osQ fy;s lqfo/kvksa dks ns[krs gq;s izos'k fuf'pr djukA
(3) izkFkfed Lrj ij vkRepquko ,oa ekè;fed Lrj ij cká ijh{kkiQy ,oa LowQy fjdkMZ osQ vk/kj
ij pquko fd;k tk;sA
2- uohu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks [kksyus esa jk"Vªh;&uhfr ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls viO;; ,oa vojks/u dks jksdk
tk losQA ekè;fed Lrj ij fo|ky; NksVh ,oa vuk£Fkd laLFkkvksa dks [kksyus ls mis{kk cjruh pkfg, ,oa
fo|eku vuk£Fkd laLFkkvksa dks iquxZfBr djuk pkfg,A O;kolkf;d vkS|ksfxd osQUnzksa osQ fudV vkS|ksfxd
laLFkku [kksys tkus pkfg,A
3- ekè;fed Lrj ikB~;Øeksa esa oSfHkUu; bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, fd Nk=k fdlh lewg (Group) osQ rhu fo"k;ksa
dk vè;;u xgu:i ls dj losaQA fd'kksjksa (Adolescents) osQ lUrqfyr O;fDrRo osQ fodkl osQ fy;s bl
Lrj ij vk/k le; oSdfYid fo"k;ksa dks nsuk pkfg;s] ,d pkSFkkbZ le; 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dyk] gLrdyk]
HkkSfrd ,oa vkè;kfRed f'k{kk dks fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- Hkk"kkvksa dk vè;;uμf=kHkk"kh lw=k dks ifj"Ñr djosQ ykxw djuk pkfg;sμ(1) ekr`Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk]
(2) osQUnz dh lgljdkjh ;k lgdkjh Hkk"kk] (3) vk/qfud Hkkjrh; ;ksjksih; Hkk"kk tks (1) ,oa (2) esa
u vkbZ gksA ekè;fed Lrj ij osQoy nks Hkk"kk;sa vfuok;Z :i ls i<+kbZ tkuh pkfg;saA
5- foKku ,oa xf.krμvfuok;Z :i ls i<+k;s tkus pkfg;sA fuEu ekè;fed Lrj ij ;s fo"k; efLr"d osQ
vuq'kklu osQ :i esa i<+k;s tkus pkfg;saA
6- lkekftd vè;;u ,oa lekt&foKku] ukxfjdrk] HkkokRed ,drk] jk"Vªh; ,drk] ekuo ,drk osQ fodkl
osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls i<+k;s tkus pkfg;saA
7- dk;kZuqHkoμfuEu ekè;fed Lrj ls dk;Z'kkyk&izf'k{k.k] ekè;fed Lrj ij fo|ky;] dk;Z'kkyk] [ksr]
O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa esa Nk=kksa dks dk;kZuqHko feyuk pkfg;sA dk;kZuqHko u;h lekt&O;oLFkk
osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls vxzfn'kkxkeh gksA
8- lekt&lsokμf'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjkas ij lekt&lsok ,oa lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa ;ksx nsus okys dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr fd;s tkus pkfg;saA
9- 'kkjhfjd f'k{kkμ'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØe dh iquiZjh{kk gksuh pkfg;sA ckyd osQ fodkl dh n`f"V ls
mldk iquxZBu gksuk pkfg;sA
10- uSfrd rFkk vkè;kfRed f'k{kk osQ fy;s lIrkg esa ,d ;k nks ihfj;M Vkbe&Vsfcy esa j[kus pkfg;sA
11- jpukRed fØ;k;saμdyk dh f'k{kk dh lEHkkoukvksa dk vè;;u djus osQ fy;s lfefr dh fu;qfDr gksuh
pkfg;sA
12- ekxZ&izn'kZu ,oa ijke'kZμekxZ&izn'kZu dk dk;Z izkFkfed Lrj ls vkjEHk gks tkuk pkfg;sA vè;kidksa dks
funkukRed ijh{kkvks ,oa oS;fDrd fHkUurk dh leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg;sA ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa
,d vfrfFk ijke'kZnkrk gks tks 10 fo|ky;ksa esa ijke'kZ ns losQA lHkh vè;kidksa dks ekxZ&izn'kZu osQ fopkj
,oa izR;; (Concept) Li"V gksus pkfg;sA
13- ewY;kaduμekè;fed Lrj ij iz'u&i=k okyksa dks u;h fof/;k¡ viukuh pkfg;saA LVsV cksMZ vkWiQ LowQy
,tqosQ'ku dks cká ijh{kkvksa osQ ifj.kkeksa esa Nk=kksa dh fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa ;ksX;rk dks izdV djuk pkfg;sA
ikl vFkok isQy dk dksbZ Hkh laosQr mlesa u gksA Nk=k dks mu fo"k;ksa esa ftuesa mlus de vad izkIr fd;s
gSa] iqu% ijh{kk nsus dh vuqefr feyuh pkfg;s] ftlls og viuh ;ksX;rk fodflr dj losQA vkUrfjd
ewY;kadu (Assessment) vyx ls fn[kk;k tkuk pkfg;sA

o&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment) uksV

lgh fodYi dk pquko dhft,A (Choose the correct option)—
1. eqnkfy;j deh'ku us viuh fjiksVZ izLrq dhμ
(d) lu~ 1953 esa ([k) lu~ 1952 esa (x) lu~ 1964 es
2. lu~ 1952 esa xfBr ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ vè;{k Fksμ
(d) tkWu ØbLV ([k) MkW- ,- y{ke.kLokeh eqnkfy;j (x) Jherh galk esgrk
3. vkpk;Z ujsanznso lfefr (1953) us o"kZ esa fdrus dk;Z fnol dh laLrqfr nhμ
(d) 200 ([k) 180 (x) 210
4. f=kHkk"kk iQkeZwyk ykx djus osQ fliQkfj'k fdl vk;ksx us izLrqr dhμ
(d) eqnkfy;j deh'ku ([k) ujsanznso lfefr (x) dksBkjh deh'ku

• ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa 1882 esa gUVj deh'ku us foLrkj ls fopkj fd;k rFkk vusd egRoiw.kZ lq>ko
fn;sA 1919 esa lSMyj deh'ku us ekè;fed f'k{kk dh lajpuk esa ifjorZu dk egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn;k] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i ekè;fed f'k{kk ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA gjVkWx lfefr us rduhdh rFkk lkekU; gkbZ LowQyksa
dh LFkkiuk osQ lq>ko fn;sA 1937 esa ekè;fed Lrj rd cqfu;knh f'k{kk ;kstuk izLrqr dhA 1944 esa lktsZUV
fjiksVZ us foLr`r f'k{kk ;kstuk izLrqr dhA
• ekè;fed f'k{kk jk"Vª dh 'kfDr dks okafNr fn'kk iznku djrh gSA bl vksj ns'k dh ljdkj tkx:d jgh
gSA blfy, le;≤ ij vk;ksx rFkk lfefr;ksa dk xBu gksrk jgk gSA ;gk¡ ij eqnkfy;j deh'ku]
vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso lfefr (1938)] (1953) ,oa dksBkjh deh'ku osQ lUnHkZ esa ekè;fed f'k{kk ij
fopkj&foe'kZ izLrqr gSA
• ekè;fed f'k{kk ns'k osQ lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe dh jh< gSA 'kjhj jpuk esa tks egÙo jh<+ dh gM~Mh dk gS]
ogh LFkku ns'k osQ vFkZra=k esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dk gSA Lok/hurk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ ;g vko';drk vuqHko dh
xbZ fd ns'k dh ekè;fed f'k{kk dk vo'; gh iquewZY;kadu gksuk pkfg,A blfy, 1952 esa ekè;fed f'k{kk
vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr gqbZA bl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 1953 esa izLrqr dhA
• vk;ksx osQ lUnHkZ dk;Z (Terms of Reference)μbl vk;ksx osQ lUnHkZ dk;Z bl izdkj Fksμ
(1) Hkkjr esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr dh tk¡p djukA
(2) ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ iquxZBu rFkk fodkl osQ fy;sμ(1) ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ mís';] laxBu rFkk ikB~;Øe
dk fuekZ.kA (2) izkFkfed] cqfu;knh rFkk mPpf'k{kk osQ lUnHkZ esa ekè;fed f'k{kkA (3) fofHkUu izdkj
osQ ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa lglEcU/A (4) vU; lEcfU/r leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djuk] ftlls ns'k
dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj lkjs ns'k esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dh le:irk gks losQA
• ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us f'k{kk osQ mís'; bl izdkj fu/kZfjr fd;s gSaμ (i) iztkrU=kh; ukxfjdrk dk fodkl_
(ii) O;kolkf;d mUufr_ (iii) O;fDrRo dk fodklA
• vkpk;Z ujsna z nso lfefrμLok/hurk ls igys 1938 bZ- esa vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso dh vè;{krk esa mÙkj izn's k dh
izkFkfed rFkk ekè;fed f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ij fopkj djus gsrq ,d lfefr laxfBr dh xbZ FkhA
(1) ekè;fed f'k{kk] dkWyst f'k{kk osQ iwjd dk dk;Z djrh gSaA vr% ekè;fed f'k{kk iz.kkyh vius esa
lEiw.kZ gksuh pkfg,A leLr fo|ky;ksa dks ^dkWyst* dh laKk nh tk;sA
(2) f'kYi ,oa dykk ij de è;ku fn;k tk;s ,oa vaxzsth dh vfuok;Zrk iznku dh tk;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (3) ikB~;Øe dks O;kogkfjd cuk;k tk;sA

(4) okn&fookn] vè;;u osQUnz] Nk=k&ifj"kn~] ukV~; Dyc] lkfgfR;d Dyc] jk"Vªh; bfrgkl] iQksVksxzkiQh]
bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] LdkmV&xkb¯Mx] fo|ky;&cSd a ] ljdkjh] LVksj] fiz; O;ogkj vkfn laLFkk;sa ikB~;&lgHkkxh
fØ;kvksa osQ :i esa laxfBr dh tk;saA
(5) pkj ;k ik¡p o"kZ osQ ikB~;Øe okys rduhdh rFkk bathfu;¯jx dkWyt s vusd O;kogkfjd rFkk mi;ksxh
ikB~;Øeksa osQ lkFk [kksys tk;saA
(6) yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dk izlkj djus osQ fy, l?ku iz;Ru rFkk dk;ZØe gkFk esa fy;s tk;saA
(7) ikjEifjd laLFkkvksa (laLÑr ikB'kkykvksa rFkk mnwZ edrc) dks bl izdkj laxfBr rFkk fodflr fd;k
tk;s fd ;gk¡ osQ Nk=k vkxs dh f'k{kk dks <ax ls pyk losaQA
(8) ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa cqf¼ ijh{kk dk lekos'k fd;k tk;sA le;≤ ij fo|ky;ksa dh iz'kklfud tk¡p
dh tk;sA f'k{kk ifj"kn~ lkekU; f'k{kk dh ijh{kk;sa vk;ksftr djsaA
(9) O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k gsrq f'k{k.k fo|ky; rFkk dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
(10) ikB~; iqLrdksa dks vPNk cuk;k tk;sA
(11) f'k{kk ij vusd izdkj ls fu;U=k.k j[kk tk;sA lsUVªy iSMkxkWthdy bULVhV~;wV dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
• nwljh lfefr dk xBu mÙkj izns'k ljdkj osQ vkKki=k fnukad 8 ebZ] 1953 osQ vuqlkj gqvk FkkA bl lfefr
osQ 29 lnL; FksA bl lfefr osQ vè;{k Fks vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso ,oa lfpo Jh Hkxorh'kj.k ¯lgA bl lfefr dk
dk;Z{ks=k bl izdkj Fkkμ
(1) ekè;fed f'k{kk dh uohu ;kstuk ij fopkj djukA
(2) cksMZ vkWiQ gkbZLowQy ,.M bUVjehfM,V ,tqosQ'ku osQ A, B, C ,oa D xzqi dk ijh{k.k djukA
(3) yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa osQ ikB~;Øe dh fHkUurk ij fopkj djukA
(4) fof'k"V {ks=k esa dk;ZØe dh mi;ksfxrk ij fopkj djukA
(5) vè;kid eaMy] f'k{k.k lk/u vkfn dh oqQ'kyrk dh tkap djukA
(6) O;kogkfjd rFkk vkS|ksfxd fo"k;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dh tk¡p djukA
(7) rduhdh f'k{kk dks lkekU; f'k{kk ls feykukA
• dksBkjh deh'kuμf'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us ekè;fed f'k{kk oQks fodkl dh jh<+ dgk gSA vk;ksx dh
fliQkfj'ksa bl izdkj gSaμ
1- vkxkeh 20 o"kks± esa ekè;fed f'k{kk bl izdkj gksμ
(1) vkxkeh fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk fu;kstu mfpr <ax ls djukA
(2) mfpr Lrj osQ fu/kZj.k osQ fy;s lqfo/kvksa dks ns[krs gq;s izos'k fuf'pr djukA
(3) izkFkfed Lrj ij vkRepquko ,oa ekè;fed Lrj ij cká ijh{kkiQy ,oa LowQy fjdkMZ osQ vk/kj
ij pquko fd;k tk;sA
2- uohu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks [kksyus esa jk"Vªh;&uhfr ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls viO;; ,oa vojks/u dks
jksdk tk losQA
3- ekè;fed Lrj ikB~;Øeksa esa oSfHkUu; bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, fd Nk=k fdlh lewg (Group) osQ rhu
fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u xgu:i ls dj losaQA
4- Hkk"kkvksa dk vè;;uμf=kHkk"kh lw=k dks ifj"Ñr djosQ ykxw djuk pkfg;sA
5- foKku ,oa xf.krμvfuok;Z :i ls i<+k;s tkus pkfg;sA

6- dk;kZuqHkoμfuEu ekè;fed Lrj ls dk;Z'kkyk&izf'k{k.k] ekè;fed Lrj ij fo|ky;] dk;Z'kkyk] uksV

[ksr] O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa esa Nk=kksa dks dk;kZuqHko feyuk pkfg;sA
7- lekt&lsokμf'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjkas ij lekt&lsok ,oa lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa ;ksx nsus okys dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr fd;s tkus pkfg;saA
8- 'kkjhfjd f'k{kkμ'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ dk;ZØe dh iquiZjh{kk gksuh pkfg;sA
9- jpukRed fØ;k;saμdyk dh f'k{kk dh lEHkkoukvksa dk vè;;u djus osQ fy;s lfefr dh fu;qfDr
gksuh pkfg;sA
10- ewY;kaduμekè;fed Lrj ij iz'u&i=k okyksa dks u;h fof/;k¡ viukuh pkfg;saA

• grk'kkμ fujk'k gksus dh fLFkfrA
• mnwZ edrcμ ikB'kkyk tgk¡ mnwZ Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls f'k{kk nh tkrh gksA

1- ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us ekè;fed f'k{kk dh iqujZpuk fdl izdkj izLrqr dh\
2- ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx us ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s D;k egRoiw.kZ fliQkfj'ksa izLrqr
dha\
3- dksBkjh deh'ku us ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ Lrj ij dkSu&lk n`f"Vdks.k izLrqr fd;k\
4- dksBkjh deh'ku dh mu egRoiw.kZ fliQkfj'kksa dks izLrqr dhft;s tks vkt izR;{k ifj.kke esa fn[k
jgh gSaA
1. (d) 2. ([k) 3. (d) 4. (x)

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ15% Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksxμ uhfr lkis{k
vè;kid f'k{kk
Indian Education Commission)
mís'; (Objectives)
15.1 Hkkjrh;&f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ tk¡p fo"k; (Terms of refrence of the Indian Education
Commission)
15.2 vk;ksx osQ lq>ko o fliQkfj'ksa (Suggestions and recommendations of the commission)
mís'; (Objectives)
• Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ xBu osQ mís';ksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dh flI+kQkfj'kksa ls voxr gksaxsA
fczfV'k ik£y;kes.V us lu~ 1880 esa ykMZ fjiu dks Hkkjr osQ u, xouZj tujy osQ :i esa euksuhr fd;kA ykMZ fjiu
dks Hkkjr&fLFkr vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa dh vuqnkj f'k{kk&uhfr ls voxr djk;k vkSj ;g vuqjksèk fd;k fd Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk dh xfrfofèk;ksa dh tk¡p djosQ] mlosQ fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k tk;sA
ykMZ fjiu us mudh bPNk dks iw.kZ djus dk opu fn;kA vius blh opu dk ikyu djus osQ fy,] mlus Hkkjr
igq¡pus osQ oqQN le; i'pkr~ lu~ 1882 esa ¶Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&vk;ksx¸ (Indian Education Commission) dh
fu;qfDr dhA bl ¶vk;ksx¸ dk vè;{kμxouZj&tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh lHkk dk lnL; lj fofy;e g.Vj (Sir
William Hunter) FkkA vr% blosQ uke ls bl ¶vk;ksx¸ dks ¶g.Vj deh'ku¸ (Hunter Commission) dgdj
Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA

bdkbZ—15% Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksxμ uhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk
15-1 Hkkjrh;&f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ tk¡p fo"k; (Terms of reference of the Indian uksV
Education commission)
¶vk;kssx¸ dks fuEukafdr fo"k;ksa dh tk¡p djosQ] muosQ lEcUèk esa vius lq>koksa vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dks izLrqr djus
dk vkns'k fn;k x;kμ
1- izkFkfed f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS vkSj blosQ lqèkkj ,oa fodkl osQ fy, D;k mik; viuk, tkus
pkfg,\
2- ns'k dh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh esa jktdh; fo|ky;ksa dh D;k fLFkfr gS vkSj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&iz.kkyh esa mudh
vko';drk gS ;k ugha\
3- D;k ljdkj us mPp ,oa ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ izfr vfèkd è;ku nsdj izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vogsyuk dh gS\
4- f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa O;fDrxr iz;klksa osQ izfr ljdkj dh uhfr D;k gksuh pkfg,\
5- ekè;fed f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS vkSj mldk izlkj fdu lkèkuksa osQ }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
6- ns'k dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa fe'ku LowQyksa dk D;k LFkku gksuk pkfg,\
7- ¶vk;ksx¸ dks nks fo'ks"k vkns'k fn, x,μ¶(1) bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk fd 1854 osQ vkns'k&i=k osQ
fl¼kUrksa dks fdl izdkj fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gSA (2) ,sls mik;ksa dk lq>ko nsuk] ftudks ^vk;ksx*]
^vkns'k&i=k* esa fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ uhfr dks fØ;kfUor djus osQ fy, mfpr le>rk gSA¸
¶vk;ksx¸ us lEiw.kZ ns'k dk Hkze.k djosQ] f'k{kkfonksa ls HksaV djosQ vkSj f'k{kk&lEcUèkh jktdh; ys[kksa dk vè;;u
djosQ] ekpZ] lu~ 1883 esa viuk 600 i`"Bksa dk izfriknu ljdkj osQ le{k izLrqr fd;kA
Hkkjr dh vk”kknh ls yxHkx lkr n'kd igys lu~ 1883 esa fofy;e gaVj dh vè;{krk esa Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
15-2 vk;ksx osQ lq>ko o fli+Qkfj'ksa (Suggestions and Recommendations of

the Commission)
¶vk;ksx¸ us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk osQ lHkh vaxksa vkSj {ks=kksa dk xgu vè;;u djus osQ i'pkr~ muosQ lEcUèk esa vius
lq>koksa vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dk fyfic¼ fd;kA ;gk¡ f'k{kk osQ izeq[k vax ls lEcfUèkr mlosQ fopkj izLrqr gSaA
(1) f'k{kk&uhfr (Educational Policy)μ¶vk;ksx us f'k{kk&uhfr osQ fo"k; esa ik¡p lq>ko fn,μ
1- ljdkj dks lgk;rk vuqnku osQ fu;eksa dks vfèkd mnkj cukdj] f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa O;fDrxr iz;klksa dks
izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A
2- ljdkj dks ekè;fed LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa dk izcUèk Øe'k% oqQ'kyrkiwoZd dk;Z djus okyh O;fDrxr
laLFkkvksa dks lkSai nsuk pkfg,A
3- ljdkj dks jktdh; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xfr dks eUn djosQ] bu fo|ky;ksa osQ izR;{k mÙkjnkf;Ro
ls i`Fko~Q gks tkuk pkfg,A
4- ljdkj dks Hkfo"; esa osQoy lgk;rkμvuqnku osQ vkèkkj ij LFkkfir fd, tkus okys ekè;fed LowQyksa
vkSj dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk dks izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 5- ljdkj dks izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dk Lo;a lapkyu u djosQ] mudk mÙkjnkf;Ro LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ij NksM+
nsuk pkfg,A
lkjka'k esa] ¶vk;ksx¸ us f'k{kk&uhfr osQ lEcUèk esa ljdkj dks lu~ 1854 osQ ¶vkns'k&i=k¸ osQ vxzkafdr
lq>ko dk vuqlj.k djus dk ijke'kZ fn;kμ¶jktdh; f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dks mu LFkkuksa esa pyus fn;k tk;s]
tgk¡ mudh vko';drk gSA fdUrq ljdkj dk eq[; dÙkZO; O;fDrxr f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh mUufr vkSj izlkj
djuk gksuk pkfg,A¸
(2) izkFkfed f'k{kk (Primary Education)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ mís';] izlkj] iz'kklu]
foÙk&O;oLFkk] ikB~;Øe] f'k{kk&Lrj osQ mUu;u vkSj ljdkj dh uhfr osQ lEcUèk esa lkjx£Hkr lq>ko fn,μ
1- mís'; o izlkjμizkFkfed f'k{kk dk ,dek=k mís';μtulkèkkj.k esa f'k{kk dk foLrkj djuk gksuk
pkfg,A bl f'k{kk dk vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj fiNM+h gqbZ tkfr;ksa esa izlkj djus osQ fy, ljdkj dks Bksl dne
mBkus pkfg,A
2- foÙk&O;oLFkkμizkFkfed f'k{kk osQ O;; osQ fy, LFkkuh; fudk;ksa }kjk LFkk;h vkSj i`Fko~Q dks"k dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A izkUrh; ljdkjksa dks bl dks"k dk 1@2] lEiw.kZ O;; dk 1@3 Hkkx vk£Fkd lgk;rk
osQ :i esa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks nsuk pkfg,A
3- f'k{kk&Lrj dk mUu;uμizkFkfed f'k{kk osQ Lrj dk mUu;u djus osQ fy, izR;sd fo|ky;&fujh{kd
osQ vfèkdkj&{ks=k esa de&ls&de ,d ukeZy LowQy LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4- iz'kkluμizkFkfed f'k{kk osQ iz'kklu vkSj lapkyu dk iw.kZ mÙknkf;Ro] ljdkj dks ftyk&ifj"knksa]
uxjikfydkvksa vkfn LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks gLrkUrfjr dj nsuk pkfg,A
5- ikB~;ØeμizkFkfed f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe esa lqèkkj djus osQ mís'; ls mlesa igys ls lefo"V fo"k;ksa osQ
vfrfjDr vxzkafdr thouksi;ksxh fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,μÑf"k] cgh[kkrk] {ks=kfefr]
ljy&foKku] vkjksX; foKku] egktuh xf.kr vkSj vkS|ksfxd dyk,¡A lEiw.kZ ns'k esa ,d gh ikB~;Øe
gksuk pkfg, vkSj mls LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- ljdkj dh uhfrμizkFkfed f'k{kk dh uhfr osQ fo"k; esa ¶vk;ksx¸ us ljdkj dks vxzkafdr ea=k.kk
nhμ¶ns'k dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g okaNuh; gS fd tulkèkkj.k dh izkFkfed f'k{kk vkSj mldh
O;oLFkk] izlkj ,oa mUufr dh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh dk og vax ?kksf"kr fd;k tk;s] ftlosQ izfr vc jkT; dh
lrr~ ps"Vk,¡ igys ls vfèkd ek=kk esa osQfUnzr dh tkuh pkfg,A¸
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fof'k"V f'k{kk lacaèkh uhfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
(3) ekè;fed f'k{kk (Secondary Education)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ izlkj] ikB~;Øe] f'k{kk&Lrj
osQ mUu;u] f'k{kk osQ ekè;e vkSj ljdkj dh uhfr osQ lEcUèk esa egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn,_ ;Fkkμ
1- izlkjμekè;fed f'k{kk dk izlkj djus osQ fy, lgk;rk vuqnku iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
bl iz.kkyh osQ iz;ksx esa ljdkj dks viuh mnkjrk dk ifjp; nsuk pkfg,A
2- f'k{kk Lrj dk mUu;uμekè;fed f'k{kk osQ Lrj dk mUu;u djus osQ fy,] ykgkSj vkSj enzkl esa igys
ls LFkkfir izf'k{k.k&dkWyts ksa osQ vkykok vU; LFkkuksa ij izf'k{k.k&dkWyt
s ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A
bu dkWystksa esa Nk=kkè;kidksa dks f'k{kk&fl¼kUr vkSj d{kk&f'k{k.k esa Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr djk;k tkuk
pkfg,A

3- f'k{kk dk ekè;eμ¶vk;ksx¸ us f'k{kk osQ ekè;e osQ fo"k; esa dksbZ Li"V lq>ko ugha fn;kA mlus osQoy uksV
;g dgk fd fefMy LowQyksa esa ekr`Hkk"kk dks f'k{kk dk ekè;e cukuk okaNuh; gS] ij Nk=kksa dks vaxzsth
dk Hkh oqQN Kku gksuk vko';d gSA ;g fopkj O;Dr djosQ] ¶vk;ksx¸ us gkbZ LowQyksa osQ vfrfjDr
fefMy LowQyksa esa Hkh f'k{kk osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa vaxzsth dk i{k fy;kA
4- ikB~;Øeμekè;fed f'k{kk osQ nks"kksa dk fujkd.k djus osQ fy, ¶vk;ksx¸ us mPp d{kkvksa esa nks izdkj
osQ ikB~;Øeksa dk lq>ko fn;kμ¶v¸ dkslZ vkSj ¶ç dkslZ (“A” Course & “B” Course)A ¶vk;ksx¸
dk er Fkk fd ¶v¸ dkslZ lkfgfR;d gksuk pkfg, vkSj mu Nk=kksa osQ fy, gksuk pkfg,] tks mPp f'k{kk
izkIr djus osQ fy, fo'ofo|ky; esa izos'k ikus osQ bPNqd gksaA ¶ç dkslZ esa O;kikfjd] O;kolkf;d
vkSj vlkfgfR;d fo"k; dk lekos'k gksuk pkfg,A ;g dkslZ mu Nk=kksa osQ fy, gksuk pkfg,] tks f'k{kk
izkIr djus osQ i'pkr~ O;kolkf;d ;k vlkfgfR;d dkslks± esa layXu gksus osQ bPNqd gksaA
5- ljdkj dh uhfrμekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa ¶vk;ksx¸ us ;g uhfr fuèkkZfjr dh fd ljdkj dks
bl f'k{kk dk Hkkj oqQ'ky Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSaidj] blls eqDr gks tkuk pkfg,A ljdkj dks osQoy
lgk;rk&vuqnku }kjk ekè;fed f'k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A ¶vk;ksx¸ us ;g lq>ko Hkh fn;k
fd ljdkj dks vius LowQyksa dks Øe'k% O;fDrxr laLFkkvksa dks gLrkUrfjr dj nsuk pkfg,A ljdkj
dks jktdh; fo|ky;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj lapkyu osQoy mu LFkkuksa esa djuk pkfg,] tgk¡ dh turk
vuqnku&izFkk osQ vkèkkj ij fo|ky;ksa dks pykus esa vleFkZ gksA ijUrq bl lEcUèk esa Hkh ¶vk;ksx¸
us ljdkj dh f'k{kk&uhfr dks vxzkafdr 'kCnksa esa Li"V dj fn;kμ¶ljdkj dk dÙkZO; izR;sd ftys esa
osQoy ,d gkbZ LowQy dh LFkkiuk djukA mlosQ i'pkr~ ml ftys esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dk izlkj O;fDrxr
iz;klksa ij NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A¸
(4) dkWyts f'k{kk (College Education)μ;|fi dkWyt s &f'k{kk ¶vk;ksx¸ dh tk¡p dk fo"k; ugha Fkk] rFkkfi
lkoZtfud dkWystksa vkSj mldh f'k{kk osQ lEcUèk esa vusd ykHkizn lq>ko fn;s_ ;Fkkμ
1- dkWystksa dks le;≤ ij iQuhZpj] iqLrdky;] Hkou&fuekZ.k vkSj f'k{k.k&lEcUèkh vU; dk;ks± osQ
fy, vko';drkuqlkj vk£Fkd lgk;rk nh tkuh pkfg,A
2- dkWystksa osQ ikB~;Øeksa dk foLrkj djosQ] Nk=kksa dks mudh #fp;ksa osQ vuqowQy fo"k;ksa dk p;u djus
dk volj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- dkWystksa osQ Nk=kksa dks ekiu vkSj ukxfjd dÙkZO;ksa ls voxr djkus osQ fy, O;k[;ku ekykvksa dk
vk;kstu fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- lkoZtfud dkWystksa dks jktdh; dkWystksa dh vis{kk de 'kqYd ysus dk vfèkdkj iznku fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
5- dkWystksa dh lgk;rk&vuqnku osQ :i esa nh tkus okyh èkujkf'k dks muosQ O;;] f'k{kdksa dh la[;k]
dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk vkSj LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- dkWystksa esa vè;;u djus okys Nk=kksa osQ fy, mfpr Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
7- dkWystksa esa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr djrs le; ;wjksi osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk izkIr djus okys Hkkjrh;ksa
dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg;sA
8- dkWystksa osQ Nk=kksa osQ uSfrd Lrj dk mRFkku djus osQ fy, mudks izÑfr&èkeZ (Natural Religion) vkSj
ekuo&èkeZ osQ fl¼kUrksa ls ifjfpr djk;k tkuk pkfg,A
¶vk;ksx¸ us jktdh; dkWystksa dh vis{kk lkoZtfud dkWystksa dks gh vfèkd izksRlkgu fn, tkus dk leFkZu
fd;kA vr% mlus ;g fopkj vafdr fd;k fd jktdh; dkWystksa dk lapkyu osQoy mUgha LFkkuksa esa fd;k
tk;s] tgk¡ dh turk lkoZtfud dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk djus esa vleFkZ gksA bl izdkj] ¶vk;ksx¸ us Li"V

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV :i ls ;g uhfr izfrikfnr dh ljdkj dks ekè;fed f'k{kk dh Hkk¡fr mPp f'k{kk osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro ls Hkh
eqDr gks tkuk pkfg,A MkW- ,l- ,u- eq[kthZ osQ vuqlkjμ¶vk;ksx us bl ckr dk vuqeksnu fd;k fd
ljdkj dks dkWyst f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa izR;{k dk;Z djus ls gV tkuk pkfg,A¸
lgh fodYi pqfu,μ(Choose the correct options)
1- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ vè;{k Fksμ
(d) ykWMZ eSdkys ([k) fofy;e g.Vj
(x) ykWMZ fjiu
2- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk LFkkiuk o"kZ gSμ
(d) lu~ 1904 ([k) lu~ 1880
(x) lu~ 1882
3- vk;ksx }kjk mPp d{kkvksa esa nks izdkj osQ ikB~;Øe esa ls dkslZ ^v* esa gksuk pkfg,μ
(d) lkfgfR;d fo"k; ([k) O;kikfjd O;olkf;d ,oa vlkfgfR;d
(x) foKku fo"k;
4- vk;ksx dh tk¡p dk fo"k; ugha Fkkμ
(d) iw.kZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ([k) ekè;fed f'k{kk
(x) dkWyst f'k{kkA
(5) fof'k"V f'k{kk (Special Education)μ¶vk;ksx¸ us fof'k"V f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr vxzkafdr osQ lEcUèk esa
vius izLrko izLrqr fd,μ
(A) eqlyekuksa dh f'k{kk (Education of Muslims)μlu~ 1882 esa eqlyekuksa dh f'k{kk cgqr fiNM+h
gqbZ n'kk esa FkhA vr% ¶vk;ksx¸ us mlosQ izlkj osQ fy, vxzkafdr lq>ko fn,μ(1) eqfLye
f'k{kk&laLFkkuksa dks mnkj vk£Fkd lgk;rk] (2) eqlyekuksa osQ fy, mu LFkkuks]a ij tgk¡ mudh la[;k
i;kZIr gks] eqfLye fefMy vkSj gkbZ LowQyksa dh LFkkiuk] (3) eqlyeku Nk=kksa osQ fy, izkFkfed Lrj
ls ysdj f'k{kk osQ mPp Lrj rd Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa dh O;oLFkk] (4) izkphu <ax osQ eqfLye fo|ky;ksa
dks izksRlkgu] (5) eqfLye izkbejh LowQyksa osQ fujh{k.k osQ fy, eqlyeku fo|ky;&fujh{kdksa dh
fu;qfDr] (6) eqlyeku f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, izf'k{k.k&laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiukA
(B) L=kh&f'k{kk (Women’s Education)μL=kh&f'k{kk dh mUufr osQ fy, ¶vk;ksx¸ us vxzkafdr
fliQkfj'ksa dhaμ(1) ckfydk&fo|ky;ksa osQ fujh{k.k osQ fy, fujhf{kdkvksa dh fu;qfDr] (2)
ckfydkvksa osQ izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa osQ fy, lqxe ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k] (3) fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kk&O;olk;
osQ izfr vkÑ"V djus osQ fy, efgyk&izf'k{k.k&fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk] (4) ckfydk&fo|ky;ksa dks
mnkj vk£Fkd lgk;rk] (5) ckfydkvksa osQ fy, Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa vkSj fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk] (6)
insZ esa jgus okyh ckfydkvksa osQ fy, muosQ ?kjksa ij f'k{kk nsus osQ fy, vè;kfidkvksa dh fu;qfDrA
(C) èkk£ed f'k{kk (Religious Education)μèkk£ed f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa ¶vk;ksx¸ osQ lq>ko ;s
Fksμ¶èkeZ&fujis{k jkT; dh f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa esa èkk£ed f'k{kk dk fn;k tkuk lEHko ugha gSA jktdh;
fo|ky;ksa esa èkk£ed f'k{kk dk dnkfi lekos'k ugha gks ldrk gS] ij O;fDrxr fo|ky;ksa esa izcUèkdksa
dh bPNk ls èkk£ed f'k{kk nh tk ldrh gSA

15-3 lkjka'k (Summary) uksV

• fczfV'k ik£y;kes.V us lu~ 1880 esa ykMZ fjiu dks Hkkjr osQ u, xouZj tujy osQ :i esa euksuhr fd;kA ykMZ
fjiu dks Hkkjr&fLFkr vaxzst vfèkdkfj;ksa dh vuqnkj f'k{kk&uhfr ls voxr djk;k vkSj ;g vuqjksèk fd;k fd
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh xfrfofèk;ksa dh tk¡p djosQ] mlosQ fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k tk;sA
• ykMZ fjiu us mudh bPNk dks iw.kZ djus dk opu fn;kA vius blh opu dk ikyu djus osQ fy,] mlus
Hkkjr igq¡pus osQ oqQN le; i'pkr~ lu~ 1882 esa ¶Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&vk;ksx¸ (Indian Education
Commission) dh fu;qfDr dhA bl ¶vk;ksx¸ dk vè;{kμxouZj&tujy dh dk;Zdkfj.kh lHkk dk lnL;
lj fofy;e g.Vj (Sir William Hunter) FkkA vr% blosQ uke ls bl ¶vk;ksx¸ dks ¶g.Vj deh'ku¸
(Hunter Commission) dgdj Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA
• Hkkjrh;&f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ tk¡p fo"k;μ¶vk;kssx¸ dks fuEukafdr fo"k;ksa dh tk¡p djosQ] muosQ lEcUèk esa
vius lq>koksa vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dks izLrqr djus dk vkns'k fn;k x;kμ
1- izkFkfed f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS vkSj blosQ lqèkkj ,oa fodkl osQ fy, D;k mik; viuk, tkus
pkfg,\
2- ns'k dh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh esa jktdh; fo|ky;ksa dh D;k fLFkfr gS vkSj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&iz.kkyh esa mudh
vko';drk gS ;k ugha\
3- D;k ljdkj us mPp ,oa ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ izfr vfèkd è;ku nsdj izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vogsyuk dh gS\
4- f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa O;fDrxr iz;klksa osQ izfr ljdkj dh uhfr D;k gksuh pkfg,\
5- ekè;fed f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr D;k gS vkSj mldk izlkj fdu lkèkuksa osQ }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
6- ns'k dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa fe'ku LowQyksa dk D;k LFkku gksuk pkfg,\
7- ¶vk;ksx¸ dks nks fo'ks"k vkns'k fn, x,μ¶(1) bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk fd 1854 osQ vkns'k&i=k osQ
fl¼kUrksa dks fdl izdkj fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gSA (2) ,sls mik;ksa dk lq>ko nsuk] ftudks ^vk;ksx*]
^vkns'k&i=k* esa fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ uhfr dks fØ;kfUor djus osQ fy, mfpr le>rk gSA¸
• ¶vk;ksx¸ us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk osQ lHkh vaxksa vkSj {ks=kksa dk xgu vè;;u djus osQ i'pkr~ muosQ lEcUèk esa vius
lq>koksa vkSj fliQkfj'kksa dk fyfic¼ fd;kA
• ¶vk;ksx¸ us f'k{kk&uhfr osQ lEcUèk esa ljdkj dks lu~ 1854 osQ ¶vkns'k&i=k¸ osQ vxzkafdr lq>ko dk
vuqlj.k djus dk ijke'kZ fn;kμ¶jktdh; f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dks mu LFkkuksa esa pyus fn;k tk;s] tgk¡ mudh
vko';drk gSA fdUrq ljdkj dk eq[; dÙkZO; O;fDrxr f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh mUufr vkSj izlkj djuk gksuk
pkfg,A¸
• ¶vk;ksx¸ us izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ mís';] izlkj] iz'kklu] foÙk&O;oLFkk] ikB~;Øe] f'k{kk&Lrj osQ mUu;u vkSj
ljdkj dh uhfr osQ lEcUèk esa lkjx£Hkr lq>ko fn,μ
• ¶vk;ksx¸ us ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ izlkj] ikB~;Øe] f'k{kk&Lrj osQ mUu;u] f'k{kk osQ ekè;e vkSj ljdkj dh
uhfr osQ lEcUèk esa egRoiw.kZ lq>ko fn,_ ;Fkkμ
1- izlkjμekè;fed f'k{kk dk izlkj djus osQ fy, lgk;rk vuqnku iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
bl iz.kkyh osQ iz;ksx esa ljdkj dks viuh mnkjrk dk ifjp; nsuk pkfg,A
2- f'k{kk Lrj dk mUu;uμekè;fed f'k{kk osQ Lrj dk mUu;u djus osQ fy,] ykgkSj vkSj enzkl esa igys
ls LFkkfir izf'k{k.k&dkWyts ksa osQ vkykok vU; LFkkuksa ij izf'k{k.k&dkWyt
s ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A
• ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ nks"kksa dk fujkd.k djus osQ fy, ¶vk;ksx¸ us mPp d{kkvksa esa nks izdkj osQ ikB~;Øeksa
dk lq>ko fn;kμ¶v¸ dkslZ vkSj ¶ç dkslZ (“A” Course & “B” Course)A ¶vk;ksx¸ dk er Fkk fd ¶v¸

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV dkslZ lkfgfR;d gksuk pkfg, vkSj mu Nk=kksa osQ fy, gksuk pkfg,] tks mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ fy,
fo'ofo|ky; esa izos'k ikus osQ bPNqd gksaA
• ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa ¶vk;ksx¸ us ;g uhfr fuèkkZfjr dh fd ljdkj dks bl f'k{kk dk Hkkj oqQ'ky
Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSaidj] blls eqDr gks tkuk pkfg,A
• ¶vk;ksx¸ us fof'k"V f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr vxzkafdr osQ lEcUèk esa vius izLrko izLrqr fd,μ(A) eqlyekuksa dh
f'k{kk_ (B) L=kh&f'k{kk_ (C) èkk£ed f'k{kkA

• fudk;μleqnk;] lewg
• vuqnkuμvk£Fkd lgk;rk

1- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx osQ tk¡p fo"k; D;k Fks\
2- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dk foLrkj ls fooj.k nhft,A
1. ([k) 2. (x) 3. (d) 4. (x)

bdkbZ—16% jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1986
bdkbZμ16% jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ,oa PoA-1992)— uksV
uhfr lkis{k vè;kid f'k{kk

National Policy on Education—1986 and
Programme of Action (PoA)-1992)
mís'; (Objectives)
16.1 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986μmís'; rFkk funsZ'k (National Education Policy 1986—Aims and
Instructions)
16.2 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986 bZ-) leku f'k{kk ij cy (National Education Policy 1986
Education for Equality)
16.3 fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dk iquxZBu (Reorganization of Education)
16.4 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh miyfCèk;k¡ (Achievement of National Education Policy 1986)
16.5 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of National Education Policy
1986)
16.6 jkeew£r leh{kk&lfefr] 1990 (Rammurti Committee—1990)
16.7 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1986 (POA—1992)
16.8 la'kksfèkr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1992 (Revised Policy of Education—1992)
mís'; (Objectives)
• jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh miyfCèk;ksa dk ewY;kadu djus esa l{ke gksaxsA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV izLrkouk (Introduction)

izkphu dky esa Hkkjr esa ckyd dh f'k{kk dk izkjEHk 5 o"kZ dh vk;q ls gksrk Fkk rFkk 25 o"kZ dh vk;q
rd f'k{kk xzg.k djrk Fkk ftlesa czkã.k 6] {k=kh; 11 vkSj oS'; 12 o"kZ dh vk;q esa viu;u laLdkj osQ
i'pkr~ xq#oqQyksa esa f'k{kk xzg.k djus tkrs FksA 'kwnzksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh O;oLFkk u FkhA f'k{kk osQ nks
Lrj gksrs Fksμ
1- izkjafHkd rFkk 2- mPp
blh izdkj ckS¼ ;qx esa Hkh f'k{kk osQ nks Lrj gksrs FksA
f'k{kk iz.kkyh ij loZizFke 1882 esa g.Vj deh'ku us fopkj fd;kA mlus f'k{kk osQ vusd pj.k izLrkfor fd;sA
ml le; nl o"kZ dh ,UVsªal] nks o"kZ dh ,iQ-jk- nks o"kZ dh Lukrd vkSj nks o"kZ dh ijkLukrd LukrdksÙkj iz.kkyh
izpfyr FkhA 10 o"kZ dh f'k{kk fo|ky;ksa esa] 'ks"k f'k{kk fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa nh tkrh FkhA 1917&19 esa lSMyj deh'ku
us vuqHko fd;k fd f'k{kk dh izÑfr esa ifjorZu ykuk vko';d gSA vr,o mlus 10 + 2 + 3 f'k{kk iz.kkyh izLrkfor
dh rFkk fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ fy, i`Fko~Q cksMZ xfBr djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA 10 o"kZ dh gkbZLowQy] 2 o"kZ dk
b.VjehfM,V] f'k{kk cksMZ osQ vèkhu dj 3 o"kZ dk Lukrd dk;ZØe fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ vUrxZr j[kus dk vkxzg fd;kA
lu~ 1948&49 esa jkèkkÑ".ku deh'ku us Hkh 10 + 2 + 3 f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k dh rFkk ekè;fed
f'k{kk dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ vkèkkj ij xfBr djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA
lu~ 1952&53 esa eqnkfy;j deh'ku osQ 8 + 3 + 3 f'k{kk iz.kkyh izLrkfor dhA 8 o"kZ dh izkFkfed] 3 o"kZ dh gkbZLowQy
,oa 3 o"kZ dh Lukrd O;oLFkk dks izLrkfor fd;kA ekè;fed f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks lekIr djus ij cy fn;kA
lu~ 1960 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx us 12 o"kZ dh fo|ky;h f'k{kk rFkk 3 o"kZ dh Lukrd f'k{kk ij cy fn;kA 1961 esa
oqQyifr;ksa osQ vfèkos'ku esa Hkh ;gh rF; nksgjk;k x;kA lu~ 1962 esa osQUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"kn~ us Hkh blh ladYi
dks nksgjk;k ,oa dksBkjh deh'ku us Hkh ;gh fliQkfj'k dh vkSj vUr esa lu~ 1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ rgr
lEiw.kZ ns'k esa 10 + 2 + 3 f'k{kk O;oLFkk ykxw dj nh x;hA
f'k{kk dh 10 + 2 + 3 iz.kkyh dk vFkZ
10 + 2 + 3 dk vFkZ bl izdkj le>k tk ldrk gS fd 10 osQ vUrxZr d{kk 1 ls 10 rd izkIr dh tkus okyh
f'k{kkA ;g f'k{kk 6 ls 16 o"kZ dh vk;q rd izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA + 2 osQ vUrxZr d{kk 11 o 12 rd dh
izkIr tkus okyh f'k{kk vkrh gSA bu nks o"kks± esa lkekU; ,oa fo'ks"k nksuksa izdkj dh f'k{kk iznku dh tk;sxhA og
f'k{kk 16 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd pysxhA + 3 ls rkRi;Z gS fd 12 o"kZ dh f'k{kk osQ i'pkr~ 3 o"khZ; mPp
f'k{kk dh izFke mikfèk (Lukrd mikfèk) gsrq fuèkkZfjr vofèk gksxhA bl vofèk esa f'k{kkFkhZ dks lkekU; ,oa fo'ks"k
nksuksa esa fdlh Hkh f'k{kk osQ fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk iznku dh tk;sxhA ;g f'k{kk 18 ls 21 o"kZ dh vk;q rd izkIr
dh tk ldrh gSA
lu~ 1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ vUrxZr lEiw.kZ ns'k esa rhu o"kZ dk fMxzh (Lukrd) ikB~;Øe ykxw dj fn;k
x;k gSA
16-1 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ mís'; rFkk funsZ'k (National Education Policy Aims
and Instructions)
1- ekuo bfrgkl osQ mn; ls ysdj vc rd f'k{kk us fodkl rFkk vfHko`f¼ dh izfØ;k dks lkrR; iznku fd;k
gSA gj ns'k us viuh lkekftd lkaLÑfrd igpku cukus osQ fy;s viuh f'k{kk iz.kkyh fodflr dh vkSj
le; dh pqukSrh dks Lohdkj fd;kA bfrgkl esa ,sls Hkh {k.k vk;s gSa tc ijEijkxr izfØ;k dks ubZ fn'kk
nh x;hA ,slk gh {k.k vkt gSA

2- ns'k] vkfFkZd] rduhdh fodkl dh ml voLFkk ij igq¡p x;k gS] tgk¡ l`ftr ifjlEifÙk;ksa (Assets) dk uksV
vfèkdre ykHk lHkh oxks± rd igq¡pkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk gSA f'k{kk bl mís'; dh izkfIr dk jktekxZ gSA
3- bl mís'; dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq;s Hkkjr ljdkj us tuojh] 1985 esa ?kks"k.kk dh fd ns'k osQ fy;s ,d ubZ
f'k{kk uhfr dh jpuk dh tk;sxhA fo|eku f'k{kk dh l?ku leh{kk] ns'k Hkj esa cgl djkdj dh x;hA ns'k
osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls izkIr fopkjksa rFkk lq>koksa dk vè;;u lrZdrkiwoZd fd;k x;kA
1986 dh f'k{kk uhfr vkSj mlosQ ckn
4- LorU=k Hkkjr esa 1986 dh f'k{kk uhfr ,d egÙoiw.kZ dne jgh gSA bldk mís'; jk"Vªh; izxfr] lkekU;
ukxfjdrk rFkk laLÑfr dh Hkkouk vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks lqn`<+ djuk jgk gSA blus f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ
ØkfUrdkjh uo&fuekZ.k dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA lHkh Lrjksa ij f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed lqèkkj] foKku rFkk
rduhdh ij fo'ks"k è;ku]uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ fodkl rFkk f'k{kk vkSj thou osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa dks ?kfu"B
cukus ij cy fn;kA
5- 1986 dh uhfr osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij 'kSf{kd lqfoèkkvksa dk izlkj fd;k x;kA ,d oxZ
fdyksehVj osQ {ks=k esa xzke {ks=kksa dh 90% turk osQ fy;s fo|ky;h lqfoèkk;sa izkIr gSaA vU; Lrjksa ij Hkh
okafNr lqfo/kvksa esa Hkh izxfr gqbZ gSA
6- lEiw.kZ ns'k esa f'k{kk dh lkekU; lajpuk dh LohÑfr vkSj vfèkdka'k jkT;ksa esa 10 + 2 + 3 f'k{kk i¼fr dk
vuqlj.k egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk gSA yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa osQ lkekU; ikB~;Øe osQ vfrfjDr foKku rFkk xf.kr dh
vfuok;Z f'k{kk] dk;kZuqHko dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;kA
7- mikfèk Lrj ij ikB~;Øeksa dh iqujZpuk dh x;hA LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij f'k{kk rFkk vuqlaèkku osQ fy;s lsUVj
iQkWj ,MokaLM LVMhT+k [kksys x;sA ;ksa f'kf{kr tu'kfDr dh vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus esa l{kerk izkIr
gqbZA
8- ;kas rks mijksDr miyfCèk;k¡ izHkko'kkyh Fkha fdUrq 1968 dh f'k{kk uhfr lfEefyr vusd dk;ks± dks
laxBukRed lg;ksx izkIr ugha gks ldkA mudh j.kuhfr] fofu;ksx dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk u fey ldhA
ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd vkfèkD;] xq.k] ek=kk] mi;ksx rFkk vkfFkZd <k¡ps esa fujUrj o`f¼ gksrh jgh vkSj vc
bu lHkh dks izkFkfedrk nsdj gy fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
9- Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkt pkSjkgs ij [kM+h gSA lkekU; js[kh; izlkj vkSj u gh fo|eku fLFkfr vkSj lqèkkj dh
izÑfr bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldrh gSA
10- Hkkjrh; fpUru osQ vuqlkj ekuo ,d ldkjkRed rFkk cgqewY; jk"Vªh; Ïksr gS ftldk fodkl
lkoèkkuhiwoZd xfr'khyrk osQ lkFk tkuk pkfg;sA izR;sd O;fDr dh vfHko`f¼ fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa
rFkk vko';drkvksa dks izLrqr djrh gSA tUe ls ej.k rd pyus okyh f'k{kk dh bl tfVy rFkk xfr'khy
izfØ;k dk fu;kstu lqlac¼ :i ls fd;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj iwjh fu"Bk osQ lkFk bldk fØ;kUo;u fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA
11- Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd thou ,slh voLFkk ls xqtj jgk gS tgk¡ iw.kZ LohÑr nh?kZdkyhu ewY;ksa
dk fouk'k gks jgk gSA blh ncko esa èkeZ fujis{krk] lektokn] turU=k rFkk O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk fil jgs gSAa
12- fucZy lajpuk rFkk lektlsok osQ dkj.k xzke {ks=kksa dks izf'kf{kr ;qokvksa dk ykHk ml le; rd ugha fey
ik;sxk tc rd uxj&xzke osQ Hksn lekIr ugha gksaxs vkSj jkstxkj osQ voljksa esa o`f¼ ugha gksxhA
13- vkus okys n'kdksa esa ns'k dh tula[;k dh o`f¼ dh xfr dks èkhek djuk gksxkA fL=k;ksa esa f'k{kk izlkj rFkk
lk{kjrk esa o`f¼ bl leL;k dks gy djsxhA
14- vkus okys n'kd vR;Ur la?k"kZ osQ gksaxsA buesa vusd izdkj osQ volj gksaxsA u;s okrkoj.k dk ykHk mBkus

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV osQ fy;s ekuo fodkl osQ u;s izfrekuksa dh jpuk djuh gksxhA ubZ ih<+h esa uo fopkj rFkk ltZukRedrk
dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA lkekftd U;k; rFkk ekuo ewY;ksa osQ izfr bl ih<+h esa izfrc¼rk
gksuh pkfg;sA bu lcdk vFkZ gSμmÙke f'k{kkA
15- buosQ vfrfjDr] ljdkj oQks ns'k dks l{ke cukus osQ fy;s ubZ f'k{kk uhfr izLrqr djus dh vko';drk uohu
pqukSfr;ksa rFkk lkekftd vko';drkvksa us mRiUu dh gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk ;ksa gh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
2- f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk rFkk ewy rRo
1- jk"Vªh; lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk lHkh osQ fy;s vfuok;Z gSA gekjs lok±xh.k fodklμ HkkSfrd rFkk vkè;kfRed fodkl
osQ fy, ;g vkèkkjHkwr rRo gSA
2- f'k{kk mHk; lkaLÑfrd Hkwfedk izLrqr djrh gSA ;g jk"Vªh; ,drk esa ;ksxnku nsus okyh laosnu'khyrk rFkk
izfrcUèk dks ifj"Ñr dj oSKkfud eukso`fÙk ,oa ekufld LorU=krk ,oa Hkkouk fodflr dj lektokn]
èkeZfujis{krk rFkk turU=k dk fodkl lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr djrh gSA
3- vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij f'k{kk] tu'kfDr dk fodkl djrh gS] jk"Vªh; vkRefuHkZjrk dh iwjh xkjUVh]
'kksèk ,oa fodkl osQ ekè;e ls f'k{kk iznku djrh gSA
4- oqQy feykdj f'k{kk orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; esa ,d fo'ks"k fofu;ksx (Investment) gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dh
;g ewy oqaQth gSA
3- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh
jk‘ªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ fcanq bl izdkj gSaμ
1- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh ftu vkèkkjksa ij fodflr gks jgh gS] mlosQ ewy fl¼kUr lafoèkku }kjk iznku fd;s
x;s gSaA
2- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh voèkkj.kk ;g gS fd okafNr Lrj rd] tkfr] èkeZ] {ks=k rFkk ¯yx osQ HksnHkko osQ
fcuk f'k{kk osQ volj leku :i ls iznku fd;s tkus pkfg;sA bl y{; dks izkIr djus osQ fy;s i;kZIr /u
osQ lkFk dk;ZØe ljdkj }kjk pyk;s tk;sxa As 1968 dh uhfr esa izLrkfor lkekU; f'k{kk iz.kkyh (Common
School System) dks viukus osQ fy;s izHkko'kkyh dne mBkus gksaxsA
3- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh lkekU; 'kSf{kd lajpuk ij fopkj djrh gSA ns'k osQ lHkh Hkkxksa esa 10 + 2 + 3 iz.kkyh
dks Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA 10 o"khZ; O;oLFkk osQ iqufoZHkktuμ5 o"khZ; vkjfEHkd] 3 o"khZ; vij izkbejh
,oa 2 o"khZ; gkbZLowQy osQ iz;kl py jgs gSaA
4- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk vkèkkj ,d lkekU; ikB~;Øe dh lajpuk gS] ftlesa lkekU; ewy fo"k;ksa osQ
lkFk&lkFk vU; fo"k; yphys gksaxsA lkekU; ewy fo"k;ksa esa Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk dk bfrgkl] laoSèkkfud
izfrcUèk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk osQ vU; rRo gksxa As ;s rRo fo"k; {ks=kksa ls i`Fko~Q gksxa s vkSj bl izdkj cuk;s tk;sxa ]s
ftlls Hkkjr dh lkekU; lkaLÑfrd fojklr] lerkokn] tura=k] èkeZ&fujis{krk osQ ewY;ksa dk fodkl ¯yxHksn
osQ fcuk gksxkA okrkoj.k dh j{kk] lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djuk] NksVs ifjokj osQ ekudksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk
oSKkfud LoHkko fodflr gksA lHkh izdkj osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe bl izdkj cuk;s tk;saxs tks èkeZfujis{k ewY;ksa
dks iwjh fu"Bk osQ lkFk fodflr djsaxsA
5- Hkkjr us fo'o dks ,d ifjokj ekuk gS vkSj blh vkèkkj ij jk"Vªksa osQ eè; 'kkfUr ,oa ln~Hkko cuk;s j[kus
dh vko';drk vuqHko dh gSA bl iqjkru ijEijk dk fuokZg djus osQ fy, bl fo'o er dks l'kDr cukus
gsrq] vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx] 'kkfUriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo dks ubZ ih<+h esa vfHkizsfjr djsaA bl rF; dks udkjk ugha
tk ldrkA

6- lekurk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s] lekurk osQ vfèkdre volj iznku djus osQ lkFk mlesa liQyrk izkIr djuk uksV
Hkh vko';d gSA vkèkkjHkwr ikB~;Øe osQ ekè;e ls vkUrfjd lekurk dks tkx`r djuk gS] tUe ls izkIr
rFkk lkekftd ifjos'k ls mRiUu iwoZxzgksa rFkk tfVyrkvksa dks lekIr djuk gSA
7- f'k{kk dh izR;sd voLFkk osQ fy;s vfèkxe dk U;wure Lrj fuèkkZfjr djuk gksxkA ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa eas
jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dh laLÑfr rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa dks le>us osQ fy,] ikB~;Øe esa O;oLFkk djuh
gksxhA lEioZQ Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa iqLrdksa osQ vuqokn djus gksaxs rFkk cgqHkk"kh 'kCn
nsus dh jpuk djuh gksxhA ubZ ih<+h dks vius <ax ls vius izfrcksèk rFkk izfrHkk esa Hkkjr dks iqu[kksZt djus
osQ fy;s izksRlkfgr djuk gksxkA
8- mPp f'k{kk esa lkekU; :i ls rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk esa fo'ks"k :i ls vUr{ksZ=kh; xfr'khyrk dks fodflr
djrh gSA okafNr ;ksX;rk osQ }kjk ,sls volj nsus gksaxsA fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa dk voewY;u
gqvk gSA
9- vuqlaèkku rFkk fodkl] foKku rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ,slk tky fcNkuk gksxk fd fofHkUu laLFkkuksa
osQ Ïksrksa dk ,d=khdj.k jk"Vªh; egÙo dh ifj;kstukvksa esa Hkkx ysus gsrq fd;k tk;sA
10- jk"Vª dks lEiw.kZ :i ls 'kSf{kd :ikUrj.k osQ lHkh dk;ZØeksa dks] vlekurkvksa dks de djrs gq;s] izkFkfed
f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k] izkS<+ lk{kjrk] oSKkfud rFkk izkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro ogu djuk gksxkA
11- 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dk fpjlafpr mís'; thoui;ZUr f'k{kk gSA lkoZHkkSe lk{kjrk dh ;g mis{kk gSA ;qodksa]
x`gf.k;ksa] Ñ"kdksa] Jfedksa rFkk vU; O;olk;ksa esa yxs yksxksa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk] tks le; osQ lkFk
fodflr gks tk;sxhA eqDr rFkk lqnwj vfèkxe bl fn'kk esa Hkkoh iz;kl gSA
12- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks vkdkj nsus rFkk l'kDr cukus esa lg;ksx nsus okyh laLFkk;saμfo'ofo|ky; vuqnku
vk;ksx] vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~] vf[ky Hkkjrh; Ñf"k f'k{kk ifj"kn~ rFkk vf[ky Hkkjrh;
fpfdRlk ifj"kn~ gSaA bu laLFkkvksa osQ eè; lfEefyr ;kstuk cuk;h tk;sxh ftlls dk;kZRed laioZQ osQ }kjk
dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k tk;sA ;g dk;Z (NCERT)] bfULVV~;wV vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuy Iyk¯ux ,.M
,MfefuLVªs'ku] bfULVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuy VSDuksykWth osQ lg;ksx ls gksxkA f'k{kk uhfr osQ fØ;kUo;u esa
budks lfEefyr fd;k tk;sxkA
,d lkFkZd lk>snkjh
13- 1976 osQ lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk dks leorhZ lwph esa j[kk x;kA blosQ vuqlkj osQUnz rFkk jkT;
ljdkjksa dk nkf;Ro egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g nkf;Ro] vkfFkZd] iz'kklfud :i ls lkrR;iw.kZ gSA jkT;ksa osQ 'kSf{kd nkf;Roksa
esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA osQUnz ljdkj jk"Vªh; ,oa lfEefyr fo'ks"krk okyh f'k{kk dks ykxw djus dk nkf;Ro
ogu djsxhA f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed (f'k{k.k O;olk; lHkh Lrjksa ij) Lrj] ns'k dh 'kSf{kd vko';drk osQ vè;;u
,oa fu;U=k.k] oqQy feykdj fodkl osQ fy;s tu'kfDr] f'k{kk] laLÑfr] ekuo lalkèku fodkl osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh;
n`f"Vdks.k dks viukuk gksxkA f'k{kk osQ fijkfeM dh lkFkZdrk lEiw.kZ ns'k esa iSQykuh gksxhA ;g lesfyr lk>snkjh
osQ egÙo dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA ;g lkFkZd Hkh gS vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ HkhA jk"Vªh; uhfr lgh ek;uksa esa izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls pkyw dh tk;sxhA
eqnkfy;j deh'ku }kjk izLrkfor f'k{kk iz.kkyh D;k Fkh\

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

1- lgh fodYi pqfu,μ(Choose the Correct Option)
1. 8 $ 3 $ 3 f'k{kk iz.kkyh fdl deh'ku }kjk izLrkfor dh xbZ\
(d) ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk ([k) eqnkfy;j deh'ku }kjk
(x) jk/kÑ".ku deh'ku }kjk
2. 10 $ 2 $ 3 f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykxw dh xbZμ
(d) 1986 esa ([k) 1962 esa
(x) 1948 esa
3. jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kμ
(d) 1986 ([k) 1990
(x) 1992
4. la'kksf/r jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 (1992)μ
(d) vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ ([k) MkW- osQ- xksikyu
(x) tuknZu jsM~Mh
16-2 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986 bZ-) leku f'k{kk ij cy (National Education
Policy (1986) Education for Equality)
u;h uhfr vlekurk dks nwj djus rFkk mu yksxksa dks 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk iznku djus ij cy nsxh ftUgsa
lekurk ls nwj j[kk x;k gSA
ukjh lekurk osQ fy;s f'k{kk
f'k{kk iz;ksx ukjh osQ Lrj esa ifjorZu osQ vfHkdj.k (Agency) osQ :i esa fd;k tk;sxkA Hkwrdky dh folaxfr;ksas
dks lekIr dj] ukjh osQ i{k esa lqfopkfjr 'kL=k rS;kj fd;k tk;sxkA ukjh 'kfDr osQ tkxj.k gsrq ubZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh
esa bldh Hkwfedk ldkjkRed gLr{ksi dh gksxhA iqujhf{kr ikB~;Øe] ikB~; iqLrdksa f'k{kkvksa ls izf'k{k.k rFkk
vfHkuou] fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk rFkk f'k{kk laLFkkvksa osQ lfØ; lg;ksx }kjk muesa uohu ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA
;g lkekftd {ks=k rFkk fo'okl dk dk;Z gSA ukjh vè;;u dk fodkl vusd f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa rFkk ikB~;Øeksa
dks izksRlkfgr djosQ fd;k tk;sxkA
ukjh&fuj{kjrk] fuj{kjrk o`f¼ dks nwj djus] izkFkfed f'k{kk esa vuqlaèkku dks lekIr djus dh fn'kk esa] lg;ksxh
(Support) lsok] dky rFkk y{; fofHkUu Lrjksa ij O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tk;sxkA vfoHksnhdj.k dh
uhfr dk ikyu djosQ ¯yx Hksn dks lekIr dj vikjEifjd O;olk;ksa dk] is'kksa dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sxkA ;g
dk;Z fo|eku fodkl'khy izkS|ksfxdh esa Hkh gksxkA
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ 'kSf{kd fodkl dk osQfUnz; rRo vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ leku f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij lHkh
{ks=kksa esa pkj vk;keksaμxzkeh.k iq#"k] xzkeh.k L=kh] ukxfjd iq#"k rFkk ukxfjd fL=k;ksa esa gSA
bu mís'; osQ fy;s bu mik;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk vko';d gSμ
(i) fuèkZu rFkk nfjnz ifjokjksa dks] vius cPpksa osQ 14 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djus rd fujUrj fo|ky;ksa
esa Hkstus gsrq izksRlkgu nsukA

(ii) izh&eSfVªd Nk=ko`fÙk d{kk 1 ls gh mu ifjokjksa] osQ cPpksa osQ fy;s] tks i'kqvksa dh [kky mrkjrs] jaxrs uksV
rFkk lkiQ djrs gSa] nh tk;sxh] vk; osQ fopkj osQ fcuk ,sls lHkh ifjokjksa osQ cPpksa dks nh tk;sxhA
lkFk gh mu ij dyk rFkk dk;ZØe ykxw fd;s tk;saxsA
(iii) bl ckr ij Hkh fujUrj è;ku j[kk tk;sxk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa osQ ckydksa osQ izos'k] vojksèku rFkk
liQyrk esa] lHkh Lrjksa ij fxjkoV u vk;sA og dk;Z lw{e fu;kstu }kjk oSKkfud ikB~;Øeksa rFkk
jkstxkj osQ volj iznku djosQ fd;k tk;sxkA
(iv) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa ls f'k{kdksa dk p;u fd;k tk;sxkA
(v) izkofLFkr dk;ZØe (Phased Programme) osQ ekè;e ls ftyk Lrj ij vuqlwfpr Nk=kkokl esa
izos'k dh lqfoèkk;sa iznku dh tk;saxhA
(vi) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa 'kSf{kd tkxj.k osQ fy;s fo|ky; Hkouksa osQ fuekZ.k] ckyokM+h rFkk izkS<+ f'k{kk
osQUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxhA
(vii) vuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa esa 'kSf{kd lqfoèkkvksa osQ fy;s ,u- vkj- bZ- ih- rFkk vkj- ,y- bZ- th- ih- osQ Ïksrksa
dk mi;ksx djuk gksxkA
(viii) 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh fujUrj Hkkfxnkjh osQ fy;s u;s&u;s mik;ksa dks [kkstk tk;sxkA
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dks vU; yksxksa osQ lekukUrj ykus osQ fy;s ;s mik; fd;s tk;saxsμ
(i) tutkfr; {ks=kksa esa izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksyus gsrq izkFkfedrk nh tk;sxhA bu {ks=kksa esa ,u- vkj- bZ-
ih- rFkk vkj- ,y- bZ- th- ih- osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk osQ lkekU; dks"k ls Hkh Hkou fuekZ.k gsrq lgk;rk
yh tk;sxhA
(ii) vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd okrkoj.k dh viuh gh fo'ks"krk gSA muesa ls mudh
viuh cksyh gSA blls ;g vko';drk vuqHko dh tkrh gS fd vkjfEHkd Lrj ij ikB~;Øe rFkk
funsZ'kkRed lkexzh dk fuekZ.k LFkkuh; cksyh osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tk;sA ;g Hkh è;ku j[kk tk;s fd
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa ifjorZu djus esa blls dfBukbZ u gksA
(iii) vuqlwfpr tutkfr osQ f'kf{kr rFkk izfrHkk'kkyh ;qodksa dks vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa esa f'k{k.k osQ fy;s
izksRlkfgr rFkk izf'kf{kr fd;k tk;sxkA
(iv) foLr`r iSekus ij vkJe rFkk vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxhA
(v) vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh thou 'kSyh rFkk fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq; izksRlkgu
;kstuk;sa vkjEHk dh tk;sxa hA mPp f'k{kk gsrq rduhdh] O;kolkf;d rFkk v¼Z O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa
osQ fy;s Nk=ko`fÙk;k¡ nh tk;sxh] fofHkUu ikB~;Øeksa esa miyfCèk esa lqèkkj osQ fy;s euks&lkekftd mik;
viukdj funku fd;k tk;sxkA
(vi) vuqlwfpr tutkfr cgqy {ks=kksa esa izkFkfedrk osQ vkèkkj ij vkaxuckM+h vukSipkfjd rFkk izkS<+ f'k{kk
osQUnzksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxhA
(vii) f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k bl izdkj fd;k tk;sxk ftlls muesa viuh lkaLÑfrd
igpku] ltZukRed izfrHkk osQ izfr psruk mRiUu gksA
vU; 'kSf{kd fiNM+s oxZ rFkk {ks=kksa dh f'k{kk
lekt osQ lHkh 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxks±] fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa okafNr izksRlkgu fn;s tk;saxsA igkM+h
rFkk jsfxLrkuh {ks=k] nqxZe {ks=kksa rFkk Vkiqvksa esa vko';d 'kSf{kd lajpuk iznku dh tk;sxhA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vYila[;d
oqQN vYila[; leqnk; 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s gq; gSaA lkekftd U;k; rFkk lekurk osQ fy;s bu lewgksa esa Hkh
f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk;sxkA viuh Hkk"kk] laLÑfr osQ laj{k.k osQ fy;s mUgsa vius fo|ky;ksa dks LFkkfir
djus osQ fy;s volj nsdj lafoèkku dh xkjUVh dk ikyu fd;k tk;sxkA ewy ikB~;Øe osQ lkFk&lkFk ikB~;
iqLrosaQ] fo|ky;h xfrfofèk;ksa dks lkekU; jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq lesfdr vkèkkj iznku fd;k tk;sxkA
fodykaxksa dh f'k{kk
fodykaxksa osQ lkekU; fodkl osQ fy;s mUgsa lekurk osQ vkèkkj ij thou dk lkeuk djus] vkRe&fo'okl tkx`r
djus] lkgl mRiUu djus gsrq 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld :i ls fodykaxksa osQ fy;s okafNr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh tk;sxhA
bl fn'kk esa fd;s tkus okys dk;Z bl izdkj gSaμ
(i) tgk¡ rd laHko gks vfr fodykaxksa] de fodykaxksa dks lkekU; f'k{kk vU; Nk=kksa osQ lkFk nh tk;sxhA
(ii) ftyk eq[;ky;ksa ij vusd izdkj osQ fodykaxksa osQ fy;s fo'ks"k fo|ky; rFkk Nk=kkokl [kksys tk;asxsA
(iii) fodykaxksa dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk nsus gsrq okafNr izcUèk fd;s tk;saxsA
(iv) fodykax cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s izkFkfed Lrj ij fo'ks"k f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe pyk;k tk;sxkA
(v) fodykaxksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s LoSfPNd iz;klksa dks c<+kok fn;k tk;sxkA
izkS<+ f'k{kk
gekjs èkeZ&xzUFkksa esa f'k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk nh x;h gS] ftlosQ vuqlkj eqfDr feyrh gSA bldk vfHkizk; gS] vKku
rFkk vR;kpkj ls eqfDrA vkèkqfud ;qx esa blesa i<+us rFkk fy[kus dh ;ksX;rk fufgr gSA ;gh vfèkxe dk ewy
lkèku gS] izkS<+ f'k{kk dk egÙo] lk{kjrk osQ lkFk fu.kkZ;d gSA
fodkl dk tfVy ;q¼ vkt dkS'ky dh mUufr gS ftldh ekuo 'kfDr osQ :i esa lekt vko';drk gSA ykHk
izkIrdÙkkZvksa osQ lg;ksx ls ,sls fu.kkZ;d egRo osQ dk;ZØe izkS<+ f'k{kk }kjk pyk;s tk;saxs ftudk lh/k lEcUèk
jk"Vªh; ,drk] okrkoj.k laj{k.k] yksxksa dh lkaLÑfrd ltZukRedrk dks 'kfDrnk;h cukuk] NksVs ifjokj osQ
O;fDr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k] ukjh lekurk vkfn osQ orZeku dk;ks± dh leh{kk djosQ mUgsa 'kfDr'kkyh cukukA
lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dks ;g ladYi ysuk gksxk fd 15&35 vk;q oxZ osQ yksxksa esa fuj{kjrk lekIr djuh gksxh] osQUnz rFkk
jkT; ljdkjsa] muosQ jktuhfrd ny] muosQ tulaxBu] tulapkj] f'k{kk laLFkkvksa vkfn fofHkUu izÑfr osQ lk{kjrk
dk;ZØe viukus gksaxsA vfèkdka'k la[;k esa f'k{kdksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa] ;qodksa LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa] fu;kstdksa dks bl
dk;ZØe osQ izfr fu"Bk j[kuh gksxhA lk{kjrk osQ lkFk&lkFk tu&lk{kjrk vfHk;ku esa dk;ksZRed Kku rFkk dkS'ky]
lkekftd&vkfFkZd ;FkkFkZ dk Kku ,oa muesa ifjorZu dh lEHkkouk,¡ ns[kuh gksaxhA
izkS<+ ,oa lrr~ f'k{kk osQ fy;s vusd rjhdksa rFkk lkèkuksa ls foLr`r dk;ZØe bu lkèkuksa dks lfEefyr dj pykuk
gksxkμ
(i) xzke {ks=kksa esa lrr~ f'k{kk osQ osQUnzksa dh LFkkiukA
(ii) fu;kstdksa] Jfed la?kksa rFkk ljdkj ls lEcfUèkr ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk dkfeZdksa dh f'k{kkA
(iii) mPprj ekè;fed f'k{kk laLFkkuA
(iv) iqLrdksa] iqLrdky;ksa] jh¯Mx :e dk foLrkjA
(v) jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- fiQYe dk tu rFkk lewg vfèkxe osQ lkèku osQ :i esaA
(vi) lh[kus okyksa osQ lewg rFkk laxBuksa dk fuekZ.kA
(vii) lqnwj f'k{kk dk;ZØeA

(viii)Lo&vfèkxe gsrq laxBuksa dks lgk;rkA uksV

(ix) vko';drk rFkk #fp ij vkèkkfjr O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe pykukA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 us f'k{kk esa vlekurk dks nwj dj mu lHkh osQ fy, f'k{kk
osQ leku volj iznku djus osQ izkoèkku fd;k tks vHkh rd f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj ls
oafpr FksA tSlsμL=kh f'k{kk] vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, f'k{kkA
fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dk iquxZBu

iwoZ ckY;koLFkk dh ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk
ckydksa dh jk"Vªh; uhfr] NksVs cPpksa dh f'k{kk dks fuos'k ekuuk fo'ks"k :i ls mu cPpksa dks tks ,slh tula[;k
ls vkrs gSa] ftuesa igyh ih<+h osQ Nk=kksa dh la[;k vfèkdre gksrh gSA
cky fodkl dh egÙoiw.kZ izÑfr dks igpkurs gq;s iks"k.k] LokLF;] lkekftd] ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] uSfrd ,oa
laosxkRed vkfn] vFkkZr~ iwoZ ckY;koLFkk dh ns[kHkky ,oa f'k{kk (ECCE)] cky fodkl lsok dk;ZØe esa mPp
LFkku fn;k tk;sxkA fnol&lsok osQUnzksa (Day Care Centre) dks lg;ksxh lsok osQ :i esa izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ
lkoZHkkSehdj.k gsrq vkjEHk fd;k tk;sxkA blls fuèkZu ifjokjksa dh yM+fd;ksaμftUgsa vius HkkbZ&cguksa dks laHkkyuk
iM+rk gSμdks fo|ky; tkus osQ volj izkIr gksaxsA
bZ- lhlh- bZ- osQ dk;ZØe cky] vfHkHkkfor (Child Oriented) gksaxsA ;s [ksy rFkk ckydksa dh oS;fDrdrk ij
osQfUnzr gksaxsA bl voLFkk esa i<+us] fy[kus rFkk fxuus (3 R’s) rFkk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dks vkjEHk ugha fd;k
tk;sxkA bl dk;ZØe esa LFkkuh; leqnk; dk iwjk lg;ksx fy;k tk;sxkA
cky iks"k.k rFkk iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk dks lesfdr fd;k tk;sxkA ;g ,d vksj ckydksa dks fodflr djsxk rks
nwljh vksj izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ fy;s mUgsa rS;kj djuk gksxkA ;g rS;kjh lkekU; :i ls ekuo lalkèku fodkl osQ
fy;s gksxhA bl voLFkk osQ lkrR; esa fo|ky;h LokLF; dk;ZØe dks Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k tk;sxkA
izkFkfed f'k{kk
izkFkfed f'k{kk esa bl uohu n[ky ls nks ckrksa ij cy fn;k tk;sxkμ
(i) lkoZHkkSe izos'k ,oa lkoZHkkSe izfrèkkj.k (Retention) (14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd)A
(ii) f'k{kk esa okafNr ek=kk esa xq.kkRed lqèkkjA
cky osQfUnzr vfHkxeu

ckyd dh vko';drkvksa ij lHkh i{kksa dk è;ku osQfUnzr djus okyk izksRlkfgr] Lokxr ;ksX; ,oa rjksrktk
vfHkxeu ;g gS fd ckydksa dks fo|ky; esa tkus vkSj lh[kus osQ fy;s vfHkizsfjr fd;k tk;sA izkFkfed Lrj ij
cky osQfUnzr] fØ;k vkèkkfjr dk;ZØe] f'k{kk gsrq viukuk pkfg;sA igyh ih<+h osQ lh[kus okyksa dks viuh xfr
dk fuèkkZj.k lgk;d funkukRed lkexzh }kjk Lo;a djuk gSA ckyd osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk KkukRed vfèkxe
esa o`f¼ dh tk;sxh vkSj vH;kl osQ }kjk dkS'kyksa dk laxBu fd;k tk;sxkA izkFkfed Lrj ij vuqÙkh.kZ djus dh
uhfr ugha viukbZ tk;sxhA ewY;kadu dks ;FkklEHko vkSlr ij vkèkkfjr ugha j[kk tk;sxkA f'k{kk iz.kkyh ls
'kkjhfjd n.M iw.kZr% lekIr fd;k tk;sxkA ckydksa dks lqfoèkk osQ vuqlkj vodk'k rFkk fo|ky; le; dk
lek;kstu fd;k tk;sxkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV fo|ky;h lqfoèkk,¡

nks cM+s dejksa (lHkh ekSle esa mi;ksxh)] f[kykSus] ';keV~V] uD'ks] pkVZl rFkk vU; 'kSf{kd&lkexzh rFkk vko';d
lqfoèkk;sa izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa nh tk;saxhA ;FkklEHko ,d fo|ky; esa nks f'k{kd gksaxs] ftuesa ,d efgyk gksxh]
Nk=kksa dh la[;k c<+us ij izR;sd d{kk osQ fy;s ,d f'k{kd dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxhA ^vkWijs'ku CySd cksMZ*
uked ,d izrhdkRed vkUnksyu ns'k osQ lHkh izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa osQ fodkl gsrq pyk;k tk;sxkA blesa ljdkj
LFkkuh; fudk;] LoSfPNd laLFkk;sa rFkk O;fDr iwjh rjg ls layXu gksaxsA ,u- vkj- bZ- ih- rFkk vj- ,y- bZ- th-
ih- iQ.M dk izkFkfed mi;ksx fo|ky; Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk
vuqÙkh.kZ ckydksa] fo|ky; u tkus okys ckydksa] dk;Z'khy ckyd&ckfydk,¡ tks iwjs fnu fo|ky; ugha tk ldrs]
muosQ fy;s o`gn~ ,oa O;ofLFkr vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxhA
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQUnzksa osQ 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k dks fodflr djus osQ fy;s vkèkqfud rduhdh lgk;rk dk iz;ksx
fd;k tk;sxkA leqnk; esa ls ;ksX; rFkk izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk p;u f'k{kd osQ :i esa fd;k tk;sxkA muosQ
izf'k{k.k ij iwjk è;ku osQfUnzr fd;k tk;sxkA ;ksX;rkvksa dh vukSipkfjdrk dks f'k{kk osQ izokg esa yk;k tk;sxkA
bl ckr dk è;ku j[kk tk;sxk fd vukSipkfjd rFkk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed vUrj u gksA
jk"Vªh; vkèkkjHkwr ikB~;Øe vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe cuk;k tk;sxkA ;g ikB~;Øe Nk=k dh vko';drk
rFkk LFkkuh; okrkoj.k osQ vuqlkj gksxkA mPp dksfV dh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk;sxk vkSj mls Nk=kksa
dks fu%'kqYd fn;k tk;sxkA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;ZØe lgHkkxh vfèkxe okrkoj.k tSls [ksy&owQn] lkaLÑfrd
dk;ZØe] Hkze.k vkfn iznku djsaxsA
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dk vfèkdka'k dk;ZØe LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa rFkk iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa }kjk fd;k tk;sxkA bu
laLFkkvksa dks i;kZIr èku le; ij miyCèk djk;k tk;sxkA ljdkj bl egRoiw.kZ {ks=k osQ fy;s lEiw.kZ nkf;Ro ogu
djsxhA
,d izLrko
ubZ f'k{kk dh uhfr] le; ls iwoZ fo|ky; NksM+ nsus okys ckydksa dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku dks izkFkfedrk nsxh]
ljdkj bl dk;Z dks ;q¼ Lrj ij lw{e fu;kstu }kjk iwjs ns'k esa ewy vkèkkj ls vkjEHk djsxh vkSj ;g ns[ksxh
fd fo|ky; esa ckyd jgsaA ;g dk;Z vukSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ rU=k }kjk lesfdr gksxkA ;g è;ku j[kk tk;sxk fd
1990 rd tks ckyd 17 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djsaxs] mUgsa ik¡p o"kZ dh fo|ky;h f'k{kk ;k mlosQ lekukUrj
vukSipkfjd izokg esa f'k{kk iznku dh tk;sA 1995 rd 14 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ lHkh ckydksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z lkoZHkkSe f'k{kk iznku dh tk;sxhA
ekè;fed f'k{kk
ekè;fed f'k{kk] foKku] ekufodh rFkk lkekftd foKkuksa esa Nk=kksa dh fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dks vfHkO;Dr
djrh gSA ;gh og mfpr voLFkk gS ftlesa bfrgkl dks jk"Vªh; ifjis{; esa i<+k;k tk;s] ukxfjd osQ :i esa
laoSèkkfud vfèkdkj rFkk dÙkZO;ksa dks le>us osQ volj iznku fd;s tk;saA vkUrfjd LoLFk dk;ks± osQ lpsru
iz;kl] yksdkpkj] ewY;] laxqf.kr laLÑfr dks mfpr ikB~;Øe osQ vUrxZr yk;k tk;sxkA fo'ks"k laLFkkvksa osQ
}kjk O;kolk;hdj.k djosQ ekè;fed f'k{kk dk iquuZohdj.k fd;k tk;sxk] ftlls vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy;s
ekuo 'kfDr izkIr gks losQA ekè;fed f'k{kk dk foLrkj vNwrs {ks=kksa esa fd;k tk;sxkA vU; {ks=kksa esa] eq[;
cy ,dhdj.k ij fn;k tk;sxkA

izxfr ewyd fo|ky; uksV

lkoZHkkSe :i ls ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd fo'ks"k izfrHkk ;k :>ku okys ckydksa dks rhoz izxfr osQ fy;s
mÙke f'k{kk] fcuk vkfFkZd Hkkj osQ iznku dh tk;sA
izxfrewyd (Pace Setting) fo|ky;] tks bl mís'; dh iwfrZ djsaxs] dh LFkkiuk] fuf'pr <k¡ps osQ vuqlkj ns'k
Hkj esa LFkkfir fd;s tk;saxsA buesa vkfo"dkj rFkk iz;ksxksa dh iwjh lqfoèkk gksxhA budk eq[; mís'; lekurk rFkk
lkekftd U;k; osQ vkèkkj ij mÙkerk dks fodflr djuk gksxkA (blesa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr osQ laj{k.k
Hkh gSA) blls ns'k osQ fHkUu&fHkUu xzke {ks=kksa osQ izfrHkkoku ckyd ,d lkFk jgsaxs vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dk fodkl
djsaxsA os fo|ky; lqèkkj esa jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe osQ egRoiw.kZ vax gksaxsA ;s fo|ky; vkoklh; rFkk fu%'kqYd gksaxsA
O;kolk;hdj.k
izLrkfor f'k{kk laxBu esa O;ofLFkr] lqfu;ksftr rFkk dBksj dne O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk;ZØe osQ fy;s mBkus gksxa As
;s dne O;fDr dks jkstxkjijd cukus osQ fy;s gSa] oqQ'ky tu'kfDr dh ek¡x vkSj iwfrZ esa lUrqyu cuk;s j[kuk
gksxk vkSj mu yksxksa dks fodYi iznku djuk gksxk tks fcuk fdlh y{; osQ mPp f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs gSaA
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ,d fo'ks"k izokg gS ftlosQ }kjk izo`fÙk;ksa (Activity) ls foLr`r {ks=k esa Nk=kksa dks vius
O;olk; dh igpku cukuh gSA ;s ikB~;Øe ekè;fed Lrj ij fn;s tk;asxs] fdUrq buesa bruk yphykiu vo';
j[kk x;k gS fd mUgsa vkBoha d{kk esa Hkh fy;k tk losQA lesfdr O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks mÙke cukus osQ fy;s
vkS|ksfxd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk fodkl O;olk;&izfreku osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tk;sxkA
LokLF; ls lEcfUèkr O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa osQ ekè;eksa ls] f'k{kk ,oa LokLF; lsok dks lesfdr djuk gksxkA
LokLF; f'k{kk] tks izkFkfed rFkk fefMy Lrj ij nh tk;sxh] og O;fDr rFkk ifjokj vkSj fiQj lkeqnkf;d LokLF;
dk :i ysxhA ;fn ekè;fed Lrj ij + 2 esa LokLF; lEcUèkh O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe dk :i ysaxsA Ñf"k foi.ku
(Marketing)] lekt lsok osQ {ks=k esa Hkh ,sls gh ikB~;Øe viuk;s tk;saxsA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk }kjk eukso`fÙk]
Kku] dkS'ky] m|e ,oa Lojkstxkj dh Hkkouk fodflr dh tk;sxhA
O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe ;k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dk nkf;Ro ljdkj ,oa fu;kstd] nksuksa dk gh lkoZtfud rFkk futh
{ks=k esa gSA ljdkj] uxjksa] xzke rFkk tutkrh; {ks=k osQ Nk=kksa] lekt osQ oafpr oxks± dh vko';drkvksa ij fo'ks"k
è;ku nsxhA fodykaxksa osQ fy;s okafNr dk;ZØe pyk;s tk;saxsA
O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa osQ Lukrdksa dks] dfri; 'krks± osQ lkFk] lEioZQ ikB~;Øeksa (Bridge Courses) osQ }kjk
O;kolkf;d fodkl] laokgd (Career) fodkl fiQj lkekU;] rduhdh ,oa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa ikf'kZod
(Laternal) izos'k fn;k tk;sxkA
vukSipkfjd] ueuh; (Flexible) rFkk vko';drk vkèkkfjr O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe] izkFkfed f'k{kk izkIr] LowQy
NksM+s gq;s] dk;Zjr~ O;fDr;ksa] csjkstxkjksa rFkk vkaf'kd :i ls csjkstxkjksa osQ fy;s miyCèk gksaxsA fL=k;ksa ij bl fn'kk
esa fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk;sxkA
oSdfYid ikB~;Øe ,sls Lukrdksa osQ fy;s cuk;s tk;saxs ftUgksaus ckSf¼d (Academic) izokg }kjk mPprj ekè;fed
f'k{kk izkIr dh gS vkSj os O;kolkf;d f'k{kk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA
;g Hkh izLrkfor gS fd 1990 rd 10% ,oa 1995 rd 25% Nk=k gk;j lsosQ.Mjh Lrj ij O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe
ysaxsA ,sls dne mBk;s tk;saxs fd O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe ysus okyksa dks jkstxkj feys ;k Lojkstxkj esa yxsaA izLrkfor
ikB~;Øeksa dh fu;fer leh{kk dh tk;sxhA ljdkj Hkh viuh p;u uhfr (Recruitment) dh leh{kk ekè;fed
Lrj ij fofHkUuhdj.k dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq djsxhA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV mPp f'k{kk

mPp f'k{kk] turk dks izfrfØ;k O;Dr djus osQ ,sls volj iznku djrh gS] ekuork ftudk eqdkcyk dj jgh
gSA og lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd] uSfrd rFkk ekè;fed fo"k;ksa ij rk£ddrk ls fopkj djrh gSA vfLrRo
osQ fy;s ;g egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA f'k{kk osQ fijkfeM osQ 'kh"kZ gksus osQ ukrs] f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ fy;s f'k{kdks dk fuekZ.k
djuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
Kku osQ vlhe foLiQksV osQ lUnHkZ esa Hkwrdky dh rqyuk esa vNwrs {ks=kksa esa izos'k osQ dkj.k fujUrj xfr'khy
jgh gSA
Hkkjr esa vkt (1986 esa) yxHkx 150 fo'ofo|ky; vkSj 5000 dkWyst gSaA bu laLFkkuksa esa lok±xh.k fodkl dh
vko';drk dks ns[krs gq;s ;g izLrkfor fd;k x;k gS fd fudV Hkfo"; esa fo|eku laLFkkuksa esa ,dhdj.k rFkk
lqfoèkkvksa dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tk;sA
fo'ofo|ky;h iz.kkyh esa fxjkoV ls j{kk osQ fy;s 'kh?kz mik; fd;s tk;saA
dkWystksa dh lEc¼rk osQ fefJr vuqHkoksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s Lok;Ùk 'kkL=kh egkfo|ky; bl iz.kkyh osQ fodkl
esa lgk;d gksxa As tc rd fd lEc¼rk iz.kkyh dks eqfDr ,oa vfèkd ltZukRed :i ls ifjofrZr fd;k tk;sA blosQ
fy;s fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa dkWystksa esa lEcUèk j[kk tk;sA blh osQ lekukUrj fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ foHkkxksa dks p;u osQ
vkèkkj ij Lok;Ùk'kklh cuk;k tk;sAa Lok;Ùkrk rFkk Lora=krk dks izfrc¼rk (Accountability) osQ lkFk tksMu+ k gksxkA
fo'ks"khdj.k dks mÙke cukus osQ fy;s ikB~;Øeksa dh iqujZpuk djuh gksxhA Hkk"kk dh l{kerk ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk
gksxkA ikB~;Øeksa osQ la;ksxksa esa ueuh;rk esa o`f¼ dh tk;sxhA
izn's kksa esa mPp f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ ekè;e ls jkT; Lrj ij fu;kstu ,oa leUo; fd;k tk;sxkA ;w- th- lh- ,oa ;s ifj"kn~
(Councils) leUo; fofèk;ksa dk Lrj fuekZ.k djus esa fodkl fd;k tk;sxkA
{kerk osQ vuq:i izR;sd egkfo|ky; esa izos'k ,oa U;wu lqfoèkk;sa iznku dh tk;saxhA f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa esa lqèkkj ij
fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk;sxkA n`';&JO; lkexzh ,oa fo|qr midj.kksa dks vkjEHk fd;k tk;sxkA foKku rFkk rduhdh
osQ ikB~;Øe] lkexzh] vuqlUèkku] f'k{kd vfHkuou dks izkFkfedrk nh tk;sxhA ;g f'k{kdksa dks lsok vkjEHk esa rFkk
lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tk;sxkA f'k{kdksa dh fu"ifÙk dk fofèkiwoZd ewY;kadu fd;k tk;sxkA lHkh
inksa dh ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij Hkjk tk;sxkA
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fd;s tkus okys vuqlUèkku dh xq.kkRedrk esa o`f¼ djus osQ volj iznku fd;s tk;saA vNwrs {ks=kksa
esa vuqlUèkku osQ fy;s fo'ofo|ky; esa ;w- th- lh- leUo; djsxhA ;g leUo; vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys
vuqlUèkku esa gksxkA Lok;Ùk O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vuqlUèkku dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxkA
Hkkjrh; fo|k] ekufodh] lekt foKku dks i;kZIr lgk;rk nh tk;sxhA Kku lesdu osQ fy;s vUrj fo|k vfHkxeu
dks c<+kok fn;k tk;sxkA ledkyhu ;FkkFkZ ls izkphu Kku dks tksM+k tk;sxkA ;g iz;kl laLÑr rFkk vU; 'kkL=kh;
Hkk"kkvksa osQ fodkl dh lqfoèkk;sa iznku djsxkA
uhfr esa vfèkd ek=kk esa leUo; rFkk lkrR;rk cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s vUrj fo|k vfHkxeu osQ {ks=k esa vuqlUèkku
dks izkFkfedrk nh tk;sxhA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d lfefr dk xBu Ñf"k] fpfdRlk] rduhdh] fofèk rFkk vU;
O;kolkf;d {ks=kksa esa vuqlUèkku osQ fy;s fd;k tk;sxkA
16-4 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh miyfCèk;k¡ (Achievements of National

Education Policy 1986)
Lokèkhurk&izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ ;|fi jk"Vªh; f'k{kk osQ Lo:i rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dh vko';drk pkSFks n'kd
dh lekfIr ij rhozrj gqbZ_ bl fn'kk esa ns'k osQ igys jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (dksBkjh deh'ku) us igyh ckj
fopkj fd;k vkSj 1968 esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr izLrkfor dhA la;ksxksa rFkk fo|eku lkekftd la?k"kks± us turk

ljdkj dk xBu fd;k vkSj mlus Hkh y{;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k dj 1979 esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk Hkkjrh; fodYi uksV
izLrqr fd;kA dky dh ifjofrZr èkkjk us iqu% dkaxzsl ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj orZeku ljdkj us blosQ egRo
dks le>kA f'k{kk dh pqukSrh&uhfr ifjizs{;_ nLrkost tkjh dj jk"VªO;kih cgl djkbZA bl cgl dk ifj.kke
gS ubZ f'k{kk uhfrA
Hkkjr ljdkj us 1986 esa ubZ f'k{kk uhfr] jk"Vª fodkl osQ O;kid ,oa egRoiw.kZ ladYi dh iwfrZ osQ fy;s izdkf'kr
dhA xqtjkr osQ jkT;iky ekuuh; jkeÑ".k f=kosnh us ubZ f'k{kk uhfr dh lkFkZdrk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq;s
dgkμns'k osQ loksZUeq[kh fodkl dk mís'; j[kdj ubZ f'k{kk uhfr dk <k¡pk rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA f'k{k.k osQoy
pkj nhokjksa osQ chp dh ,d tM+ izfØ;k u jgdj ns'k osQ lok±xh.k fodkl dks xfr'khy vkSj Bksl cuk;s vkSj
jk"Vªh; ,drk] viuh iqjkru lH;rk vkSj Hkkjrh; laLdkjksa osQ vuqlkj bl ns'k osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vkèkqfud f'k{kk
izokg ls bl rjg voxr djk;k tk;s rkfd os lc bl ns'k osQ vkn'kZ ukxfjd cu losaQ] ;g ubZ f'k{kk uhfr
dk ije è;s; gS] ;gh gS bldk izeq[k y{;A
f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro fdl ij gS] lekt ij] ljdkj ij_ dkSu blls ykHk mBkrk gS] dkSu fdl ij [kpZ djrk
gS_ vkfn ,sls iz'u gSa] ftu ij iqufoZpkj vko';d gSA bl iz'u dh xaHkhjrk rFkk ubZ f'k{kk uhfr dh vko';drk
rFkk izfrc¼rk osQ fo"k; esa gfj;k.kk izns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh ekuuh; nsohyky dk dFku gSμvkt gekjh f'k{kk
fnuksa&fnu eg¡xh gksrh tk jgh gS] ,d rjiQ bl izdkj osQ ifCyd LowQy gSa vkSj nwu LowQy gSa tgk¡ izfr fo|kFkhZ]
izfr ekl gtkjksa #i;k [kpZ gksrk gS vkSj nwljh rjiQ ,sls LowQy gSa] tgk¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks cSBus rd dks VkV iêðh
Hkh ulhc ugha gSA f'k{kk osQ nksgjs ekun.Mksa dks tc rd lekIr ugha fd;k tkrk] vehj vkSj xjhc] nksuksa osQ
cPpksa dks tc rd ,d gh cSap ij cSBkdj f'k{kk nsus dh O;oLFkk ugha dh tkrh] rc rd ge mu ekuo ewY;ksa
vkSj uSfrd xq.kksa rFkk Hkkjrh; vkn'kks± dks izkIr ugha dj ldrs tks gekjh f'k{kk dk eq[; vkèkkj gksus pkfg;sA
blfy;s ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ lok±x Lo:i ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djus dh t:jr gSA
jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr us iwjs ns'k esa leku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykxw djus ij cy fn;kA f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa
ij ,d tSlh f'k{kk iz.kkyh jk‘ª osQ 'kSf{kd fodkl esa lgk;d gksxhA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ eqís

f'k{kk uhfr fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksx nsrh gSA Hkkjr esa izR;sd 'kklu dky esa 'kkldksa us vius
vkn'kks± rFkk n'kZu osQ lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk uhfr dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bldk izeq[k dkj.k jgk gS fd f'k{kk lnk ls ekuo
bfrgkl dks fodflr djrh jgh gS] blus dky dh psrkouh rFkk lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd pqukSrh dk lkeuk fd;k
gSA vkfn dky ls pyh vk jgh f'k{kk dh] izfØ;k vkt Hkh fdlh u fdlhu :i esa fo|eku gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj us ubZ f'k{kk uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA bl uhfr esa ;g rF; viuk;s x;sμ
1- f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk vkSj rRoμjk"Vªh; lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk lHkh osQ fy;s vko';d gS] lok±xh.k fodkl dk
;g vkèkkj gSA f'k{kk lkaLÑfrd lfEeJ.k dh Hkwfedk izLrqr djrh gSA blesa lafoèkku esa iznÙk turU=k vkSj
èkeZ fujis{krk osQ y{; dks izkIr djus dh 'kfDr gSA ckSf¼d LorU=krk] oSKkfud LoHkko vkSj jk"Vªh; lexzrk
dh n`f"V ls ;g laosnuk dk fodkl djrh gS] lHkh vkfFkZd Lrjksa ij ;g tu'kfDr dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
jk"Vª esa vkRe&fuHkZjrk osQ fy;s vuqlaèkku }kjk u;s {ks=kksa dk irk yxkrh gS vkSj bu lcls ijs f'k{kk orZeku
rFkk Hkfo"; esa fofu;ksx gS vkSj jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk ;g egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 2- f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; iz.kkyhμubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa iwjs ns'k esa ,d leku f'k{kk iz.kkyh ykxw djus ij cy
fn;k x;k gSA f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij ,d tSlh f'k{kk iz.kkyh jk"Vª osQ 'kSf{kd fodkl osQ fy;s gksuh pkfg;sA
3- f'k{kk vkSj lekurkμlekt osQ fofHkUu oxks± esa f'k{kk dh fHkUurk;sa ikbZ tkrh gSaA bu vlekurkvksa dks
nwj djus osQ fy;s vusd mik; bu {ks=kksa esa fd;s x;s gSaA
4- ukjh lekurk osQ fy;s f'k{kkμubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa dgk x;k gS fd f'k{kk ukfj;ksa osQ vkèkkjHkwr Lrj esa
ifjorZu ykus dk ,d l'kDr lkèku gSA ukjh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vusd fHkUurk,¡ ik;h tkrh gSa] bu fHkUurkvksa
dks nwj djus osQ fy;s fofHkUu izdkj osQ ikB~;Øeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA fuj{kjrk mUewyu]
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] iks"k.k vkSj dY;k.k] x`gdyk vkSj izcUèk vkfn ikB~;Øeksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu xSj
ikjLifjd ikB~;Øeksa osQ fuekZ.k ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gSA
5- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh f'k{kkμubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa xk¡o vkSj 'kgj osQ vuqlwfpr tkfr osQ L=kh vkSj iq#"kksa
dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s fo'ks"k O;oLFkk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA vusd ikjLifjd ikB~;Øe] Nk=ko`fÙk vè;kiu]
izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;ZØe vkfn osQ }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr esa 'kSf{kd lekurk osQ volj iznku djus ij cy fn;k
x;k gSA
6- tutkfr;ksa dh f'k{kkμtutkrh; dY;k.k osQ fy;s tutkrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij vkoklh; vkJe]
fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk] fofHkUu izdkj osQ rduhdh ikB~;Øe] mPp f'k{kk osQ fy;s Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa vkfn dh
O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA
7- vU; fiNM+s oxks± dh f'k{kkμvU; fiNM+s oxks± esa vYila[;dksa] fodykaxksa rFkk lkekftd vkfFkZd :i
ls fiNM+s yksxksa dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ fy;s Nk=ko`fÙk] fo'ks"k fo|ky;ksa] fo'ks"k rduhdh rFkk izkfofèkd
ikB~;Øeksa dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA
8- izkS<+ f'k{kkμHkkjr dh cgqr cM+h tula[;k fuj{kj gS] blfy;s xzke rFkk uxj {ks=kksa esa lrr~ f'k{kk] Jfed
f'k{kk] izkS<+ ikB'kkyk;sa] izkS<+ lkfgR; rFkk iqLrdky;] tu lapkj] lqnwj f'k{kk] Lo;a f'k{kk rFkk vU; izdkj
osQ ikB~;Øeksa dks ykxw djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk;sxkA
f'k{kk dk iquxZBu
9- iwoZ ckY;koLFkkμiwoZ ckY;koLFkk ckyd dh f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ o"kZ gSA bl voLFkk esa ckydksa osQ mfpr
iks"k.k] LokLF;] lkekftd] ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] uSfrd rFkk laosxkRed fodkl dh vko';drk gSA blfy;s
iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ij lqlaxfBr ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k vko';d gSA
10- izkFkfed f'k{kkμizkFkfed f'k{kk 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q osQ ckydksa osQ fy;s xq.kkRed :i ls vko';d
gSA bl Lrj ij f'k{kk dk laxBu bl izdkj fd;k x;k gSμ
(d) f'k{kk osQUnz ckyd dks ekuk x;k gSμfcuk Hk; vkSj vkrad osQ ckyd dh vko';drkvksa dks vkèkkj
ekudj f'k{kk nh tk;sA
([k) izR;sd izkFkfed fo|ky; esa de ls de ,sls nks dejs gksxa s ftUgsa gj ekSleksa esa bLrseky fd;k tk;sxkA
izR;sd f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa de ls de ,d fnu vknZ'k :i ls fufeZr djk;k tk;sxkA
(x) izkFkfed Lrj ij vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ij Hkh cy fn;k tk;sxkA ;g f'k{kk mu yksxksa osQ fy;s gksxh
tks viuh i<+kbZ chp eas gh NksM+ nsrs gSaA
(?k) ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k ckydksa vkSj leqnk; dh vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i gksxk vkSj ;g f'k{kk 14 o"kZ
rd dh vk;q osQ ckydksa osQ fy;s vfuok;Z :i ls fu%'kqYd nh tk;sxhA
11- ekè;fed f'k{kkμubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa ekè;fed Lrj ij foKku rFkk ekufodh dh ekuo fodkl osQ fy;s
ubZ Hkwfedkvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA LoLFk] psru vkSj dÙkZO;fu"B ukxfjdksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy;s ekè;fed

f'k{kk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSA bl Lrj ij tks ih<+h rS;kj gksrh gS] og lekt esa lsrq dk uksV
fuekZ.k djrh gSA blfy;s ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa osQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k
djus ij cy fn;k x;kA LokLF; ;kstuk;sa vkSj lsok;sa ykxw dh tk;saxhA f'k{kk osQ bl Lrj ij vukSipkfjd
f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sxhA
12- mPp f'k{kkμmPp f'k{kk O;fDr esa rk£dd n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djrh gSA f'k{kk dk pje fcUnq gksus osQ dkj.k
bl Lrj ij f'k{kdksa dk egRo c<+ tkrk gSA bl le; Hkkjr esa yxHkx 222 ls vfèkd fo'ofo|ky; gS vkSj
8000 ls vfèkd egkfo|ky; gSAa egkfo|ky; fo'ofo|ky; osQ lkFk lEc¼ gSAa mPp Lrj ij 'kksèk dks c<+kok
nsuk vko';d gS blfy;s ns'k osQ 500 egkfo|ky;ksa dks Lok;Ùkk iznku djus dk ladYi fd;k gS] ;g Lok;Ùkk
egkfo|ky; osQ lok±xh.k fodkl osQ fy;s vko';d gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vUrj fo|kè;;u] Ñf"k fpfdRlk]
rduhdh] fofèk (Law) rFkk vU; O;kolkf;d {ks=kksa esa uohu ikB~;Øeksa dks ykxw fd;k tk;sxkA
13- [kqys fo'ofo|ky; vkSj lqnwj f'k{kkμ,sls O;fDr tks fdlh izdkj dh f'k{kk izkIr ugha dj ik;s gSa ;k
viuh dkjksckjh ftUnxh osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] ,sls yksxksa osQ fy;s [kqys fo'ofo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ns'k dk igyk jk"Vªh; [kqyk fo'ofo|ky; bfUnjk xk¡èkh fo'ofo|ky; u;h fnYyh
esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
14- fMxzh dk jkstxkj ls lEcUèk lekiuμubZ f'k{kk esa fMxzh rFkk jkstxkj osQ lEcUèk dks lekIr djus dh
fn'kk esa iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ,slk lEcUèk lekiu mu O;olk;ksa osQ fy;s gksxk ftuosQ fy;s fo'ofo|ky;h
Kku dh vko';drk ugha gSA ;g ckr fpfdRlk] bUthfu;¯jx] dkuwu f'k{k.k rFkk ,sls vU; O;olk;ksa ij
ykxw ugha gksxh ftuosQ fy;s foKku dk mPp 'kSf{kd Kku vko';d gSA
15- xzkeh.k fo'ofo|ky;μubZ f'k{kk uhfr esa egkRek xk¡èkh osQ ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij u;s xzkeh.k
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iqjkus fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ iquxZBu ij cy fn;k tk;sxkA
16- rduhdh rFkk izcUèk f'k{kkμ;|fi rduhdh rFkk izcUèk f'k{kk nks vyx&vyx èkkjkvksa esa py jgh gS]
bldk leUo; djuk vko';d gS] blfy;s rduhdh rFkk izcUèk f'k{kk dk vk£Fkd] lkekftd okrkoj.k]
mRiknu rFkk izcUèk izfØ;k osQ lEcUèk esa iquxZfBr djuk gksxkA xzke] uxj m|ksx vkSj O;olk; lHkh dks
izcUèk f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr ykuk gksxkA dEI;wVj dk f'k{kk fo|ky; Lrj ls djuh gksxhA lrr~ f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr
bu lcdks ykuk gksxkA ns'k esa py jgs ikWfyVSfDuDl dks Hkh blh vkèkkj ij iquxZfBr djuk gksxkA
17- uohuhdj.k vuqlaèkku rFkk fodklμrduhdh f'k{kk osQ mPp Lrjksa ij uohuhdj.k vko';d gSA bl
n`f"V ls vuqlaèkku rFkk fodkl ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk;sxkA f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij oqQ'kyrk rFkk
izHkko'khyrk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s iz;kl djus gksaxsA ns'k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqlkj ikB~;Øeksa dk
iqu£uekZ.k djuk gksxkA bl n`f"V ls vusd Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksa dk xBu fd;k tk;sxkA
18- O;oLFkk dk;Z dk fuekZ.kμubZ f'k{kk uhfr osQ fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dks lEiUu djus osQ fy;s O;oLFkk
fodflr dh tk;sxhA ftlosQ vèkhu f'k{kdks]a Nk=kks]a f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa vkSj mudh miyfCèk;ksa dks jk"Vªh; Lrj
ij fodflr fd;k tk;sxkA
19- f'k{kk dh izfØ;k dk vfHkuoμorZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu djus osQ fy;s blosQ nks"kksa dks nwj djuk
gksxk] ftlosQ fy;s ekufodh] lektfoKku rFkk f'k{kk dk mfpr f'k{k.k vko';d gSA fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa tSls
yfyr dyk] laxzgky; foKku] yksd lkfgR; osQ f'k{k.k rFkk vuqlaèkku dh O;oLFkk djuh gksxhA ekuoh;]
lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl djus dh fn'kk esa dne mBk;s tk;saxsA 1964 dh
Hkk"kkuhfr dks viuk;k tk;sxkA iqLrdky;ksa dk fodkl djuk gksxk vkSj 'kSf{kd rduhfd osQ }kjk uohu
f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa dks fodflr dj okafNr miyfCèk;k¡ lafpr dh tk;sxa hA dk;kZuHq ko] i;kZoj.k] xf.kr] foKku]
[ksyowQn rFkk 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk osQ }kjk lok±xh.k fodkl ij cy fn;k tk;sxkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 20- ewY;kadu iz.kkyhμvkUrfjd ewY;kadu f'k{kk dk vfuok;Z vax gksxkA blosQ fy;s oS;fDrdrk] jguk vkfn
dks grksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxk vkSj Nk=kksa dh miyfCèk osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy;s Bksl mik; viuk;s tk;saxsA
21- f'k{kdμf'k{kdksa osQ Lrj dks Å¡pk j[kus osQ fy;s fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;s tk;saxs ftlesa f'k{kdksa osQ p;u ij
fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk;sxkA f'k{kd ifj"knksa dks ekU;rk nh tk;sxh vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ fy;s fo'ks"k mik;
fd;s tk;saxsA
22- f'k{kk dh O;oLFkkμf'k{kk dks iquxZfBr djus osQ fy;s vkewy ifjorZu fd;k tk;sxkA ftlosQ vèkhu
nh?kZdkyhu ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k] foosQUnzhdj.k] f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh Lok;Ùkk] ukjh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k
tk;sxkA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok dk xBu gksxk vkSj jkT; Lrj ij f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"knksa
dk xBu gksxk] ftyk Lrj ij ftyk cksMZ lsosQ.Mªh f'k{kk rFkk f'k{kk dk xBu djsaxsA bl fn'kk esa fo'ks"k
:i ls izf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dk lg;ksx fy;k tk;sxkA
23- lkèkuμdksBkjh deh'ku rFkk 1968 dh f'k{kk uhfr us f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dks izkIr djus osQ lkèkuksa osQ fuekZ.k
ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gSA bl n`f"V ls nku] vuqnku] iQhl] m|ksx&dj vkfn osQ }kjk èku ,d=k fd;k tk;sxkA
izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ esa f'k{kk dh izxfr dk ¯lgkoyksdu gksxkA
24- Hkfo";μHkkoh f'k{kk dk D;k Lo:i gksxk] ;g dguk dfBu gS_ fiQj Hkh ijEijk ls izkIr mPpre ckSf¼d
Lrj dks cuk;s j[kus osQ iz;kl fd;s tk;saxsA chloha lnh dh lekfIr rd ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd thou
dh fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djus esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk fo'o esa mPpre LFkku cuk ysxhA
1- jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 osQ vuqlkj lEiw.kZ ns'k esa f'k{kk dh lkekU; lajpuk dh LohÑfr
vkSj vf/dka'k jkT;ksa esa 10 $ 2 $ 3 f'k{kk cksMZ i¼fr egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk gSA
2- fL=kh&f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk n`f‘dks.k udkjkRed jgk
3- vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tu&tkfr dh f'k{kk osQ eqís jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr osQ varxZr
egÙoiw.kZ ugha FksA
4- 1992 esa ljdkj us jk‘ªh; f'k{kk&uhfr osQ lq>koksa osQ fØ;kUo;u gsrq Jh tuknZu jsMM~h dh
vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dhA
16-5 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of National Education

Policy 1986)
jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
(1) f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks mUufr'khy cukukμubZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa leLr fo"k; bl izdkj osQ gSa ftudk Lrj
mUur gSA foKku] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku vkfn fo"k; Hkkjr esa gh ugha] fons'kksa esa Hkh i<+k;s tkrs gSaA
(2) mPp f'k{kk osQ fy;s vokaNuh; izos'k ij jksdμf'k{kk iz.kkyh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fo|k£Fk;ksa dh la[;k
dks lhfer dj losQxhA f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ vkèkkj ij fo|kFkhZ lcls igys jkstxkj izkIr djaxs As blfy;s fo|kFkhZ
jkstxkj izkIr dj fo|ky;ksa esa O;FkZ gh izos'k ugha ysaxsA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks tc jkstxkj dh izkfIr ugha gksrh gS
rHkh os vokaNuh; :i ls izos'k ysrs gSaA
(3) ewY;kadu dh ubZ O;oLFkkμf'k{kk iz.kkyh }kjk ubZ ewY;kadu i¼fr cuk;h tkrh gSA blosQ vUrxZr ijh{kk
ifj.kke Jsf.k;ksa rFkk xzsMksa osQ vkèkkj ij fn;s tk;saxsA xzsM fuEu izdkj gksaxsμ

(i)
fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk_ (ii) lUrks"kizn_ uksV
(iii) mÙke_ (iv) fuEu_
(v) vPNkA
(4) f'k{kk lajpuk esa ,d:irkμf'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ }kjk lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh f'k{kk i¼fr esa le:irk ykbZ tk
losQxh tks Nk=kksa esa jk"Vªh; ,drk dh Hkkouk fodflr djsxhA
(5) O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh izeq[krkμf'k{kk iz.kkyh us O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks vfèkd izeq[krk nh gSA bl
iz.kkyh }kjk Nk=k Lo;a osQ izfr tkx:d gksxkA dk;kZuqHko osQ vUrxZr VªsMksa osQ }kjk viuh #fp osQ vuqlkj
O;olk; izkjEHk dj losQxkA bl O;kolkf;d oqQ'kyrk }kjk ns'k esa O;kIr csjkstxkjh dks lekIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
16-6 jkeew£r leh{kk&lfefr] 1990 (Rammurti Committee—1990)

lu~ 1986 esa ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh x;h vkSj mlh o"kZ bldh dk;Z ;kstuk Hkh izdkf'kr dj
nh x;h rFkk 1987 ls bldk fØ;kUo;u izkjEHk gks x;kA ijUrq mlh chp 1989 esa osQUnz esa jk"Vªh; ekspZs dh ljdkj
lÙkk esa vkbZA ljdkj osQ cnyrs gh f'k{kk uhfr esa ifjorZu ij fopkj fd;k x;kA rRdkyhu izèkkueU=kh Jh
fo'oukFk izrki ¯lg us 3 o"kZ ckn gh ebZ] 1990 esa bldh leh{kk osQ fy;s jkeew£r dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr
dk xBu fd;k x;kA bls jkeew£r leh{kk lfefr 1990 dgk tkrk gSA
lfefr dh viuh leh{kk fjiksVZμizcq¼ ,oa ekuoh; lekt dh vksj (Towards an Enlightened and Human
Society) 'kh"kZd ls 26 fnlEcj] 1990 esa izLrqr dhA bl lfefr dh fjiksVZ osQ izkjEHk esa gh ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k
gS fd 1986 osQ ckn ns'k dh fLFkfr vkSj vfèkd [kjkc gqbZ gS] lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa esa vkSj vfèkd ßkl gqvk gS] lkekftd
lerk osQ LFkku ij oxZ Hksn c<+k gS èkk£ed lfg".kqrk osQ LFkku ij èkk£ed mUekn c<+k gS] vkSj 'kSf{kd voljksa dh
lekurk osQ LFkku ij 'kSf{kd voljksa esa vlekurk c<+h gSA blosQ ckn lfefr us jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 osQ
fØ;kUo;u dh leh{kk izLrqr dh vkSj fiQj vius lq>ko fn, gSaA ftudks fuEu izdkj Øec¼ fd;k x;k gSμ
iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 osQ rgr f'k'kqvksa
dh ns[kHkky ,oa f'k{kk (ECCE) dh O;oLFkk dh xfr cgqr eUn gSA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd lekt osQ lqfoèkkfoghu
f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky ,oa f'k{kk osQ fy, vk¡xuckM+h O;oLFkk dk foLrkj fd;k tk, vkSj lkFk gh vk¡xuckfM+;ksa osQ
dk;ks± dks leqUur fd;k tk,A
izkFkfed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us Li"V fd;k fd izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k osQ
dk;Z dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha fy;k tk jgk gSA mlus ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k fd CySd cksMZ ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr 1990&91
rd 50» izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dks bldk ykHk igq¡pk;k tkuk Fkk ijUrq vc rd osQoy 30» izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa
dks gh bldk ykHk igq¡pk;k tk ldk gS vkSj bu 30» osQ Hkh tks Hkou cuk, x, gSa os vPNs ugha gSa] ,dne
?kfV;k fdLe osQ gSa vkSj buesa tks lkexzh Hksth xbZ gS og Hkh vPNh fdLe dh ugha gSA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd
izkFkfed Lrj ij 'kr izfr'kr ukekadu] 'kr izfr'kr #dko vkSj 'kr izfr'kr liQyrk osQ fy, Bksl dne mBk,
tk,¡ vkSj CySdcksMZ ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u mfpr <ax vkSj lgh xfr ls fd;k tk,A mlus izkFkfed f'k{kk dks
ewY;ijd cukus ij cy fn;kA
ekè;fed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 osQ vuqlkj iwjs ns'k esa 10 $ 2 $ 3
f'k{kk lajpuk ykxw gksuh Fkh] vHkh rd ugha gks ikbZ gSA ns'k esa vHkh rd tks 261 uoksn; fo|ky; [kksys x, gSa
muls dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvk gSA $ 2 ij 1995 rd 25» Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks O;kolkf;d èkkjk esa ykus dk y{; gS
ijUrq vHkh (1990) rd osQoy 2-5» Nk=kksa dks gh bl èkkjk esa yk;k tk ldk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa lfefr us igyk
lq>ko rks ;g fn;k fd bl Lrj ij jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk bZekunkjh ls fØ;kUo;u fd;k tk, vkSj nwljk lq>ko

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ;g fn;k fd lkoZtfud LowQy iz.kkyh (Common School System) dks bZekunkjh ls ykxw fd;k tk,A mlus ;g
Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd f'k{kk ewY;ijd gksuk vko';d gSA
mPp f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 esa mPp f'k{kk dks loZlqyHk cukus gsrq
[kqys fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh ckr dgh xbZ Fkh vkSj 1986 esa bafnjk xk¡èkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh
LFkkiuk Hkh dh xbZ gS vkSj blesa vusd ikB~;Øe Hkh izkjEHk fd, x, gSa ijUrq blls mPp f'k{kk osQ Lrj esa
fxjkoV vk;h gSA mPp f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks mBkus osQ fy, izos'k ij fu;U=k.k dh ckr dgh xbZ Fkh] og ugha fd;k
x;kA f'k{kdksa osQ dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djus dh ckr dgh xbZ Fkh] og Hkh osQoy vkSipkfjdrkvksa dh iw£r rd
gh lhfer jgkA mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks vfèkd vk£Fkd lgk;rk nsus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k Fkk] og Hkh >wBk
fl¼ gqvkA ifj.kke ;g gS fd mPp f'k{kk dk izlkj vfu;ksftr <ax ls gqvk gS vkSj mldk Lrj fxjk gSA lcls
vfèkd fpUrk dk fo"k; ;g gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa vaxzsth dk opZLo vHkh rd cuk gqvk gSA lfefr us mPp
f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks mUur cukus osQ fy, egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa ij dBksj fu;U=k.k vkSj izos'k osQ fy;s
p;u iz.kkyh osQ ikyu dk lq>ko fn;kA
O;kolkf;d ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 esa O;olkf;d ,oa
rduhdh f'k{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh ckr dgh xbZ Fkh] dEI;wVj f'k{kk ij cy fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj fuEu Lrj dh
rduhdh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks cUn djus dh ckr dgh xbZ FkhA bl chp dEI;wVj f'k{kk esa rks dkiQh lqèkkj gqvk gS]
'ks"k lc ;Fkkor py jgk gS] dksbZ lqèkkj ugha gqvk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa lfefr us f'k{kk dks jkstxkj ijd cukus ij
cy fn;k vkSj lkFk gh jkstxkjijd f'k{kk dh O;kolkf;d ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa osQ Lrj dks mUur cukus
dh ckr dghA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn (AICTE) dks laoSèkkfud ntkZ fn;k
tk, vkSj mlosQ {ks=kh; dk;kZy; LFkkfir fd, tk,¡ tks rduhdh f'k{kk osQ mUur cukus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksaA
izkS<+ f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us Li"V fd;k fd izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;Z&Øe mfpr <ax ls ugha
pyk, tk jgs gSaA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd izkS<+ f'k{kk dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ekuo lalkèku eU=kky; osQ f'k{kk foHkkx]
xzkeh.k fodkl eU=kky; vkSj Je eU=kky;] rhuksa osQ Åij gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd f'k{kd f'k{kk lS¼kfUrd vfèkd gSA mlus lq>ko
fn;k fd og n{krkijd gksuh pkfg,A
16-7 jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1986 (POA—1986)

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ lEcUèk esa jkeew£r lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ flrEcj] 1990 esa izLrqr
dhA 1992 esa ljdkj us bl uhfr osQ fØ;kUo;u dh leh{kk djus gsrq Jh tuknZu jsM~Mh dh vè;{krk esa ,d ubZ
lfefr dk xBu fd;kA bl lfefr dh leh{kk ,oa fliQkfj'kksa dk Øec¼ fooj.k fuEu izdkj gSμ
iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd f'k'kq dY;k.k ;kstukvksa dks iw.kZ mÙkstuk
osQ lkFk ugha pyk;k tk jgk FkkA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky] ifjokj dY;k.k] iks"k.k ,oa LokLF;
lEcUèkh ;kstukvksa esa xfr ykbZ tk,] vk¡xuckfM+;ksa esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dk dk;Z&{ks=k foLr`r fd;k tk, vkSj buosQ
izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
izkFkfed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k osQ fy, fd,
tk jgs iz;kl i;kZIr ugha gSaA mlus 20 oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr rd 14 o"kZ rd osQ cPpksa dh vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd
f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ fy;s igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd 8oha ;kstuk osQ nkSjku lHkh cPpksa dks 1 fdeh {ks=k osQ vUnj
izkFkfed LowQy miyCèk djk, tk,¡] lHkh cPpksa dk ukekadu lqfuf'pr fd;k tk, vkSj viO;; ,oa vojksèku dks
de fd;k tk,A blosQ fy, ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s oxZ osQ cPpksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, fo'ks"k
izcUèk fd, tk,¡] tks cPps fdlh dkj.k LowQyh f'k{kk izkIr ugha dj ik jgs gSa muosQ fy, vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dh

O;oLFkk dh tk,A ij ;g vukSipkfjd f'k{kk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk osQ Lrj dh gh gksuh pkfg,A lfefr us ns[kk fd uksV
ml le; izkFkfed ,oa mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dk vuqikr 4 % 1 Fkk] mlus bls 2 % 1 vuqikr esa ykus dk lq>ko
fn;kA mlus ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd CySd cksMZ ;kstuk mPp izkFkfed LowQyksa esa Hkh ykxw dh tk,A mlus izkFkfed
Lrj osQ fy, U;wure vfèkxe Lrj dh izkfIr ij Hkh cy fn;kA
ekè;fed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd ml le; ekè;fed f'k{kk ifj"knsa vius dk;Z
dk lEiknu Bhd <ax ls ugha dj ik jgh FkhaA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd budks iquxZfBr fd;k tk, vkSj bUgsa Lok;Ùk'kklh
cuk;k tk,A mlus izèkkukpk;ks± dks iz'kklfud ,oa foÙkh; vfèkdkj nsus dk lq>ko Hkh fn;kA mlus ekè;fed Lrj
ij [kqyh f'k{kk osQ foLrkj dh ckr Hkh dghA ekè;fed Lrj osQ ikB~;&Øe esa O;kolkf;d ikB~;&Øeksa dks ykxw
djus vkSj bl Lrj ij dEI;wVj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus ij blus fo'ks"k cy fn;kA $ 2 ij O;kolkf;d èkkjk dks
lqn`<+ fd;k tk,] blosQ fy, mPp ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa dks lkèku lEiUu fd;k tk,A lfefr us uoksn; fo|ky;
;kstuk dks pkyw j[kus dk lq>ko fn;k vkSj 'ks"k ftyksa eas mUgsa 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz LFkkfir djus dh ckr dgh] ij lkFk
gh budh izos'k ijh{kk ,oa dk;Z iz.kkyh esa lqèkkj dk lq>ko fn;kA lfefr osQ lEefr esa bl Lrj ij Hkh U;wure
vfèkxe Lrj (MILL) dh izkfIr osQ fy, iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg;saA
mPp f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us vuqHko fd;k fd mPp f'k{kk dk Lrj lgh ugha gSA bl
lEcUèk esa mlus igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx osQ {ks=kh; dk;kZy; vfr'kh?kz LFkkfir
fd, tk,¡A nwljk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd ikB~;Øe fodkl osQUnz ;kstuk tkjh jD[kh tk,A rhljk lq>ko ;g fn;k
fd u,&u, ikB~;Øe ykxw fd, tk,aA pkSFkk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd mPp f'k{kk f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy,
,sosQMsfed LVkiQ dkWfyt ;kstuk dk foLrkj fd;k tk, vkSj ik¡pok lq>ko ;g fn;k fd fuEu Lrj dh mPp
f'k{kk laLFkk,¡ cUn dj nh tk,¡A
izkS<+ f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd osQUnz vkSj izkUrh; ljdkjsa izkS<+ f'k{kk dks
izkFkfedrk nsa vkSj mldh mfpr O;oLFkk osQ fy;s foÙk dh O;oLFkk djsAa mlus ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd uo lk{kjksa
osQ fy, mÙkj lk{kjrk dk;ZØe o lrr~ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
O;kolkf;d ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd ml le; rduhdh f'k{kk
dh O;oLFkk lgh ugha FkhA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (AICTE) dh {ks=kh; lfefr;k¡
xfBr dh tk,¡ tks u, rduhdh f'k{kk laLFkku [kksyus] u, ikB~;Øe ykwx djus vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk dk Lrjeku
cuk, j[kus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksaA
f'k{kd f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμf'k{kd f'k{kk osQ lEcUèk esa lfefr us igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd
fdlh Hkh Lrj osQ f'k{kd f'k{kk ikB~;&Øe esa izos'k dh iz.kkyh esa lqèkkj fd;k tk,A nwljk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd
izkFkfed f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa (DIETS) esa dh tk,A
Hkk"kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us bl lUnHkZ esa igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd osQUnzh; Hkk"kk laLFkku
dks Lok;Ùk'kklh fuxe dk ntkZ fn;k tk, ftlls og Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, LorU=k :i ls dk;Z
dj losQA nwljk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd ekè;fed f'k{kk Lrj ij iwjs ns'k esa f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks leku :i ls ykxw
fd;k tk, vkSj rhljk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ iz;ksx dks izksRlkfgr fd;k
tk,A
iz'kklu ,oa foÙk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd ljdkj u rks f'k{kk dk iz'kklu mfpr <ax
ls dj ik jgh gS vkSj u mldh foÙk O;oLFkk lgh <ax ls dj ik jgh gSA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd ftyk ifj"knksa dh
'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz LFkkiuk dh tk,A foÙk osQ lEcUèk esa mlus igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd jkT; izkFkfed f'k{kk dks izFke
ojh;rk ns vkSj vius lalkèkuksa dk lokZfèkd iz;ksx bldh O;oLFkk ij djs vkSj mPp ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk dks èkhjs&èkhjs
LofoÙk iksf"kr cuk,A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 16-8 la'kksfèkr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1992 (Revised Policy of Education—1992)

f'k{kk lEcUèkh osQUnzh; ijke'kZ cksMZ dk xBu] 1935 esa Lokèkhurk ls iwoZ fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g vc Hkh f'k{kk dh
uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe rS;kj djus vkSj mudh izxfr ij fuxkg j[kus esa izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA buesa lcls
egRoiw.kZ gSaμjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1986] dk;Z&;kstuk 1886 vkSj la'kksfèkr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr vkSj dk;Z ;kstuk
1992A
f'k{kk izcUèk vkSj uhfr 1992μuhfr fuèkkZj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk] f'k{kk foHkkx jkT;ksa ls feydj 'kSf{kd fu;kstu dk
nkf;Ro Hkh fuHkkrk gSA f'k{kk dks NBh ;kstuk rd fodkl izfØ;k osQ lalkèku dh txg lkekftd lsok ek=k le>k
tkrk Fkk] ysfdu vc f'k{kk dks ekuo lalkèkuksa osQ }kjk ns'k osQ lkekftd vkSj vk£Fkd fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ dkjd
ekuk tkus yxk gSA ;g ckr lu~ 1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr rFkk ctV esa lalkèkuksa osQ vkoaVu esa izfrfcfEcr gksrh
gSaA vkBoha ;kstuk esa osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ fy, f'k{kk ij 195999-7 djksM+ :i;s dk izkoèkku j[kk x;k] tks lkroha
;kstuk osQ O;; 7]633-1 djksM+ ;kfu 2-6 xquk vfèkd FkkA bl o`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk osQ fy, osQUnzh; fu;kstu
vkoaVu 1994&95 osQ 1]541 djksM+ :i;s ls c<+dj 1995&96 osQ 1]925 djksM+ :i;s dj fn;k x;kA f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
osQ Hkhrj gh lalkèkuksa osQ vkoaVu dk :>ku mPprj f'k{kk esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ifjO;; 1995&96 esa 24-5 izfr'kr
c<+dj 65-04 djksM+ #i;s dj fn;k x;kA
1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ns'k osQ 'kSf{kd fodkl esa ehy dk iRFkj gSA 1990 esa vkpk;Z jkeew£r dh vè;{krk
esa ,d lfefr us bldh leh{kk dhA bldh fliQkfj'kksa ij f'k{kk osQ osQUnzh; lykgdj cksMZ us fopkj fd;k vkSj vkUèkz
izns'k osQ rRdkyhu eq[;eU=kh Jh ,u- tuknZu dh vè;{krk esa 22 tuojh] 1992 dks uhfr lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ
is'k dhA f'k{kk osQ osQUnzh; lykgdj cksMZ us bl fjiksVZ ij fopkj djosQ blesa oqQN ifjorZuksa dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
ifj.kkeLo:i laln osQ le{k 7 ebZ] 1992 dks f'k{kk osQ osQUnzh; lykgdkj cksMZ }kjk vuqeksfnr ,oa la'kksfèkr uhfr;k¡
oqQN lq>koksa osQ lkFk j[kh x;haA lkFk gh lkFk uhfr dks ykxw djus dh la'kksfèkr dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj dh x;h vkSj
19 vxLr] 1992 dks la'kksfèkr dk;Z uhfr 1992 laln osQ le{k j[kh x;hA
la'kksfèkr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 (1992) dk nLrkostμHkkjr ljdkj us 1992 esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986
esa tks la'kksèku fd, mudk fooj.k fuEu izdkj gSμ
Hkkx ,dμHkwfedk vkSj Hkkx nksμf'k{kk dk lkj vkSj mldh Hkwfedk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkx rhuμjk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa osQoy ,d la'kksèku fd;k x;k gSμ
(i) iwjs ns'k esa $ 2 dks LowQyh f'k{kk dk vax cuk;k tk,xkA
Hkkx pkjμlekurk osQ fy, f'k{kk esa pkj la'kksèku fd, x, gSaμ
(i) lexz lk{kjrk vfHk;ku ij vkSj vfèkd cy fn;k tk,xkA
(ii) jk"Vªh; lk{kkjrk fe'ku (NLM) dks fuèkZurk fuokj.k] jk"Vªh; ,drk] i;kZoj.k] laj{k.k] NksVk] ifjokj] ukjh
lekurk dks izksRlkgu] izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k vkSj izkFkfed LokLF; ifjp;kZ ls tksM+k tk,xkA
(iii) jkstxkj@Lojkstxkj osQfUnzr ,oa vko';drk ,oa :fp ij vkèkkfjr O;kolkf;d o dkS'ky izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa
ij cy fn;k tk,xkA
(iv) uo lk{kjksa osQ fy, lk{kjrk mijkUr lrr~ f'k{kk osQ O;kid dk;ZØe miyCèk djk, tk,¡xsA
Hkkx ik¡pμfofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kk dk iquxZBu&f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk esa lkr la'kksèku fd, x, gSaμ
(i) CySd cksMZ ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr izR;sd izkFkfed fo|ky; esa de ls de rhu cM+s dejksa vkSj rhu f'k{kdksa
dh O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA
(ii) Hkfo"; esa izkFkfed LowQyksa esa fu;qDr gksus okys f'k{kdksa esa 50 efgyk,¡ gksaxhA
(iii) CySd cksMZ ;kstuk dks mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh ykxw fd;k tk,xkA

(iv)vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk osQ y{; dks 2000 rd izkIr djus gsrq ,d jk"Vªh; fe'ku pyk;k tk,xkA uksV
(v) ekè;fed f'k{kk esa yM+fd;ksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ cPpksa osQ ukekadu ij cy fn;k
tk,xkA
(vi) eqDr vfèkxe iz.kkyh dks lqn`<+ fd;k tk,xkA
(vii) ijh{kk ,oa ewY;kadu esa lqèkkj gsrq ^jk"Vªh; ewY;kadu laxBu* xfBr fd;k tk,xkA
Hkkx N%μrduhdh rFkk izcUèk f'k{kk esa osQoy ,d la'kksèku fd;k x;k gSμ
(i) vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (ACTE) dks lqn`<+ fd;k tk,xkA
Hkkx lkrμf'k{kk O;oLFkk dks dkjxj cukus esa dksbZ lalksèku ugha fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkx vkBμf'k{kk dh fo"k;oLrq vkSj izfØ;k dks u;k eksM+ nsus esa nks la'kksèku fd, x, gSaμ
(i) izkFkfed ,oa ekè;fed f'k{kk esa tula[;k f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk,xkA
(ii) ijh{kk laLFkkvksa osQ fn'kk funsZ'ku gsrq ijh{kk lqèkkj izk:i rS;kj fd;k tk,xkA
Hkkx ukSμf'k{kd esa dksbZ la'kksèku ugha fd;k x;k gSμ
Hkkx nlμf'k{kk dk izcUèk esa osQoy la'kksèku fd;k x;k gSμ
(i) f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; vk; dk 6» ls vfèkd O;; fd;k tk,xkA
Hkkx X;kjgμlalkèku vkSj leh{kk vkSj Hkkx ckjgμHkfo"; esa dksbZ lalksèku ugha fd;k x;k gSA

• ekuo bfrgkl osQ mn; ls ysdj vc rd f'k{kk us fodkl rFkk vfHko`f¼ dh izfØ;k dks lkrR; iznku fd;k
gSA gj ns'k us viuh lkekftd lkaLÑfrd igpku cukus osQ fy;s viuh f'k{kk iz.kkyh fodflr dh vkSj le;
dh pqukSrh dks Lohdkj fd;kA
• LorU=k Hkkjr esa 1986 dh f'k{kk uhfr ,d egÙoiw.kZ dne jgh gSA bldk mís'; jk"Vªh; izxfr] lkekU;
ukxfjdrk rFkk laLÑfr dh Hkkouk vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks lqn<` + djuk jgk gSA blus f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ ØkfUrdkjh
uo&fuekZ.k dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA lHkh Lrjksa ij f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed lqèkkj] foKku rFkk rduhdh ij
fo'ks"k è;ku]uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ fodkl rFkk f'k{kk vkSj thou osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa dks ?kfu"B cukus ij cy
fn;kA
• jk‘ªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ fcanq bl izdkj gSaμ
1- jk"Vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk vkèkkj ,d lkekU; ikB~;Øe dh lajpuk gS] ftlesa lkekU; ewy fo"k;ksa osQ
lkFk&lkFk vU; fo"k; yphys gksaxsA lkekU; ewy fo"k;ksa esa Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk dk bfrgkl] laoSèkkfud
izfrcUèk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk osQ vU; rRo gksxa As ;s rRo fo"k; {ks=kksa ls i`Fko~Q gksxa s vkSj bl izdkj cuk;s tk;sxa ]s
ftlls Hkkjr dh lkekU; lkaLÑfrd fojklr] lerkokn] tura=k] èkeZ&fujis{krk osQ ewY;ksa dk fodkl ¯yxHksn
osQ fcuk gksxkA okrkoj.k dh j{kk] lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djuk] NksVs ifjokj osQ ekudksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk
oSKkfud LoHkko fodflr gksA lHkh izdkj osQ 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe bl izdkj cuk;s tk;saxs tks èkeZfujis{k ewY;ksa
dks iwjh fu"Bk osQ lkFk fodflr djsaxsA
2- lekurk osQ fodkl osQ fy;s] lekurk osQ vfèkdre volj iznku djus osQ lkFk mlesa liQyrk izkIr djuk
Hkh vko';d gSA vkèkkjHkwr ikB~;Øe osQ ekè;e ls vkUrfjd lekurk dks tkx`r djuk gS] tUe ls izkIr
rFkk lkekftd ifjos'k ls mRiUu iwoZxzgksa rFkk tfVyrkvksa dks lekIr djuk gSA
• u;h uhfr vlekurk dks nwj djus rFkk mu yksxksa dks 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk iznku djus ij cy nsxh
ftUgsa lekurk ls nwj j[kk x;k gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • Lokèkhurk&izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ ;|fi jk"Vªh; f'k{kk osQ Lo:i rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dh vko';drk pkSFks n'kd
dh lekfIr ij rhozrj gqbZ_ bl fn'kk esa ns'k osQ igys jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (dksBkjh deh'ku) us igyh ckj
fopkj fd;k vkSj 1968 esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr izLrkfor dhA la;ksxksa rFkk fo|eku lkekftd la?k"kks± us turk
ljdkj dk xBu fd;k vkSj mlus Hkh y{;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k dj 1979 esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk Hkkjrh; fodYi
izLrqr fd;kA dky dh ifjofrZr èkkjk us iqu% dkaxl sz ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj orZeku ljdkj us blosQ egRo
dks le>kA f'k{kk dh pqukSrh&uhfr ifjizs{;_ nLrkost tkjh dj jk"VªO;kih cgl djkbZA bl cgl dk ifj.kke
gS ubZ f'k{kk uhfrA
• jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh fo'ks"krk,¡μ(1) f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks mUufr'khy cukuk_ (2) mPp f'k{kk osQ
fy;s vokaNuh; izos'k ij jksd_ (3) ewY;kadu dh ubZ O;oLFkk_ (4) f'k{kk lajpuk esa ,d:irk_ (5)
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh izeq[krkA
• jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfrμ1986μjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 1986 osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ lEcUèk esa jkeew£r lfefr us viuh
fjiksVZ flrEcj] 1990 esa izLrqr dhA 1992 esa ljdkj us bl uhfr osQ fØ;kUo;u dh leh{kk djus gsrq Jh tuknZu
jsMM~ h dh vè;{krk esa ,d ubZ lfefr dk xBu fd;kA bl lfefr dh leh{kk ,oa fliQkfj'kksa dk Øec¼ fooj.k
fuEu izdkj gSμ
• iwoZ izkFkfed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd f'k'kq dY;k.k ;kstukvksa dks iw.kZ
mÙkstuk osQ lkFk ugha pyk;k tk jgk FkkA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky] ifjokj dY;k.k] iks"k.k
,oa LokLF; lEcUèkh ;kstukvksa esa xfr ykbZ tk,] vk¡xuckfM+;ksa esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dk dk;Z&{ks=k foLr`r fd;k
tk, vkSj buosQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
• izkFkfed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k osQ fy,
fd, tk jgs iz;kl i;kZIr ugha gSaA mlus 20 oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr rd 14 o"kZ rd osQ cPpksa dh vfuok;Z ,oa
fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ fy;s igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd 8oha ;kstuk osQ nkSjku lHkh cPpksa dks 1 fdeh
{ks=k osQ vUnj izkFkfed LowQy miyCèk djk, tk,¡] lHkh cPpksa dk ukekadu lqfuf'pr fd;k tk, vkSj viO;;
,oa vojksèku dks de fd;k tk,A
• ekè;fed f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us ns[kk fd ml le; ekè;fed f'k{kk ifj"knsa vius
dk;Z dk lEiknu Bhd <ax ls ugha dj ik jgh FkhaA mlus lq>ko fn;k fd budks iquxZfBr fd;k tk, vkSj bUgsa
Lok;Ùk'kklh cuk;k tk,A
• mPp f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us vuqHko fd;k fd mPp f'k{kk dk Lrj lgh ugha gSA bl
lEcUèk esa mlus igyk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx osQ {ks=kh; dk;kZy; vfr'kh?kz LFkkfir
fd, tk,¡A nwljk lq>ko ;g fn;k fd ikB~;Øe fodkl osQUnz ;kstuk tkjh jD[kh tk,A
• izkS<+ f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koμlfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd osQUnz vkSj izkUrh; ljdkjsa izkS<+ f'k{kk dks
izkFkfedrk nsa vkSj mldh mfpr O;oLFkk osQ fy;s foÙk dh O;oLFkk djsAa mlus ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd uo lk{kjksa
osQ fy, mÙkj lk{kjrk dk;ZØe o lrr~ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk,μO;kolkf;d ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk lEcUèkh
leh{kk ,oa lq>ko_ f'k{kd f'k{kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>ko_ Hkk"kk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>ko_ iz'kklu ,oa
foÙk lEcUèkh leh{kk ,oa lq>koA

• viu;u laLdkjμ xq#oqQyksa esa f'k{kk 'kq# djus ls igys xq# }kjk f'k"; dk laLdkj viu;u laLdkj
dgykrk gSA
• voewY;uμ ewY; esa deh djukA

• leorhZμ ,d lk O;ogkj djus okyk] leku nqjh ij fLFkrA uksV

• n[ky nsukμ gLr{ksi djuk] VksdukA
16-11 vH;kl&iz'u ( Review Questions)

1. jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh foospuk dhft,A
2. jk‘ªh; f'k{kk uhfr;ksa dh miyfC/;ksa dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
1. 2. × 3. 4. A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZ 17%vè;kid f'k{kk esa oS'ohdj.k vkSj futhdj.k
(Globalization and Privatization in Teacher
Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
17.1 vè;kid f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk (Concept of Globalization in Context
of Teacher Education)
17.2 oS'fod vè;kid f'k{kk (Global Teacher Education)
17.3 vè;kid f'k{kk ekaxksa ds vuqdwy oS'ohdj.k dks Lohdkj djuk (Accepting Globalisation and
adapting Teacher Education to its demands)
17.4 oS'fod nqfu;k ds fy, vè;kid f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd O;kolkf;drk (Teacher Professionalizing
and Teacher Education for Global World)
17.5 futhdj.k ds vè;kid f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa vo/kj.kk (Concept of Privatization in Context
17.6 vè;kid f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj dkjd (Factors Responsible for Privatization
17.7 futhdj.k ds ykHk (Advantages of Privatization)

17.8 futhdj.k dh leL;k,a (Problems of Privatization)
mís'; (Objectives)
• f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;kA
• oS'fod f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ckjs esa o.kuZA
• oS'ohdj.k dks Lohdkj djus vkSj viuh ekaxksa ds fy, f'k{kd&f'k{kk viukus ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• oS'fod nqfu;k ds fy, vè;kid f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd O;kolkf;drk ds ckjs esa o.kZuA
• f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa futhdj.k dh vo/kj.kk ds ckjs esa le>kusA

bdkbZ—17% vè;kid f'k{kk esa oS'ohdj.k vkSj futhdj.k
• f'k{kd f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj dkjdksa dk o.kZuA uksV

• futhdj.k ds ykHkksa ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• futhdj.k dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa le>kusA
,d çfrfØ;k ds :i eas jkT; ds LokfeRo okys m|eksa ds v{ke dke djus ds fy,] futhdj.k dh ygj Hkkjr
lfgr iwjh nqfu;k esa iQSy x;h gSA fdl dh t:jr Fkh] lHkh vkfFkZd lq/kjksa vkSj futhdj.k ds fopkjksa dks
leL;kvksa dh loZjksxgj vkS"kf/ ds :i esa ns•k x;k FkkA Hkkjr Hkh vçHkkfor ugha jg ldk vkSj Hkkjr esa
futhdj.k dh ygj us f'k{kk ds {ks=k dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
oS'fod ifjçs{; dk eryc gS lk>k djuk vkSj vU; yksxksa dks lg;ksx nsuk tks Hkh lalk/u O;fÙkQxr rFkk vke
y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA blds vykok] nwljksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr] ;kuh le> vkSj Hkkoukvksa
dks lk>k djuk] fopkjksa dks O;ÙkQ vkSj fofue; djus] Hkkoukvksa vkSj tkudkjh çdV djus dh {kerk vkSj yksxksa]
lewgksa] lekt ;k ns'kksa ds chp vlgefr ;k rdZ ls fuiVus ds fy, larks"ktud rjhds •kstus ds }kjk Vdjko
dks gy djukA
oS'ohdj.k vkt ds le; ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN crkrk djrk gS vkSj ;g ,d ?kVuk cu x;k gS tks cgqr lkekU;
:i ls lekt vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fofHkUu jk"Vªksa dks çHkkfor dj jgh gSA oS'ohdj.k vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd ç.kkfy;ksa dk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl] le`f¼ vkSj yksdrkaf=kd Lora=krk ds fy, nqfu;k Hkj dh ço`fÙk;ksa
dk ,dhdj.k gSA bldk y{; ,d gh ,dhÑr fo'o leqnk; dks lkdkj djuk gS tgka dksbZ lkekftd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd ,dhdj.k dks iqdkjus lkekftd fookn ekStwn ugha gSA
17-1 vè;kid f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk (Concept of

Globalization in Context of Teacher Education)
oS'ohdj.k] nksuksa ,d ?kVuk ds :i esa vkSj ,d iaFk ds :i esa] f'k{kd f'k{kk dks çHkkfor vkSj ço`Ùk dj ldrk
gSA fofHkUu fopkjd] f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{kdksa ds nk'kZfud ekStwnk oS'fod ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj bPNkvksa ij vyx vkSj
fo"ke ifjçs{; dk fopkj djrs gSA inksa dh la[;k vkSj fofo/rk dks ns•rs gq,] f'k{kd f'k{kk ds çHkko ds ckjs
esa gj ,d fl¼kar ij fopkj djuk vlaHko gSA
f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk vk/kj ij] ledkyhu f'k{kd f'k{kk] lcls vPNs :i esa] ,d jktuhfrd dh rVLFk fn'kk
gS vkSj] ,d ifj.kke ds :i esa] ;g ek;uksa esa lhfer gS ;g f'k{kdksa dks dSls oS'ohdj.k vkSj uo&mnkjokn
dh rkdrsa muds vius vf/dkj esa ugha gS ;g le>us ds fy, lqlfTtr dj ldrh gS fdarq ;g 'kks"k.k dh
,d O;kid ç.kkyh ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
17-2 oS'fod vè;kid f'k{kk (Global Teacher Education)

cgqlkaLÑfrd nqfu;k dks le>us vkSj nqfu;k esa 'kkafr vkSj ln~Hkko dks cuk, j•us ds fy, ,d 'oS'fod ifjçs{;'
dks fodflr vkSj ;qokvksa dks tkx:d djuk oS'ohdj.k vkSj oS'fod f'k{kk dk mís'; gSA vke yksxksa vkSj fo'ks"k
:i ls ;qokvksa dks oS'fod ?kVukvksa vkSj eqíksa vkSj yksxksa dh vUrfuZHkZjrk ds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg,A
oS'fod ifjçs{; dk eryc gS lk>k djuk vkSj vU; yksxksa dks lg;ksx nsuk tks Hkh lalk/u O;fÙkQxr rFkk vke
y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA blds vykok] nwljksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr] ;kuh le> vkSj Hkkoukvksa
dks lk>k djuk] fopkjksa dks O;ÙkQ vkSj fofue; djus] Hkkoukvksa vkSj tkudkjh çdV djus dh {kerk vkSj yksxksa]

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV lewgksa] lekt ;k ns'kksa ds chp vlgefr ;k rdZ ls fuiVus ds fy, larks"ktud rjhds •kstus ds }kjk Vdjko
dks gy djukA
17-3 vè;kid f'k{kk ekaxksa ds vuqdwy oS'ohdj.k dks Lohdkj djuk (Accepting
Globalisation and adapting Teacher Education to its demands)
oS'ohdj.k' ldkjkRed :i ls f'k{kd f'k{kk dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g fo'o ds ,d O;kid rkykc
esa fofHkUu yksxksa ds fopkjksa vkSj lalk/uksa dks ,d lkFk ykrk gSA lkjh nqfu;k ,d oS'fod lekt curh tk jgh
gS_ ehfM;k vkSj lkbcjlaLÑfr vf/d O;kid gks jgh gSA tks yksxksa dh igys çeq• iqLrdky;ksa ;k vuqla/ku
laLFkkuksa esa igq¡p ugha Fkh ;g mUgsa vuqla/ku vkSj ckrphr ds fy, u, volj çnku dj jgk gS (dsyuj 2005]
102)A nqfu;k Hkj esa Nk=kksa dh t:jrksa dh iqjk djus esa rduhdh midj.kksa vkSj fodklksa dks vPNs mi;ksx
djus ds fy, ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fLFkfr ekurh gS fd Kku ij vk/kfjr vFkZO;oLFkk] tkudkjh
vkSj Kku esa mRÑ"V LFkkukarj.k rsth ls ,d mPp dher dh ubZ oLrq curk tk jgs gSA Kku] ,d çeq•
vkfFkZd eqæk cu x;k gS vkSj bldk rsth ls mRiknu vkSj lapyu vkfFkZd çn'kZu ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ
fuos'k ds cu x, gSA
17-3-1 vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ds n`f"Vdks.k (The supply and demand approach)
igyk è;ku dsafær •qn f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk ç.kkyh cukus dh ekax vkSj f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds 'cktkjhdj.k'] dks
c<+kok nsus ij djuk gS ftlls f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ds vuq:i ds :i esa cktkj dh txg dk mi;ksx djrs gq,
f'k{kk dks ,d oLrq dh rjg cspk] •jhnk vkSj ç;qÙkQ fd;k tk,xkA uo&mnkjoknh fopkjdksa us bl lkekU;
n`f"Vdks.k dks la?kfVr dj fn;k gS&eq[; :i ls ,d vk~fFkZd mRiknu ds :i esa f'k{kk ds bykt&vkiwfrZ vkSj
ekax ds dkuwu ds lkFkA
'ekax' ;g ,d fodYi gS tks O;fÙkQ lanfHkZr djrs gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ea'kk] le>nkjh ;k pquko dh O;ogk;Zrk
dh ijokg fd, fcuk fo'ofo|ky; esa vè;;u ds ,d ikBÔØe pquukA vxj ogk¡ cgqr Nk=k jftLVj djus
vkSj ,d 'dSfj;j ds fygkt ls O;FkZ' ikBÔØe dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, rS;kj gS] rks bl ekax dks iwjk djuk
fo'ofo|ky; dh vkfFkZd le> esa vkrk gSA ;g cgqr laHkkouk gS] rFkkfi] fd ,d ckj Nk=kksa dks ç'u esa
ikBÔØe dh vO;ogk;Zrk dk ,glkl gksus ij yacs le; rd bl rjg dh ekax dh •ir [kRe gks tk,xhA
;g uo&mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k dh Hkh lapkyu] çfr;ksfxrk] vkSj cktkj dh O;oLFkk dh rjg lqfo/kvksa dks c<+kok
nsus dh laHkkouk gSA oS'ohdj.k xzkgdksa vkSj lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk dks c<+krk gS ftudk bl rjg ds laca/ksa
esa bLrseky fd;k tk,xkA
f'k{kdksa ds laca/ esa] bl n`f"Vdks.k dks vfuok;Z :i ls vkfFkZd vfHkusrkvksa ds :i esa f'k{kdksa dks ns•us ds
fy,] vkfFkZd ykxr vkSj ykHk ds ekeys dks is'ks esa cjdjkj j•us vkSj rS;kj djus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k x;k
gSA ;g dqN gS tks dbZ ek;uksa esa igys ls gh vf/fu;fer gS tSls ,d fo'o cSad ds nLrkost ds :i esa tks
f'k{kd uhfr dh tkap vkSj •kst djrs gSA
lgh çksRlkgu ladqy ds lkFk f'k{kdksa dks çnku djds uhfr;ksa dks vf/fu;fer fd;k tk jgk gS tks Nk=kksa dh
liQyrk esa lq/kj ds fy, ç;kl djsxhA ;g uhfr;ka osru] fu;a=k.k vkSj liQyrk ds laca/ksa ij tksj ns jgh gSA
bl fo"k; esa] Ldwy çHkko'khyrk ds lkfgR; us f'k{kd dh igpku ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k çfreku dk fuekZ.k fd;k
x;k gS tks bl mEehn ij vk/kfjr gS fd f'k{kd Nk=k dh liQyrk dk mRiknu djsaA
;g cgqr laHkkouk gS fd bl n`f"Vdks.k ds Hkhrj tks 'f'k{kk' dk O;kikfjd cukuk pkgrk gS] ;g f'k{kd f'k{kk
dh vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ds dkuwu ij fuHkZj djsxk vkSj bldk mís'; çf'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks 'foØs;' cukuk

gksxkA bls f'k{kk ds cktkj esa miHkksÙkQkvksa dh ekaxksa dks è;ku esa j•uk vkSj vko';d fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk f'k{kdksa uksV
dh i;kZIr vkiwfrZ dks iwjk djuk gksxkA
bl n`f"Vdks.k dks ,d vihy djus ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g letkrh; çfreku yxkus ds ctk;
yksxksa dh ilan] t:jrksa vkSj bPNkvksa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gks jgk gSA blfy,] ;g vke rkSj ij cuus okys
fNækUos"k.k dks jksd ldrk gS tks oS'fod çfreku nwljksa ij yksxksa ds dqN lewg }kjk yxk, tkrs gSA
uo&mnkjokn ds nkSj esa tgka tksj mRiknu] f'k{kdksa ds ikfjJfed vkSj jkstxkj dh lqj{kk tks lhèks
Nk=k f'k{kk ls tqM+s gq, gS mu ij gksrk gSA
17-3-2 vkiwfrZ vkSj ekax ds n`f"Vdks.k ds fy, lhek,a (Limitations to the supply and
demand approach)
vHkh Hkh] dfe;ksa dh ,d la[;k Li"V dj jgh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa tks 'k{kdksa dks fuHkkuh
pkfg,A Nk=kksa dh ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ;g n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kdksa dk vkxzg djrk gSA vHkh rd] fn;k gS
fd ekax cny ldrh gS vkSj dgk gS fd ;g dkiQh rsth ls gks ldrk gS] ;gh otg gS fd lrr iquçZf'k{k.k
djuk f'k{kdksa dk fo"k; gksxk rkfd og cnyrs vuqjks/ksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke gks ldsA bl rjg ds laca/
esa ,d çeq• leL;k ;g gS fd i;kZIr :i ls iwjk djus ds fy, Lokn vkSj fodYi esa ifjorZu cgqr rsth
ls gks ldrk gS vkSj blfy, ;g laiw.kZ iquçZf'k{k.k dks Lohdkj djrk gSA
blds vfrfjÙkQ] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZu ls lkeuk djus ds fy, ;g f'k{kdksa dks vko';d uokpkjksa
dks ykxw djus ds fy, ftEesnkj cuk jgs gSA mUgas çkS|ksfxdh vkSj lkekftd laca/ksa dks O;kid cukus ls] dke
vkSj thou vkSj yxkrkj vius Kku dks v|ru vkSj rsth ls cnyrh gqbZ oS'fod vko';drkvksa ds fy, dkS'ky
f'k{k.k dh Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa dh O;k[;k djus dh {kerk fn•kuk pkfg,A ;g dkS'ky yksdrkaf=kd lekt
esa jgus dk eryc D;k gS] yksdra=k vkSj iwathokn ds chp laca/ksa ds loky dks mBkus ds fcuk mUeq• fo"k;
dks cukus ij vk/kfjr gSA ,d f'k{kk&laca/h lafnX/rk dks cuk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd lkexzh] f'k{k.k fof/;ksa vkSj
ewY;kadu ds rjhdksa dh Bksl ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ,d vkn'kZ ds :i esa dks ekuk ugha tkrkA ;g f'k{kdksa ds chp
tkx:drk] vfu'fprrk vkSj vO;oLFkk ds fy, •rjk iSnk djrk gS vkSj os var esa 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk]cnyus ds
çfrjks/ vkSj f'k{k.k fof/;ksa esa uohurk dh deh ds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k tkrk gSA
17-3-3 f'k{kd f'k{kk esa vkfFkZd dk;Zdq'kyrk (Economic efficiency in teacher
education)
nwljs n`f"Vdks.k dk mís'; f'k{kkFkhZ dks ftruk laHko gks vkfFkZd :i ls çfrLi/hZ cukuk gS tks bl oS'fod
vkfFkZd@jktuhfrd@lkekftd fLFkfr esa f'k{kk dks feykus dk ç;kl djrk gSA vkfFkZd&çHkkodkfjrk dks bl
n`f"Vdks.k esa f'k{kk dk çeq• mís'; le>k tkrk gSA vHkh] ctk; ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ ds dkuwuksa dh lgkuqHkwfr
ij f'k{kk nsus ls igys] bl LFkku ij cM+s iSekus ij vFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jr gS tks 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk dh lkexzh
vkSj vè;kiu dk fu/kZj.k djsaA
vkSj vè;kiu dk fu/kZj.k djsaA blfy,] vxj fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dks vf/d ifj"Ñr rduhdh dkS'ky ds lkFk
yksxksa dh vko';drk gS] ehfM;k vkSj daI;wVj ds dkS'ky ds O;kid f'k{k.k dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa
dks] tkudkjh vkSj euksjatu ds bu ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx dSls djsa fl•k;k tkrk gS rkfd og ,d mPp
rduhd vFkZO;oLFkk esa liQy gksus eas l{ke gks ldsA çfrLi/kZRedrk&lapkyu ds lq/kj] vFkkZr lq/kjksa dk y{;

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV cM+s iSekus ij lekt dks f'kf{kr djuk gS rkfd ;g vkfFkZd :i ls vf/d çfrLi/hZ cuk,a] ;g bl rjg ds
fljksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSA bl laca/ esa] /hoj oS'ohÑr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fy, ijØkE; vkSj
jpukRed dk;ZdrkZvksa dh t:jr dks iqjk djrk gSA çf'k{k.k {kerk Nk=kksa ds fy, ,d ewyHkwr {kerk dks
fodflr djuk t+:jh cukrk gS] blds vf/fu;e dks blesa yxkrkj i<+k;k vkSj çf'kf{kr fd;k tk,xkA
f'k{kdksa ds ckjs esa] oS'fod pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vko';d lkewfgd çfrfØ;kvksa ij iqufoZpkj
djus dh t:jr gS tks f'k{k.k O;olk; dks çHkkfor dj jgs gSa] tgka 'kCn 'pqukSfr;ka' vke rkSj ij ,d lekZ;knkj
vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk 'kkfey pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa dk lkeuk djuk le>k tkrk gSA f'k{kd ls vkfFkZd ço`fÙk;ksa
vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ds vkyksd esa Nk=kksa dks <kyus vkSj budks çkIr djus esa l{ke gksus ds fy, ,d dk;Zcy cukus
ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky dks ikfjr djus dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA bl dh jks'kuh esa] f'k{kd f'k{kk vR;f/
d ekudhÑr gksus dh laHkkouk gSA bldk eryc gS fd f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe jkT; }kjk ;k LFkkuh; f'k{kk
vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk fofu;fer gksrs gSA
17-3-4 vkfFkZd n{krk n`f"Vdks.k dh lhek,a (Limitations to the economic efficiency
approach)
,d uksV djuk pkfg, fd ekudhdj.k dh fn'kk esa ;g cgko ljdkj dh igy rd lhfer ugha gSA bysDVªkWfud
ehfM;k ds çHkko ds ekè;e ls] jpuk&i¼frvksa dks ikBÔØe ds jpuk fo'ks"kKksa }kjk LFkkfir dj jgs gSaA ;s
vke rkSj ij ekudhdj.k u dsoy fo"k; ds gh] Cyfd rdZ'kklz ds Hkh ftlds ekè;e ls fo"k; lh•k tkrk
gS dh vksj tkrk gSA rdZ] dbZ dfe;ksa dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gSa&tSls çf'k{kd tkaplwph f'k{kd cu tkrs gS_
muds is'ks esas tksf•e] vfu'fprrk vkSj f'k{k.k ds eksg dk vHkko gksrk gSA
blds vykok] crkrs gS fd ,d lLrk] ,d&vkdkj&lc 'ekud' dks f'k{kd f'k{kk esa fiQV cSBrk gS] og ekuo
lalk/u dh inksUufr ds laca/ esa vkSj lkekU; :i ls vFkZO;oLFkk dh çfrLi/kZRedrk ij vçHkkoh gks ldrk
gSA vFkZO;oLFkk ds Kku esa jpukRedrk] lg;ksx vkSj vkRe çca/u dh vko';drk gS_ u;k f'k{k.k fof/;ksa dks
viukus ds fy, f'k{kd ,d vf/d Lok;Ùkrk tqVkrk gS vkSj og Kku vtZu dks vf/dre djus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA ;s fo'ks"krk,a gSa ftlds dkj.k ekudhÑr ds çfreku dks c<+kok nsuk vlaHko gSA
f'k{kd vke lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa dks lk>k ugha dj ldrk vkSj blfy, ;g f'k{kd
f'k{kk dk ekudhdj.k djus ds fy, ,d vPNk fopkj ugha gks ldrk gSA bl laca/ esa] ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX;
gS fd bu dsfUær ço`fÙk;ksa ds ckotwn] jkT; ij lEiw.kZ çHkko ugha gSA njvly] ;gk¡ ç;ksxksa dks y{; O;kid
lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks ns•rs gq, cnyrs Lrjksa ij f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds çnkrkvksa ds vfofu;eu
dks c<+kok nsuk gSA ,d lek/ku dks vke rkSj ij bu fofHkUu dkjdksa ds lkFk cuk;k tkrk gS tks f'k{kdksa dh
igpku cukrk gSA
17-3-5 vkiwfrZ@ekax vkSj vkfFkZd {kerk&nksuksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh lhek,a (Supply/demand
and economic efficiency & limitations to both approaches)
bu n`f"Vdks.kksa ds chp erHksn (O;fÙkQxr ilan vkSj cktkj dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa cuke fofu;eu vkSj ekudhdj.k) ds
ckotwn] f'k{kdksa ds ckjs es]a ;g n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk dks vuns•k djds ;g f'k{kdksa dks iwt
a hoknh@oS'fod
vkfFkZd ds çfrekuksa <kyus tks os Lohdkj djrs gSa mlij ;g fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku dsafær djrs gSA f'k{kdksa dks
cM+s iSekus ij vFkZO;oLFkk ds ek=k dk;ksaZ ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] okLro esa Nk=kksa dks tks bu çfrekuksa dks
iwjk dj bjknk dj jgs gSA
okLro esa] ;g mís';ksa dh lhfer lhek gS fd os vkxs j•s tks mUgsa dqN xaHkhj fNækUos"k.k djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
cukrk gSA mUgas t:jr ls T;knk lkekU; :i ls f'k{kk vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk dks ladh.kZ djuk

yxrk gSA mudh eq[; deh ;dhuu mudh nksuksa çfrekuksa ftudks os c<+kok nsrs gS vkSj tks oS'ohdj.k ls lacaf/ uksV
r gS egRoiw.kZ rRoksa dks 'kkfey djus dh vliQyrk gSA
17-3-6 oS'fod 'kSf{kd çfreku&,d fNækUos"k.k (Global educational models & a
criticism)
oS'fod 'kSf{kd çfrekuksa dk vçlkj] tks vlw{ke :i ls oS'ohdj.k Lohdkj djrs gS vkSj oS'ohdj.k dh ekaxksa
] ;Fks"V lhekvksa ] nksuksa dks ,d lkekU; Lrj ij] vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kd f'k{kk ds Lrj ij 'kkfey djus
ds fy, f'k{kk dks LFkku nsrs gSA
oS'fod 'kSf{kd çfreku tks egk}hiksa vkSj ns'kksa ds ikj dqN dfe;ksa dks Nqikus ds fy, lg;ksxkRed ç;klksa dks
c<+kok nsrs gS] ml esa os f'k{k.k] tkuus vkSj lh•us ds ikjaifjd rjhdksa dks ck/k vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk ds
fy, •rjk çnku djrs gSA lÙkk laca/ksa vkSj fu;a=k.kksa dh ,d tfVy ç.kkyh f'k{k.k'kklz dks la'kksf/r vkSj cuk,
j•rh gS] ml le> esa fd ;g viuh gh psruk] igpku vkSj bPNk dks forfjr djsaA
nqHkkZX;o'k] bu lq>koksa dks fpark dsoy fo'ks"k okrkoj.k ds fy, fn, x, vfFkZd y{;ksa ds laca/ esa varjjk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd lajfpr ç.kkfy;ksa ds lek;kstu dh gSA os muds lkFk le>kSrk ugha djrs tks y{;ksa dks fu/kZfjr djrs
gS] f'k{kk dk mís'; •qn vkfFkZd y{; gksuk pkfg,A os ,d ewyHkwr igyw dks vuns•k djrs gS&lÙkkA
f'k{kk vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dh iafÙkQc¼rk dk dkj.k u dsoy ,d is'ks ds :i esa f'k{k.k dh vihy esa bl rjg
dh fxjkoV gSA vU; dkjdksa ,d f'k{kdksa ds fgrksa dk mYys• dj ldrs gSa_ f'k{kdksa dh LohÑfr vkSj bl rjg
ds çfrekuksa ds lkFk vuqikyu_ Ldwyksa ds inkuqØfer vkSj ukSdj'kkgh lajpukvksa_ le`¼ is'ksoj fodkl ds
çfrekuksa vkSj oSKkfud rjhdksa ds vkosnu dks c<+kok nsus esa ljdkjksa dh foiQyrk] f'k{kk ds fy, daI;wVj vkSj
O;kikj dq'kyrk çfreku] tks f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ,d la?k"kZ iSnk dj jgs gS tc ls ;g f'k{kdksa dh vf/
dkf/d tfVy vkSj fofo/ Hkwfedkvksa ij fopkj dj jgk gSA
17-3-7 oS'ohdj.k ds lq/kjoknh n`f"Vdks.k (Reformist approaches to globalisation)
oS'fod vFkZO;oLFkk@'kSf{kd çfrekuksa dh dfe;ksa dks lanHkZ esa j•rs gq, tks fd vlw{ke :i ls Lohdkj djuk
gSa] loky mBrk gS fd D;k ,d ekStwnk oS'fod fLFkfr ds fy, f'k{kk ds vuqdwyu ds fy, fdlh Hkh ç;kl
dk ifjR;kx djuk pkfg,A dqN fl¼kardkj (dksEes;zl vkSj eftys] 2001_ flrks] 2003) udkjkRed :i esa
tokc nsrs gS vkSj nkok djrs gSa tks f'k{kk ekStwnk oS'fod fLFkfr dks viukuh pkfg, og ;|fi vÑf=kerk ls
ugha gSA f'k{kk ds fy, ,d n`f"Vdks.k dsoy fodkl'khy oS'fod vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks Lohdkj vkSj bldks •qn
bleas vlw{ke :i ls viukukA oS'fod vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dh vkSj f'k{kk dk LoHkko •qn gh ,slh laHkkouk dh
O;ogk;Zrk dk lq>ko nsrk gSA
f'k{kdksa ds fy,] bu] f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa lHkh vU; fgr/kjdksa dh rjg] ekStwnk vkfFkZd&lkekftd&jktuhfrd
;FkkfLFkfr Lohdkj ugha fuf"Ø; djus dh vko';drk gSA okLro esa] ctk; oS'ohdj.k dh vksj ,d vi{kikr
dk leFkZd n`f"Vdks.k viukus ds] f'k{kdksa dks xaHkhj :i ls ?kVuk dh tkap djus ds fy, l{ke djds vkSj
mUgsa vFkZO;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa vU; ewY;ksa ds çdk'k esa egRoiw~.kZ jktuhfrd f'k{k.k dk fparu djus esa enn
nsds f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
17-3-8 laoknkRed n`f"Vdks.k (The dialogical approach)
bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj oS'ohdj.k ,d ifjfLFkfr gS ftlesa dfe;ksa dh ,d la[;k 'kkfey gS] vHkh rd volj
ekStwn gS tks f'k{kdksa dks ,sls çfrca/ksas dks ukdke djus esa l{ke cuk ldrs gSA fojksf/ ekStwnk oS'fod O;oLFkk
ij jktuhfrd vkSj vkFkZd :i ls 'kkld lewgksa vkSj jk"Vªksa ds i{k esa i{kikrh gksus dk vkjksi yxkrs gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ,slh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d gh pht+ dh vko';drk gS fd oS'fod f'k{kk vkSj varjjk"Vªh;&jk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd çfrekuksa ds vkn'kksaZ dks NksM+uk ugha pkfg,A çeq• vo/kj.kk,a 'laokn' vkSj 'oS'fod le>' tks bl
rjg ds çfreku gS ftUgsa fpfÉr djrs gSA
17-3-9 laoknkRed n`f"Vdks.k ds fy, lhek,a (Limitations to the dialogical approach)
rdZ'kklzksa ds lanHkZ esa] fofHkUu nyksa ds chp lkekU; tehu ikbZ tkrh gS rks] ,d vkilh le> esa vkus dh
dfBukbZ ds dkj.k] mu ds lkFk tks vyx gS ;k ftufd vyx vyx #fp gksrh gS] blds lqlaxr vkSj O;atu
gksus fd dksbZ t+ekurk ugha gSA
lcls igys Kku vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k dh lHkh fofHkUu /kj.kk,a fojks/kRed vkSj ikjLifjd :i ls vuqfpr gks ldrh
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] f'k{k.k ds is'ks ds ckjs esa] ;gk¡ f'k{kdksa ds vf/dkjksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks vyx vkSj
çfrLiènkZ djus okyh /kj.kk,a gS (vkSj lkFk gh f'k{k.k esa liQyrk ;k çHkko'khyrk dks le>us ds fofHkUu
rjhdksa)A
bl n`f"Vdks.k dk ,d çLrkod bu dfe;ksa dks igpku ldrs gS] laokn ds ekè;e ls ;g irk pyk gS fd
vHkh rd ;g nkok gS fd ;g laf{kIr ;k ukdke gSA ,slh dfe;ksa dh igpkukus ls ,d pqukSrh dk xBu gksxk
ctk; ,d ck/k dsA
17-3-10 çxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k (Progressive approach)
• igys 'ubZ fLFkfr ds fy, vkykspukRed vuqdwyu'A ;g 'kS{kf.kd ifjorZuksa ij tksj nsrk gS tks Økafrdkjh ds
:i esa gksuk pkfg, tc çkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZu gks jgs gkasA gkykafd] ;g f'k{k.k dks ek=k vuqdwyu dh t:jr
ugha gS rkfd ;g O;fÙkQijd mís'; dh jks'kuh esa dbZ rduhdksa dks ifjfu;ksftr djus esa O;fÙkQxr Nk=kksa dks
l{ke djus ds fy, iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok ns ldsA cfYd] vPNh rjg ls ekuo dks lkekU; vkSj
eE;wu 'krksaZ dks mlds y{; ds :i esa ikuk gSA bu rduhdh fodkl dks lcls vf/d cukus dh t:jr vkSj
f'k{kk dks c<+kus ds bPNqd çf'k{kdksa dks miyC/ djkus ds voljksa ij dsyuj }kjk tksj fn;k x;k gSA
• bl eE;wu igyw dk ,d nwljk y{; f'k{kk ds fy, gksuk pkfg, ftls 'ekuoh; y{;' dgk tk ldrk gSA blesa
Ldwyh f'k{kk esa misf{kr vU; dks lh•us dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk dh vfHkLohÑfr dh vko';drk gSA
• f'k{kk ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k dk rhljk y{; (eksjks vkSj Vksjsl 1999] 108) lkekftd U;k; gksuk
pkfg,A 'kS{kf.kd j.kuhfr;ka yksdra=k vkSj Lora=krk ds fy, fo|eku •rjksa dks çnf'kZr djus ds fy, rS;kj
gksuh pkfg, vkSj ,d vkSj vf/d yksdrkaf=kd vkSj lerkoknh] cgqlkaLÑfrd lekt cukus esa Nk=kksa dks mtkxj
ds fy, ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g rhljk y{; lkbVks ds çLrko dh rqyuk esa
,d vko';d xq.kkRed Nykax yxrk gSA
17-3-11 çxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k dh lhek,a (Limitations to the progressive approach)
bl n`f"Vdks.k dh ,d deh ;g gS fd ;g vHkh Hkh ,d vuqdwyu djuk pkgrk gS] gkykafd ;g blds ije
y{; oS'fod&iwathoknh çfreku ds fy, vkykspukRed gSA gkykafd bl rjg ds ,d mís'; dks vYidkfyd
lek/ku ds :i esa Bhd ls ifjdfYir fd;k tk ldrk gS] loky mBrk gS fd ;g oS'fod iwt a hoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
ds yksdkpkj dks ns•rs gq, yacs le; esa cuk;k j•k tk ldrk gSA iwathokn 'kks"k.k vkSj vleku fofue; ij
vk/kfjr gksrh gS] ugha rks dksbZ equkiQk ugha cuk;k tk,A tc iwathoknh }kjk miyC/ mRiknu ds lk/uksa dk mi;ksx
djrs gq, mRikn etnwjksa ds dke ds ekè;e ls mRikfnr fd, tkrs gS] rks etnwj muds ifjJe 'kfÙkQ ls iSnk
gq, mRiknksa ds ewY; dh rqyuk esa de etnwjh esa çkIr djrs gSaA blfy,] iwathoknh }kjk dk;ZdrkZvksa ds 'kks"k.k
ls equkiQk ds ifj.kke_ fuEufyf•r gS] mRikn] cspk] •jhnk foe'kZ fd;k vkfn] vkSj Hkh equkiQs] tks mlus 'kq:

esa fofue; esa fuos'k fd, gS mldh rqyuk esa dqN ds ekè;e ls mRikfnr (vf/'ks"k ewY; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk uksV
gS) vf/d ewY; fey jgk gS] vkSj fdlh vkSj dks mldh 'kq#vkrh fuos'k dh rqyuk esa de fey jgkA oS'ohdj.k
vkxs bl laca/ dks foLr`r cukrk gSA u vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj u gh f'k{kk ds iRFkj gksus ds ckotwn] ,slh ,d fojks/
kHkklh O;oLFkk & 'kks"kd oS'fod vFkZO;oLFkk dks ,d gkFk vkSj nwljs ij ekuoh; 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk dks] LFkk;h
:i esa ifjdfYir fd;k tk ldrk gS\
oS'ohdj.k ds lq/kjoknh n`f"Vdks.k D;k gS\
17-4 oS'fod nqfu;k ds fy, vè;kid f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd O;kolkf;drk (Teacher
Professionalizing and Teacher Education for Global World)
vè;kiu ds is'ks ls igys dbZ pqukSfr;ka gSA lcls igys] f'k{kdksa dks u, dkS'ky] rduhd] rjhds vkSj ekaxksa
ds fy, ekSfyd :i ls vuqdwfyr djus dh vko';drk gSA mlds ckn gh f'k{kd dks is'ksoj cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA
f'k{k.k çfrLi/kZ ekaxksa dk ,d is'kk gSA f'k{kdksa dh ,d mPp ekax ds ckotwn is'kk lcls vPNs dks i;kZIr
;ksX;rk] çf'k{k.k vkSj nqfu;k Hkj dh bPNk ds lkFk vkdf"kZr ugha djrk gSA bl çdkj] fuEu pj.kksa ls is'ks
vkSj f'k{kd dks is'ksojkus esa enn feysxhA
• f'k{kd ds dk;ksaZ dk voewY;u ugha djuk
• vPNk osru
• vPNh dke djus dh fLFkfr
• f'kfFkyuh; le;
• fotkrh; Nk=kksa ds fy, •kuiku dh fo"ke lewg dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, f'k{kdksa ds fy, O;fÙkQxr
çf'k{k.kA
• f'k{k.k] ijke'kZ] ikBÔp;kZRed ekaxksa dks iwjk djus] daI;wVj] •kst vkSj tkudkjh dh O;k[;k dh ubZ fof/
;ksa ds ç;ksx esa fujarj çf'k{k.k
• d{kk çca/u] f'k{k.k j.kuhfr;ka] py lkexzh dh O;oLFkk vkSj dke fjÙkQ LFkku esa f'k{kdksa dks LoRo vf/
dkj]
• dkS'ky vkSj vius çek.khdj.k dk ekudhdj.k],d f'k{kd }kjk vf/xzghr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ;g nqfu;k
Hkj esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldsA
u, ;qx ds f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, f'k{kd f'k{kk dh ç.kkyh dks ç.kkyh }kjk lkeus vk jgh ubZ pqukSfr;ksa
ds fy, vuqdwy cuuk vkSj mudks viukuk gksxkA ç.kkyhxr ifjorZu oS'fod f'k{kd rS;kj djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s cqfu;knh <kaps] lqfo/kvksa] p;u] l{ke ekuo lalk/uksa dh HkrhZ vkSj çfr/kj.k] viukus vkSj ubZ
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds çf'k{k.k vkSj ikBÔp;kZ dk mUu;u djus ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA
oS'ohdj.k vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa vkFkZd fodkl ds fy, ço`Ùk;ksa]
le`f¼ vkSj yksdrkaf=kd Lora=krk dk ,dhdj.k gSA ;g vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds fy, nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
mnkjoknh ;k eqÙkQ cktkj dh uhfr;ksa dks vkxs c<+krk gSA bl ço`fÙk esa Roj.k dk rhu vko';d dkjdksa }kjk
o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkfFkZd xfrfof/ nqfu;k Hkj esa iQSy jgh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls lapkj&O;oLFkk ds {ks=k

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV esa çkS|ksfxdh; uokpkjksa esa o`f¼ vkSj yksxksa vkSj ns'kksa ds chp ifjogu vkSj vU;ksU;kJ;A oS'ohdj.k rhu igyqvksa
ds lkFk tqM+k gks ldrk gS] bykdksa dk i`FkDdj.k] vkilh lac¼rk vkSj xfr vkSj osxA oS'ohdj.k nks fojks/
kHkklh ?kVuk ds mHkkj esa Hkh gS] ekudhdj.k vkSj fofo/hdj.kA
1- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)—
1- -------------- dks le>us vkSj nqfu;k esa 'kkafr vkSj ln~Hkko cuk, j•us ds fy, ,d '------------' dks fodflr
vkSj ;qokvksa dks tkx:d djuk oS'ohdj.k vkSj oS'fod f'k{kk dk mís'; gSA
2- f'k{kd f'k{kk çkFkfed :i ls ,d --------------] ------------- ds fy, lajfpr vkSj mÙkjnk;h ds :i esa gSA
3- f'k{kd ---------------- ifjorZuksa dks cuk, j•rk gS vkSj XykscfyLV dh rjg lkspus ds fy, f'k{kdksa dh t:jr
ds fy, cgqr rsth vkfFkZd voljksa esa o`f¼ dj jgk gSA
4- -çxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k- dh deh gS fd ;g vHkh Hkh ,d vuqdwyu -------------------- çfreku dks vius ije
y{; ds :i esa pkgrk gSA
17-5 futhdj.k ds vè;kid f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa vo/kj.kk (Concept of Privatization

in Context of Teacher Education)
vktknh ds le; esa Hkkjr us •qn dks ,d lektoknh yksdrkaf=kd jk"Vª ds :i esa ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA lkoZtfud
{ks=k ds miØeksa dks 'kq: fd;k x;k vkSj lHkh dks miyC/ djkus ds fy, fodkl dh fn'kk esa Hkkjr dh 'kq:vkr
dks fodflr fd;kA ysfdu mUuhl vLlh ds n'kd lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls gqbZ fujk'kk ds xokg gS tks
lkoZtfud {ks=kksa dh vlarqf"V dk dkj.k cuhA f'k{kk dks ,d turk ds Hkys ds :i esa cgqr ekuk tkrk Fkk
vkSj ljdkj LFkkfir laLFkkuksa dks cl vU; lkoZtfud m|eksa ds :i esa ekuk tkrk Fkk tks turk dks f'k{kk
çnku djrs gSA le; chrus ds lkFk ;s laLFkku f'k{kk çnku djus esa v{ke gks x,A
,d çfrfØ;k ds :i esa jkT; ds LokfeRo okys m|eksa ds v{ke dke djus ds fy,] futhdj.k dh ygj Hkkjr
lfgr iwjh nqfu;k esa iQSy x;h gSA fdl dh t:jr Fkh] lHkh vkfFkZd lq/kjksa vkSj futhdj.k ds fopkjksa dks
leL;kvksa dh loZjksxgj vkS"kf/ ds :i esa ns•k x;k FkkA Hkkjr Hkh vçHkkfor ugha jg ldk vkSj Hkkjr esa
futhdj.k dh ygj us f'k{kk ds {ks=k dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA
17-5-1 futhdj.k (Privatization)
futhdj.k dh vo/kj.kk% futhdj.k fopkjksa dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk crykrk gSA futhdj.k futh LokfeRo]
çca/u vkSj laxBuksa ds fu;a=k.k ds miiknu dk eryc crkrk gSA ljdkj ds derj fu;a=k.k ls futhdj.k
vfofu;eu vFkZ dk eryc crk ldrk gSA ;g futh {ks=k ds çlkj vkSj lkoZtfud ds ijkHko dks n'kkZrk gSA
bldk ;g eryc Hkh gS fd tks lkoZtfud {ks=k ds vkjf{kr {ks=k gS os futh {ks=k ds fy, •ksys tk,axsA futhdj.k
ljdkj dh Hkwfedk de dj nsrk gS vkSj futh] lgdkjh vkSj LFkkuh; ljdkj dh Hkwfedk c<+k nsrk gSA cnyko
ds {ks=k eq[; :i ls fu.kZ; ysuk vkSj iSls vkSj ç'kklu dh ftEesnkjh gSA
f'k{kk vkSj futhdj.k
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ykxw] futhdj.k dks lkoZtfud {ks=k ds O;kid lq/kj ds Hkkx ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kk ,d futh vkSj lkekftd fuos'k nksuksa gSA blfy, ;g nksuksa vdsys vdsyks dh ftEesnkjh gS Nk=k] mlds
ifjokj vkSj ;gka rd fd mlds fu;ksÙkQkvksa vkSj lekt ftlesa leqnk; vkSj jkT; 'kkfey gS lfgrA f'k{kd f'k{kk
ds {ks=k esa cnyko ds {ks=k eq[; :i ls iSls vkSj ç'kklu vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk dh ,d çklafxd ikBÔp;kZ dh

ftEesnkjh vkSj fu.kZ; gSA uksV

futhdj.k ljdkj ds gLr{ksi dh dqy vuqifLFkfr ds lkFk futh O;kolkf;d {ks=k }kjk çca/u gSA bl rjg dh
laLFkkvksa dks vf/d 'kqYd] mi;ksxdrkZ 'kqYd vkSj lalk/uksa dk iwjk mi;ksx djus ds ekè;e ls vius Lo;a ds
/u mRiUu djrs gSA os ;g rÙoKku ij thfor gS fd mUgsa mudk Hkqxrku djus dh ft:jr ugha gS tks yksx
Hkqxrku dj ldrs gSA mPp f'k{kk dk futhdj.k Hkkjr esa gky ds n'kd esa dbZ :iksa vkSj çdkjksa esa mHkjk gSA
ljdkj ds mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj futhdj.k ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj LofoÙkiksf"kr ikBÔØeksa dks 'kq:
djus ds :i esa gksrk gSA ljdkj lgk;rk çkIr futh laLFkk dks futh Lo foÙkiks"k.k laLFkk esa ifjofrZr djukA
ekU;rk ds lkFk vkSj ekU;rk ds fcuk Hkh LofoÙkiksf"kr futh laLFkk dks c<+kus dh vuqefr nsukA2- f'k{k.k
1- ljdkj ds mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj futhdj.k ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ds Hkhrj LofoÙkiksf"kr ikBÔØeksa dks
'kq: djus ds :i esa gksrk gSA
2- ljdkj lgk;rk çkIr futh laLFkk dks futh Lo foÙkiks"k.k laLFkk esa ifjofrZr djukA
3- ekU;rk ds lkFk vkSj ekU;rk ds fcuk Hkh LofoÙkiksf"kr futh laLFkk dks c<+kus ds fy, vuqefr nsukA ftldks
okf.kfT;d futh mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gSA
17-6 vè;kid f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj dkjd (Factors Responsible

for Privatization of Teacher Education)
f'k{kk (futhdj.k dh vko';drk)%
1- çfrLi/kZRed dk;Zdq'kyrk dh vko';drk% futhdj.k ds fy, eq[; vkSfpR; ,d vf/d çfrLi/
kZRed vkfFkZd okrkoj.k dks c<+kok nsuk dk;Zdq'kyrk dh Hkfwe ij dkiQh fuHkZj djrk gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k
ds m|eksa dk çpkyu v{ke ekuk tkrk gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd futh LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k lalk/
uksa ds vkoaVu vkSj dke ds ekeys esa vf/d dq'ky gSA
2- tula[;k esa o`f¼% Hkkjr dh vkcknh yxHkx 107 djksM+ gSA yksxksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k dks çnku djus
ds fy, vf/d futh laLFkkuksa dh t:jr gSA ns'k esa ;qokvksa dh mPp f'k{kk dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds
fy, mPp f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dh t:jr gSA
3- ljdkj ij foÙkh; cks>% Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk foÙkh; ruko esa gSA jkT;@ljdkj vc vkSj ugha lkoZtfud
m|eksa dk foÙkh; cks> lgu dj ldrsA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ij ekStwnk •pZ thMhih ds 3-5» ls vf/d ugha
gSA dsUæ ekurs gSa fd ;g de ls de 6» gksuk pkfg,A ;g cgqr de mPp f'k{kk ij •pZ fd;k tk
jgk gSA bldh varjjk"Vªh; ns'kksa ds lkFk vÑikiwoZd rqyuk fd tkrh gS] •kldj nf{k.k vÚhdk tSls ns'kksa
ds lkFk] tks f'k{kk ij th,uih dk vkB iQhlnh fuos'k djrs gSA blfy, ;gk¡ ,d uhfr fodflr djus
dh t:jr gS ftlds ekè;e ls futh lalk/u tqVk, gSA
4- f'k{kk ,d vkfFkZd larks"ktud gS% f'k{kk ,d lkekftd lsok ds :i esa ugha cfYd ,d vko';d
vkfFkZd fuos'k ds :i esa gSA f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa fuos'k dks ekuo lalk/u ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsus okys
dkjd ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA bl ç;kl esa futh miØe rc rd enn dj ldrs gS tc rd futh
{ks=k Kku m|ksx ds ykHkkFkhZ gSA
5- xq.koÙkk ds fy, •kst% futh laLFkkuksa dks ekuo rFkk HkkSfrd lalk/uksa dh vf/çkfIr ds fy, yacs le;
dh çfØ;kvksa dh vko';drk ugha gSA vPNs xq.kkRed cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj midj.k tSls py lkexzh]
bekjrksa] fofHkUu çdkj dh ç;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj ;ksX; vkSj l{ke 'kSf{kd deZpkfj;ksa dks •jhnus vkSj cuk,
j•us ds fy, futhdj.k dh t:jr gS] tks ekax ds vuqlkj iznku fd, tk ldrs gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 6- Ldwy f'k{kk esa rsth ls o`f¼% Ldwyksa dh c<+rh la[;k us LokHkkfod :i ls mPp f'k{kk dh ekax dks
/Ddk fn;k gS tks ljdkj çnku djus esa l{ke ugha gS] blfy, mPp f'k{kk ds fy, futhdj.k dh ekax
bl le; dh t:jr gSA
7- dq'ky tu'kfÙkQ dh vko';drk dks iwjk djuk% lhfer Lora=krk ds dkj.k lkoZtfud {ks=k ls cgqr
gh NksVh lh igy gSA fo"k;ksa dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, tks ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dks lqfo/ktud
cukrs gS futh laLFkku vk/qfud vkSj mUur ikBÔØeksa dks vkjaHk djus ds fy, Lora=k gSA cktkj vkSj
le; dh ekaxksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, futhdj.k dh t:jr gSA
8- Hkz"Vkpkj dh dVkSrh% ljdkjh {ks=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy,] futh {ks=k dh cgqr t:jr
gSA futhdj.k dqN gn rd Hkz"Vkpkj dks can dj nsrk gS vkSj dqN vuq'kklu ykrk gSA blds iQyLo:i
{kerk dk mi;ksx gksxkA
9- vf/d Lok;Ùkrk ds fy, bPNk% mPp f'k{kk dk futhdj.k laLFkkuksa ds fy, Lok;Ùkrk çnku djsxk vkSj
ljdkj ij fuHkZjrk de gks tk,xhA ;g ç'kklu] çca/u vkSj foÙk ds {ks=kksa esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi dks
gVk nsxkA
10- çkS|ksfxdh; fodkl% çkS|ksfxdh; fodkl ds dkj.k tkudkjh dh Økafr dks yk;k vkSj etcwr fd;k x;k
gS tSls ekbØksfpIl] vkuqokaf'kdh] lapkj] jkscksV~l] ystj] mixzg Vhoh vkSj daI;wVj çkS|ksfxdh dk fodklA
lhfer lalk/uksa ds dkj.k lkoZtfud {ks=k m|ksx dh ekax vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds vU; fgLlksa dks iwjk ugha
dj ldrsA çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa ekuo 'kfÙkQ dks çf'kf{kr djus vkSj cktkj dh ekaxkksa ij çfrfØ;k fn•kus
ds fy, futh {ks=k dks 'kq: djuk pkfg,A
11- f'k{kk ds çkIrdrkZvksa dh vf/d ls vf/d ftEesnkjh% bu o"kksaZ esa f'k{kk ds voewY;u ls f'k{kk
dks ,d eqÝr lkoZtfud Hkys ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA f'k{kk dk futhdj.k tgka çkIrdrkZ iwjh ykxr
dk ogu djasxs ftlls mu esa vf/d ls vf/d ftEesnkjh ykus esa enn feysxhAsA ,d ifj.kke ds :i
esa] Nk=k f'k{k.k esa vf/d ls vf/d dq'kyrk vkSj xq.koÙkk dh ekax djsaxsA
orZeku le; esa ;wthlh] mPp f'k{kk ds 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa] m|ksx] vuqla/ku ,oa
fodkl laLFkkuksa vkSj vkfFkZd lgk;rk ,tsafl;ksa ds chp ckrphr dh t:jr gSA ;g
,d rkyesy çfØ;k }kjk çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa os fofHkUu xfrfof/;ks]a viuh
n`f"V] mís';ksa vkSj y{;ksa rd igqapus esa ,d nwljs ds iwjdhdj.k esa Hkkxhnkj gksaxsA ;g
futh lgHkkfxrk ds ekè;e ls gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA
17-7 futhdj.k ds ykHk (Advantages of Privatization)

futhdj.k o`f¼ djsxh
• f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds ukSdj'kkghdj.k vkSj fodsUæhdj.kA
• 'kSf{kd lq/kjksa esa igyA
• f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu esa u;h lkspA
• nthZ cuk;k lsokvksa vkSj Nk=kksa ds fy, ikBÔØe vkSj fo?k;ksa ds foLr`r p;u dk çko/kuA

• çfr;ksfxrkA uksV
• xq.koÙkk f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.kA
• oS'fod] jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; t:jrksa ds vuqlkj ikBÔØe dks vkdkj nsukA
• lHkh çfØ;kvksa esa lalk/uksa dh ikjnf'kZrk dh miyC/rk vkSj csgrj j•j•koA
• mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k esa ns'k dh t:jr dks iwjk djukA
• mfpr rjhds ls ekuo vkSj HkkSfrd lalk/uksa dh mi;ksfxrkA
17-8 futhdj.k dh leL;k,a (Problems of Privatization)

f'k{kk ds futhdj.k
• cqjh rjg ls xjhcksa dks çHkkfor djsaxsA
• detksj bfDoVh] fofo/rk vkSj •qykiuA
• lekurk] fu"i{krk vkSj ftEesnkjh ds eqíksa dk lek/ku ugha djrk gSA
• vR;f/d iQhl ls vusd f'k{kk dk ykHk mBkus okys f'k{kk ls oafpr gksaxsA
• tokcnsgh leL;k mRiUu gksxhA
• ekufodh vkSj lkekftd foKku esa ikBÔØe dksbZ ugha vkFkZd ykHk ds dkj.k njfdukj fd;k tk,xkA
• ukxfjd vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dks ikfjr ugha dj ldrsA
• ukSdjh dh lqj{kk vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks NkaVus ds ckjs esa vk'kadkA
• ykxr dh cpr ls ykxr esa ?kkVk gksxkA
• ,d=k /ujkf'k ekfydksa }kjk nq#i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• mifjokj ds lnL;ksa vkSj nksLrksa ds çfr i{kikrA
• ykHk vçekf.kr cus gq, gSA
2- fuEufyf•r c;ku 'lgh' ;k 'xyr' gSa crk,sa (State whether the following statements are
'True' or 'False')
1- ljdkj ds gLr{ksi dh dqy vuqifLFkfr ds lkFk futhdj.k u?th {ks=k }kjk çca/u gSAA
2- futhdj.k ds orZeku ifjn`'; esa ;wthlh] f'k{kd f'k{kk ds 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ds chp ckrphr dh dksbZ t+:jr
ugha gSA
3- f'k{kd f'k{kk dk futhdj.k laLFkkuksa dks Lok;Ùkrk çnku djsxk vkSj ljdkj ij fuHkZjrk de gks tk,xhA

• oS'ohdj.k vkt ds le; ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN crkrk djrk gS vkSj ;g ,d ?kVuk cu x;k gS tks cgqr lkekU;
:i ls lekt vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fofHkUu jk"Vªksa dks çHkkfor dj jgh gSA oS'ohdj.k vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd ç.kkfy;ksa dk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl] le`f¼ vkSj yksdrkaf=kd Lora=krk ds fy, nqfu;k Hkj dh ço`fÙk;ksa
dk ,dhdj.k gSA
• oS'ohdj.k] nksuksa ,d ?kVuk ds :i esa vkSj ,d iaFk ds :i esa] f'k{kd f'k{kk dks çHkkfor vkSj ço`Ùk dj
ldrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk vk/kj ij] ledkyhu f'k{kd f'k{kk] lcls vPNs :i esa] ,d jktuhfrd dh rVLFk fn'kk
gS vkSj] ,d ifj.kke ds :i esa] ;g ek;uksa esa lhfer gS ;g f'k{kdksa dks dSls oS'ohdj.k vkSj uo&mnkjokn
dh rkdrsa muds vius vf/dkj esa ugha gS ;g le>us ds fy, lqlfTtr dj ldrh gS fdarq ;g 'kks"k.k dh
,d O;kid ç.kkyh ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA
• cgqlkaLÑfrd nqfu;k dks le>us vkSj nqfu;k esa 'kkafr vkSj ln~Hkko dks cuk, j•us ds fy, ,d 'oS'fod ifjçs{;'
dks fodflr vkSj ;qokvksa dks tkx:d djuk oS'ohdj.k vkSj oS'fod f'k{kk dk mís'; gSA vke yksxksa vkSj
fo'ks"k :i ls ;qokvksa dks oS'fod ?kVukvksa vkSj eqíksa vkSj yksxksa dh vUrfuZHkZjrk ds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg,A
• igyk è;ku dsafær •qn f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk ç.kkyh cukus dh ekax vkSj f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds 'cktkjhdj.k'] dks
c<+kok nsus ij djuk gS ftlls f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ds vuq:i ds :i esa cktkj dh txg dk mi;ksx djrs
gq, f'k{kk dks ,d oLrq dh rjg cspk] •jhnk vkSj ç;qÙkQ fd;k tk,xkA
• f'k{kdksa ds laca/ esa] bl n`f"Vdks.k dks vfuok;Z :i ls vkfFkZd vfHkusrkvksa ds :i esa f'k{kdksa dks ns•us ds
fy,] vkfFkZd ykxr vkSj ykHk ds ekeys dks is'ks esa cjdjkj j•us vkSj rS;kj djus ds fy, çsfjr fd;k x;k
gSA
• blds vfrfjÙkQ] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZu ls lkeuk djus ds fy, ;g f'k{kdksa dks vko';d uokpkjksa
dks ykxw djus ds fy, ftEesnkj cuk jgs gSA mUgas çkS|ksfxdh vkSj lkekftd laca/ksa dks O;kid cukus ls] dke
vkSj thou vkSj yxkrkj vius Kku dks v|ru vkSj rsth ls cnyrh gqbZ oS'fod vko';drkvksa ds fy, dkS'ky
f'k{k.k dh Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa dh O;k[;k djus dh {kerk fn•kuk pkfg,A
• nwljs n`f"Vdks.k dk mís'; f'k{kkFkhZ dks ftruk laHko gks vkfFkZd :i ls çfrLi/hZ cukuk gS tks bl oS'fod
vkfFkZd@jktuhfrd@lkekftd fLFkfr esa f'k{kk dks feykus dk ç;kl djrk gSA vkfFkZd&çHkkodkfjrk dks bl
n`f"Vdks.k esa f'k{kk dk çeq• mís'; le>k tkrk gSA
• f'k{kdksa ds ckjs esa] oS'fod pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vko';d lkewfgd çfrfØ;kvksa ij iqufoZpkj
djus dh t:jr gS tks f'k{k.k O;olk; dks çHkkfor dj jgs gSa] tgka 'kCn 'pqukSfr;ka' vke rkSj ij ,d
lekZ;knkj vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk 'kkfey pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa dk lkeuk djuk le>k tkrk gSA
• f'k{kd vke lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa dks lk>k ugha dj ldrk vkSj blfy, ;g f'k{kd
f'k{kk dk ekudhdj.k djus ds fy, ,d vPNk fopkj ugha gks ldrk gSA bl laca/ esa] ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX;
gS fd bu dsfUær ço`fÙk;ksa ds ckotwn] jkT; ij lEiw.kZ çHkko ugha gSA njvly] ;gk¡ ç;ksxksa dks y{; O;kid
lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks ns•rs gq, cnyrs Lrjksa ij f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds çnkrkvksa ds vfofu;eu
dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
• f'k{kdksa ds ckjs esa] ;g n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk dks vuns•k djds ;g f'k{kdksa dks iwathoknh@oS'fod
vkfFkZd ds çfrekuksa <kyus tks os Lohdkj djrs gSa mlij ;g fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku dsafær djrs gSA f'k{kdksa
dks cM+s iSekus ij vFkZO;oLFkk ds ek=k dk;ksaZ ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] okLro esa Nk=kksa dks tks bu çfrekuksa
dks iwjk dj bjknk dj jgs gSA
• okLro es]a ;g mís';ksa dh lhfer lhek gS fd os vkxs j•s tks mUgsa dqN xaHkhj fNækUos"k.k djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
cukrk gSA
• oS'fod 'kSf{kd çfrekuksa dk vçlkj] tks vlw{ke :i ls oS'ohdj.k Lohdkj djrs gS vkSj oS'ohdj.k dh ekaxksa
] ;Fks"V lhekvksa ] nksuksa dks ,d lkekU; Lrj ij] vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kd f'k{kk ds Lrj ij 'kkfey djus
ds fy, f'k{kk dks LFkku nsrs gSA
• oS'fod 'kSf{kd çfreku tks egk}hiksa vkSj ns'kksa ds ikj dqN dfe;ksa dks Nqikus ds fy, lg;ksxkRed ç;klksa

dks c<+kok nsrs gS] ml esa os f'k{k.k] tkuus vkSj lh•us ds ikjaifjd rjhdksa dks ck/k vkSj lkaLÑfrd fofo/ uksV
rk ds fy, •rjk çnku djrs gSA lÙkk laca/ksa vkSj fu;a=k.kksa dh ,d tfVy ç.kkyh f'k{k.k'kklz dks la'kksf/r
vkSj cuk, j•rh gS] ml le> esa fd ;g viuh gh psruk] igpku vkSj bPNk dks forfjr djsaA
• nqHkkZX;o'k] bu lq>koksa dks fpark dsoy fo'ks"k okrkoj.k ds fy, fn, x, vfFkZd y{;ksa ds lac/ a esa varjjk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd lajfpr ç.kkfy;ksa ds lek;kstu dh gSA os muds lkFk le>kSrk ugha djrs tks y{;ksa dks fu/kZfjr djrs
gS] f'k{kk dk mís'; •qn vkfFkZd y{; gksuk pkfg,A
• f'k{kk vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dh iafÙkQc¼rk dk dkj.k u dsoy ,d is'ks ds :i esa f'k{k.k dh vihy esa bl rjg
dh fxjkoV gSA vU; dkjdksa ,d f'k{kdksa ds fgrksa dk mYys• dj ldrs gSa_ f'k{kdksa dh LohÑfr vkSj bl
rjg ds çfrekuksa ds lkFk vuqikyu_ Ldwyksa ds inkuqØfer vkSj ukSdj'kkgh lajpukvksa_ le`¼ is'ksoj fodkl
ds çfrekuksa vkSj oSKkfud rjhdksa ds vkosnu dks c<+kok nsus esa ljdkjksa dh foiQyrk] f'k{kk ds fy, daI;wVj
vkSj O;kikj dq'kyrk çfreku] tks f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ,d la?k"kZ iSnk dj jgs gS tc ls ;g f'k{kdksa dh
vf/dkf/d tfVy vkSj fofo/ Hkwfedkvksa ij fopkj dj jgk gSA
• oS'fod vFkZO;oLFkk@'kSf{kd çfrekuksa dh dfe;ksa dks lanHkZ esa j•rs gq, tks fd vlw{ke :i ls Lohdkj djuk
gSa] loky mBrk gS fd D;k ,d ekStwnk oS'fod fLFkfr ds fy, f'k{kk ds vuqdwyu ds fy, fdlh Hkh ç;kl
dk ifjR;kx djuk pkfg,A dqN fl¼kardkj (dksEes;zl vkSj eftys] 2001_ flrks] 2003) udkjkRed :i esa
tokc nsrs gS vkSj nkok djrs gSa tks f'k{kk ekStwnk oS'fod fLFkfr dks viukuh pkfg, og ;|fi vÑf=kerk
ls ugha gSA
• f'k{kdksa ds fy,] bu] f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa lHkh vU; fgr/kjdksa dh rjg] ekStwnk vkfFkZd&lkekftd&jktuhfrd
;FkkfLFkfr Lohdkj ugha fuf"Ø; djus dh vko';drk gSA okLro esa] ctk; oS'ohdj.k dh vksj ,d vi{kikr
dk leFkZd n`f"Vdks.k viukus ds] f'k{kdksa dks xaHkhj :i ls ?kVuk dh tkap djus ds fy, l{ke djds vkSj
mUgsa vFkZO;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa vU; ewY;ksa ds çdk'k esa egRoiw~.kZ jktuhfrd f'k{k.k dk fparu djus esa enn
nsds f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• çeq• vo/kj.kk,a 'laokn' vkSj 'oS'fod le>' tks bl rjg ds çfreku gS ftUgsa fpfÉr djrs gSA
• rdZ'kklzksa ds lanHkZ esa] fofHkUu nyksa ds chp lkekU; tehu ikbZ tkrh gS rks] ,d vkilh le> esa vkus dh
dfBukbZ ds dkj.k] mu ds lkFk tks vyx gS ;k ftufd vyx vyx #fp gksrh gS] blds lqlaxr vkSj O;atu
gksus fd dksbZ t+ekurk ugha gSA
• lcls igys Kku vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k dh lHkh fofHkUu /kj.kk,a fojks/kRed vkSj ikjLifjd :i ls vuqfpr gks
ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] f'k{k.k ds is'ks ds ckjs esa] ;gk¡ f'k{kdksa ds vf/dkjksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks vyx
vkSj çfrLiènkZ djus okyh /kj.kk,a gS (vkSj lkFk gh f'k{k.k esa liQyrk ;k çHkko'khyrk dks le>us ds fofHkUu
rjhdksa)A
• bl n`f"Vdks.k dk ,d çLrkod bu dfe;ksa dks igpku ldrs gS] laokn ds ekè;e ls ;g irk pyk gS fd
vHkh rd ;g nkok gS fd ;g laf{kIr ;k ukdke gSA ,slh dfe;ksa dh igpkukus ls ctk; ,d ck/k ds ,d
pqukSrh dk xBu gksxkA
• igys 'ubZ fLFkfr ds fy, vkykspukRed vuqdwyu'A ;g 'kS{kf.kd ifjorZuksa ij tksj nsrk gS tks Økafrdkjh ds
:i esa gksuk pkfg, tc çkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZu gks jgs gkasA gkykafd] ;g f'k{k.k dks ek=k vuqdwyu dh t:jr
ugha gS rkfd ;g O;fÙkQijd mís'; dh jks'kuh esa dbZ rduhdksa dks ifjfu;ksftr djus esa O;fÙkQxr Nk=kksa dks
l{ke djus ds fy, iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+kok ns ldsA
• bl eE;wu igyw dk ,d nwljk y{; f'k{kk ds fy, gksuk pkfg, ftls 'ekuoh; y{;' dgk tk ldrk gSA blesa
Ldwyh f'k{kk esa misf{kr vU; dks lh•us dh ,d foLr`r Jà•yk dh vfHkLohÑfr dh vko';drk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • f'k{kk ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k dk rhljk y{; (eksjks vkSj Vksjsl 1999] 108) lkekftd U;k; gksuk
pkfg,A 'kS{kf.kd j.kuhfr;ka yksdra=k vkSj Lora=krk ds fy, fo|eku •rjksa dks çnf'kZr djus ds fy, rS;kj
gksuh pkfg, vkSj ,d vkSj vf/d yksdrkaf=kd vkSj lerkoknh] cgqlkaLÑfrd lekt cukus esa Nk=kksa dks mtkxj
ds fy, ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• bl n`f"Vdks.k dh ,d deh ;g gS fd ;g vHkh Hkh ,d vuqdwyu djuk pkgrk gS] gkykafd ;g blds ije
y{; oS'fod&iwathoknh çfreku ds fy, vkykspukRed gSA gkykafd bl rjg ds ,d mís'; dks vYidkfyd
lek/ku ds :i esa Bhd ls ifjdfYir fd;k tk ldrk gS] loky mBrk gS fd ;g oS'fod iwt a hoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
ds yksdkpkj dks ns•rs gq, yacs le; esa cuk;k j•k tk ldrk gSA

• oS'fodμ iwjh nqfu;k dks doj ;k çHkkfor djuk
• futhdj.kμ çfØ;k ftlesa ,d O;kikj ;k ,d m|ksx rkfd ;g vc vkSj ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa ugha
jgs gS
• çcks/dμ yksxksa dks fdlh pht+ dks i<+kus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gS fo'ks"k :i ls ,d uSfrd ikB dks

1- f'k{kd f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA
2- oS'fod f'k{kd f'k{kk ds vyx vyx n`f"Vdks.k ds ckjs esa crk,aA
3- vè;kiu ds is'ks ds igys fd pqukSfr;ksa nhft,A
4- f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa futhdj.k dh vo/kj.kk ds ckjs esa crk,aA
5- f'k{kd f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj dkjd D;k gS\
6- futhdj.k vkSj futhdj.k esa lhekvksa ds D;k iQk;ns gS\
1- 1. cgqlkaLÑfrd nqfu;k]oS'fod ifjçs{;
2. vkfFkZd mRiknu]cktkjh t:jr
3. çkS|ksfxdh;
4. çxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k]oS'fod iwathoknh
2- 1. lgh 2. xyr 3. lgh
1. ,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV% l?¼kar vkSj O;ogkj] ts-,- vksdqEcs] ifCy'kj cSjksch ;wfuoflZVh çsl]
1998A
2. ,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV% j.kuhfr] xq.koÙkk] vkSj lalk/u] ekj~xjsV çh|] jkWu XykRVj] ifCy'kj
vksiu ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 1997A
3. ,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV ds fl¼kar vkSj vH;kl% Vksuh cq'k ysl csy ]lst ifCy'kj 2002A

bdkbZμ18% vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.kμ vo/kj.kk] mís'; ,oa izfØ;k
uksV
bdkbZμ18% vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.kμ vo/kj.kk] mís';
,oa izfØ;k (Sumulating Teaching—Concept,
Object and Procedure)
mís'; (Objectives)
18.1 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk (Concept of Simulated Teaching)
18.2 vuqdj.kh;&f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Simulated Teaching)
18.3 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Simulated Teaching)
18.4 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh lhek,¡ ;k nks"k (Limitations of Simulated Teaching)
18.5 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ fy;s lko/kfu;k¡ (Precautions in Simulated Teaching)
18.6 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ ykHk (Advantages of Simulated Teaching)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ mís'; ,oa mldh izfØ;k ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ ykHk ,oa mldh lhekvksa dks le> losaQxsA
vU; izf'k{k.k&izfof/;ksa dh Hkk¡fr vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k Hkh ,d izf'k{k.k izfof/ gSA bldk iz;ksx f'k{kd O;ogkj esa
ifjorZu ykus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bls vuqdj.kh; lkekftd dkS'ky izf'k{k.k (Simulated Social Skill
Teaching) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dk iz;ksx d{kk&f'k{k.k osQ vH;kl ls igys fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izfof/ ,d Hkwfedk vfHkuhr
(Role-Playing) djus dh izfof/ gSA Nk=k&vè;kid (Pupil Teachers) bl izfof/ osQ vUrxZr f'k{kd vkSj
fo|kFkhZ nksuksa dk gh dk;Z djrs gSaA d{kk esa ,d Nk=k&vè;kid cu tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k Nk=k&vè;kid ^fo|kFkhZ*
dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA bl izfof/ esa Hkh lw{e&f'k{k.k dh rjg NksVs izdj.k (Small Topics) dk f'k{k.k fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk mldk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl izfof/ esa Hkh f'k{k.k&vof/ 10&15 feuV dh gksrh gSA bl f'k{k.k vof/

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV osQ i'pkr~ f'k{k.k&fof/ rFkk f'k{k.k&;qfDr;ksa ij cgl gksrh gSA blosQ i'pkr~ ftl Nk=k&vè;kid us f'k{kd dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gksrh gS og vU; Nk=kksa osQ lkFk cSBdj fo|k£Fk;ksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA vU; dksbZ Nk=k&vè;kid
f'k{kd cudj f'k{k.k&dk;Z djrk gSA nl&iUnzg feuV osQ f'k{k.k&dk;Z osQ i'pkr~ fd;k x;k okn&fookn
Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ fy;s i`"B&iks"k.k (Feed Back) dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{k.k ,sfPNd O;ogkj
(Desirable Behaviours)] Ñf=ke d{kk&d{k (Artificial Classroom) esa Hkwfedk vfHkuhr (Role Playing)
djosQ v£tr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl fof/ }kjk Ñf=ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lh[ks x;s f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx okLrfod
d{kkvksa esa f'k{k.k osQ nkSjku iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
18-1 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk (Concept of Simulated Teaching)

1- f'k{k.k&O;ogkjksa dh igpku dh tk ldrh gSA
2- Hkwfedk izR;{khdj.k (Role Perception) vkSj Hkwfedk (Role Playing) osQ euksoSKkfud iz;ksx }kjk
Nk=k&vè;kidksa (Pupil Teachers) osQ O;ogkjksa dks fodflr ,oa la'kksf/r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k osQ fy, vko';d f'k{k.k&O;ogkjksa dk vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ lkekftd&lEizs"k.k dkS'kyksa (Social Communication Skills) esa la'kks/u osQ fy,
i`"B&iks"k.k izfØ;k (Feedback Mechanism) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k esa d{kk esa ,d Nk=k&vè;kid cu tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k Nk=k&vè;kid
fo|kFkhZ dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA f'k{k.k dh vof/ 10 ls 15 feuV rd gksrh gSA mlosQ
ckn f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus okyk Nk=k d{kk esa cSB tkrk gS vkSj vU; Nk=k&vè;kid
f'k{kd cudj dk;Z iwjk djrk gSA rRi'pkr~ okn&fookn dh izfØ;k 'kq: gksrh gSA
18-2 vuqdj.kh;&f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Simulated Teaching)

1- Hkwfedk,a fu/kZfjr djuk (Assignment of Roles)μlHkh Nk=k&vè;kidksa dks lHkh izdkj dh Hkwfedk,¡
vfHkuhfr djuh iM+rh gSAa vFkkZr~ lHkh Nk=k&vè;kid f'k{kd] fo|kFkhZ vkSj fujh{kd ;k iz{s kd (Observer)
dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
2- vH;klkFkZ dkS'kyksa dk p;u vkSj mu ij fopkj&foe'kZ (Selection and Discussion of Social
Skills for Practice)μHkwfedk,¡ fu/kZfjr djus osQ i'pkr~ oqQN fof'k"V lkekftd dkS'kyksa dk p;u fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk mu ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkrk gSA bu pqus gq, dkS'kyksa ls lEcfU/r izdj.kksa (Topics)
dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vH;kl osQ fy;s os izdj.k pqus tkrs gSa ftuesa p;fur dkS'ky (Selection
Skills) ^fiQV* (Fit) gksrs gksaA
3- Øe dk fu/kZj.k (Preparation of Work Schedule)μvc ;g fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd dkSu&lk

Nk=k&vè;kid vuqdj.kh;&f'k{k.k dks izkjEHk djs\ ;g dc lekIr fd;k tk;s\ bls dkSu lekIr djsxk\
chp esa dkSu VksosQxk\ vkfnA
4- izs{k.k&vof/ dk fu/kZj.k (Determination of Observation Technique)μvc ;g r; fd;k tkrk
gS fd fdl izdkj dh is{z k.k&izfof/ dks viuk;k tkuk gSA blesa ;g Hkh 'kkfey gS fd fdl izdkj osQ vk¡dM+s
fjdkMZ djus gSa vkSj mu vk¡dM+ksa dh O;k[;k oSQls djuh gSA ;g in ewY;kadu&izfØ;k (Procedure of

Evaluation) ls lEcfU/r gSA uksV

5- izFke vH;kl&l=k dk lapkyu (Organisation of First Ractice Session)μvc izFke vH;kl l=k
dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA vH;kl&l=k esa Hkkx ysus okys Nk=k&vè;kidksa dks muosQ f'k{k.k&dk;Z osQ ckjs
esa i`"B&iks"k.k (Feedback) iznku dh tkrh gSA ;fn vko';d gks rks nwljs l=k osQ fy, oqQN ifjorZu Hkh
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA izFke vH;kl&l=k osQ ckjs esa vko';d vk¡dM+s vkfn fjdkWMZ fd;s tkrs gSa rkfd mu
vk¡dM+ksa osQ vk/kj ij f'k{k.k&O;ogkj (Teaching Behaviour) dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk losQA bl izdkj
;g l=k pyrk jgrk gSA vkSj vH;kl osQ fy;s izR;sd O;fDr dh ckjh vkrh gSA
6- izfØ;k cnyus dh rS;kjh (Altering the Procedure)μblesa izdj.k (Topics) Nk=k&vè;kid] izs{kd
rFkk f'k{k.k&dkS'ky cny fn;s tkrs gSaA bl cnyh gqbZ izfØ;k esa Hkh izR;sd Nk=k vè;kid dh Hkwfedk;sa
fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSa vkSj lHkh Nk=k&vè;kidksa dks vH;kl djus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;g
Øe (Cycle) pyrk jgrk gSA tc rd fd Nk=k&vè;kid izf'kf{kr u gks tk;saA
18-3 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Simulated Teaching)

1- bl izfof/ dk mi;ksx d{kk&f'k{k.k 'kq: djus ls igys iwoZ&vH;kl (Rehearsal) osQ :i esa fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
2- bl fof/ }kjk izHkko'kkyh <ax esa i`"B&iks"k.k (Feedback) iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- ;g izfof/ Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ fy;s f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa (Teaching Skills) osQ vH;kl esa izHkkoh jgrh gSaA
4- ;g izfof/ cgqr ljy ekuh tkrh gSA
5- bl izfof/ dk iz;ksx 'kks/&dk;Z esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
uksV~l vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ ekè;e ls f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA okn&fookn izfØ;k
}kjk Nk=k vè;kid dks vius O;ogkj esa xq.kkRed lq/kj ykus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA
18-4 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh lhek,¡ ;k nks"k (Limitations of Simulated Teaching)

1- bl izfof/ dk iz;ksx lHkh fo"k;ksa osQ ikB~;Øeksa osQ fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
2- bl izfof/ esa cgqr gh fodflr vkSj egaxh fdLe dh n`';&JO; lkexzh iz;qDr gksrh gSA
3- izs{kd dh Hkwfedk esa fo|kFkhZ }kjk dbZ xyr fjdk²Mx Hkh gks ldrh gSA
4- bl izfof/ osQ iz;ksx osQ fy;s f'k{kd dks cgqr vf/d rS;kjh djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
5- lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa fo|kFkhZ osQ è;ku dk osQUnzhdj.k (Concentration) gksuk vko';d gSA ojuk
vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k ,d izdkj dk ^[ksy* (Play) gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ dh xEHkhjrk de gks tkrh gSA
6- izkjEHk esa dbZ ckj f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa dk vH;kl djuk dfBu gksrk gS tSls iz'u iwNus dk dkS'ky bR;kfnA
7- bl izfof/ dk iz;ksx NksVs ckydksa osQ lkFk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
18-5 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ fy;s lko/kfu;k¡ (Precautions in Simulated Teaching)

1- bl izfof/ esa ,d gh fo"k; osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dks vH;kl djokuk mi;qDr jgrk gSA
2- Nk=k&vè;kid dks vH;kl djus ls igys lw{e&ikB ;kstuk (Micro-Lesson Plan) rS;kj djuh pkfg,A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 3- blesa izR;sd Nk=k dks vè;kid rFkk izs{k.k dh Hkwfedk vfHkuhr djus dk volj iznku djuk pkfg,A
4- blosQ nkSjku f'k{kd vkSj izs{kd dk d{kk esa jguk vko';d gksrk gSA blls d{kk esa vuq'kklu rFkk xEHkhjrk
jgrh gSA
5- f'k{k.k osQ vUr esa okn&fookn fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd Nk=k&vè;kid vius O;ogkjksa esa vko';d lq/kj
yk losQA
vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k ls gksus okys ykHk osQ oqQN fof'k"V ¯cnqvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

1- vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k izfØ;k }kjk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls i`"B iks"k.k (feedback)
fn;k tk ldrk gSA
2- vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k izfØ;k dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa ck/d gSA
3- vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa cgqr gh de [kphZyh gksus osQ dkj.k vklkuh ls iz;ksx
esa ykbZ tk ldrh gSA
4- vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k izfof/ esa izR;sd Nk=k dks vè;kid rFkk izs{kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus
dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA
18-6 vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k osQ ykHk (Advantages of Simulated Teaching)

1- blosQ iz;ksx ls fl¼kar vkSj vH;kl esa lEcU/ LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- blosQ iz;ksx ls oqQN xEHkhj fdLe dh f'k{k.k&leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djosQ mudk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
3- blosQ }kjk fofHkUu izdkj osQ iz'u iwNus dk vH;kl lEHko gSA
4- blosQ }kjk Nk=k&vè;kidksa dks i`"B&iks"k.k (Feedback) iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- blosQ }kjk Nk=k&vè;kid esa vkRe&fo'okl (Self-Confidence) iSnk gksrk gSA
6- blosQ vUrxZr Nk=k&vè;kid dks fofHkUu Hkwfedk;sa fuHkkus dk volj feyrk gSA
7- bldk iz;ksx izn'kZu ikB (Replacement of Demonstration Lessons) osQ LFkku ij Hkh fd;k tk ldrk
gS D;ksafd lHkh f'k{kd mÙke vè;kid ugha gksrsA
8- ;g izfof/ lw{e&f'k{k.k izfof/ dh lgk;rk ls vf/d izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dk;Z dj ldrh gSA
9- bl izfof/ ls d{kk&d{k rjhdksa (Class Room Manners) dks vafdr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
10- bl izfof/ ls lh[kus okys O;fDr dh d{kk esa #fp vkSj tks'k esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
11- ;g izfof/ /heh xfr ls lh[kus okys fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy;s cgqr ykHkdkjh gSA
12- bl fof/ ls O;fDr viuh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa vf/d tkxzr gks tkrk gSA

18-7 lkjka'k (Summary) uksV
• vU; izf'k{k.k&izfof/;ksa dh Hkk¡fr vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k Hkh ,d izf'k{k.k izfof/ gSA bldk iz;ksx f'k{kd O;ogkj
esa ifjorZu ykus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bls vuqdj.kh; lkekftd dkS'ky izf'k{k.k (Simulated Social Skill
Teaching) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
• vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dk iz;ksx d{kk&f'k{k.k osQ vH;kl ls igys fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izfof/ ,d Hkwfedk vfHkuhr
(Role-Playing) djus dh izfof/ gSA
• vuqdj.kh;&f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k,¡μ 1- Hkwfedk,a fu/kZfjr djuk_ 2- vH;klkFkZ dkS'kyksa dk p;u vkSj mu
ij fopkj&foe'kZ_ 3- Øe dk fu/kZj.k_ 4- izs{k.k&vof/ dk fu/kZj.k_ 5- izFke vH;kl&l=k dk lapkyu_ 6-
izfØ;k cnyus dh rS;kjhA
• bl izfof/ dk mi;ksx d{kk&f'k{k.k 'kq: djus ls igys iwo&Z vH;kl (Rehearsal) osQ :i esa fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
• bl fof/ }kjk izHkko'kkyh <ax esa i`"B&iks"k.k (Feedback) iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• ;g izfof/ Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ fy;s f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa (Teaching Skills) osQ vH;kl esa izHkkoh jgrh gSaA
• ;g izfof/ cgqr ljy ekuh tkrh gSA
• bl izfof/ dk iz;ksx 'kks/&dk;Z esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• vuqdj.kμ udyA
• izf'k{kdμ izf'k{k.k nsus okykA
• i`"B iks"k.kμ lgk;rk djukA

1. vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,A
2. vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k djrs gq, bldh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa mi;ksfxrk dk foospu dhft,A
3. vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dh lhek,¡ crkb,A
1. 2. × 3. 4.

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZ 19% f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki&laxBu] i;Zos{k.k
(Internship in Teaching—Organisation,
Supervision)
mís'; (Objectives)
19.1 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k dk vFkZZ (Meaning of Internship Student Teaching)
19.2 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís'; (Objectives of Internship Student Teaching)
19.3 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds laxBu (Organization of Student Teaching)
19.3 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k (Supervision of Internship Student Teaching)
mís'; (Objectives)
• baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa ds ckjs esa le>kukA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k ds laxBu ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k ds ckjs esa fo'ys"k.kA
f'k{k.k dqN Hkh ugha ysfdu mins'k dh rjg gS]ftlesa gesa dsoy vkRelkr djuk gSAvk/qfud ifjçs{;]f'k{k.k
çHkkfor djus ds funsZf'kr xfrfof/ gS ftlesa ge Nk=kksa ds eu ij çHkko Mkyrs gSAf'k{k.k f'k{kd vkSj fl•kus
ds chp ijLij çHkko Mkyus esa 'kkfeyA
'baVuZf'ki' 'kCn fpfdRlk f'ki ds m/kj ij fy;k gSAdke ds çn'kZu ds fy, ;g ,d vfHkfoU;kl vkSj vH;kl
gSA;g vke rkSj ij ,d mEehnokj ds fy, rS;kjh vkSj mUeq• okLrfod dke ds çn'kZu ds fy, O;olk;
ikBÔØe ds iwjk gksus ds ckn ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
19-1 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Internship Student Teaching)

Nk=k f'k{k.k fdlh Hkh lsokiwoZ f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ukfHkd gSANk=k&f'k{k.k esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks dbZ

bdkbZ—19% f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki&laxBu] i;Zo{k.k
mi;ksxh phtksa ds O;kogkfjd vuqHko gkfly djus dk volj feyrk gS tks os fl¼kar d{kkvksa esa lh•rs gSA uksV
blesa nks VeZ ;k 'kCn Nk=k f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk esa 'kkfey gSAtSls Nk=k&f'k{k.kA'Nk=k' dk eryc gS O;fÙkQ;ksa
dk ,d lewg ftls ge çf'kf{kr djus ds fy, tk jgs gSa vkSj lHkh xq.kksa ds vf/dkj ds lkFk tks O;fÙkQRo]cqf¼
vkfn ds :i esa Nk=kksa ds fy, ,d vko';d gSA
f'k{k.k dqN Hkh ugha ysfdu mins'k dh rjg gS]ftlesa gesa dsoy vkRelkr djuk gSAvk/qfud ifjçs{;]f'k{k.k
çHkkfor djus ds funsZf'kr xfrfof/ gS ftlesa ge Nk=kksa ds eu ij çHkko Mkyrs gSAf'k{k.k f'k{kd vkSj fl•ku
ds chp ijLij çHkko Mkyus esa 'kkfeyAlh•us ds O;ogkj esa dqN ifjorZu esa ifj.kke ds fy, f'k{k.k xfrfof/
lqfu;ksftr]vPNh rjg ls fMtkbu vkSj vPNh rjg ls lksph gksuk pkfg,Apwafd Nk=k f'k{k.k ,d çfØ;k gS tks
baVuZf'ki dh vof/ ds nkSjku iwjk gks tkrk gS rks ;g baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k dgk tkrk gSA
Nk=k f'k{k.k dh vk/qfud vo/kj.kk%vk/qfud baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k Nk=k }kjk yxHkx ,d xfr'khy
nf`"Vdks.k dh ekax gS]D;ksafd ;g iwjh rjg ls of.kZr çdkj ls vyx xfrfof/ gSA
Åijh c;ku ds vk/kj ij Nk=k f'k{k.k dh ladYiuk%u, vFkZ esa] Nk=k f'k{k.k ,d lh•us dh çfØ;k gS
tks vPNs f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fodkl ds fy, vuqHko çnku djrk gSA;g ,d çfØ;k gS ftlds ekè;e ls ,d
Nk=k f'k{kd vius is'ksoj dSfj;j ds lHkh igyqvksa ds fy, rS;kjh ds :i esa funsZf'kr vuqHko lqjf{kr djrk
gSA
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís'; ds oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj ij ladYiuk%Nk=k f'k{k.k dh Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa ds
vk/kj ij ladYiuk]rhu Mksesu ls lacaf/r laKkukRed]HkkokRed vkSj euksoSKkfud]tks fuEufyf•r rjhds ls
vPNh rjg ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
(d) laKkukRed Mksesu% mís';&1%Nk=k f'k{kd dks Kku vkSj funsZ'kkRed fu;kstu] vuqns'kkRed rS;kfj;k¡]
vuqns'kkRed ewY;kadu] vkfn dh le> çkIr djuh pkfg,A
fof'k"Vrk 1% Nk=k f'k{kd (1) igpkurk (2) ;kn djrs (3) rqyuk djrk (4) fojks/kHkklksa
(5)HksnHkko (6) lkekU;hdj.k djrk (7) irk yxkrk vkSj (8) vU; Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k ij
vkykspukRed fVIif.k;ka djrk gSA
mís';&2% Nk=k f'k{kd Åij ds Kku vkSj le> dks u, vkSj vifjfpr f'k{k.k fLFkfr;ksa esa yxkrk gSA
fof'k"Vrk&2% (1) Nk=k f'k{kd çklafxd fdrkcsa vkSj lkexzh dk p;u djrk gS_(2) f'k{k.k vad esa
lkexzh fo'ys"k.k] (3) çklafxd xfrfof/;ksa] fof/ vkSj ,M~l dk p;u djrk gS] (4) fof/;ksa]lkexzh]
vkSj ,M~l ds U;k;k/h'kksa i;kZIrrk] (5) f'k{k.k lkexzh] ewY;kadu midj.k] dk;Z dk p;u djrk gS]
(6)Nk=k ds O;ogkj dh Hkfo";ok.kh (7) Nk=k ifj.kke ds fo'ys"k.k] vkSj (8) Nk=kksa ds çn'kZu dh
O;k[;kA
(•) HkkokRed Mksesu% mís'; 3%Nk=k f'k{kd mfpr fgrksa ds utfj, vkSj vè;kiu ds is'ks vkSj çfØ;kvksa ls
lacaf/r ewY;ksa dks fodflr djrk gSA
fof'k"Vrk&3%f'k{kd Nk=k f'k{k.k(1) fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ds fy, Nk=k ds lkFk d{kk ds
ckgj Hkh lTturkiw.kZ lywdA
19-2 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís'; (Objectives of Student-Teaching)

'kSf{kd lq/kj vkSj iqufuZekZ.k nksuksa f'k{kd ds iw~oZ lfoZl vkSj lsokdkyhu f'k{kk esa ,d fu.kkZ;d vkSj
vkykspukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSAiwoZ lfoZl f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds dk;ZØe dh tM+ Nk=k f'k{k.k gSAiwoZ lfoZl f'k{kd
f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh xq.koÙkk f'k{kdksa cnyus ds fy, çHkko'khyrk f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks Hkfo";
dh ih<+h ds xBu djus dk dk;Z esa d{kk ds vanj vkSj ckgj nksuksa esa vf/d çHkkoh lkfcr gksxk];g Nk=k f'k{k.k
dks vf/d çHkkoh cuus ds fy, t:jh gSA
dbZ o"kkZsa ls] Nk=k&f'k{k.k f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe esa lcls lkFkZd vko';drk ekuk x;k gSAf'k{kd ds dke ds
lHkh pj.kksa esa Nk=k ds fy, volj ds :i esa ,d mPp Lrjh; l{kerk dks fodflr djus ds fy, igyh

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ckj Nk=k f'k{k.k ns•k x;k FkkAbl çdkj]Nk=k f'k{k.k eq[; :i ls ,d vuqHko dk;ZØe gSA;g f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh
esa ,d vH;kl dh vof/ gSAbl LFkku ij]lHkh f'k{kdksa dks D;k djuk gksrk gS ;g f'k{kd vH;kl ds }kjk
lh•rk gSAf'k{kk] f'k{kdksa ds drZO;ksa vkSj t?Eesnkfj;ksa dk rsth ls foLrkj vkt mls d{kk dh lhekvksa ls ijs
ys x;k gSA;g f'k{kd ds fy, ubZ pqukSrh çLrqr djrk gSAblfy;s]f'k{kd dks rS;kjh esa d{kk esa gh ugha Cyfd
dqy Ldwy ds dk;ZØe esa Hkh mldh Hkwfedk dk ,glkl djus esa enn feyrh gSAvè;kid f'k{kd leqnk; ds
lkFk]Ldwy lsokvksa ds lkFk mfpr laca/ksa dh LFkkfir djus ds fy, vkSj is'ks ds çfr Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds chp mfpr
joS;k fodflr djus ds fy, ftldks mlus •qn ds fy, viukus ds fy, pquk gS ds fy, gksuk pkfg,A
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds eq[; mís'; bl çdkj gS%
1- f'k{k.k dks dyk esa i<+kusA
2- dSls okrkoj.k dks lh•us ds fy, cukuk&lkekftd]HkkoukRed okrkoj.k d{kk esa cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
rks] eq[; mís'; gS mUgsa çHkkoh f'k{kdksa esa cnyuk
(d) Nk=k f'k{kd dks lHkh vko';d pkgusokyh lS¼kafrd vkSj lkFk gh O;kogkfjd tkudkjh ds lkFk lqlfTtr
fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks mls ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS ,d vPNs f'k{kd esa rks eq[; mís'; fofHkUu fo"k;ksa
esa vPNk f'k{kd rS;kj djuk gSA
(•) ,d f'k{k.k ds vius Lrj ds vuqlkj lkexzh dks O;ofLFkr djus dh {kerk fodflr djus ds fy,A
(x) fofHkUu {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r gSA
(?k) mlesa ,d i¼fr ds pquko],d dkS'ky ds fodkl ds pquko]Kku çkIr dj]i¼fr ds fodYi dk mi;ksx
djus ds ckjs esa le>]leuqns'ku nsus]vkfn ds fy, tkx:drk fodflr djus ds fy,A
(Ä) ,d rduhd]dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj U;wure Kku fd dSls rS;kj djus ds fy, f'k{k.k ,M~l dk mi;ksx djds
,d lcd dh rS;kjh ds laca/ esa {kerk fodflr djus ds fy,A
(p) Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds ewY;kadu dh çfØ;k esa Hkh çf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,-"ewY;kadu D;k gS\ bldk
D;k egRo gS]D;k rduhd gS\os rduhd dks dSls rS;kj djuk pkfg, vkSj dc vkSj dgk¡ os mfpr bLrseky
fd tkuh pkfg,\
(N) f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe esa ,sls ekgkSy cukus ds fy, tks ,d ldkjkRed joS;k vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd ds chp
LoLFk n`f"V dks fodflr djus esa ,sls ekgkSy cukus ds fy, enn djsxk rkfd fd Nk=k f'k{kd ikB ;kstuk
cukus ds le; ds nkSjku fo'kq¼ #fp ys ldsA
(t) fo|kFkhZ f'k{kd dks tks /hes f'k{kkFkhZ]vkfn Nk=kksa dh {kerkvksa ds fofHkUu çdkj dh vPNh le> fodflr
djus ds fy, cuk;k tkuk pkfg,AvU;Fkk mudk f'k{k.k çHkkoh ugha gks ldrk gSA
Nk=k f'k{kd ,d ,sls rjhds ls ikB ;kstuk cukuh pkfg, rkfd]fd ;g rhu lewgksa esa ls ,d Js.kh dks iwjk
dj ldsAmnkgj.k ds fy, mTToy] vkSlr] /hes f'k{kkfFkZ f'k{kd }kjk ik;k tk ldrk gSA
(>) Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds chp ,d fo'kq¼ vkSj okLrfod d{kk dh fLFkfr dh le> vkSj Hkkoh dks fodflr djus
ds fy,A
(×k) çHkkoh f'k{k.k vkSj lh•us ds fy, d{kk çca/uA
Nk=k f'k{k.k eq[; :i ls ,d dk;ZØe vuqHko gSA;g f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh esa ,d vH;kl dh vof/
gSA

Nk=k f'k{k.k ds lkekU; mís';% Nk=k f'k{k.k ds lkekU; mís'; fuEufyf•r gS% uksV
1- mUgsa mudh {kerk vkSj mRlkg ds vuqlkj ,d vPNh d{kk ds f'k{kd ds :i esa fodflr djus esa enn
djus ds fy, f'k{k.k lh•us dh fLFkfr;ksa dh ,d fdLe dks Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds lkeus csudkc ds
fy,AfLFkfr;ksa dh fofo/rk muds mik; dq'kyrk ds fy, ,d xqatkb'k çnku djsxhA
2- f'k{k.k vkSj lapkj rduhd ds vyx vyx n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djkus ds vkSj mUgsa
dkS'ky vkSj dFkk]iwNrkN]ukVd CySdcksMZ ys•u vkSj js•kfp=k.k dk mi;ksx djus esa n{krk fodflr djus
esa enn ds fy,A
3- Kku çkIr vkSj çnku djus ds fy, vkSj okaNuh; n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djus ds fy, dkS'ky vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa
esa #fp vkSj Ldwy ds ikBÔØe esa dk;ZØe dk mi;ksx djus esa vuqHko çnku djus ds fy, tkx:drk
dk fuekZ.k (ml esa)Ablesa 'kkfey gks ldrs gS] vè;;u&dkS'ky]{kerkvksa ijke'kZ iqLrdky; dh rjg]xfr
vkSj le> vkSj fcanq foLrkj djus ds fy, i;kZIr ds lkFk vfHkO;fÙkQ ds lkFk i<+uk]nks"kflf¼ vkSj rdZ
ds lkFk ppkZ]mfpr vkSj vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk]LoLFk vkSj lkSan;kZRed ckSf¼d #fp irk yxkuk vkSj ,d Lo;a
dk fgr fu/kZfjr djuk vkSj egRoiw.kZ joS;k yksdrkaf=kd joS;k gS ftlesa jk"Vªh; vkSj HkkoukRed ,dhdj.k]
lfg".kqrk vkSj •qys mnkjrk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
4- ml esa] O;fÙkQxr fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; leqnk; (fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa) ds mu yksxksa dh
t:jrksa ds vuqlkj lh•us dh lkexzh]f'k{k.k dh rduhd vkSj f'k{k.k ,M~l ds laca/ esa l{kerk fodflr
djus ds fy,A
5- mls U;wure vko';d rduhdh "irk dSls" çnku djus ds fy, vkSj ljy f'k{k.k ,M~l dh rS;kjh vkSj
JO; n`'; lkexzh vkSj ,M~l dk mi;ksx djus esa dkS'ky fodflr djus ds fy,A
fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)—
1- --------------- fdlh Hkh lsokiwoZ f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ukfHkd gSA
2- f'k{kd dks rS;kjh esa ------------ esa gh ugha Cyfd dqy Ldwy ds dk;ZØe esa Hkh mldh Hkwfedk dk ,glkl
djus esa enn feyrh gSA
3- fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa vPNs f'k{kd dh rS;kjh ds fy, Nk=k f'k{kd dks lHkh vko';d pkgusokyh ------------
-- vkSj lkFk gh -------------- tkudkjh ds lkFk lqlfTtr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
19-2-1 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds laxBu dh vko';drk (Need of Organization of Student-
Teaching)
Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ,d O;ofLFkr laxBu vko';d gSA,d mfpr laxBu ds fcuk] Nk=k f'k{k.k dk;ZØe lqpk:
:i ls vkSj liQyrkiwoZd vkxs ugha c<+ ldrkA;g Nk=k&f'k{kd ds mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, vko';d
gSA Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ,d dk;kZRed dk;ZØe Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks çkIr djus vkSj ekSfyd f'k{k.k lh•us dh çfØ;k]
okLrfod f'k{k.k vkSj çdkf'kr djus esa lh•us ds funZs'ku ds fy, dkS'ky dh egkjr dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs
esa Kku dh le> ds fy, ,d pqukSrh çnku djrk gSANk=k f'k{kd dks irk djus dh t:jr gS tks Ldwy }kjk
lHkh laHko gS ftlesa og viuk f'k{k.k djsxk vius vuqHko ds okLro esa 'kq: gksus ls igysANk=k f'k{kd ds
mUeq•hdj.k ds fy, dbZ vk;kstu vko';d gSAbu lHkh phtksa dks ,d mfpr laxBu dh vko';drk gSANk=k
f'k{k.k ds mfpr laxBu ds fcuk]f'k{kd rS;kj djus dk dk;ZØe liQy ugha gksxkA blfy,] Nk=k f'k{k.k ds
,d çHkkoh laxBu vifjgk;Z gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
Nk=k f'k{k.k dqy f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk eq[; pj.k gS tgka Nk=k f'k{kd dks ,d f'k{kd ds
:i esa mlds cgq&mxz ftEesnkfj;ksa ds fy, rS;kj djus ds fy, ç;kl djrs gSA
19-2-2 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds vk;kstu ds fy, lq>ko (Suggestions for Organizing Student-
Teaching)
Nk=k f'k{k.k f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk lcls egRoiw~.kZ fgLlk gSANk=k f'k{k.k ds dk;ZØe ds vk;kstu esa otg
dk è;ku j•k tkuk pkfg,Açf'k{kqvksa dks f'k{k.k esa ubZ j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj ;q¼&uhfr dk vH;kl djus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,AvH;kl f'k{k.k dks rhu pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,%
(1) f'k{k.k iwoZ vH;kl rS;kj djuk]
(2) okLrfod vH;kl f'k{k.k] vkSj
(3) iksLV vH;kl f'k{k.k dk ikyu djsaA
(1) f'k{k.k iwoZ vH;kl rS;kj djuk%iwoZ vH;kl f'k{k.k rS;kjh cgqr O;kogkfjd gksuk pkfg,Af'k{kk ds
'kS{kf.kd igyw ds Kku dks vf/dkj esa j•us ds fy, laLFkkvksa dks vius Nk=k ds f'k{kdksa dks l{ke djus dh dksf'k'k
djuh pkfg,]blls igys fd os okLrfod f'k{k.k dh fLFkfr esa MkynsaAbl rS;kjh esa ;ksxnku nsuk pkfg,%
1- f'k{kk ds vFkZ] mís'; vkSj f'k{kk ds mís';ksa ds rÙoKku esa funZs'kA
2- f'k{kk dk euksfoKku&cPps ds fodkl vkSj lh•us ds fl¼karA
3- liQy f'k{k.k vkSj f'k{k.k fl¼karksa ds ?kVdA
4- lkekU; rjhds@j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj f'k{k.k dh ;q¼&uhfr ds funZs'kA
5- Ldwy laxBu Lrjh; çca/u j.kuhfrA
6- mlh ds çn'kZu vkSj ikB voyksduA
7- vko';d tkudkjh vkSj lacaf/r O;kogkfjd dke djus ds fy, dkS'ky çnku fd, tkus pkfg,A
8- bl vof/ ds nkSjku yphys ekbØks] y?kq vkSj ikB ;kstukvksa dks iwjk djus dh rS;kjh ij fopkj&foe'kZ
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
9- Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu dkS'ky ds lkFk ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A
(2) okLrfod vH;kl f'k{k.k%okLrfod vH;kl f'k{k.k ds rhu pj.k esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aigys
pj.k esa]4 ;k 5 iwjs ikB udyh fLFkfr esa fl•k, tkus pkfg,Anwljs pj.k esa] 15&20 ekbØks ikB udyh fLFkfr;ksa
esa fl•k, tk ldrs gSA
bl rjg]fl¼kar vkSj vH;kl ,d lkFk pysaxsAvH;kl f'k{k.k ds rhljs vkSj vafre pj.k esa] 25&30 ikB ,d
CykWd esa ;FkkFkZoknh fLFkfr esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] "D;ksafd ;g vc Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd CykWd
f'k{k.k vH;kl gj fnu ,d ikB forj.k vH;kl ds fy, ,d csgrj oSdfYid gSA"bl vof/ ds nkSjku çf'k{kq
dks Ldwy ds ,d twfu;j f'k{kd dh rjg dk;Z djuk gS]vius lHkh dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysuk gS]mnkgj.k ds fy,]
lg ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ksa ds vk;kstu] fjdkWMZ vkSj jftLVjksa dks le>us] cPps ds fodkl vkSj cPps ds çn'kZu
dk ewY;kadu vkSj fjdkWfM+aZx vkSj f'k"; vkSj vfHkHkkod]vkfn ds fy, ogh laokn LFkkfir djus esa Hkkx ysuk
gSAvH;kl f'k{k.k gM+cM+h esa ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(3) iksLV vH;kl f'k{k.k dk ikyu djsa%vko';d vkSj lacaf/r O;kogkfjd dke lS¼kafrd ikBÔØe ds uksV
lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS]tSls fuekZ.k vkSj ijh{k.k ds ç'kklu ds :i esa]fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ekeys esa vè;;u]rkRdkfyd
f'k{k.k ,M~l]dkjokbZ vuqla/ku]vkfn dh rS;kjh bl Lrj ij vk;ksftr fd tkuh pkfg,A;g lq>ko gS fd çfØ;k
vkSj fd, x, dke ds mRikn dks lko/kuh ls ns•k tkuk pkfg, vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd dks vko';d ekxZn'kZu çnku
fd?;k tkuk pkfg, tc Hkh vko';d gSA
lcls vf/d egkfo|ky;ksa es]a çR;sd fo"k; esa ,d ;k nks ikB çn'kZu dj jgs gS vH;kl
f'k{k.k ls igysAbu ikB vkSj ikB ;kstuk ij ppkZ vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA nks i¼fr
fo"k;ksa esa vkykspuk ikB f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk vk;ksftr dj jgs gSA
19-3 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds laxBu (Organization of Student-Teaching)

fdlh Hkh f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh liQyrk f'k{kdksa ds xq.kksa ij dkiQh gn rd fuHkZj djrh gSAvè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku
f'k{kdksa dks f'kf{kr djds f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk esa lq/kj ykus esa ,d cgqr egRoiw~.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSANk=k f'k{k.k
dks f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh dk lcls egRoiw~.kZ igyw ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr gSSAgj çf'k{k.k laLFkku dks O;ofLFkr
vkSj i;kZIr :i ls Nk=k vè;kiu ds i;Zos{k.k ds fy, çko/ku cukuk pkfg,A
Nk=k f'k{k.k fdlh Hkh lsokiwoZ f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ukfHkd gSANk=k&f'k{k.k esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks dbZ
mi;ksxh phtksa ds O;kogkfjd vuqHko gkfly djus dk volj feyrk gS tks os fl¼kar d{kkvksa esa lh•rs gSAtc
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ,d çHkkoh dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu]fuEukuqlkj dqN egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa ij fopkj djus dh
vko';drk gS%
(d) lkekU; O;k[;ku dh ,d Jà•yk&blls igys fd Nk=k f'k{kd Ldwyksa esa okLrfod f'k{k.k 'kq: djs]
;g mls f'k{k.k ds dqN egRoiw~.kZ {ks=kksa ds ,d lkekU; i`"BHkwfe nsus ds fy, vko';d gS rkfd og ,d
vPNh ekufld rS;kjh çkIr dj lds vkSj f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds O;kolkf;d ikBÔØeksa]f'k{kd eas is'ksoj o`f¼]
ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ksa dh txg]Ldwyksa esa ekuoh; laca/ tSls igyqvksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drkAiqLrdky; dk
ç;ksx]liQy f'k{k.k ds ?kVdksa]f'k{k.k ds fy, dgkor]f'k{k.k ds fof/;ksa]ikB ds çdkj]f'k{k.k ,M~l dk
mi;ksx]oxZ çca/u j.kuhfr]bdkb;ksa vkSj O;fÙkQxr ikBksa dh ;kstuk cukukA
(•) çn'kZu ikB&çn'kZu ikB dk eq[; mís'; Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds le{k dqN f'k{k.k fLFkfr;ksa dks •ksyus ds fy,
gSAvPNs vkSj vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa ds ikB ns• dj]Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks ,d vad leh{kdksa dh tkap dk volj
e?yrk gS tks fd os fl¼kar esa lh•s gSA
dqN çf'k{k.k laLFkku vè;kiu vH;kl ds igys O;oLFkk djrs gS dqN çkjaHk esa vè;kiu vH;kl 'kq: djus
ds ckn djrs gSA;g mfpr yxrk gS fd vxj çn'kZu ikB O;kogkfjd f'k{k.k ls igys vk;ksftr fd;k tk, tc
Nk=k f'k{kd vè;kiu vH;kl ds nkSjku dqN dfBukbZ eglwl djrk gSAfo"k; ds çR;sd fof/ esa ikB dh la[;k
ds fy,]blds yk;d gS tcfd çR;sd esa de ls de iPphl ikB dks Bhd djus ds fy, gSA
çn'kZu ikB vf/ekur%çf'k{k.k ctk; Ldwyksa esa egkfo|ky;ksa esa fn;k tkuk ds pkfg,AçR;sd çn'kZu ikB vkSj
vH;kl f'k{k.k ds dqN ikB deZpkfj;ksa vkSj Nk=kksa dh ppkZ ds ckn fd;k tkuk pkfg,Açn'kZu ikB ;k rks
çf'k{k.k dkyst deZpkfj;ksa }kjk ;k fo|ky; ds çHkkoh f'k{kdksa }kjk çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
19-3-1 d{kk f'k{k.k ds nkSjku i;Zos{k.k (Supervision during the Classroom Teaching)
(1) i;Zos{kh dkfeZd&i;Zos{k.k dh eq[; ftEesnkjh vè;kid f'k{kdksa ij iM+rh tkrk gSAiwjk ladk; Nk=k

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k esa 'kkfey gSA{ks=kh; f'k{kk dkWyst Nk=k f'k{kd dh baVuZf'ki dh xfrfof/;ksa esa i;Zos{k.k ds
fy, dfeZ;ksa ds rhu lewgksa dks dke ij j[krk gSS&(1) dkWyst fo"k; lacaf/r foHkkx ls fo"k; f'k{kd (2)
dkWyst f'k{kk foHkkx ls f'k{kk'kkL=k fo'ks"kKksa vkSj (3) lg;ksxh f'k{kdksa vkSj ç/kukè;kidksa@ç/kukpk;ksaZ lg;ksxh
Ldwyksa dsA
(2) i;Zos{k.k ds fy, O;oLFkk&dkWystksa vkSj f'k{kk o?Hkkxksa] {ks=kh; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa ds vykok vU; esa
Nk=k vè;kiu ds i;Zos{k.k ds fy, O;oLFkk] bruh vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS vkSj laLFkk ls laLFkk cnyrh
gSAfuEufyf•r dqN Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k dh O;oLFkk ds vH;kl gSA
(i) çR;sd vH;kl f'k{k.k Ldwy ds fy, ,d i;Zo{s kd cuk,Ai;Zo{s kd dks vke rkSj ij fu;fer i;Zo{s kd gSAdqN
laLFkkuksa dk dguk gS fd vH;kl f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{kd ,d nSfud] lkIrkfgd ;k f}&lkIrkfgd vk/kj ij
,d Ldwy ls nwljs Ldwy ds fy, ckjh ckjh ls gksuk pkfg,A
(ii) dqN laLFkkuksa esa Vhe i;Zos{k.k ,d LFkk;h i;Zos{kd dh txg esa ,d ç.kkyh dh O;oLFkkA
Nk=k&f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k ds mís'; dk fu/kZj.k djuk%Nk=k&f'k{k.k ds i;Zo{s k.k ds fuEufyf•r mís';ksa dks
fu/Zkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
(1) Nk=k&f'k{kd dks l{ke cukuk mldh 'kSyh dh •kst]mlds etcwr vkSj detksj fcanqvksa vkSj le>us ds fy,
fd Ldwy ds dke ds fy, dSls mUgsa mi;qÙkQ djuk pkfg,A
(2) mls fodflr vkSj i;kZIr vè;kiu dkS'ky esa vH;kl djus ds fy, l{ke djus ds fy,A
(3) çf'k{kq dks lHkh j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj dk;Zuhfr;ksa mudh mi;ksfxrk vkSj O;ogk;Zrk ds lkFk vius fo"k; ds {ks=kksa
esa leFkZu dh iqf"V esa l{ke djus ds fy,A
(4) mls bl fl¼kar dh çklafxdrk]fo'ks"k :i ls cPps] euksfoKku] vuq'kklu]Js.kh ds çca/u dh j.kuhfr] lh•us
vkSj fl•kus ds fl¼karksa]vkfn dh •kst djus esa l{ke djus ds fy,A
(5) mls Ldwy esa]ekrk firk ds fy, vkSj leqnk; ds fy, vius vU; is'ksoj drZO;ksa dk ikyu esa l{ke djus
ds fy,A
cs'kd] vke rkSj ij] Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa dks Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k ds mís'; dgk tk ldrk gSA;gk¡
dsoy egRoiw~.kZ {ks=kksa esa fn;k x;k gS] rkfd i;Zos{k.k ds nkSjku mUgsa rS;kj djus ds fy, è;ku •hapk tk ldsA
19-3-2 i;Zos{k.k ds fy, ,d lq>ko ;kstuk (Suggested Plan for Supervision)
1- i;Zos{k.k dh çfØ;k dks vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj fofo/rkvksa dks de ls de
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2- ;g okaNuh; gS fd i;Zos{k.k bl rjg ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa dks çkIr fd;k
tk ldsANk=k f'k{kdksa dks muds fo"k;ksa esa çR;sd esa 20 ls 30 iQhlnh ikB nsuk pkfg,A50» ls 75» ikB
dk i;Zos{k.k fd;k tkuh pkfg, vkSj 40» ls 50» ikB çlo ls igys tk¡p fd, tkus pkfg,A30» ls
25» ikB dk i;Zos{k.k fo"k; fo'ks"kK ds }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- 'kq#vkr esa i;Zos{k.k vf/d fu;fer :i ls gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd 'kq#vkr esa Nk=k f'k{kd dks enn vkSj
ekxZn'kZu dh t:jr gSA;g de eS ek=kk fd;k tkuk pkfg,Atc Hkh ubZ rduhdksa dks ykxw dj jgs
gks]i;Zos{k.k djus ds fy, vf/d O;kid vkSj iw.kZr% ekxZn'kZu mUeq• gksuk pkfg,Agj ikB dk i;Zos{k.k
vko';d ugha gSA,d en esa fo'ks"k :i ls 'kq#vkr esa dsoy dqN igyqvksa dks lq/kj ds fy, fy;k tkuk
pkfg,Adqy çxfr dh grksRlkfgr detksfj;ksa vkSj fodkl volz~¼ djus dh ,d yach lwph gSAi;Zos{k.k
dsoy i;Zos{k.k dh •kfrj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

4- ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k gS fd i;Zos{k.k LoHkko esa uSnkfud cuuk gksxkAml le;]Nk=k f'k{kd dk ckjhdh ls uksV
nks ;k rhu i;Zos{kdksa dh ,d Vhe }kjk fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks mlds lHkh etcwr vkSj detksj
rdksaZ dks mtkxj djsxkAmfpr ekxZZn'kZu çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,Ai;Zos{kdksa }kjk fn, x, lq>ko cgqr Li"V
gksuk pkfg,-vU; O;kolkf;d xfrfof/;ksa dh Hkh Bhd ls ns•js• ds fd tkuh pkfg,A
5- i;Zos{k.k oSKkfud vkSj jpukRed gksuk pkfg,Ai;Zos{k.k dh ubZ rduhdksa dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A,d
ckj lq>ko fn;k x;k gS]i;Zos{kd dk dke •Re ugha gqvk gS]rks çf'k{kq dks le>kus dh t:jr mBrh gS
fd mleas ,d deh gS vkSj bls gVk;k tkuk pkfg,Abl ds fy,]i;Zos{kd vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd ds chp ppkZ
dk dkiQh egRo gS];k rks lqcg ;k nksigj esa ,d nSfud vof/ Li"Vhdj.k vkSj lq>koksa dh le> dh
ekax ds fy, çnku fd;k tk ldrh gSA
6- ;g mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS]lHkh Nk=k f'k{kdksa vkSj i;Zos{kdksa dh ,d vke ekfld vk/s&fnu dh cSBd
dk vk;kstu djuk]tgka lkekU; fgr ds rdksZ dks mBk;k]mu ij ppkZ dh vkSj mudks Li"V fd;k tk
ldrk gSAlg;ksxh Ldwyksa ds vuqHkoh vkSj l{ke f'k{kdksa dh enn i;Zos{k.k dke esa yh tk ldrk gSA
7- çi=k vkSj psd lwph;ka O;ofLFkr i;Zos{k.k ds fy, cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ vkSj mi;ksxh gSA;s çi=k vkSj tkap
lwfp;ksa Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds fy, miyC/ gksuk pkfg,]rkfd os mu ds ekè;e ls vPNs ikB ds LoHkko dks
le> vkSj okafNr Lrj rd igq¡pus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrs gSAekbØks&f'k{k.k dh ijfLFkfr esa çi=k fu/
kZfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
19-3-3 Ldwy ds Nk=k f'k{k.k ds fy, p;u (Selection of School for Student-
Teaching)
ge çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ds fy, f'k{kd rS;kj djrs gS]blfy, vè;kiu vH;kl ekè;fed
fo|ky;ksa esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSAdsoy bl rjg ds Ldwyksa dks Nk=k&f'k{k.k ds fy, pquk tk,xk ftlds
ç/kukpk;Z Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks lg;ksx nsrs vkSj lqfo/kvksa dk foLrkj djrs gSAblds vykok p;fur Ldwy Nk=k
f'k{kd ds vf/dka'k ds fuokl ls cgqr nwj ugha gksuk pkfg,A
fuEufyf•r ekinaMksa dk vH;kl f'k{k.k ds fy, lg;ksxh Ldwyksa dk p;u djus esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk
gSA(1) Ldwy çca/u vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks Nk=k f'k{k.k ds dk;ZØe esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, rS;kj gksuk
pkfg,](2) i;kZIr HkkSfrd lqfo/kvksa dk çko/ku gksuk pkfg,] vkSj(3) deZpkfj;ksa ds lnL; vuqHkoh vkSj Nk=k
f'k{kdksa dks dke djus ds fy, rS;kj gksus pkfg,A
2- ,dkf/d ilan loky lgh fodYi pqusa%(Multiple choice questions)
1- çR;sd çn'kZu ikB vkSj vH;kl f'k{k.k ds dqN ikB deZpkfj;ksa vkSj Nk=kksa dh ppkZ ds ckn fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
(d) Nk=kksa (•) f'k{kdksa (x) çksiQsljksa (?k) fl¼karksa
2- dqN laLFkk,a nks CykWdksa esa ekStwn Nk=k f'k{k.k foHkkftr djrs gSA
(d) ,d (•) nk (x) rhu (?k) pkj
3- igys pj.k esa] 4 ;k 5 iwjs ikB udyh fLFkfr esa fl•k, tkus pkfg,A
(d) 1 ;k 3 (•) 2 ;k 4 (x) 4 ;k 5 (?k) 6 ;k 7
4- Nk=k f'k{k.k ds fdlh Hkh iwoZ&lfoZl f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ukfHkd gSA
(d) iwoZ lfoZl (•) lsokdkyhu (x) nwjh (?k) lh•us

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 19-4 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k (Supervision of Internship Student

Teaching)
i;Zos{k.k Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ igyw gSAi;Zos{k.k dk eryc gS çksRlkfgr vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd
ds fodkl dks çR;{k djukAblesa ekxZn'kZu vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd ds xfrfof/;ksa dk ewY;kadu 'kkfey gSAlgh çdkj
dk i;Zos{k.k ,d dq'ky vkSj çHkkoh f'k{kd cukus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSANk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k Nk=k f'k{kd
dh f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa esa fofHkUu f'k{k.k rduhdksa vkSj O;kogkfjd dkS'ky ds lkFk lq/kj ykrk gSA
Nk=k f'k{kd f'k{k.k esa cl tk, ftruh tYnh laHko gks lds];g ns•uk]i;Zos{kd dk igyk vkSj lcls egRoiw~.kZ
dk;Z gS rkfd os leL;kvksa ls ckgj vkdj lcls vPNs ifj.kke çkIr djus esa l{ke gks lds tks ikB dh la[;k
ls lacaf/r i;Zos{kd us vuqHko fd;k gS vkSj og ,d fnu ds rhu ls pkj ?kaVs esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh la[;k dks
çHkkoh <ax ls fuxjkuh dj ldrs gSAorZeku vH;kl ds fy, fliQZ ikap ls nl feuV i;Zos{k.k çR;sd ikB esa
Nk=k f'k{kd dks Bhd ls lfTtr djus l{ke ugha dj ldrsAblds vykok]og dsoy mu fo"k;ksa dk v/h{k.k
djsxk ftlesa og Nk=k f'k{kdksa esa rkdr vkSj dfe;ksa dks •kstus ds fy, fo'ks"kK gSANk=k f'k{k.k ds lq/kj ds
fy, lq>ko lkexzh f'k{k.k dkS'ky vkSj d{kk vuq'kklu lh•us dh çLrqfr ls lacaf/r gksuk pkfg,A
vke rkSj ij]f'k{kd çf'k{kd Nk=k f'k{kdksa dk v/h{k.k djrs gSAysfdu Nk=k f'k{kd dh la[;k f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa
dh la[;k dh rqyuk esa cgqr cM+h gSAblfy, f'k{kd çf'k{kd çR;sd Nk=k f'k{kd ds fy, i;kZIr le; ugha
ns ldrsAu dsoy f'k{kd çf'k{kd] ysfdu Ldwy ds f'k{kd Hkh Nk=k f'k{k.k dk v/h{k.k dj ldrs gSA;fn ,slk
fd;k tkrk gS];g baVuZf'ki ds leku gksxk ftlesa f'k{kd f'k{kdksa] Nk=k f'k{kdksa vkSj Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa dh dqy
Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk gSAbaVuZf'ki esa Nk=k f'k{kd Ldwy f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu ds rgr ,d fo'ks"k laLFkk ls
tqM+s gksrs gSA
i;Zos{k.k dk lcls egRoiw~.kZ dk;Z D;k gS\
blesa os ekxZnf'kZr ]mudh #fp vkSj O;ogkj ds vuqlkj O;kid ekxZnf'ku dk ewY;kadu vkSj vuqHko çnku fd;k
gSAbaVuZf'ki ds nks çdkj ds gksrs gS] (1) çf'k{k.k ds ckn vkSj (2) çf'k{k.k ds nkSjku çpfyr gSAbaVuZf'ki ds
nkSjku]Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks fofo/ vuqHko çnku fd, tkus pkfg,AewY;kadu midj.kksa] fjdkWMZ cuk, j•us] ifj.kke
dkMZ vkSj Nk=kksa dh çxfr fjiksVZ ds ckjs esa Ldwy f'k{kd dks mls fofHkUu O;kogkfjd igyqvksa esa enn djuh
pkfg,A
Ldwy f'k{kd dks lgdkjh f'k{kdksa ds :i esa ekuk tkuk pkfg,AvuqHkoh vkSj çHkkoh Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds lkFk
,d cgqr gh varjax laca/ esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks lg;ksxh cukus ds ç;kl fd, tkus pkfg, vkSj bl O;oLFkk
ds ekè;e ls Ldwy ds f'k{kd ,d lPps ekxZn'kZd vkSj lgk;d ds :i esa dk;Z djsaxs vkSj mls ;g ns•uk
pkfg, fd mldh ns•Hkky ds varxZr f'k{kq viuh ;ksX;rk iwjh rjg ls fodflr djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS]
dqN çdkj dh ekU;rk lgdkjh f'k{kdksa dks nh tkuh pkfg,ALdwyksa ds fçafliyksa dh bu f'k{kdksa ds p;u esa
lykg yh tkuh pkfg,A
19-4-1 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k dh vko';drk (Need of Supervision of Student-
Teaching)
f'k{k.k ,d dyk rFkk foKku gSA,d çf'k{kq dks f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh enn vkSj ekxZn'kZu dh t:jr gSAvius
Nk=kksa ds Lrj ij vkSj dbZ vU; ckrksa ds vuqlkj ,d rkfdZd vkSj lqlaxr rjhds esa vius f'k{k.k dh lkexzh

dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, Nk=k f'k{kd dks vius ikB dh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,Abu lHkh ds lh•uk ,d vklku uksV
dke ugha gSSA,d f'k{kd ds :i esa liQyrkiw~oZd dk;Z djus esa l{ke djus ds fy, {kerk vkSj dkS'ky dks
liQyrkiwoZd fodflr djus ds fy, Nk=k f'k{kd dks fo'ks"kK dh ns•js• ds }kjk ekxZnf'kZr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,Ablfy,] Nk=k f'k{k.k ds fy, i;Zos{k.k vko';d gS] ftlds fcuk Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa dks gkfly ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA
19-4-2 laxBu vkSj i;Zos{k.k ds chp laca/ (Relationship between Organization
and Supervision)
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds nksuksa laxBu vkSj i;Zos{k.k dk mís'; Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa esa lq/kj ykuk
gSAi;Zos{kh xfrfof/;ksa esa leqfpr laxBu vko';d gSAi;Zos{k.k dh liQyrk u dsoy i;Zos{kh dfeZ;ksa ds dkS'ky
vkSj ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrh gS Cyfd ftlesa laxBu esa lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gS ml ij fuHkZj djrk gSAlaxBu
dh çfØ;k dk Hkh v/h{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,AlaxBu dh çfØ;k dh liQyrk mfpr v/h{k.k ij fuHkZj djrh
gSAbl çdkj] bl Hkkouk esa] os ijLij lacaf/r gSSAnksuksa Nk=k f'k{k.k ds cgqr egRoiw.kZ vkSj vko';d igyw gSA
i;Zos{k.k dh ekStwnk çfØ;k%
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k ds dk;ZØe lHkh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa nks pj.kksa esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gS%
(1) okLrfod d{kk f'k{k.k ds 'kq: gksus ls igy]vkSj
(2) d{kk esa f'k{k.k ds nkSjkuA
i;Zos{k.k d{kk f'k{k.k ds gksus ls 'kq: igys% lHkh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa blls igys fd os d{kk esa
vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muds ikB fl•kus ds fy, vuqefr nsa muds Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks muds ikB dh ;kstukvksa dks
rS;kj djus ds fy, mUgsa vPNh rjg ls fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj fo"k; fo'ks"kK }kjk tk¡p vkSj vius ikB dh ;kstukvksa
esa vko';d la'kks/u djus dh vko';drk gSA
la{ksi esa] Nk=k f'k{k.k iwjs f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk ,d vko';d rÙo gSAmfpr laxBu vkSj Nk=k f'k{k.k ds
i;Zos{k.k dk egRo cgqr t:jh vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA i;kZIr laxBu vkSj i;Zos{k.k ds fcuk] Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';
dk ,glkl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA;g rHkh laHko gS] tc 'kS{kf.kd ç'kkld] ikBÔØe fuekZrk] vè;kid f'k{kd
vkSj Ldwy ds f'k{kd bl dk;ZØe esa lg;ksx nsasxsA
3- fuEufyf•r c;ku 'lgh' ;k 'xyr' gSa crk,sa (State whether the following statements are 'True'
or 'False')
1- i;Zos{k.k esa Nk=k f'k{kd dh xfrfof/;ksa dk ewY;kadu vkSj ekxZn'kZu 'kkfey gSA
2- orZeku vH;kl cl ikap ls nl feuV i;Zos{k.k ds fy, çR;sd ikB Nk=k f'k{kd Bhd ls ySl djus ds
fy, l{ke gSA
3- f'k{kd çf'k{kd Nk=k f'k{kdksa dk v/h{k.k djrs gSA
4- Ldwy f'k{kd dks lgdkjh f'k{kdksa ds :i esa ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
5- i;Zos{k.k oSKkfud vkSj jpukRed gksuk pkfg,A

• Nk=k f'k{k.k fdlh Hkh lsokiwoZ f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ukfHkd gSANk=k&f'k{k.k esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks dbZ
mi;ksxh phtksa ds O;kogkfjd vuqHko gkfly djus dk volj feyrk gS tks os fl¼kar d{kkvksa esa lh•rs gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • 'kSf{kd lq/kj vkSj iqufuZekZ.k nksuksa f'k{kd ds iw~oZ lfoZl vkSj lsokdkyhu f'k{kk esa ,d fu.kkZ;d vkSj
vkykspukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSAiwoZ lfoZl f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds dk;ZØe dh tM+ Nk=k f'k{k.k gSAiwoZ lfoZl
f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh xq.koÙkk f'k{kdksa cnyus ds fy, çHkko'khyrk f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrk
gS tks Hkfo"; dh ih<+h ds xBu djus dk dk;Z esa d{kk ds vanj vkSj ckgj nksuksa esa vf/d çHkkoh lkfcr
gksxk];g Nk=k f'k{k.k dks vf/d çHkkoh cuus ds fy, t:jh gSA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ,d O;ofLFkr laxBu vko';d gSA,d mfpr laxBu ds fcuk] Nk=k f'k{k.k dk;ZØe lqpk:
:i ls vkSj liQyrkiwod Z vkxs ugha c<+ ldrkA;g Nk=k&f'k{kd ds mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, vko';d
gSA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k ds laxBu fo'ofo|ky; ls fo'ofo|ky; ds fy, cnyrs gSAfuEufyf•r dqN n`f"Vdks.k gS%Nk=k
f'k{kdksa dks nks cSp esa foHkkftr&tc ,d cSp fl¼kar oxksaZ esa layXu gS tc vU; f'k{k.k esa l=k dh cgqr
gh 'kq#vkr ls ,d vkSj vk/k djus ds fy, nks eghus ds fy,A
• çR;sd CykWd dh vof/ vyx gSAdqN laLFkkuksa esa nks cSpksa esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks foHkkftr djrs gSA,d cSp
fl¼kar d{kkvksa esa yxk gqvk gS] tcfd vU; cSp vè;kiu vH;kl esa O;Lr gSA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe esa lcls egRoiwj.kZ fgLlk gSA
• okLrfod vH;kl f'k{k.k ds rhu pj.k esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aigys pj.k esa]4 ;k 5 iwjs ikB udyh
fLFkfr esa fl•k, tkus pkfg,Anwljs pj.k esa] 15&20 ekbØks ikB udyh fLFkfr;ksa esa fl•k, tk ldrs gSAbl
rjg]fl¼kar vkSj vH;kl ,d lkFk pysxa As vH;kl f'k{k.k ds rhljs vkSj vafre pj.k es]a 25&30 ikB ,d CykWd
esa ;FkkFkZoknh fLFkfr esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
• fdlh Hkh f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh liQyrk f'k{kdksa ds xq.kksa ij dkiQh gn rd fuHkZj djrh gSAvè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku
f'k{kdksa dks f'kf{kr djds f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk esa lq/kj ykus esa ,d cgqr egRoiw~.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA
• blls igys fd Nk=k f'k{kd Ldwyksa esa okLrfod f'k{k.k 'kq: djs] ;g mls f'k{k.k ds dqN egRoiw~.kZ {ks=kksa
ds ,d lkekU; i`"BHkwfe nsus ds fy, vko';d gS rkfd og ,d vPNh ekufld rS;kjh çkIr dj ldsA
• çn'kZu ikB dk eq[; mís'; Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds le{k dqN f'k{k.k fLFkfr;ksa dks •ksyus ds fy, gSA
• dqN çf'k{k.k laLFkku vè;kiu vH;kl ds igys O;oLFkk djrs gS dqN çkjaHk esa vè;kiu vH;kl 'kq: djus
ds ckn djrs gSA
• çn'kZu ikB vf/ekur%çf'k{k.k ctk; Ldwyksa esa egkfo|ky;ksa esa fn;k tkuk ds pkfg,A
• i;Zos{k.k dh eq[; ftEesnkjh vè;kid f'k{kdksa ij iM+rh tkrk gSAiwjk ladk; Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k e
'kkfey gSA{ks=kh; f'k{kk dkWyst Nk=k f'k{kd dh baVuZf'ki dh xfrfof/;ksa esa i;Zos{k.k ds fy, dfeZ;ksa ds rhu
lewgksa dks dke ij j[krk gSA
• ge çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ds fy, f'k{kd rS;kj djrs gS]blfy, vè;kiu vH;kl ekè;fed
fo|ky;ksa esa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSAdsoy bl rjg ds Ldwyksa dks Nk=k&f'k{k.k ds fy, pquk tk,xk ftlds
ç/kukpk;Z Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks lg;ksx nsrs vkSj lqfo/kvksa dk foLrkj djrs gSA
• i;Zos{k.k Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ igyw gSAi;Zos{k.k dk eryc gS çksRlkfgr vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd
ds fodkl dks çR;{k djukAblesa ekxZn'kZu vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd ds xfrfof/;ksa dk ewY;kadu 'kkfey gSAlgh çdkj
dk i;Zos{k.k ,d dq'ky vkSj çHkkoh f'k{kd cukus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSANk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k Nk=k f'k{kd
dh f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa esa fofHkUu f'k{k.k rduhdksa vkSj O;kogkfjd dkS'ky ds lkFk lq/kj ykrk gSA
• f'k{k.k ,d dyk rFkk foKku gSA,d çf'k{kq dks f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh enn vkSj ekxZn'kZu dh t:jr gSAvius
Nk=kksa ds Lrj ij vkSj dbZ vU; ckrksa ds vuqlkj ,d rkfdZd vkSj lqlaxr rjhds esa vius f'k{k.k dh lkexzh
dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, Nk=k f'k{kd dks vius ikB dh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A

• Nk=k f'k{k.k ds nksuksa laxBu vkSj i;Zos{k.k dk mís'; Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa esa lq/kj ykuk gSA uksV
i;Zos{kh xfrfof/;ksa esa leqfpr laxBu vko';d gSA

• laxBuμ yksxksa dk ,d lewg tks O;kikj] Dyc vkfn dks LFkkfir djds lkFk esa ,d fo'ks"k mís';
çkIr djus ds fy, gksrk gSA
• baVuZf'kiμ ,d fo'ks"k le; dh vof/ ftlesa esa ,d Nk=k ;k u;k Lukrd tks ,d ukSdjh esa
O;kogkfjd vuqHko dj jgs gSA
19-7 vH;kl&ç'u (Review Questions)

1- Nk=k f'k{k.k vof/ dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA
2- (Nk=k f'k{k.k) ds mís';ksa dh ppkZA
3- Nk=k f'k{k.k ds laxBu dk o.kZuA
4- Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k ds fy, ;kstuk le>kvksA
5- i;Zos{k.k dh ojrZeku çfØ;k D;k gS\
1- 1. Nk=k f'k{k.k 2. d{kk 3. lS¼kafrd]O;kogkfjd
2- 1. (d) 2. (•) 3. (x) 4. (d)
3- 1. lgh 2. xyr 3. lgh 4. xyr
5. lgh
1. ,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV% l?¼kar vkSj O;ogkj] ts-,- vksdqEcs] ifCy'kj cSjksch ;wfuoflZVh
çsl]1998A
3. ,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV ds fçafaliYl vkSj vH;kl% Vksuh cq'k ysl csy ]lst ifCy'kj 2002A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZ 20% f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki ds xq.k vkSj voxq.k
(Merits and Demerits of Internship in
Teaching)
mís'; (Objectives)
20.1 'k{kd&f'k{kk baVuZf'ki dh xfrfof/;ka,Z (Activities in Teacher Education Internship)
20.2 f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk mís'; (Objectives of Teacher Education Programme)
20.3 gekjs f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh deh (Defects in our Teacher&Education Programme)

20.4 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds xq.k (Merits of Internship Student Teaching)
20.5 baVuZf'ki n`f"Vdks.k ds voxq.k (Demerits of Internship Approach)
mís'; (Objectives)
• f'k{kd f'k{kk baVuZf'ki dh xfrfof/;ksa ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds mís';ksa ds ckjs esa le>kukA
• gekjs f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;Øe ds nks"kks ds ckjs esa o.kZuA
• baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds xq.k vkSj nks"k ds ckjs esa le>kukA
gekjs ns'k esa] f'k{k.k ds vH;kl dks cgqr gh mPp çkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA ;g phtksa dh laxfr esa gS fd vH;kl&
laca/h dke dks f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd ds :i esa ekU;rk nh tkuh pkfg,A ge esa ls T;knkrj]
bl ckr ls lger gSa fd vH;kl f'k{k.k ds dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; gS Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dks okLrfod vuqHko
çnku vkSj mUgsa cPpksa dks i<+kus ds dkS'ky dk vkjaHk djukA ysfdu çfreku ;k çfØ;k vH;kl f'k{k.k ds fy,
mís'; ds lkFk lgefr esa ugha gSA ;g ,d cgqr fujkyh ?kVuk dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa dqN f'k{kdkas
çf'k{kdksa dks gh f'k{k.k ds vH;kl ls lacafa/r leL;kvksa dh lgh fpark gSA vH;kl f'k{k.k ds {ks=k ds visf{kr
lq/kj dks fu:fir djus ds fy, baVuZf'ki ,d u;k yÝt gSA bl dk;ZØe esa vè;kiu vH;kl vkSj i;Zosf{kr
{ks=k ds vuqHkoksa dh ,d foLr`r fofo/rk 'kkfey gSA

bdkbZ—20% f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki ds xq.k vkSj voxq.k
20-1 f'k{kd&f'k{kk baVuZf'ki dh xfrfof/;ka, (Activities in Teacher Education uksV

Internship)
oxkZsa dk voyksdu% igys dqN fnuksa ds nkSjku f'k{kd Nk=k dks vko';d gS dh og vius gh {ks=k esa oxkZsa
dk fujh{k.k djs rkfd og dqy Ldwy ds ikBÔØe vkSj dk;ZØe ls ifjfpr gks ik,A
f'k{k.k dk vH;kl% og lgdkjh f'k{kdksa ds lkFk vPNh rjg ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, rkfd os ,d lkFk
dke dj ldAvius vuqeksnu vkSj ikB dh ;kstukvksa] f'k{k.k rduhdksa vkSj vU; nSfud xfrof/;ksa ds ckjs esa
lq>ko ds fy, f'k{kdksa ds lkFk ppkZ djsA Nk=k f'k{kd ls mEehn dh tkrh gS fd og Ldwy ds rÙoKku]ikBÔØe
laxBu ds çdkj vkSj vU; xfrfof/;ka, ds lkFk •qn dks ifjpr djs rkfd os viuss fnekx esa dqy fLFkfr dh
,d rLohj
mrkj ldsAmllss dqN p;fur lg ikB;Øe ds laxBu vkSj ç'kklfud xfrof/;ksa esa vius Lokn vkSj {kerkvksa
ds vuqlkjA Hkkx ysus ds lgh vuqHko ds mEehn dh tkrh gSAog Ldwy ds Hkh dqN fu;fer ekeyksa dk çf'k{k.k
çkIr djrk gSA
f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki% vkt ds fnuks esa];g yx jgk gS fd f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa gekjhs ikjaifjd f'k{k.k çFkk
vius mís';ksa dks iwjk ugha dj jgh vkSj blfy,] vc vè;kiu vH;kl fiQj ls baVuZf'ki ds :i esa vk;k gSA
'kCn baVuZf'ki lh/s fpfdRlk is'ks ds m/kj ij fy;k x;k gSA fpfdRlk f'k{kk 'kCn vLirky ds vuqHkoksa ij ykxw
gksrk gS tgka {ks=k ds vuqHko ds fy, fpfdRlk fpfdRld dks vuqHkoh fpfdRldksa ds ekxZn'kZu dh vko';drk
gS blls igys fd og Lo;a vH;kl djasA bl çdkj] baVuZf'ki f'k{kd dh O;kolkf;d rS;kjh dk ,d vfHkUu
fgLlk gSA
f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki esa lq;ksX; i;Zos{kd ds ekxZn'kZu esa vH;kl f'k{k.k vkSj {ks=k ds vuqHkoksa dh foLrr fofo/
rk Hkh 'kkfey gSA bl vof/ esa f'k{kkFkhZ vius lS¼kafard le> tks mlus f'k{k.k'kklz d{kkvksa ds ekè;e ls ikbZ
gS mudk ijh{k.k djsxkA bl rjg çf'k{kq us lHkh egRoiw.kZ vuqHko tkss dqy Ldwy ds okrkoj.k esa py jgk
gS] vFkZiw.kZ dkS'ky vkSj vius is'ks dh vksj n`f"Vdks.k dks lk>k fd;kA
20-2 f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk mís'; (Objectives of Teacher Education

Programme)
f'k{k.k esas baVuZf'ki dk mís';% baVuZf'ki ds eq[; mís'; bl çdkj gSa%
(d) f'k{kk euksfoKku ds dk;kZRed le> vkSj çf'k{kqksa dh dk;Zç.kkyh dks fodflr djukA
(•) ikB dh ;kstuk cuk esa dkS'ky dks fodflr vkSj vuqns'kkRed lkexzh vkSj f'k{k.k lgk;rk dh rS;kjh
dh {kerk fodflr dks djukA
(x) lrr f'k{kk vkSj lkexzh vkSj i¼fr ds lkFk de ls de cjkcj esa j•rs gq, ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k dks
fodflr djukA
(?k) is'ksoj fu"diVrk vkSj is'ksoj uSfrdrk dks le>uk vkSj mudk vH;kl djukA
(M) Nk=kksa vkSj leqnk; ds çfr jpukRed vkSj lg;ksxh n`f"Vdks.k dks fodflr djukA
baVuZf'ki dh vof/ ds nkSjku] ,d Nk=k •qn f'k{k.k dh dbZ xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey gksrk gS] ;kstuk vkSj f'k{k.k
çn'kZu] oxkZsa dk voyksdu] x`gdk;Z esas lq/kj] iqLrdky; esa i<+kus ds i;Zos{k.k] lg&ikB;Øe dh xfrfof/
;ksa dk vk;kstu] vkSj vU; ds :i esaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV bl çdkj] baVuZf'ki ds rÙoKku cqfu;knh rkSj ij O;kogkfjd gSA çf'k{kq ls mEehn dh tkrh gS fd og laLFkk
esa vius çokl dh vof/ ds nkSjku dqy Ldwy dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa O;kid le> fodflr djsaA vkSj] bl
çdkj bl dk;ZØe dks f'k{kk ds egkfo|ky; esa çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds vuqHko vkSj d{kk ds vuqHko ds ,d
f'k{kd ds :i esa çkIr djus ds fy, buds chp ,d iqy cukus dh dksf'k'k ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA
20-3 gekjs f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh deh (Defects in our Teacher-Education

Programme)
uhps nh xbZ gekjs f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa dqN Li"V deh;ak gS%
(1) fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj lfgr vè;;u ds ikBÔØe esa Ñf=kerk% fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kd f'k{kk
ikBÔØe dk çfreku dk flyflyk ,d pkSFkkbZZ lnh ds igys ls pyk vk jgk gSA os ,d ikBÔØe lkexzh
gS tks ,d çHkkoh f'k{kd rS;kj djus esa ennxkj ugha gSA fl¼kar ikBÔØe esa •kl :i ls dksbZ Li"V mPpkj.k
ugha gS tks O;kogkfjd dke vkSj f'k{k.k dkS'ky dh vko';drk gSA fl¼kar ds vH;kl ds fy, vkosnu lkeatL;
vkSj la'kks/u vkSj iquxZBu ds fy, i;kZIr dejk A lkexzh ij egRo cgqr de gSA ikBÔØekas ds rjhds fnup;kZ
vkSj O;kogkfjd iwokZxzg esa gSA'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh ds mHkjrs vo/kj.kkvksa ds fy, vHkh rd muesa ls ,d çHkko
cukuk gSA lexz ikBÔØe lajpuk esa dksbZ oSpkfjd <kaapk ugha gSA
(2) f'k{k.k ds vçHkkoh rjhds% gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kd çf'k{kd]uokpkj ds vkSj f'k{k.k ds rjhdksa ds mi;ksx
esa ç;ksx djus ls fgp fdpkrs gSA f'k{kk dh ikjaifjd fof/] vFkkZr] Hkk"k.k vkSj uksV ds Jqrys• ds fy, ,d
mYys•uh; fu"Bk fn•kbZ xbZ gSA
(3) is'ksoj joS;s ds fodkl ij de tksj%iwjk f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ,slk cuk;k x;k gS fd FkksM+k egRo
is'ksoj joS; ds fodkl ij j•k gS tks f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ,d 'kCn ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA
(4) Ldwy ds vkpj.k ij dksbZ çHkko ugha% f'k{kk vk;ksx uss f'k{kd f'k{kk dks lgh ls ns•k gS fd nksuksa
çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed Lrj]Ldwyksa vkSj Ldwy f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa orZeku fodkl ls vyx gSAf'k{k.k ds rjhdksa
dk Ldwyksa esa ikyu]ikBÔØe vkSj fofHkUu vko';drkvksa tks fd i{kiksf"kr vkSj f'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx esa okLro
esa dk;kZfUor ls iwjh rjg ls vyx gSA
(5) Nk=k f'k{kd dh rax 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe%T;knkrj laLFkkuksa esa mfpr ços'k çfØ;k ugha gksrhANk=k f'k{kdksa
dks f'k{kdksa ds dkWystksa esa lhV gkfly djus ds fy, turk ds ncko vkSj pkykdhiq.kZ rjhds dk mi;ksx djuk
i<+rk gSAf'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx esa ços'k ds fy, vkosnu djus okys mu mnkgj.kksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k esa visf{kr
çsj.kk vkSj vè;kiu ds is'ks esa ,d vPNh rjg ls yk;d ços'k ds fy, 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe ugha gSA
20-4 baVuZf'ki Nk=k f'k{k.k ds xq.k (Merits of Internship Student Teaching)

baVuZf'ki nf`"Vdks.k ds ykHk% bl n`f"Vdks.k ds eq[; ykHk fuEufyf•r gSA
1- ;g Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, vlyh rS;kjh gSA ;g f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ;FkkFkZoknh cukrk gSA
2- ;g Ldwy ds dkedkt esa varnZf`"V fodflr djrk gSA ;g fØ;kewyd Kku çf'k{k.k vkSj lh•us ds fy,
csgrjhu rduhd gSA
3- ;g vkRefo'okl vkSj f'k{k.k dh n{krkvksa dks fodflr djrk gSA Ldwy ds Nk=k baVuZf'ki ds f'k{k.k esa
#fp ysrs gSA vè;kid&Nk=k vius Nk=kksa ds lkFk laca/ LFkkfir djrs gSSA
4- okLro esa Ldwy dh d{kk,a dk;Z'kkyk vkSj ç;ksx'kkyk bu dk;Z'kkykvksa esa viuss f'k{k.k ds dk;Z djrh
gSA

5- baVuZf'ki ,d dke djus ds vuqHko dk volj çnku djrk gS tks fd vki fliQZ d{kk esa ugha feyrkA uksV
igyh ckj ukSdjh pkgus okys vkSj dSfj;j ifjorZd vkerkSj ij okaNuh; mEehnokj ugha gSa] ysfdu
daifu;k mUgsa baV~uZ ds :i esa çf'kf{kr vkSj mUgsa ukSdjh ikus ds vuqHko dh t:jr ds fy, rS;kj dj
jgs gSA
6- baVuZf'ki vius {ks=k esa yksxksa ls feyus ds fy, ,d çfl¼ rjhdk gSA ;gka rd fd vxj vki dks vuqHko
gS] rks vki dks dHkhsa pksV ugha yxsxhA baVuZf'ki vkidks yksxksa ls feyus ds fy, vuqefr iznku djrk
gS tks vki dks ços'k djus dh dksf'k'k esa enn dj ldrh gS vkSj vkidks m|ksxksa ls laidkZs djus dh
tkudkjh nsxk ftles vki esa ços'k djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSA
7- baVuZf'ki dks Lukrd dh f'k{kk ds f'k•j ds :i esa ns•k tk ldrk gS vkSj vkidks okLrfod nqfu;k
LFkkfir djus ds fy, d{kk esa lh•k, x, dkS'ky mi;ksx djus dk ekSdk nsrk gSA ;g ekSdk gS viuh
;ksX;rk dks yk;d lkfcr djus ds fy, vkSj fn•kus ds fy, fd vki Hkwfedk esa çn'kZu dj ldrs gS
tks vki dks fn tk,A
okLro esa Ldwy dh d{kk,a dk;Z'kkyk vkSj ç;ksx'kkyk bu dk;Z'kkykvksa esa muds f'k{k.k dk;Z ds
djrh gSA
20-5 baVuZf'ki n`f"Vdks.k ds voxq.k (Demerits of Internship Approach)

(1) Nk=k f'k{kd dk p;u% dqN lky igys Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh vkiwfrZ miHkksÙkQk laLFkkvksa] vFkkZRk] mPprj
ekè;fed fo|ky; }kjk cM+h vkSj mudh ekax ds vuq:i FkhA çf'kf{kr vè;kid dh de ekax vkSj vf/
d vki~qfrZ ds dkj.k ;g fLFkfr rc bruh xaHkhj ugha Fkh ftruh dh vkt gSA bl leL;k ds nks igyw gSA
(d) f'k{kd 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa ços'k dh ekax ds bPNqd O;fÙkQ;ksa dh la[;k vHkwriwoZ c<+ x;h gSSA]vkSj
(•) çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa ds fy, i;kZIr fjfÙkQ;k ugha gSAblfy, ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS] fd dsoy p;fur
O;fÙkQ;ksa ds ços'k ds fy, p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
(2) çfrdwy i;kZoj.k% okrkoj.k ftlesa f'k{kd Nk=k vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh Lora=krk ds vHkko vkSj
igy dk vè;;u djrs gSA çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds cgqmís'kh; lajpuk esa ubZ f'k{kk] igy] lkeqnkf;d thou]
lkekftd çsj.kk] vkSj vktknh vkfn ds usr`Ro dh bl rjg dh xfrfof/;ksa dh cgqr deh gSA f'k{kd Nk=kksa
dks bl rjg ds O;ogkj dks fodflr djus ds fy, muds Ldwyksa esa gh n`'; ds lkFk le>kus dh mEehn
dh tkrh gSA
(3) dnkpkj% f'k{kd rS;kj djus ds laLFkkuksa dh ,d vPNh la[;k dnkpkj esa fyIr gSA Nk=k f'k{k.k bl
xq.koÙkk ds iQyLo:i detksj gks tkrk gSA f'k{kd çf'k{kqvksa ds ewY;kadu ds ekeys esa xqVcanh] HkkbZ&pkjk
vkSj i{kikr futh çcaf/r laLFkkuksa esa cgqr T;knk gksrs gSA
(4) deZpkjh% f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh ,d vPNh la[;k Bhd rjg ;ksX; ugha gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z ugha gS]
blfy, os f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds mís';ksa dks çkIr djus esa vleFkZ gSSA okLro esa ;gk¡ dbZ f'k{kd gS thuksus
'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kj ugha ij cyfd jktuhfrd vkSj bl rjg ds dkj.kksa ds vk/kj ij fu;fqÙkQ vftZr
dh gSA bu ekeyksa ds fy, mu esa xqVcanh vkSj ?k"k.kZ dh leL;k dks tksM+k x;k gSA
(5) Ldwyksa esa vH;kl% Ldwyksa esa vH;kl ,d vkSj xaHkhj leL;k gSA dbZ f'k{kd çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks vius

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Lo;a ds Ldwy dk vH;kl ds ugha irk gksrkA vH;kl Ldwy f'k{kd çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; dk ukfHkd :i
gSA bl ds ifj.kkeLo:i dkWyst ds vf/dkfj;ksa dks ,d Ldwy ftlds ikl dsoy ,d ;ksX;rk gks •kst
djus vkSj Nk=k ds vkpj.k esa lg;ksx djus bPNk ds fy, etcwj dj jgs gSA bl dkj.k vè;kiu ds fy,
vH;kl Ldwy esa fd;k tkrk gS tks ,d yach nwjh ij ;k ;gka rd fd Ldwyksa esa fLFkr gks ldrk gS tks
vè;kiu vH;kl ds fy, vFkZ'kkL=k tSls dqN fo"k; ds fy, vko';d d{kk,a ugha pyk jghA
(6) ppkZ ds ikB% ppkZ ds ikB vkSj vè;kiu vH;kl Bhd rjg ls lapkfyr ugh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 'kk;n
dkj.k gS fd dqN f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds fy, /ks•k vH;kl ds :i esa vè;kiu vH;kl cl ,d ukfer
vH;kl gSA ;gk¡ dbZ ekeyksa gS tgka ikB ds fy, vko';d U;wure la[;k dks iwjk djss fcuk çf'k{kq vafre
f'k{k.k ijh{kk esa csB tkrk gSA
1- ----------- lcd ;kstukvksa] f'k{k.k rduhdksa vkSj vU; nSfud xfrfof/;ksa ds ckjs esa -----------ds lkFk ppkZA
2- ----------- esa vH;kl f'k{k.k vkSj {ks=k ds vuqHkoksa dh foLr`r fofo/rk 'kkfey gSA
3- baVuZf'ki ,d ----------- dk volj çnku djrk gSA
4- ------------ f'k{kd çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; dk ukfHkd :i gSA
5- vkdyu vkSj ewY;kadu dk eq[; cqfu;kn-----------rS;kjh vkSj vH;kl vkSj d{kk f'k{k.k gSA

• Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu Nk=k 'k?{k.k dk;ZØe dk ,d egRoiw~.kZ igyw gSA;g ewY;kadu ,d Nk=k esa vPNh
rjg ls f'k{kd rkdr vkSj detksfj;ksa esa f'k{k.k {kerk dk ifjek.k •kstus ds vk/kj ij gSAbl çdkj dh
tkudkjh f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dks dke djus dh {kerk ;k laxfBr xfrfof/;ksa ds çHkko'khyrk ds ckjs esa fu.kZ;
ysus ds fy, enn vkSj fd fdruk bu xfrfof/;ksa ds lkFk f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds mís';ksa dks iwjk dj ldrs gSA
• ,d ikB ds lHkh pj.kksa ds nkSjku]i;Zo{s kd dks ns•uk pkfg, fd f'k{kd fdruk dq'ky gS fo|kfFkZ;ksas dks lh•us
ds fy, fLFkfr çnku djus esa vkSj dSls mls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikB dh çfrfØ;kvksa ds fodkl ds fy, •pZ djrk
gSA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu ds ekStwnk vH;kl]gkykafd]dsoy d{kk esa f'k{kd ds çn~'kZu dk ewY;kadu djus ds
fy, vkSj la;ksx ls dHkh dHkh ;g Hkh ns•k x;k gS fd i;Zos{kdksa fyf•r ;kstukvksa dk ewY;kadu ugha djrs]rks
Nk=k f'k{kd dSl vius ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxs tcfd ml ikB dk ewY;kadu ugha gqvkAvuqns'k nsus esa f'k{kd
dk d{kk çn'kZu ikB ds fodkl ds fdlh Lrj ij ugha gSA

• çokgdh;μ iz'kalk] dqN ;k fdlh dk lapkyu djus esa l{ke
• ppkZμ fdlh@dqN ds ckjs esa ckrphr
• ewY;kaduμ fdlhds ckjs esa è;ku ls lkspus ds ckn dqN xq.koÙkk dh jkf'k ds ewY; dh jk; cukus dh
çfØ;kA
• nks"kμ dqN esa ,d xyrhA

20-8 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions) uksV

1- baVuZf'ki dk;ZØe dh xfrfof/;ka (Nk=k f'k{k.k) D;k gSa\
2- f'k{kd f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh deh;ak crk,¡A
3- Nk=k f'k{k.k ds çHkko xq.k vkSj nks"k D;k gSa\
1.Nk=k f'k{kd]i;Zos{kd 2.baVuZf'ki 3.dke djus ds vuqHko 4.vH;kl Ldwy
1998A
3. ,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV ds fçafaliYl vkSj vH;kl% Vksuh cq'k ysl csy ]lst ifCy'kj 2002A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZ 21% f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki dk ewY;kadu (Evaluation
of Internship in Teaching)
mís'; (Objectives)
21.1 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Student Teaching)
mís'; (Objectives)
• Nk=k f'k{k.k baVuZf'ki ds ewY;kadu dh O;k[;kA
ewY;kadu Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ,d vfuok;Z igyw gSA bl Nk=k f'k{k.k vH;kl eas ,d lrr ewY;kadu ;k nSfud
ewY;kadu gksuk pkfg,A blds ;g nks mís'; gS (1) f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds fodkl dk vkdyu djuk vkSj (2)
vkxs lq/kj ds fy, jk; nsukA ;g ewY;kadu O;kid gksuk pkfg,A Nk=k vè;kiu vH;kl ds mís';ksa dks lkdkj
djus ds fy, ewY;kadu dh ;kstuk cukbZ tkuh pkfg,A Nk=k f'k{kd dh i<+kbZ esa lq/kj djus ds fy, vkSj fiNys
leL;kvksa ls cpus ds fy, baVuZf'ki ds xq.k vkSj voxq.k dh Hkh ,d egRoi~q.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA bl bdkbZ esa ge
blds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA
21-1 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Student Teaching)

Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu Nk=k f'k{k.k çksxzke dk ,d egRoi~q.kZ igyw gSA;g ewY;kadu ,d Nk=k f'k{kd esa
f'k{k.k {kerk ds ifjek.k rFkk rkdr vkSj detksfj;ksa dks •kstus vk/kj ij gksrk gSA bl çdkj dh tkudkjh
f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dks dke djus dh {kerk ;k laxfBr xfrfof/;ksa dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj fd fdruk bu xfrfof/
;ksa ds lkFk f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds mís';ksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa enn djsxhA bl çdkj
dh tkudkjh ds vk/kj ij Nk=k f'k{k.k ds mís';ksa dks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ewY;kadu dks iwjs f'k{k.k
çksxzke dk ,d vfHkUu vax cukrk gSA
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu dh xqatkb'k ls lacaf/r ds ckjs esa] ;g d{kk esa Nk=k f'k{kd ds çn'kZu ds vkdyu
ds lkFk gh mldss 'kq#vkrh çn'kZu ls lacaf/r vkSj ckgjh xfrfof/;ksa tks dh lg ikB;Øe lkekU; Ldwy dh

bdkbZ—21% f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki dk ewY;kadu
xfrfof/;ksa ls lacaf/r vkSj xfrfof/;ksa ds ewY;kadu] ekxZn'kZu vkSj f'k{kd dke ds vU; O;kogkfjd igyqvksa uksV
ds vk;kstu ls lacaf/r gSA
bldh çfØ;k ls lacaf/r ds ckjs esa](1) ewY;kadu Nk=k •qn ds }kjk Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS] ikB dk voyksdu
djus okys vU; lkFkh Nk=kksa vkSj i;Zos{kd ;k xkbM ds }kjkA (2) ;g vko';d gS fd tks dksbZ Hkh ewY;kadu
djrk gS og ikB dh bdkbZ ds mís';ksa vkSj lkFk gh fofHkUu igyqvksa dks è;ku esa j•sA d{kk ds ,d ikB
dk voyksdu vkSj ewY;kadu djrss gq,] ,d O;fÙkQ iwjs ikB dks è;ku ls ns•s vkSj ,d lHkh Lrjksa ij iwjs ikB
ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A mUgsa Nk=k ds vU; y{k.k tks mls ikB ds vkpj.k esa enn dj ldrs gS mudk Hkh ewY;kadu
djuk pkfg,A
,d ikB ds lHkh pj.kksa ds nkSjku] i;Zos{kd dks ns•uk pkfg, fd f'k{kd fdruk dq'ky gS fo|kfFkZ;ksas dks lh•us
ds fy, fLFkfr çnku djus esa vkSj dSls mls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikB dh çfrfØ;kvksa ds fodkl ds fy, bLrseky
djrk gSA blds vykok] mudks f'k{kd }kjk nh xbZ tkudkjh fdl lhek rd lgh] lkef;d vkSj çklafxd gS
;g ns•us dh vko';drk gSA f'k{kd dk O;fÙkQxr] lkekftd xq.k gS] l{ke] f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh dk mi;ksx]
ewY;kadu çfØ;k dk i;kZIr mi;ksx] d{kk fu;a=k.k] çca/u vkSj ,sls lHkh dkjd] tks ikB dh liQyrk esa ;ksxnku
nsrs gS mu lHkh ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A bl mís'; dks çkIr djus ds fy,] çR;sd f'k{k.k ?kVdksa dks ntZk nsus
ds fy, i;Zos{kd ik¡p vad ;k lkr vad ds ntZk iSekus dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
vafre fu.kZ; ikB dks xzsM nsuk ikB dh iwjh forj.k ij vk/kfjr gksuk pkfg,A i;Zos{kd dks ;g Hkh fujh{k.k
djuk pkfg, fd fdl gn rd f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks ,d cgqr gh thoar vkSj vuqeksnd okrkoj.k ikB Hkj esa lh•us
vkSj çsfjr djus ds fy, çnku djus esa liQy jgs gSA ewY;kadu çR;sd O;fÙkQ f'k{kd ds ntZk iSeku esa ntZ
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl rjg] ,d çksiQkby f'k{k.k ds lHkh fofHkUu igyqvksa dh jsfVax ;qÙkQ çR;sd Nk=k ds fy,
fodflr dh tk,xh vkSj vafre ewY;kadu ds le; esa] ipkl ikB ds ckjs esa jsfVax dk ,d vkSlr cuk;k tk
ldrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] f'k{kd ds O;kolkf;d vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl] lgdkjh] vkSj bZekunkjh] mik;
dq'kyrk vkSj leqnk; laca/ vkSj dke ,sls O;fÙkQRo xq.kksa dk ewY;kadu Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dbZ çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa esa ikB ;kstuk,a ogh iqjkuh gscZfrZ;u LVsIl ds lkFk vuqlkj
rS;kj fd tk jgh gSA
21-1-1 Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kad dh deh;ka (Defects of Evaluation of Student-

Teaching)
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu ds ekStwnk vH;kl] gkykafd] dsoy d{kk esa f'k{kd ds çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu djus
ds fy, vkSj la;ksx ls dHkh dHkh ;g Hkh ns•k x;k gS fd i;Zos{kd fyf•r ;kstukvksa dk ewY;kadu ugha djrs]
rks Nk=k f'k{kd dSl vius ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxs tcfd ml ikB dk ewY;kadu ugha gqvkA vuqns'k nsus esa f'k{kd
dk d{kk çn'kZu ikB ds fodkl ds fdlh Lrj ij ugha gSA 'kq: ls var rd ikB ds ewY;kadu ds ctk;] u
gh ikB dk fdlh Hkh pj.k ij fujh{k.k vkSj laf{kIr gksrk gSA f'k{kd ds vU; dkjd tSls mldk n`f"Vdks.k]
#fp] mldk lg;ksx vkSj mik; dq'kyrk] bZekunkjh vkSj leqnk; lacaf/r tks f'k{kd dh liQyrk esa ;ksxnku
nsrs gS mudk Hkh vkdyu ewY;kadu ds nkSjku ugha fd;k tkrkA ;g fnu ds fnu vkdyu djus ij vk/kfjr
ugha gSA blfy,] vafre ewY;kadu ikB esa Nk=k ds çn'kZu ds vkSlr vkSj d{kk ds f'k{kd ds fopkjksa i;Zos{kdksa]
vkSj fo"k; ds fçafliyksa ij Hkh vk/kfjr ugha gksrk] cl dHkh dHkh gh vkSj ,d lhfer gn rdA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV bl rjg ge dg ldrs gS fd Nk=k f'k{k.k ewY;kadu dh ekStwnk çFkk,a O;kid gS vkSj la'kks/u dh vko';drk
gSA f'k{k.k ewY;kadu ekunaM dks laosnu'khy cukus ds fy, ,slk djuk pkfg,A
21-1-2 Nk=k f'k{k.k vH;kl dk ,d ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Student-Teaching
Practice)
;g dk;ZØe dk ,d vfuok;Z igyw gSA blesa ,d lrr ewY;kadu ;k Nk=k vè;kiu vH;kl dk nSfud ewY;kadu
gksuk pkfg,A blds ;g nks mís'; gS (1) f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds fodkl dk vkdyu djuk vkSj (2) vkxs lq/
kj ds fy, jk; nsukA ;g ewY;kadu O;kid gksuk pkfg,A Nk=k vè;kiu vH;kl ds mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds
fy, ewY;kadu dh ;kstuk cukbZ tkuh pkfg,A
(d) f'k{kd vH;kl n`f"Vdks.k ds mís';ksa dks tkuus ds fy,A
(•) ;kstuk vkSj ikB dh ;kstukvksa dks rS;kj vkSj bldk d{kk esa vH;kl djus ds fy,A
f'k{k.k vH;kl esa rS;kjh vkSj vH;kl nksuksa igyqvksa ds ewY;kadu esa leku egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A Nk=k f'k{k.k
vH;kl ds lHkh n`f"Vdks.k ds fy, bu xfrfof/;ksa vkSj mís';ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
(d) mís';ksa dks tkuus ds fy,% Nk=k vè;kiu vH;kl ds ewY;kadu ds fy, lcls egRoi~.q kZ ekinaM n`f"Vdks.k
ds mís'; gSA çR;sd n`f"Vdks.k fof'k"V mís'; gS ftlds fy, fof'k"V dk;ksaZ vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dk vH;kl dj jgs
gSAçR;sd nf`"Vdks.k gh f'k{k.k ds lcd ds fy, fof'k"V i;Zos{k.k rduhd gSA çR;sd nf`"Vdks.k çHkkoh djus ds
fy, è;ku dsafær vkSj lkexzh dh lgh çLrqfr vkSj f'k{k.k]lkekftd vkSj Hkk"kk dkS'ky fodflr djrk gSA
(•) ;kstuk vkSj ikB dh ;kstukvksa dks rS;kj% vkdyu djuk vkSj ewYkadu ikB dh ;kstuk rS;kj djuk
vH;kl vkSj d{kk f'k{k.k ds eq[; vk/kj gSA;s nks dk;Z vkSj xfrfof/;k Nk=k nf`"Vdks.k vH;kl f'k{k.k ds çR;sd
çdkj eas 'kkfey gSANk=k f'k{k.k dk igyk dne ikB dh ;kstuk rS;kj djus nks f'k{k.k ds fo"k; ij tks vlds
fo"k; f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds }kjk fu~nsfZ 'kr fd, x, gSAikB dh ;kstuk lkexzh fo'ys"k.k] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj rduhdh vo/
kj.kkvksas ij vk/kfjr gSAikB dh ;kstuk dh dqN xfrfof/;k nk'kZfud vo/kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr gSAbless f'k{kdksa
ds chp vkSj ikB dh ;kstuk ds mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, çLrqqfr ;k d{kk ckrphr esa lkekftd f'k{k.k
vkSj Hkk"kk ds dkS'ky 'kkfey gSA;kstuk vkSj rS;kjh ikB dh ;kstuk dk ,d dfBu vkSj le; ysus okyk dke
gS D;ksafd f'k{k.k dh xfrfof/;k tks ikB dh ;kstuk esa 'kkfey gS og f'k{kk dh lS¼kafrd vo/kj.kkvksa ij vk/
kfjr gSAysfdu Nk=k f'k{kd ;g ;a=kor~ djrk gS] ikB dh rS;kjh vkSj vH;kl Nk=k f'k{k.k ds nkSjku ,d lrr
dk;Z gSAçR;sd ikB dk jkst+ i;Zos{k.k gksrk gS mlds i;Zos{kd }kjkAblfy, i;Zos{kd ofj"B f'k{kd vkSj muds
Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{k.k vH;kl ds nkSjku lrr ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSAvafre lcd f'k{k.k vH;kl dk ,d O;kid
ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu ds fy, Øe fu/kZj.k eku

f'k{k.k dh xfrfof/;ka vkSlr vPNk lokZsÙke
(1) (2) (4)
1- lcd ;kstuk dk çk:i
2- ikB ;kstuk dk ifjp;

3- lokyksa dk fodkl uksV
4- iwNrkN dkS'ky vkSj lokyksa ds tokc nsus dh rjhdk
5- lkexzh dh 'kq¼rk vkSj vuqØe
6- f'k{k.k dkS'ky vkSfpR;
7- Hkk"kk dkS'ky 'kq¼rk
8- lkekftd dkS'ky] iks'kkd] vkSj ir
9- d{kk f'k{kd i<+k;k ckrphr
10- d{kk çsj.kk vkSj lqn`<hdj.k
11- d{kk vuq'kklu ;k tyok;q
12- f'k{k.k lgk;rk dk mi;ksx
13- f'k{k.k vkRefo'okl
14- d{kk leL;k vkSj ekxZn'kZu dk gy
15- ewY;kadu loky
f'k{k.k dh xfrfof/ vkSj dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk dk ewY;kadu mu rhu (3) fcanq }kjk vadu fd;k tk,xkA f'k{k.k dh
lHkh xfrfof/;ksa ewY;kadu lgh ladsr (3) vdsys xfrfof/;ksa vadu }kjk dj jgs gSA var vko`fÙk;ksa esa çR;sd LraHk
dk lgh ladrs fxuk tkrk gSA vkSlr vko`Ùk;k ,d ] vPNk vkof`Ùk;k nks ls xq.kk djds gS vkSj lcls vPNk vkof`Ùk;k
pkj ls xq.kk djds gS] vuqnku dss la{ksi }kjk Nk=k f'k{kd ds dqy vad çkIr dj fy, tk,axsA
i;Zos{kd ;k fo"k; f'k{kd] ofj"B f'k{kd ;k Ldwy ds leUo;d vkSj muds Nk=kksa }kjk Nk=k f'k{k.k dh jsfVax dh
tk ldrh gSA Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd çn'kZu dk lcls vPNk ewY;kadudrkZ ekuk tkrk gSA ,d mís'; ds ewY;kadu ds
fy, vkSlr jsfVax ds rhu çdkj fy, tk ldrs gSA
usM ,-ÝySaMlZ nl oxZ ç.kkyh rduhd dk d{kk vè;kid ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Lrj
01 f'k{kd ds yksdrkaf=kd O;ogkj dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g d{kk O;ogkj ekius ds
fy, ,d mís'; rduhd gS tcfd jsfVax d{kk f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu ,d O;fÙkQijd rduhd gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
usM ,-ÝySaMlZ nl oxZ ç.kkyh rduhd D;k gS\

1- -----------Nk=k •qn ds }kjk Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS]vU; lkFkh Nk=kksa ikB vkSj i;Zos{kd ;k xkbM voyksdu
djus okysA
2- ewY;kadu çR;sd O;fÙkQ f'k{kd ds ----------- esa ntZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- Nk=k f'k{k.k ewY;kadu dh ekStwnk çFkkvksa ----------- gSa vkSj la'kks/u dh vko';drk gSA
4- çR;sd ----------- (n`f"Vdks.k)gS tks fof'k"V dk;ksaZ vkSj xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, vH;kl dj jgs gSA
5- vkdyu djuk vkSj ewYkadu ----------- rS;kj djuk vH;kl vkSj d{kk f'k{k.k ds eq[; vk/kj gSA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu Nk=k f'k{k.k çksxzke dk ,d egRoi~q.kZ igyw gSA;g ewY;kadu ,d Nk=k f'k{kd esa
f'k{k.k {kerk ds ifjek.k rFkk rkdr vkSj detksfj;ksa dks •kstus vk/kj ij gksrk gSAbl çdkj dh tkudkjh
f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dks dke djus dh {kerk ;k laxfBr xfrfof/;ksa ds çHkko'khyrk ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus ds
fy, enn vkSj fd fdruk bu xfrfof/;ksa ds lkFk f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds mís';ksa dks iwjk dj ldrs gSA
• ,d ikB ds lHkh pj.kksa ds nkSjku]i;Zo{s kd dks ns•uk pkfg, fd f'k{kd fdruk dq'ky gS fo|kfFkZ;ksas dks lh•us
ds fy, fLFkfr çnku djus esa vkSj dSls mls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikB dh çfrfØ;kvksa ds fodkl ds fy, •pZ djrk
gSA
• Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu ds ekStwnk vH;kl]gkykafd]dsoy d{kk esa f'k{kd ds çn~'kZu dk ewY;kadu djus ds
fy, vkSj la;ksx ls dHkh dHkh ;g Hkh ns•k x;k gS fd i;Zos{kdksa fyf•r ;kstukvksa dk ewY;kadu ugha djrs]rks
Nk=k f'k{kd dSl vius ikB dk vkpj.k djsaxs tcfd ml ikB dk ewY;kadu ugha gqvkAvuqns'k nsus esa f'k{kd
dk d{kk çn~'kZu ikB ds fodkl ds fdlh Lrj ij ugha gSA

• çokgdh;μ iz'kalk] dqN ;k fdlh dk lapkyu djus esa l{ke
• ppkZμ fdlh@dqN ds ckjs esa ckrphr
• ewY;kaduμ fdlhds ckjs esa è;ku ls lkspus ds ckn dqN xq.koÙkk dh jkf'k ds ewY; dh jk; cukus dh
çfØ;kA

1- Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu ds ekunaM D;k gS\
2- Nk=k f'k{k.k ds ewY;kadu dh deh;k D;k gSa\

3- D;k baVuZf'ki ds xq.k vkSj voxq.k D;k gS\ uksV

4- Nk=k vè;kiu vH;kl esa lq/kj djus ds fy, O;kogkfjd lq>ko D;k gSa\
5- i;Zos{k.k dh orZeku çfØ;k D;k gS\
1. ewY;kadu 2. fjdkMZ dkMZ 3. O;kid 4. n`f"Vdks.k
5. ikB dh ;kstuk
1998A
3. H,T;qds'kuy eSusteSaV ds fçafaliYl vkSj vH;kl% Vksuh cq'k ysl csy ]lst ifCy'kj 2002A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ22% vè;kid fu;af=kr f'k{k.kμvFkZ]
izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg (Teacher Controlled
Instructions—Meaning, Nature and Strategies)
mís'; (Objectives)
22.1 f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk f'k{k.k esa varj (Difference between Teaching Methods and Training)
22.2 f'k{k.k vkO;wg dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teaching Strategy)
22.3 f'k{k.k dh ;qfDr;ksa dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teaching Tactics)
22.4 f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Teaching Device)
22.5 f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk egÙo (Importance Teaching Device)
22.6 dk;Z lajpuk vk;ke (Task Structure Approach)
22.7 f'k{k.k vkO;wg osQ izdkj (Types of Teaching Strategy)
22.8 f'k{k.k vkO;wg dk vU; oxhZdj.k (Another Classification of Teaching Strategies)
22.9 f'k{kd fu;af=kr funsZ'k (Teacher Controlled Instruction)

22.9.1. O;k[;ku vkO;wg (Lecture Strategy)
22.9.2. ikB&izn'kZ vkO;wg (Lesson Demonstration Strategy)
22.9.3. vuqoxZ f'k{k.k vkO;wg (Tutorial Strategy)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid fu;af=kr funsZ'kksa dh izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
f'k{k.k dk eq[; mís'; Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa visf{kr ifjorZu ykuk gS] ftlosQ fy, leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gSA bu vfèkxe&ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ l`tu osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ
fy, f'k{kd osQ vk;ke] fofèk@vkO;wg] izfofèk;ksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA bUgha ;qfDr;ksa dh

bdkbZ—22% vè;kid fu;af=kr funsZ'kμ vFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg
lgk;rk ls f'k{k.k fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;qfDr;ksa osQ mi;ksx ls f'k{k.k dk izkFkfed rRo f'k{k.k fØ;k;sa uksV
gSa] tks ;qfDr;ksa osQ lEiknu esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA bl izdkj f'k{k.k ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS D;ksafd f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa
dh izÑfr dykRed rFkk oSKkfud gksrh gSA blosQ fy, f'k{k'kkL=kh; fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa dykRed]
lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr rFkk O;kogkfjd fo'ys"k.k djuk vko';d gksrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dk Lo:i vewrZ
gksrk gSA f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa }kjk muosQ lEcUèk esa fu"d"kZ dk lkekU;hdj.k dj fy;k tkrk gSA mudk dksbZ
ewrZ izfreku izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk mi;ksx ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k ls fd;k tkrk
gSA ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k gsrq f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk fof'k"V rRoksa osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
izR;sd fo"k; dh ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k esa f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA
22-1 f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk vkO;wg esa vUrj (Difference Between Teaching
Methods and Teaching Strategies)
f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk vkO;wg dks Hkzeo'k ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;qDr djrs gSa ijUrq nksuksa osQ vFkZ esa egRoiw.kZ vUrj
gSA og bl izdkj gSμ
(1) f'k{k.k fofèk (Teaching Methods) esa f'k{k.k ikB~oLrq dh izÑfr osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA izLrqrhdj.k
osQ rhu izeq[k <ax gksrs gSaA blfy;s f'k{k.k i¼fr;k¡ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSaμ
(v) dFku i¼fr;k¡ (Telling Methods) tSls_ O;k[;ku] iz'u vkfnA
(c) n`'; i¼fr;k¡ (Showing Methods) tSls_ izn'kZu] fujh{k.k vkfnA
(l) dk;Z i¼fr;k¡ (Doing Methods) tSls_ izkstsDV iz;ksx vkfnA
(2) f'k{k.k (Teaching Strategies) esa mís';ksa dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k vkO;wg dk p;u mís';ksa osQ
vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa osQ vuqlkj vkO;wgksa dk foHkktu fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa esa dk;Z rFkk izLrqrhdj.k dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd f'k{k.k vkO;wg esa O;ogkjksa rFkk
lEcUèkksa dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
(4) f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa esa lEiw.kZ vk;ke (Macro-approach) dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd f'k{k.k vkO;wg
esa lw{e vk;ke (Micro-approach) dks viuk;k tkrk gSA
(5) f'k{k.k i¼fr;k¡ bl voèkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSa fd f'k{k.k ,d dyk gS] tcfd f'k{k.k vkO;wg esa
f'k{k.k dks foKku ekuk tkrk gSA
(6) f'k{k.k i¼fr;ksa osQ ewY;kadu dk ekun.M ikB~;&oLrq dk LokfeRo ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd f'k{k.k vkO;wgksa
dk ekun.M mís';ksa dh izkfIr ekurs gSaA
(7) f'k{k.k vkO;wg dk y{; leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiÂ djuk gS] tcfd f'k{k.k i¼fr;ksa dk y{;
izHkko'kkyh izLrqrhdj.k djuk gSA
(8) f'k{k.k i¼fr;ksa dks ijEijkxr ekuo&O;oLFkk fl¼kUr (Classical Human Organization Theory) dh
nsu ekurs gSa] tcfd f'k{k.k vkO;wg vkèkqfud ekuo O;oLFkk fl¼kUr (Modern Human Organization)
dh nsu gSA
oqQN f'k{k.k i¼fr;ksa dks vkO;wgksa dh Hkh laKk nh tkrh gS ijUrq tc mUgsa f'k{k.k vkO;wg dgrs gSa rc mudk y{;
cny tkrk gSA O;k[;ku dks f'k{k.k i¼fr gh ekurs gSa ijUrq O;k[;ku dks fdlh fof'k"V mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy;s
iz;ksx djrs gSa rc mls vkO;wg dgrs gSAa f'k{k.k i¼fr;ksa esa izfofèk;ksa (Techniques) dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA f'k{k.k
vkO;wg esa ;qfDr;k¡ (Tactics) dh lgk;rk ysrs gSaA f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa dk p;u ikB~;oLrq dh izÑfr osQ vkèkkj ij

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk p;u vfèkxe Lo:iksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls vfèkxe mís'; dh
izkfIr dh tkrh gSA
O;k[;ku osQ ekè;e ls f'k{kk nsus dk <ax lcls izkphu gSA orZeku le; esa ;g mPp d{kkvksa esa
iz;ksx dh tkrh gS] blesa f'k{kd dks xgu rS;kjh djuh iM+rh gSA
22-2 f'k{k.k vkO;wg dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teaching
Strategy)
LVksUl rFkk ekSfjl osQ vuqlkj vkO;wg dh ifjHkk"kk fuEufyf[kr gSμ
¶f'k{k.k&vkO;wg (Teaching Strategy) ikB&;kstuk dk lkekU;hÑr :i gksrk gS] ftlesa visf{kr O;ogkj&ifjorZu
dh ljapuk vuqns'ku osQ mís';ksa osQ :i esa lfEefyr gksrh gSA vkO;wg dh :ijs[kk dks iz;qDr djus osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa
(tactics) dh Hkh ;kstuk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ikB&;kstuk vkO;wg o`gr~ ikB~;Øe dk gh vax ekuh tkrh gSA¸
“Teaching Strategy is a generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure desired learner
behaviour in terms of goals of instruction, and an outline of planned tactics necessary to
implement the strategy. The lesson strategy is a part of a larger development scheme the
curriculum.
—Stones & Morris
f'k{k.k&vkO;wg (Strategy) f'k{k.k osQ izLrqrhdj.k ls igys gh rS;kj dh tkrh gS ijUrq f'k{kd osQ izLrqrhdj.k
osQ le; tks vuqHko gksrs gSa muosQ vkèkkj ij og Hkkoh f'k{k.k vkO;wg osQ ckjs esa lksprk gS rFkk fu.kZ; Hkh ysrk gSA
izks- ,e- oekZ us i¼fr dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gSμ
¶fofèk ,d osQoy vewrZ rk£dd izR;; gksrk gSA bl inkFkZ rFkk i¼fr esa Hksn dj ldrs gSa tcfd okLro esa
nksuksa ,d tSfod rF; dks cukrs gSaA inkFkZ i¼fr dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gS] mlh izdkj mís'; lkèkuksa dk fuèkkZj.k
djrk gSA ikB~;&oLrq vFkok lkfgR; dh 'kSyh rFkk <ax dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA¸
“Method is only in the abstract as logical entities that we can distinguish between matter and
methods, in reality the form an organic whole and matter determines method analogously as
objective determines means and content and spirit determines style and form in literature.”
—M. Varma
'kSf{kd rduhdh esa f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa rFkk izfofèk;ksa dh vis{kk f'k{k.k vkO;wg rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k
tkrk gSA vkO;wg (Strategy) izR;; f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa ls vfèkd O;kid gS D;ksafd f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa esa osQoy ikB~;oLrq
osQ izLrqrhdj.k dks gh è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS tcfd f'k{k.k vkO;wg esa f'k{k.k osQ lHkh i{kksa (ikB~;oLrq] dk;Z
fo'ys"k.k mís';] lh[kus osQ vuqHko] Nk=kksa osQ Lrj] #fp;ksa] ;ksX;rk rFkk vk;q vkfn) dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA
f'k{k.k osQ mís';ksa rFkk Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj&ifjoZru dks gh fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
f'k{k.k vkO;wg esa vuqns'ku dh O;kid fofèk;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsμO;k[;ku vkO;wg (Lacture
Strategy)] okn&fookn (Discussion), izn'kZu (Demonstration), x`g dk;Z (Assignment) rFkk ;kstuk vkO;wg
(Project Strategy) vkfn gSaA bUgsa f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa osQ fy;s iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

22-3 f'k{k.k dh ;qfDr;ksa dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of uksV
Teaching Tactics)
f'k{k.k vkO;wg (Teaching Strategy) osQ fodkl osQ fy; tks fØ;k;sa f'k{kd djrk gS] mUgsa f'k{k.k ;qfDr;k¡
(Teaching Tactics) dgrs gSaA f'k{k.k dk og O;ogkj rFkk izHkko tks f'k{k.k osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gksrs
gSa] mUgsa Hkh f'k{k.k ;qfDr (Teaching tactics) ekuk tkrk gSA budh lgk;rk ls f'k{kd vuqns'ku dks iz;qDr djrk
gS vkSj Nk=k rFkk f'k{kd osQ eè; vUr%izfØ;k gksrh gSA
f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa (Teaching Tacticss) dk foLrkj v'kkfCnd (Non-verbal) O;ogkj ls ysdj 'kkfCnd O;ogkj
(Verbal Behaviour) rd gksrk gSA f'k{kd osQ nksuksa gh izdkj osQ O;ogkj lkFkZd gksrs gSa vkSj Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj
ls lEcfUèkr gksrs gaSA LVksUl rFkk eksfjl us f'k{k.k ;qfDr (Teaching Tactics) dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gSμ
¶f'k{k.k ;qfDr;k¡ vuqn's ku osQ foLr`r i{k esa vkO;wg dh vis{kk vfèkd lfEefyr jgrh gSAa f'k{k.k dh leku ;qfDr;k¡
f'k{k.k dh fofHkÂ vkO;wg esa iz;Dq r dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy;sμ¶,d f'k{k.k O;k[;ku rFkk lsehukj vkO;wg
dk iz;ksx vius f'k{k.k esa djrk gS ijUrq bl vkO;wg esa vusd ;qfDr;k¡ iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gSaA¸
“Teaching tactic is goal-linked influenced of influencing behaviour of the teacher the way he
behaves in the instructional situation in working towards the development of the strategy,
units of teacher behaviour through which the teacher fulfils his various instruction roles with
the student of his class from moment to moment, the component of teacher behaviour through
which the teacher, the students and subject-matter interact.” —Stones & Morris
f'k{k.k ;qfDr;k¡ d{kk esa ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k dk lkèku gSaA f'k{k.k'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk esa bUgsa f'k{k.k izfofèk;k¡
(Techniques) dgk tkrk gSA f'k{k.k rduhdh 'kCnkoyh esa bUgsa ;qfDr;k¡ dgrs gSaA ,d f'k{k.k fofèk esa vusd
;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rHkh ikB~;oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k izHkko'kkyh <ax ls gks tkrk gSA bUgsa f'k{k.k izfØ;k
dh lgk;d iz.kkyh ekuk tkrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk osQ mi;ksx esa bUgha ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA buosQ mi;ksx
ls f'k{k.k fofèk lkFkZd ,oa O;kogkfjd gks ikrh gSA
f'k{k.k ;qfDr;k¡ ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k ,oa rk£dd ,oa O;kogkfjd lkèku gSA ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa dk izLrqrhdj.k
bUgha ;qfDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd ;qfDr esa vusd fØ;k;sa dh tkrh gSaA bu ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls
vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k dk lapkyu d{kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA
f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa osQ izeq[k mnkgj.k gSaμ
1- visf{kr vuqfØ;k osQ fy, míhiu fn;k tk,A
2- lgh vuqfØ;k dh iqf"V dh tk;s vFkkZr~ iqucZyu fn;k tk,A
3- vuqfØ;kvksa dks lh[kus osQ Øe esa j[kk tk,A
4- lh[kh gqbZ vuqfØ;kvksa dk vH;kl djk;k tk,A
5- foHksnhdj.k osQ fy;s ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiÂ dh tk,A
6- lkekU;hdj.k osQ fy, ifjfLFkfr;k¡ izLrqr dh tk,A
7- mnkgj.k&fu;e izR;; dks f'k{k.k esa iz;ksx fd;k tk,A
22-4 f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Teaching Device)

f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ;gk¡ ij nh xbZ gSa] os bl izdkj gSaμ
1- ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa dk d{kk esa izLrqrhdj.k dk lkèku gSA
2- bls f'k{k.k izfØ;k dh lgk;d iz.kkyh ekurs gSaA
3- bu ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 4-f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk vewrZ :i gksrk gSA d{kk dh fØ;kvksa ls ;qfDr dk cksèk gksrk gSA
5-buosQ mi;sx f'k{k.k esa izHkko'kkyh ,oa #fpdj gksrk gSA
6-budh lgk;rk ls d{kk esa leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gSA
7-buosQ mi;ksx ls visf{kr ifjfLFkfr dks d{kk esa mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS] tks Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa ifjorZu
ykus dk lkèku gSA
8- buosQ mi;ksx ls d{kk esa vUr%izfØ;k gksrh gS vkSj lkekftd HkkokRed okrkoj.k d{kk esa mRiUu fd;k
tkrk gSA
9- budh lgk;rk ls f'k{k.k osQ mís'; izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA
10- buosQ mi;ksx ls cgq&bfUnz; vuqHko iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA
22-5 f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk egRo (Importance of Teaching Devices)

f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa osQ mijksDr foospu ls buosQ egRo dk Hkh cksèk gksrk gSA f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk ltho f'k{k.k izfØ;k
vFkok vUr%izfØ;k voLFkk esa fo'ks"k egRo gSA ;gk¡ ij ;qfDr;ksa osQ egRo dks Øe'k% izLrqr fd;k x;k gSμ
1- f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls f'k{k.k vk;ke] fofèk;ksa rFkk izfofèk;ksa dk lEiknu fd;k tkrk gSA
2- f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa ls d{kk esa rhu izdkj dh fØ;k;sa dh tkrh gSaμ
(v) izn'kZu dh fØ;k;sa (Showing),
(c) dFku ;k 'kkfCnd fØ;k;sa (Telling), rFkk
(l) fu"iknu dh fØ;k;sa (Doing)A
3- f'k{k.k dh iwoZ voLFkk esa vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k osQ fu;kstu esa bUgsa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- d{kk dh vUr%izfØ;k voLFkk dk l`tu ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA
5- d{kk esa bu ;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj
esa visf{kr O;ogkj ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA
6- d{kk osQ okrkoj.k dks izHkko'kkyh rFkk mi;ksxh bUgha ;qfDr;ksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA
7- d{kk esa fofHkÂ ;qfDr;ksa ls Nk=kksa dh KkusfUnz;ksa dks fØ;k'khy fd;k tkrk gS vkSj okLrfod Kku iznku fd;k
tkrk gSA
22-6 dk;Z lajpuk vk;ke (Task Structure Approach)

,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k] vkO;wg rFkk f'k{kd O;fDrRo dh vis{kk ;qfDr;ksa dh O;kogkfjdrk ij vfèkd fuHkZj gksrk
gS] D;ksafd f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa osQ fuèkkZj.k esa dk;Z&fo'ys"k.k (Task Analysis) rFkk mldh lajpuk dks vfèkd egRo
fn;k tkrk gSA dk;Z lajpuk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk f'k{k.k rFkk vfèkxe esa vfèkd egRo gksrk gSA ekun.Mksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa
dk fuèkkZj.k Hkh dk;Z&lajpuk osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA vfèkdka'k f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa osQ fy, dk;Z&lajpuk (Task
Structure) ,d izkFkfed ?kVd (factor) gksrk gSA dk;Z lajpuk vk;ke (Task Structure Approach) dh
fuEufyf[kr mi;ksfxrk;sa gksrh gSaμ
f'k{kdksa gsrq mi;ksfxrk (Utility for Teachers)
(1) dk;Z&lajpuk osQ vkèkkj ij leqfpr f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa (Teaching Devices) dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(2) fofHkÂ d{kkvksa osQ lh[kus osQ mís';ksa rFkk fofHkÂ d{kkvksa osQ vfèkxe Lo:iksa osQ lEcUèk dks izn£'kr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA

(3) dk;Z dh vkUrfjd jpuk osQ iz;ksx ls Nk=kksa dh cksèkxE;rk dh xgurk esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA f'k{kd uksV
izLrqrhdj.k esa Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj&ifjorZu Øe dk leqfpr iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA
(4) lwpukvksa ,oa rF;ksa dks bl izdkj izLrqr dj ldrk gS fd Nk=k mUgsa vfèkd le; rd Lej.k j[k ldrk gSAa
Nk=kksa gsrq mi;ksfxrk (Utility for Students)
(1) d{kk rFkk dk;Z&lajpuk osQ vkèkkj ij vfèkxe ;qfDr;ksa (Learning Tactics) dk p;u dj ldrk gSA
(2) fofHkÂ d{kkvksa osQ lh[kus osQ mís';ksa rFkk fofHkÂ d{kkvksa osQ Lo:iksa osQ lEcUèk dk izR;{khdj.k dj ldrk gSA
(3) dk;Z dh vkUrfjd lajpuk osQ iz;ksx ls Nk=k cksèkxE;rk dh xgurk esa o`f¼ dj ldrs gSaA Nk=k lh[kus esa
vius O;ogkj&ifjorZu osQ Øe dk leqfpr ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA
(4) ftu rF;ksa ,oa lwpukvksa dks lh[kk gS] mUgsa Nk=k vfèkd le; rd Lej.k j[k ldrs gSaA dk;Z rFkk Kku
dh lajpuk dk Lo:i Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izHkkoh f'k{k.k esa f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk egRo le>kb,A
22-7 f'k{k.k vkO;wg osQ izdkj (Types of Teaching Strategy)

f'k{k.k izfofèk;k¡ f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k esa vko';d dM+h osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrh gSaA vè;kid viuh f'k{k.k&fofèk
osQ vkèkkj ij f'k{k.k dk ,d O;kid Lo:i fuf'pr dj ysrk gS fdUrq f'k{k.k mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy;s mls vusd
f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa (Teaching Techniques) dks vfoyEc xzg.k djuk iM+rk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk (Method of
Teaching) rFkk f'k{k.k izfofèk (Technique of Teaching) esa eq[; vUrj ;g gS fd fofèk osQ vUrxZr f'k{k.k
dh fn'kk ,oa xfr fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS vkSj mldk lhèkk lEcUèk f'k{k.k&mís'; ls gksrk gS fdUrq izfofèk dk lEcUèk
f'k{k.k dh eq[; fofèk vFkok i¼fr ls gksrk gSA izfofèk;ksa dk f'k{k.k mís';ksa ls izR;{k lEcUèk u gksdj ijks{k
(indirect) lEcUèk gksrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk esa ôSQls* (how) dh Hkkouk dk;Z'khy gksrh gS] tcfd f'k{k.k izfofèk esa
^fdlosQ lkFk* (With what) dk eq[; Hkko fufgr gksrk gSA f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa esa euksoSKkfud ,oa rk£dd i{kksa ij
fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA euksoSKkfud i{k osQ vuqlkj f'k{k.k izfofèk dk pquko f'k{kkFkhZ dh #fp] eukso`fÙk]
vko';drk ,oa ckSf¼d ifjiDork dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk gSA rk£dd i{k osQ vuqlkj f'k{k.k izfofèk
dks Øec¼ ,oa roZQiw.kZ <ax ls f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
f'k{kd] f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ mi;ksx ls Nk=kksa esa visf{kr O;ogkj ifjorZu ykrk gS vkSj Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh lgk;rk
ls lh[kus osQ vuqHko izkIr djrs gSa ijUrq vusd f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa dks Nk=kksa dh leLr {kerkvksa osQ fodkl osQ fy;s
iz;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj iQyr% Nk=k osQoy U;wure fu"ifÙk;k¡ izkIr djrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr] f'k{k.k
fofèk;ksa osQ mi;ksx esa f'k{kd vfèkd fØ;k'khy jgrk gS vkSj lh[kus osQ vuqHkoksa dh vkSj vfèkd è;ku ugha fn;k
tkrk gSA blfy;s ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa esa ifjorZu yk;k tk;s] ftlls fofHkÂ izdkj osQ lh[kus osQ
mís';ksa dks liQyrkiwoZd izkIr fd;k tk losQA
bl n`f"V ls f'k{k.k fofèk (Teaching method) ,slk lkèku gS] ftuls lh[kus osQ mís';ksa (Learing Objectives)
dks ljyrk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSμ
(v) izHkqRooknh f'k{k.k vkO;wg (Autocratic Style Teaching Strategies)μizHkqRooknh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡
ijEijkxr gksrh gSaA ikB~;oLrq dk fuèkkZj.k f'k{k.k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa osQ ekufld fodkl ij vfèkd cy
fn;k tkrk gSA ;s vfèkdrj f'k{kd&osQfUnzr gksrh gSaA buesa Nk=kksa dh {kerkvksa] vfHk#fp;ksa rFkk ;kssX;rkvksa dks egRo
ugha fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k&O;oLFkk Le`fÙk Lrj ij gh vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA buesa KkukRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV gSA d{kk&f'k{k.k esa f'k{kd fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA Nk=kksa dks f'k{k.k dh izfØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysus dh LorU=krk ugha nh
tkrh gSA izHkqRooknh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ bl izdkj gSaμ
(1) O;k[;ku (Lecture)
(2) ikB&izn'kZu (Lesson demonstration)
(3) vuqoxZ&f'k{k.k (Tutorials)
(4) LokfeRo vfèkxe fofèk (Mastery Learning Method)
(5) vfHkØfer vuqns'ku (Programmed Instruction)
(c) iztkrkfU=kd f'k{k.k vkO;wg (Democratic or Permissive Style Teaching Strategies)μizHkqRooknh
fofèk;ksa dh lgk;rk ls KkukRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh gS] tcfd iztkrkfU=kd fofèk;ksa }kjk HkkokRed mís';ksa
dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSA blesa Nk=k rFkk f'k{kd dh vUr%&izfØ;k dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa nksuksa
dks leku :i ls fØ;k'khy jguk gksrk gSA Nk=kksa dks f'k{k.k fØ;k esa lfØ; :i ls ykHk ysus dk volj fn;k
tkrk gSA Nk=kksa dh Hkkoukvksa] #fp;ksa] ewY;ksa rFkk {kerkvksa dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA blosQ }kjk lkewfgd fodkl dk
iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh fofèk dks Nk=k osQfUnzr ekurs gSAa blesa ltZukRed {kerkvksa osQ fodkl dks fo'ks"k
volj fn;k tkrk gSA iztkrkfU=kd f'k{k.k dh izeq[k fofèk;k¡ bl izdkj gSaμ
(6) iz'uksÙkj (Question-Answer)
(7) vUos"k.k (Heuristics)
(8) ;kstuk fofèk (Project Strategy)
(9) leh{kk (Review)
(10) lkewfgd okn&fookn (Group discussion)
(11) vuqdj.kh; (Role Playing)
(12) x`g&dk;Z (Assignments)
(13) ,sfrgkfld [kkst (Discovery)
(14) dEI;wVj }kjk vuqns'ku (Computer assisted Instruction)
(15) czsu LVkWj¯ex (Brain storming)
(16) LorU=k vè;;u (Independent study)
(17) iFk&izn'kZd foghu lewg (Leaderless group)
(18) laosnu'khy izf'k{k.k (Sensitive Training)
VkLd dh vkarfjd lajpuk dks iwjk djus ij Nk=k ml tkudkjh dks yacs le; rd
;kn j[krk gSA
22-8 f'k{k.k dk vU; oxhZdj.k (Another Classification of Teaching Strategies)

lkekU;r% f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k lewg esa dh tkrh gSA f'k{k.k&izfØ;k osQ nks vko';d ?kVd gksrs gSμ a f'k{kd ,oa Nk=kA
f'k{k.k esa ,d f'k{kd rFkk Nk=kksa dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA f'k{k.k izfØ;k osQ lEiknu esa ,d f'k{kd rFkk ,d Nk=k
;k vfèkd Nk=k vko';d gksrs gSaA f'k{k.k dks lkekftd izfØ;k ekuk tkrk gSA f'k{kd viuh ikB~;oLrq osQ
izLrqrhdj.k esa f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa ,oa izfofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA f'k{k.k vkO;wgksa osQ p;u esa ikB~;oLrq dh izÑfr
,oa Nk=kksa osQ Lrj dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud le; esa f'k{k.k&mís';ksa dks fofèk;ksa osQ p;u esa izkFkfedrk

nh tkrh gSA bUghsa fofèk;ksa dks vkO;wg Hkh dgrs gSaA f'k{k.k dh fofèk;ksa dk cksèk f'k{k.k&'kkL=k (Pedagogy) osQ uksV
vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa esa Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk;sa ,oa fØ;k'khyrk cnyrh jgrh gSA f'k{kd
,oa Nk=kksa dh Hkwfedkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij f'k{k.k vkO;wgksa dk oxhZdj.k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA Hkwfedkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij
f'k{k.k&vkO;wgksa dks pkj oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA f'k{k.k vkO;wgksa dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj gSμ
(v) f'k{kd&osQfUnzr vkO;wg (Teacher-Centred Strategies)
1- O;k[;ku vkO;wg (Lecture Strategy)
2- ikB&izn'kZu vkO;wg (Lesson Demonstration)
3- vuqoxZ&f'k{k.k vkO;wg (Tutorial Strategy)
(c) Nk=k&osQfUnzr vkO;wg (Learner-Centred Strategies)
1- oSQyj&;kstuk (Keller Plan)
2- vfHkØfer vuqns'ku (Programmed Instruction)
3- dEI;wVj lgk;d vuqns'ku (Computer Assisted Instruction)
4- LokfeRo vfèkxe (Mastery learning)
5- x`g&dk;Z vkO;wg (Assignment)
6- [ksy&vkO;wg (Play-way method)
(l) lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'k (Group-Controlled Instruction)
1- vuqdj.kh; vkO;wg (Role Playing Strategy)
2- 'kSf{kd ;k=kk vkO;wg (Field Trips)
3- ;kstuk vkO;wg (Project Strategy)
4- ,sfrgkfld [kkst vkO;wg (Discovery Strategy)
(n) f'k{kd o Nk=k osQfUnzr vkO;wg (Teacher & Students-Centred Strategies)
1- iz'uksÙkj vkO;wg (Question-answer Strategy)
2- vUos"k.k vkO;wg (Heuristic Strategy)
3- lkewfgd okn&fookn (Group Discussion)
4- laosnu'khy izf'k{k.k (Sensitivity Training)
mijksDr vkO;wgksa osQ oxhZdj.k dks nks izdkj ls fn;k x;k gS] ftlesa izHkqRooknh j.kuhfr Fkk iztkrkaf=kd vkO;wg
gS rFkk bldk vU; oxhZdj.k f'k{kd osQfUnzr vkO;wg] Nk=k osQfUnzr vkO;wg] lewg osQfUnzr vkO;wg rFkk f'k{kd
o Nk=k osQfUnzr vuqns'ku dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA ;fn buosQ fo"k; esa ppkZ dh tk, rks ;s nksuksa gh izdkj
osQ vkO;wg ,d gh gSa] ftlesa ,d f'k{kd osQfUnzr vkO;wg gS] nwljk Nk=k osQfUnzr vkO;wg gS rFkk rhljs f'k{kd
rFkk Nk=k osQfUnzr vkO;wg gSaA bu izeq[k vkO;wg dk foLr`r fooj.k ;gk¡ fn;k tk jgk gSA
fn, x, dFku osQ lkeus lgh vFkok xyr × dk fu'kku yxkb,μ
(State whether the following statements are True or False)
1- f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dks f'k{k.k izfØ;k dh lgk;d iz.kkyh ekuk tkrk gS\
2- f'k{k.k ;qfDr;k¡ ikB~; oLrq rS;kj djus dk lkèku gSaA
3- f'k{k.k dh O;k[;ku fofèk lcls izkphu gSA
4- ikB izn'kZu fofèk }kjk Nk=kksa esa ekSfydrk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- izHkkoh f'k{k.k gsrq vuqoxZ f'k{k.k vkO;wg Nk=kksa esa 'kkjhfjd dkS'ky osQ fodkl esa ckèkd gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 22-9 f'k{kd&fu;af=kr funsZ'k vkO;wg (Teacher Controlled Instruction)

bl izdkj dh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ vfèkd izkphu fofèk;k¡ gSaA bu fofèk;ksa esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA
f'k{k.k esa f'k{kd vfèkd fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA vkn'kZokn esa blh izdkj dh fofèk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA Hkkjrh;
xq#oqQy iz.kkyh rFkk oSfnd f'k{kk esa O;kl fofèk dks egRo fn;k tkrk FkkA Nk=k xq# vFkok vkpk;Z osQ ikl cSBdj
muosQ mins'kksa dks lqurk vkSj Kku izkIr djrk FkkA xq# osQ izfr vknj lEeku dk Hkko jgrk FkkA Nk=k xq# osQ
mins'kksa dk thou esa vuqikyu djrs FksA vkèkqfud le; esa Hkh bl izdkj dh fofèk;ksa dks egRo de ugha gqvk
gSA buesa O;k[;ku f'k{k.k fofèk izeq[k gSA vkt Hkh mPp d{kkvksa esa O;k[;ku f'k{k.k fofèk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA bl oxZ dh f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ Lo:i ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu ;gk¡ fd;k tkrk gSA
22-9-1 O;k[;ku vkO;wg (Lecture Strategy)
;g f'k{k.k dh lcls izkphu fofèk gSA ;g vkn'kZoknh fopkjèkkjk dh nsu gSA fo|ky;ksa esa vkt Hkh bl fofèk dk
f'k{k.k dh n`f"V ls de egRo ugha gSA f'k{kk esa oSKkfud izo`fÙk osQ iQyLo:i bldk vFkZ vfèkd O;kid gks x;k
gSA bls f'k{k.k dh izHkqRooknh fofèk Hkh ekurs gSa] D;ksafd blosQ }kjk vfèkxe osQ fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh
gSA lkekftd fo"k;ksa osQ f'k{k.k esa bldk iz;ksx lcls vfèkd gksrk gSA
O;k[;ku fofèk dk Lo:iμblesa ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k ij vfèkd cy fn;k tkrk gSA blesa f'k{kd dks vfèkd
fØ;k'khy jguk iM+rk gSA Nk=kksa osQ è;ku dks osQfUnzr djus osQ fy;s dHkh&dHkh f'k{kd iz'u&izfofèk dh Hkh lgk;rk
ysrk gSA f'k{kd dks vfèkd rS;kjh djuh iM+rh gSA blesa Nk=k osQoy Jksrk dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
f'k{k.k vfèkfu;eμO;k[;ku fofèk osQ fuEufyf[kr vfèkfu;e gSaμ
1- ikB~;oLrq dks iw.kZ:i ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k ij vfèkd cy fn;k tkrk gSA
3- Nk=k lqudj vfèkd lqxerk ls lh[krs gSaA
4- vU; fo"k;ksa osQ lkFk lg&lEcUèk LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
O;k[;ku fofèk dk mi;ksxμblosQ }kjk izLrqrhdj.k vfèkd izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq blosQ mi;ksx
esa lkoèkkuh vfèkd j[kuh gksrh gSA ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k osQ le; mlosQ Li"Vhdj.k osQ fy;s vè;kid dks
lgk;d lkexzh] pkVZ] js[kkfp=k dk Hkh leqfpr iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA izR;sd ckyd osQ ikl viuh vko';drk dh
lkexzh gksuh pkfg;sA fodklkRed iz'uksa dh lgk;rk ls O;k[;ku esa lthork yk;h tk ldrh gSA
O;k[;ku fofèk dh fo'ks"krk,¡μbldh fuEu eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa gSaμ
1- blls ckydksa dks è;ku osQfUnzr djus dh vknr iM+rh gSA
2- blesa le; dh cpr gksrh gSA FkksM+s le; esa vfèkd fo"k;oLrq dk cksèk lqxerk ls djk;k tkrk gSA
3- ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k ij vfèkd cy fn;k tkrk gSA
4- ckydksa dks ekSfyd fpUru rFkk ljkguk dh {kerkvksa osQ fodkl dk volj feyrk gSA
5- vè;kid osQ O;fDrRo dk fo'ks"k izHkko jgrk gSA Li"Vhdj.k dh lthork ls ckydksa dks vè;;u osQ fy;s
izsj.kk feyrh gSA
6- uohu fo"k; dh i`"BHkwfe izLrqr djus osQ fy;s mÙke i¼fr gSA
O;k[;ku fofèk dh lhek,¡μbldh fuEu eq[; lhek,¡ gSaμ
1- bl fofèk dk lcls cM+k nks"k ;g gS fd blesa izLrqrhdj.k ij vfèkd cy fn;k tkrk gS vkSj Nk=k dh
fØ;k'khyrk dks LFkku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA vfèkxe dh izfØ;k dks è;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk gSA
2- bl fofèk dk iz;ksx mPp d{kkvksa esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fy;s bldk dksbZ egRo
ugha gSA

3- ckyd dh vis{kk vè;kid dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd dk ,dkfèkdkj jgrk gSA uksV
4- ;g i¼fr veuksoSKkfud gSA blesa O;fDrxr fHkÂrk dks è;ku esa ugha j[krs rFkk ckydksa dh vfHk#fp;ksa
rFkk vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks Hkh è;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk gSA
5- f'k{k.k osQ mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy;s ;g fofèk mi;ksxh ugha gSA ckyd HkkSfrd rF;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa Kku Hkys
gh izkIr dj ysa fdUrq okLrfod Kku] vfHk:fp ,oa vfHko`fÙk dh n`f"V ls vU; fofèk;ksa dh lgk;rk ysuh
iM+rh gSA
6- bl fofèk }kjk f'k{k.k fcUnq ij lUrqfyr cy ugha fn;k tkrk gSA izk;% vè;kid O;k[;ku fofèk esa fo"k;kUrj
ckrsa djus yxrs gSaA blfy;s ckyd dk ijh{kk osQ le; fu.kZ; Hkh U;ksfpr ugha gks ikrk gSA
7- osQoy oqQ'ky ,oa ;ksX; vè;kid gh O;k[;ku i¼fr dk vuqlj.k dj ikrs gSaA ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk f'k{k.k
bl fofèk }kjk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gS] blesa fo"k;oLrq dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA
O;k[;ku fofèk gsrq lq>koμbldk iz;ksx djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,μ
1- ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dks gh O;k[;ku fofèk dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg;sA
2- f'k{kdksa dks ckydksa osQ ekufld Lrj ,oa :fp;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA mnkgj.k muosQ Lrj rFkk thou
ls lEcfUèkr gksus pkfg,A
3- O;k[;ku dh Hkk"kk ljy rFkk cksèkxE; gksuh pkfg,A O;k[;ku dh xfr vfr rhoz gksuh pkfg;sA
4- O;k[;ku osQ le; fodklkRed iz'u Hkh iwNrs jguk pkfg;s] ftlls ckydksa dk è;ku osQfUnzr gks losQA
5- bl fofèk dk iz;ksx iwoZ ekè;fed d{kkvksa ls vkjEHk djuk pkfg;sA dkWfyt rFkk fo'ofo|ky; osQ Lrj
ij iz;ksx vfèkd fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
6- O;k[;ku esa d{kk dk okrkoj.k uhjl rFkk xEHkhj gks tkrk gS] blfy;s chp&chp esa gkL;&fouksn dk Hkh
lekos'k djuk pkfg;sA
7- O;k[;ku osQ le; fo"k;kUrj okrkZ ugha gksuh pkfg;s] D;ksfa d Nk=k mldk lEcUèk Hkh ikB~;oLrq ls dj ysrs gSAa
22-9-2 ikB&izn'kZu vkO;wg (Lesson-Demonstration Strategy)
;g fofèk izf'k{k.k dh ijEijkxr fofèk gSA bldk iz;ksx rduhdh laLFkkvksa rFkk vkS|ksfxd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa fd;k
tkrk gSA bldks vuqns'kukRed ikB~;Øe esa vfèkd iz;qDr djrs gSaA ;g izHkqRooknh fofèk ekuh tkrh gSa] D;ksafd
vuqns'kd ftl izdkj ikB dk izn'kZu djrk gS] Nk=kkè;kid (Trainee) vuqdj.k djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA bldk
vè;kiu] f'k{kk rFkk izf'k{k.k foHkkxksa esa vfèkd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ikB&izn'kZu fofèk dk Lo:iμO;k[;ku dh vis{kk ;g Øe izHkqRooknh gSA blesa rhu lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k
tkrk gSμ
(v) izLrkouk (Introduction),
(c) fodkl (Development) rFkk
(l) ,dhdj.k (Integration)A
izFke lksiku esa mís';ksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA f}rh; lksiku esa ikB dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa f'k{kd
iz'uksa rFkk lgk;d lkexzh dks iz;qDr djrk gSA r`rh; lksiku osQ vUrxZr ikB~;oLrq osQ ,dhdj.k osQ fy;s vH;kl
djk;k tkrk gS rFkk ewY;kadu iz'u iwNs tkrs gSaA
ikB&izn'kZu fofèk osQ vfèkfu;eμblosQ fuEu eq[; vfèkfu;e gSaμ
1- bl fofèk dh ;g èkkj.kk gS fd dkS'ky dk fodkl vuqdj.k ls Hkyh izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- vuqdj.k osQ izR;{khdj.k dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ikB&izn'kuZ fofèk dk mi;ksxμbldh fuEufyf[kr eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa gSaμ

bl f'k{k.k fofèk dks lkekU; Lrj rFkk mlls fuEu Lrj osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy;s eq[; :i ls iz;Dq r fd;k tkrk gSA izf'k{k.k
laLFkkvksa osQ Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ fy;s bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ }kjk KkukRed rFkk fØ;kRed i{k osQ eè;
rFkk fuEu Lrj osQ mís';ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl f'k{k.k fofèk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk rFkk mi;ksfxrk ;g
gS fd blls vè;kidksa dks ikB dks fodflr djus osQ fy;s Øec¼ lksikuksa dk cksèk gksrk gSA
ikB&izn'kZu fofèk dh lhek,¡μbldh fuEu izeq[k lhek,¡ gSaμ
1- Nk=k&vè;kidksa dh ekSfydrk dk fodkl ugha gks ikrk gS] D;ksafd blesa vuqdj.k ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
2- Nk=k ikB&izn'kZu dks vkn'kZ ekudj dkS'ky dk fodkl djrs gSa] tcfd lHkh vuqns'kd ikB dks lgh :i
esa izLrqr ugha dj ikrs gSaA
ikB&izn'kZu fofèk gsrq lq>koμizeq[k lq>ko bl izdkj gSμ
1- ikB&izn'kZu osQ ckn Nk=k vè;kidksa dks viuh 'kadkvksa osQ Li"Vhdj.k dk volj nsuk pkfg;sA
2- ikB&izn'kZu osQ LFkku ij vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dks iz;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
22-9-3 vuqoxZ f'k{k.k vkO;wg (Tutorial Strategy)
bldks izHkqRooknh rFkk iztkrU=koknh nksuksa izdkj dh fofèk ekurs gSaA O;k[;ku f'k{k.k fofèk esa Nk=kksa dh O;fDrxr
dfBukb;ksa dsk f'k{kd ls gy djkus dk volj ugha feyrk gSA blfy, d{kk dks NksVs&NksVs ltkrh; oxks± esa ck¡V
fn;k tkrk gSA ,d vuqoxZ dks ,d f'k{kd dks lkSia fn;k tkrk gSA og f'k{kd vius vuqoxZ dh lHkh vè;;u lEcUèkh
dfBukb;ksa osQ lekèkku esa lgk;rk djrk gSA bl izdkj osQ f'k{k.k dks vuqoxZ f'k{k.k (Tutorials) dgk tkrk gSA
blesa Nk=kksa dh O;fDrxr fHkÂrk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA blesa mipkjkRed fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
vuqoxZ fofèk osQ vfèkfu;eμblosQ izeq[k vfèkfu;e bl izdkj gSaμ
1- bldk izeq[k vfèkfu;e O;fDrxr fHkÂrk dk gSA
2- Nk=k&f'k{kdksa dk lEioZQ fudV dk gksrk gSA
3- Nk=kksa dks 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku fn;k tkrk gSA
4- O;fDrxr dfBukb;ksa osQ lekèkku dk f'k{k.k esa volj feyrk gSA
5- mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
vuqoxZ f'k{k.k osQ izdkjμizk;% rhu izdkj ls budh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSμ
(1) i;Zos{k.k vuqoxZ f'k{k.k (Supervised Tutorials)μblesa Nk=k rFkk f'k{kd fu;fer :i ls feyrs gSaA
Nk=k fucUèkksa dks i<+rs gSa vkSj f'k{kd osQ iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rFkk mu ij okn&fookn
djrs gSAa ;g fofèk izfrHkk'kkyh Nk=kksa osQ fy;s vfèkd izHkko'kkyh ekuh tkrh gSA blesa ikB~;oLrq dh xgurk
rFkk LokfeRo dks vfèkd volj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
(2) lkewfgd vuqoxZ f'k{k.k (Group Tutorials)μbl izdkj dk f'k{k.k lkekU; Lrj osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy;s
vfèkd mi;kssxh gksrk gSA ;g mudh vko';drk dh iw£r djrk gSA blesa lkekftd euksfoKku dh i`"BHkwfe
gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA f'k{kd dks lkewfgd xfr'khyrk (Group Dynamics) dk cksèk gksuk pkfg;sA
(3) iz;ksxkRed vuqoxZ f'k{k.k (Practical Tutorials)μbldks lkewfgd rFkk O;fDrxr nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fØ;kRed i{k osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy;s vfèkd fd;k tkrk gSA
blosQ fy;s Nk=kksa dks iz;ksx'kkyk] ooZQ'kki vkfn esa dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA buosQ }kjk 'kkjhfjd dkS'ky dk
fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izkS<+ks osQ fy, Hkh izHkko'kkyh <ax ls fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd O;fDrxr
vuqoxZ f'k{k.k NksVs ckydksa osQ fy;s vfèkd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA vuqoxZ f'k{k.k fofèk dh lgk;rk ls KkukRed
rFkk HkkokRed i{kksa osQ mPp Lrjksa osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr Hkyh izdkj dh tk ldrh gSA

vuqoxZ fofèk osQ mi;skxμbl fofèk osQ fuEufy[kr mi;ksx gksrs gSaμ uksV
1- O;fDrxr f'k{k.k dh n`f"V ls ;g ,d cgqewY; fofèk le>h tkrh gSA
2- f'k{kd dks mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dk volj feyrk gSA
3- Nk=k osQ iwoZ Kku (Entering behaviour) ls vHkko dh iw£r Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA
4- Nk=k dks viuh dfBukb;ksa osQ lekèkku dk volj feyrk gS vkSj fu"ifÙk Lrj c<+rk gSA f'k{k.k mís';ksa
dh izkfIr vfèkdre :i esa dh tk ldrh gSA
vuqoxZ fofèk dh lhek,¡μvuqoxZ f'k{k.k dh lhek,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- f'k{kd i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj djrs gSa vkSj lHkh Nk=kksa dh dfBukb;ksa esa #fp ugha ysrs gSaA
2- vfèkd cksyus okys Nk=k vU; dks volj ugha feyus nsrs gSaA
3- ,d f'k{kd lHkh fo"k;ksa dh dfBukb;ksa osQ lekèkku esa leFkZ ugha gksrk gSA vius fo"k; esa vfèkd #fp
ysrk gSA
4- d{kk osQ oxks± esa LièkkZ dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA
vuqoxZ fofèk gsrq lq>koμvuqoxZ f'k{k.k gsrq lq>ko fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- leku ;ksX;rk vFkok ,d&lh dfBukbZ okys Nk=kksa dks ,d oxZ esa j[kuk pkfg;sA
2- f'k{kd dks fu"i{k :i esa vuqoxZ f'k{k.k djuk pkfg;sA
3- f'k{kd dh ftl fo"k; esa #fp gks mlosQ detksj Nk=kksa dks f'k{k.k osQ fy;s volj fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
4- Nk=kksa osQ lewg cukrs le; fo"k; dh dfBukbZ dks izèkkurk nsuh pkfg;sA ,d gh f'k{kd dks lHkh fo"k;ksa
dh dfBukb;ksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
5- izR;sd Nk=k dks viuh&viuh dfBukb;ksa dks O;Dr djus dk volj fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA

• f'k{k.k dk eq[; mís'; Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa visf{kr ifjorZu ykuk gS] ftlosQ fy, leqfpr vfèkxe
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gSA bu vfèkxe&ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ l`tu osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA blosQ fy, f'k{kd osQ vk;ke] fofèk@vkO;wg] izfofèk;ksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA bUgha
;qfDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls f'k{k.k fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;qfDr;ksa osQ mi;ksx ls f'k{k.k dk izkFkfed
rRo f'k{k.k fØ;k;sa gSa] tks ;qfDr;ksa osQ lEiknu esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA bl izdkj f'k{k.k ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS
D;ksafd f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa dh izÑfr dykRed rFkk oSKkfud gksrh gSA blosQ fy, f'k{k'kkL=kh; fo'ys"k.k fd;k
tkrk gS] ftlesa dykRed] lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr rFkk O;kogkfjd fo'ys"k.k djuk vko';d gksrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa
rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dk Lo:i vewrZ gksrk gSA f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa }kjk muosQ lEcUèk esa fu"d"kZ dk lkekU;hdj.k
dj fy;k tkrk gSA mudk dksbZ ewrZ izfreku izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk mi;ksx ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa
osQ izLrqrhdj.k ls fd;k tkrk gSA ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k gsrq f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk fof'k"V rRoksa osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd fo"k; dh ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k esa f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa dk fo'ks"k
egRo gksrk gSA
• f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk vkO;wg dks Hkzeo'k ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;qDr djrs gSa ijUrq nksuksa osQ vFkZ esa egRoiw.kZ
vUrj gSA
• LVksUl rFkk ekSfjl osQ vuqlkj vkO;wg dh ifjHkk"kk fuEufyf[kr gSμ¶f'k{k.k&vkO;wg (Teaching Strategy)
ikB&;kstuk dk lkekU;hÑr :i gksrk gS] ftlesa visf{kr O;ogkj&ifjorZu dh ljapuk vuqns'ku osQ mís';ksa
osQ :i esa lfEefyr gksrh gSA vkO;wg dh :ijs[kk dks iz;qDr djus osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa (tactics) dh Hkh ;kstuk

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ikB&;kstuk vkO;wg o`gr~ ikB~;Øe dk gh vax ekuh tkrh gSA¸“Teaching Strategy is
a generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure desired learner behaviour in terms of
goals of instruction, and an outline of planned tactics necessary to implement the strategy.
The lesson strategy is a part of a larger development scheme the curriculum.
—Stones & Morris
• f'k{k.k dh ;qfDr;ksa dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kkμf'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa (Teaching Tacticss) dk foLrkj v'kkfCnd
(Non-verbal) O;ogkj ls ysdj 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Verbal Behaviour) rd gksrk gSA f'k{kd osQ nksuksa gh
izdkj osQ O;ogkj lkFkZd gksrs gSa vkSj Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr gksrs gaSA LVksUl rFkk eksfjl us f'k{k.k
;qfDr (Teaching Tactics) dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gSμ
(i) ¶f'k{k.k ;qfDr;k¡ vuqns'ku osQ foLr`r i{k esa vkO;wg dh vis{kk vfèkd lfEefyr jgrh gSaA f'k{k.k
dh leku ;qfDr;k¡ f'k{k.k dh fofHkÂ vkO;wg esa iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy;sμ¶,d
f'k{k.k O;k[;ku rFkk lsehukj vkO;wg dk iz;ksx vius f'k{k.k esa djrk gS ijUrq bl vkO;wg
esa vusd ;qfDr;k¡ iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gSaA¸
• f'k{k.k izfofèk;k¡ f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k esa vko';d dM+h osQ :i esa iz;Dq r gksrh gSAa vè;kid viuh f'k{k.k&fofèk
osQ vkèkkj ij f'k{k.k dk ,d O;kid Lo:i fuf'pr dj ysrk gS fdUrq f'k{k.k mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy;s mls
vusd f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa (Teaching Techniques) dks vfoyEc xzg.k djuk iM+rk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk (Method
of Teaching) rFkk f'k{k.k izfofèk (Technique of Teaching) esa eq[; vUrj ;g gS fd fofèk osQ vUrxZr
f'k{k.k dh fn'kk ,oa xfr fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS vkSj mldk lhèkk lEcUèk f'k{k.k&mís'; ls gksrk gS fdUrq izfofèk
dk lEcUèk f'k{k.k dh eq[; fofèk vFkok i¼fr ls gksrk gSA izfofèk;ksa dk f'k{k.k mís';ksa ls izR;{k lEcUèk
u gksdj ijks{k (indirect) lEcUèk gksrk gSA f'k{k.k fofèk esa ôSQls* (how) dh Hkkouk dk;Z'khy gksrh gS] tcfd
f'k{k.k izfofèk esa ^fdlosQ lkFk* (With what) dk eq[; Hkko fufgr gksrk gSA f'k{k.k izfofèk;ksa esa euksoSKkfud
,oa rk£dd i{kksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA euksoSKkfud i{k osQ vuqlkj f'k{k.k izfofèk dk pquko f'k{kkFkhZ
dh #fp] eukso`fÙk] vko';drk ,oa ckSf¼d ifjiDork dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk gSA rk£dd i{k osQ
vuqlkj f'k{k.k izfofèk dks Øec¼ ,oa roZQiw.kZ <ax ls f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
• bl izdkj dh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ vfèkd izkphu fofèk;k¡ gSaA bu fofèk;ksa esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA
f'k{k.k esa f'k{kd vfèkd fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA vkn'kZokn esa blh izdkj dh fofèk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
• vkèkqfud le; esa Hkh bl izdkj dh fofèk;ksa dks egRo de ugha gqvk gSA buesa O;k[;ku f'k{k.k fofèk izeq[k
gSA
• ;g fofèk izf'k{k.k dh ijEijkxr fofèk gSA bldk iz;ksx rduhdh laLFkkvksa rFkk vkS|ksfxd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldks vuqns'kukRed ikB~;Øe esa vfèkd iz;qDr djrs gSaA
• vuqoxZ f'k{k.k vkO;wgμbldks izHkqRooknh rFkk iztkrU=koknh nksuksa izdkj dh fofèk ekurs gSaA O;k[;ku f'k{k.k
fofèk esa Nk=kksa dh O;fDrxr dfBukb;ksa dsk f'k{kd ls gy djkus dk volj ugha feyrk gSA blfy, d{kk
dks NksVs&NksVs ltkrh; oxks± esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gSA

• vkO;wgμ j.kuhfrA
• ;wfDrμ mik;A
• fo"k;karjμ fo"k; ls gVdj] fo"k; ls vyxA

22-12 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions) uksV

1- f'k{k.k fofèk rFkk f'k{k.k vkO;wg esa varj Li"V djsaA
2- f'k{k.k vkO;wg dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, f'k{k.k vkO;wg dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A
3- f'k{k.k ;qfDr;ksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
4- f'k{kd fu;af=kr f'k{k.k dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A
1. 2. × 3. 4. ×
5. ×
3. Hkkjr dh vkèkqfud f'k{kk dk bfrgkl vkSj leL;k,¡μ lj;w izlkn pkScs @ vf[kys'k pkSc]s Hkonh;

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ23% vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'kμ vFkZ]
izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg (Learner Controlled
Instructions— Meaning, Nature and Strategies)
mís'; (Objectives)
23.1 vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'k (Learner Controlled Instruction)

23.1.1 oSQyj ;kstuk (Keller Plan)
23.1.2 ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k (Programmed Instruction)
23.1.3 dEI;wVj }kjk funsZ'k (Computer Assisted Instruction)
23.1.4 izoh.krk vfèkxe vkO;wg (Mastery Learning Strategy)
23.1.5 x`gdk;Z vkO;wg (Assignments Strategy)
23.1.6 'kSf{kd [ksy (Educational Games)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'kksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
19oha 'krkCnh esa euksfoKku us f'k{kk ,oa funsZ'k izfØ;k dks izHkkfor fd;k vksj vfèkxe (Nk=k) osQ fodkl dks
izkFkfedrk nh tkus yxh gSA izÑfroknh] n'kZu us Hkh Nk=k dh izÑfr osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dks egRo fn;kA
bl izdkj dh f'k{kk Nk=k&osQfUnzr gksus yxhA izÑfrokn esa f'k{kk esa funs'Z k fofèk;ksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA vf/dka'k
funsZ'k fofèk;k¡ Nk=k&fu;fU=kr fodflr gqb±A funsZ'k izfØ;k dh O;oLFkk Nk=k osQ fodkl gsrq dh tkus yxhA Nk=k dk
LFkku eq[; vkSj f'k{kd dk LFkku xkS.k gks x;kA Nk=k dk fodkl LokHkkfod :i ls fd;k tk,] ftlls mldh
{kerkvksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gks losQA Nk=kksa dh #fp;ksa vkSj fodkl&Øe osQ fy, funsZ'k fof/;ksa dk
mi;ksx fd;k tk,A izQkscsy us [ksy&fofèk dks egRo fn;k] D;ksafd NksVs ckyd [ksy esa vfèkd #fp ysrs gSaA blh
izdkj dgkuh lquus esa vfèkd #fp ysrs gSaA blfy, dgkuh fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA izLrqr bdkbZ esa oSQyj
}kjk izLrqr vf/xedÙkkZ fu;fU=kr funsZ'k dk ifjp; ;gk¡ ij fn;k x;k gSA

bdkbZ—23% vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'kμ vFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg
23-1 vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'k (Learner Controlled Instructions) uksV
23-1-1 osQyj ;kstuk (Keller Plan)

oSQyj ;kstuk izoh.krk vfèkxe osQ leku gSA bldk fodkl fLduj osQ vfèkfu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa vuqc¼&
vuqfØ;k vfèkxe fl¼kUr dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk dk egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vfèkd mi;ksx la;qDr jkT;
vesfjdk esa gqvk gSA oSQyj ;kstuk osQ izoh.krk vfèkxe vk;ke rFkk ;kstukc¼ fofèk osQ izR;;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
x;k gSA blosQ vUrxZr Nk=k&fu;af=kr] Lor% vfèkxe lEcUèkh lgk;d vfèkfu;eksa dks iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh
ikB~;Øe osQ vkjEHk esa Nk=k ,oa f'k{kdksa osQ eè; le>kSrk fd;k tkrk gS fd fdruk dk;Z djus osQ ckn Nk=k viuh
xfr ls lh[kuk vkjEHk dj losaQxs rFkk os Lor%miØe Hkh dj losaQxsA f'k{kd vuqoxZ&funsZ'k esa lgk;rk osQ fy,
miyCèk jgsxk vkSj y?kq lewg okn&fookn dk vk;kstu djsxkA bl izdkj Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd }kjk funsZ'ku rFkk
i`"Biks"k.k Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA bl ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr Nk=k dh Hkwfedk eq[; gksrh gSA og vius vè;;u osQ fy,
Lo;a izcUèk djrk gSA bldk mi;ksx mPp d{kkvksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] Nk=k vfèkd ifjiDo rFkk Lo%vuq'kkflr
gksrs gSa] blfy, os vfèkxe osQ fy, Lo;a izcUèk dj ysrs gSaA
oSQyj ;kstuk osQ mi;ksx esa ,d Øe dk mi;ksx Lokè;k; osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd Nk=k vius <ax ,oa xfr
ls lh[krk gSA ftlls O;fDrxr fHkUurk osQ vuqlkj lh[kus dk volj feyrk gSA Nk=k fyf[kr ijh{kk osQ vkèkkj ij
ml bdkbZ ij izoh.krk izn£'kr djrk gSA vxyh bdkbZ osQ vè;;u ls iwoZ vè;;u dh xbZ bdkbZ esa izoh.k gksuk
vko';d gksrk gSA vliQy Nk=kksa dks iqu% vuqoxZ&funsZ'k ls izoh.krk izkIr djuk gksrk gS rHkh vxyh bdkbZ dk
vè;;u djrs gSaA
vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funs'Z k lacèa kh oSQyj ;kstuk fLduj }kjk izLrqr ;kstuk dk fodkl
gSA bl ;kstuk dk egkfo|ky;h Lrj ij vfèkd mi;ksx la;Dq r jkT; vesfjdk esa gqvkA
ikB~;oLrq (Course)μikB~;oLrq dks lkekU;r% 30 bdkbZ;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd bdkbZ osQ fy, ,d
lIrkg dk le; fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa dk vè;;u osQ fy, le; fn;k tkrk gS] ftlesa ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k
lkexzh Hkh nh tkrh gSA iqLrdky; dh miyCèk ikB~;&iqLrosQa mUgsa nh tkrh gS]a ftlesa vfèkxe vH;kl osQ fy, iz'u
Hkh fn;s tkrs gSaA vU; ikB~;Øeksa osQ fy, Nk=k vU; d{kkvksa osQ vè;;u gsrq tkrs gSaA ,slk djus ij og vU; Nk=kksa
dks vè;;u djrs ikrk gS] tcfd vkSipkfjd d{kk funsZ'k ugha gksrk gSA
foKku fo"k;ksa osQ vè;;u gsrq iz;ksx'kkyk esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gS] ftlesa mUgsa iz;ksx Hkh djus gksrs gSa rFkk fujh{k.k
Hkh djuk gksrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ofj"B Nk=k mudh dfBukb;ksa esa lgk;rk djrs gSa rFkk funsZ'ku Hkh iznku djrs
gSaA iz;ksx'kkyk lgk;d Hkh Nk=kksa dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
tc Nk=k 30 bdkbZ;ksa dks iwjk dj ysrk gS rc og ijh{kk osQ fy, vkosnu djrk gSA mUgsa ,d ijh{k.k 10 y?kq mÙkjh;
iz'uksa dk fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn Nk=k larks"ktud Lrj ugha izkIr dj ikrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa iqu% bu bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u
djuk gksrk gSA ;fn Nk=k larks"ktud Lrj izkIr dj ysrk gS] rc mls vxyk x`g&dk;Z fn;k tkrk gSA
O;k[;ku rFkk izn'kZu osQ fy, vfrfjDr vad fn;s tkrs gSa] ;fn Nk=k fuèkkZfjr la[;k dh bdkbZ;ksa dks liQyrkiwoZd
dj ysrk gSA O;k[;ku rFkk izn'kZu esa mifLFkfr vko';d ugha gksrh gS] ijUrq mls liQyrk osQ fy, fof'k"V lqfoèkk
ekuk tkrk gSA
oSQyj ;kstuk osQ vuqlkj ewy ikB~;oLrq dk 25 izfr'kr dk vuqfLFkr vadksa (Grade marks) esa vkdyu djuk
pkfg,] ftUgsa vfUre ijh{kk vadksa esa lfEefyr fd;k tk,] muesa x`g&dk;Z osQ vkdyu dks lfEefyr fd;k tk,A
oSQyj us bl ijh{k.k dks vuqxkeh ijh{k.k (Follow-up) dgk gSA bUgksaus bls rS;kjh ijh{k.k (Readiness Test)

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Hkh dgk gS] D;kafd ; vkxkeh x`gdk;ks± osQ fy, rS;kj djrk gSA ;g ikB~;Øe lUnHkZ esa ekun.M dk dk;Z djrk
gSA vusd rS;kjh ijh{k.k fn;s tkrs gS vkSj mudh liQyrk dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq vliQy Nk=kksa dks
iqu% vè;;u djuk gksrk gSA vuqoxZ funsZ'k esa lfEefyr gksuk gksrk gSA izR;sd Nk=k dh liQyrk dk vuqi;Zos{k.kh;
djuk gksrk gSA vliQy Nk=kksa dks ijke'kZ lsokvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh gksrh gSA vkjEHk esa ijke'kZ lsok dk dk;Z eq[;
vè;kid gh djrk gSA d{kk&f'k{kd mudh vko';drkuqlkj lgk;rk djrk gSA
bl ;kstuk esa Nk=kksa ij O;fDrxr :i esa è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA d{kk&funsZ'k osQ O;k[;ku rFkk izn'kZu ls ftl
ikB~;oLrq dks ugha le> ikrk gS] muosQ fy, f'k{kd leqfpr ikB~;&lkexzh dk p;u djosQ mUgsa vè;;u osQ
fy, nsrk gSA vko';drkuqlkj Nk=k osQ fy, O;oLFkk djosQ izLrqrhdj.k djrk gSA Nk=k dh vfUre liQyrk dk
ijh{k.k djrk gSA mipkjkRed funsZ'k dh Hkh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
oSQyj ;kstuk dk mi;ksxμoSQyj ;kstuk dk mi;ksx funs'Z k dh vusd leL;kvksa osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA funs'Z k
dh vfèkd xEHkhj leL;kvksa esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA funsZ'k leL;k;sa bl izdkj gSaμ
1- izFke o"kZ dh d{kk esa vfèkd Nk=k vliQy gksrs gSa] D;ksafd mudh rS;kjh i;kZIr ugha gksrh gSA
2- Nk=kksa dks vè;;u rFkk d{kk&funsZ'k esa leqfpr vfHkizsj.kk rFkk i`"Biks"k.k ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
3- d{kk&funsZ'k esa izfrHkk'kkyh rFkk fiNM+s Nk=kksa ij è;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA d{kk&funsZ'k eè;oxZ osQ Nk=kksa
osQ vuq:i fd;k tkrk gSA
4- d{kk&funsZ'k esa ikB~;oLrq dk izLrqfrdj.k ijEijkxr <ax ls fd;k tkrk gSA funku rFkk mipkj ij è;ku
ugha fn;k tkrk gSA O;fDrxr fHkUurk dks è;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk gSA
5- d{kk&funsZ'k esa Nk=k fHkUu&fHkUu {ks=kksa rFkk i`"B&Hkwfe ls vkrs gSaA muosQ iwoZ O;ogkjksa esa fHkUurk gksrh gS
rFkk funsZ'k&ikB~;oLrq dh iwoZ&vko';drk dh iw£r Hkh ugha gksrh gSA blfy, fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh ikB~;oLrq
cksèkxE; djus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
Lor% vè;;u fofèk dh leL;kμLor% vè;;u fofèk ls Nk=kksa dks vius&vius <ax rFkk xfr ls lh[kus rFkk
vè;;u dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq budh viuh&viuh leL;k;sa gksrh gSaA
1- Üka`[kyk vfHkØfer vuqns'ku esa izR;sd Nk=k dks viuh xfr ls lh[kus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA ikB~;oLrq
lEcUèkh dfBukb;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA lHkh Nk=kksa dks ,d gh izdkj ls vè;;u djuk iM+rk gS]
ftlls izfrHkk'kkyh Nk=k vDlj #fp ugha ysrs gSaA
2- iz;ksx'kkyk osQ dk;ks± rFkk lS¼kfUrd i{kksa esa vDlj rky&esy ugha gksrk gSA blfy, ikB~;oLrq dks leqfpr
:i esa lh[kus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA lHkh ikB~;oLrq osQ fy, iz;ksx'kkyk vko';d Hkh ugha gksrh gSA
3- Nk=kksa dh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, vuqoxZ&funsZ'k dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA vuqoxZ&funsZ'k esa
Hkh lkekU; d{kk&funsZ'k dh Hkk¡fr i<+k;k tkrk gSA blfy, blesa lqèkkj ugha gksrk gSA vuqoxZ&funsZ'k dk
fu;kstu funku osQ vkèkkj ij ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
4- Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj funsZ'k rFkk ijh{k.k dh O;oLFkk ugha dh tkrh gSA iwoZ&ijh{k.k vkjEHk
ls fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ikB~;oLrq ls lEcfUèkr iwoZ&vko';drk dh iw£r dh tkuh pkfg,A
5- Nk=kksa dh ijh{k.k izfØ;k dk mi;ksx Nk=kksa osQ vuqowQy fd;k tk,A ijh{k.k osQ lEcUèk esa iw.kZ tkudkjh
f'k{kd dks ugha nh tkrh gSA
6- oSQyj ;kstuk esa Nk=kksa dk ijh{k.k rhu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSμekSf[kd] fyf[kr rFkk izk;ksfxdA xf.kr
ijh{k.k esa xf.kr dh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA oSQyj ;kstuk esa vH;kl osQ ckn gh ijh{k.k fn;k
tkrk gSA ,d iz'u dk iw.kZ gy uewus osQ :i esa Nk=kksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA ;g izfØ;k lHkh izdkj osQ ijh{k.kksa
esa iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA
oSQyj ;kstuk esa lqèkkjμfunsZ'k dh leL;kvksa rFkk Nk=kksa dh dfBukb;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, lqèkkj fd;k x;k
gSA lqèkkj esa fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gSμ

1- Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZA uksV

2- d{kk&funsZ'k osQ vkjEHk esa ikB~;oLrq lEcUèkh iwoZ&vko';drkvksa dh iw£r gsrq iwoZ&ijh{kk nh tk,A
3- Nk=kksa osQ ijh{k.k dh O;oLFkk Nk=kksa dh rS;kjh osQ ckn gh dh tk,A
4- vuqoxZ&funsZ'k dh O;oLFkk funkukRed ijh{k.k osQ vuq:i dh tk,A
5- izfrHkk'kkyh ckydksa dks vfHkØfer vuqns'ku lkexzh u nh tk,A
6- ijh{k.k osQ ckn f'k{kd dks Nk=kksa osQ lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tk,A
7- vè;;u esa fujUrjrk osQ fy, ijh{k.k dks fu;fer :i ls iz;qDr fd;k tk,A
23-1-2 ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k (Programmed Instruction)
;kstukc¼ funsZ'k osQ vusd :i gSaA fLduj dk ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k izHkqRooknh fofèk ekuh tkrh gS_ D;ksafd bl fofèk
esa Nk=kksa dh vuqfØ;kvksa dk fu;U=k.k vfHkØed }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=k dks vuqfØ;kvksa osQ fy;s Lora=krk ugha
nh tkrh gSA bldk iz;ksx Lor% vè;;u osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blesa O;fDrxr fHkUurk dk iw.kZ:i ls è;ku j[kk
tkrk gSA
;kstukc¼ funsZ'k dk Lo:iμ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k osQ Lo:i dks bl izdkj le>k tk ldrk gSμ
1- Nk=k dks ikB~;&oLrqvksa dks NksVs&NksVs inksa esa i<+uk gksrk gSA
2- i<+us osQ lkFk izR;sd in dh vuqfØ;k fy[kuh iM+rh gSA vuqfØ;k ls og u;k Kku lh[krk gSA
3- Nk=k dks i<+us osQ lkFk gh lkFk vuqfØ;k dh 'kq¼rk dh tk¡p djuh gksrh gSA lgh ikus ij mls iqucZyu
feyrk gSA
;kstukc¼ funsZ'k osQ vfèkfu;eμfLduj us ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k fofèk osQ ik¡p ekSfyd vfèkfu;e fn;s gSa] ftudk
izfriknu euksfoKku dh iz;ksx'kkyk osQ 'kksèk dk;ks± osQ fu"d"kks± osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k gSμ
1- NksVs inksa dk vfèkfu;e (Small Steps),
2- rRij vuqfØ;k dk vfèkfu;e (Active Responding),
3- rRdkyhu iqf"V dk vfèkfu;e (Immediate Confirmation),
4- Lor% vè;;u dk vfèkfu;e (Self-pacing), rFkk
5- Nk=k vè;;u vkys[k vfèkfu;e (Student Testing)A
;kstukc¼ funsZ'k dk mi;ksxμvfHkØfer vfèkxe dk iz;ksx izeq[k :i ls KkukRed i{k osQ fodkl osQ fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA bl fofèk }kjk izkFkfed rF;ksa] fu;eksa rFkk vfèkfu;eksa dk cksèk liQyrkiwoZd fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ
}kjk HkkokRed i{k dk fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g vuqn's ku fofèk iw.kZ :i ls O;fDrxr (individualized)
gksrh gSA Nk=kksa dh O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa dh iw£r osQ fy, volj fn;s tkrs gSaA
;kstukc¼ funsZ'k dh lhek,¡μbldh izeq[k lhek,¡ bl izdkj gSaμ
1- vfHkØfer vuqn's ku dk mi;ksx lHkh fo"k;ksa osQ fy;s ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSlμ s bfrgkl funs'Z k osQ fy;s
bls iz;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- bldh jpuk djuk dfBu gSA blosQ fy, izfunsZ'k rFkk vuqHko dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
3- bldk iz;ksx KkukRed i{k osQ fuEu Lrj osQ mís';ksa osQ fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gSA HkkokRed rFkk fØ;kRed
mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, bldk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- blosQ }kjk i<+us esa Nk=kksa dks lnSo vuqfØ;kvksa dks fy[kus rFkk mudh 'kq¼rk dh tk¡p djuh iM+rh gSA
;kstukc¼ funsZ'k gsrq lq>koμizeq[k lq>ko bl izdkj ls gSaμ
1- bldk iz;ksx Kku mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy;s fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 2- ftl ikB~;oLrq esa rF;ksa dh vfèkdrk gks] mlosQ fy, bls iz;qDr ugha djuk pkfg,A izR;;] vfèkfu;e rFkk
vfèkfu;eks osQ funsZ'k osQ fy;s bldk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
3- ;g ekè;fed Lrj osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy, vfèkd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA
4- ;g i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe esa vfèkd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA
23-1-3 dEI;wVj }kjk funsZ'k (Computer Assisted Instruction)
dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k m|ksxksa rFkk 'kklu iz.kkyh esa iz;qDr djus osQ fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk] ijUrq dEI;wVj us f'k{kk dks
Hkh vfèkd izHkkfor fd;k gSA dEI;wVj }kjk vfèkd ls vfèkd lwpukvksa rFkk rF;ksa dk cksèk djk;k tk ldrk gSA
funs'Z k osQ vfèkd tfVy izfreku dk iz;ksx ^LVqyjq ks rFkk Msoht* (Stolurow and Davis) us (1965) esa fd;k FkkA
bl izfreku esa f'k{kd dk LFkku dEI;wVj us fy;k gSA bUgksua s funs'Z k izfØ;k dks nks lksikuksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSμ
1- O;fDrxr funsZ'k dk iwoZ&lksiku (Pre-tutorial Phase)
2- O;fDrxr funsZ'k dk lksiku (Tutorial Phase)A
izFke lksiku dk osQoy ,d gh mís'; gksrk gS fd fdl funsZ'k dh ;kstuk ls veqd Nk=k vuqns'ku osQ mís'; izkIr
dj ldrk gSA f}rh; lksiku osQ nks mís'; gksrs gSaμ(1) funsZ'k ;kstuk dk p;u djuk rFkk mls izLrqr djuk vkSj
(2) Nk=kksa dh vuqfØ;kvksa dks fu;fU=kr djukA
dEI;wVj vuqns'ku mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy;s leqfpr funsZ'k ;kstuk dks Nk=kksa osQ iwoZ&O;ogkj (Entering
Behaviour) osQ vkèkkj ij <wa<rk gSA funsZ'k ;kstuk osQ <wa<us ls rhu esa ls dksbZ ,d ifj.kke gks ldrk gSμ
1- ,d funsZ'k ;kstuk dk p;u dj ldrk gSA
2- ,d ls vfèkd funsZ'k ;kstukvksa dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- fdlh Hkh funsZ'k ;kstuk dk p;u ugha dj ldrk gSA ,d ls vfèkd ;kstukvksa osQ p;u djus ij muesa
ls le; dh n`f"V ls vfèkd ferO;;h ;kstuk dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSA tc dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;kstuk
dks ugha <wa<rk] ml le; vfèkd dfBukbZ mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj Nk=k esa fdlh Hkh vuqns'ku ls visf{kr
O;ogkj ifjorZu ugha yk;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd mldk iwoZ&O;ogkj i;kZIr ugha gSA blosQ fy, mlls
iwoZ&O;ogkj osQ Lrj dks mBkus osQ fy;s vH;kl djk;k tk;sA iwoZ&O;ogkj i;kZIr gksus ij gh dEI;wVj
vuqns'ku dks <wa< ldrk gSA
dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls vuqn's ku dks iz;Dq r djus ls KkukRed i{k osQ fuEu Lrjksa osQ mís';ksa (Kku] cksèk rFkk iz;ksx)
dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA HkkokRed i{k dk fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d lkFk fofHkUu iwo&Z O;ogkj okys
Nk=kksa osQ vyx&vyx vuqns'ku izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA
23-1-4 izoh.krk vfèkxe vkO;wg (Mastery Learning Strategy)
izoh.krk vfèkxe fofèk dk fodkl ch-,l- Cywe us fd;k FkkA ;g ,d vuqns'kkRed fofèk (Instructional
Strategy) ekuh tkrh gSA blosQ iz;ksx ls izoh.krk vfèkxe dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj funsZ'k osQ mís';ksa dh
izkfIr dh tkrh gSA blosQ vUrxZr lkekU; d{kk&funsZ'k] iqucZyu izfofèk] lqèkkjkRed rFkk O;fDrxr vfèkxe =kqfV;ksa
dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA fo"k; osQ detksj Nk=kksa dks vfrfjDr le; Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj Cywe dh
;g fofèk ^lewg ij vkèkkfjr vuqns'ku*] (Group-based Instruction) ekuh tkrh gS] ftldk vuqlj.k lqèkkjkRed
funsZ'k (Remedial Teaching) esa fd;k tkrk gSA Cywe osQ LokfeRo vfèkxe fofèk osQ iz;ksx esa fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa
dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSμ
1- funsZ'k dh ikB~;&oLrq dks vfèkxe dh bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vuqn's ku osQ mís';ksa dh ifgpku dh tkrh gS fd fdl vfèkxe bdkbZ ls dkSu&lk mís'; izkIr fd;k tk;sxkA
vfèkxe miyfCèk;ksa osQ Lo:i dks O;kogkfjd :i esa le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA

3- izR;sd vfèkxe bdkbZ rFkk mís'; dks è;ku esa j[kdj izoh.krk Lrj fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA bldh x.kuk uksV
bdkbZ&ijh{k.k (Formative Test) osQ inksa dh la[;k osQ vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA LokfeRo Lrj osQ fy;s
80 ls 85 izfr'kr vad izkIr djuk pkfg;sA
4- izR;sd vfèkxe bdkbZ dk funsZ'k lkekU; d{kk funsZ'k esa djuk pkfg,A ;g funsZ'k lkewfgd :i esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g lksiku ijEijkxr funsZ'k osQ leku gksrk gSA
5- fu"ifÙk ijh{k.k dks nsdj ;g Kku fd;k tkrk gS fd fdu Nk=kksa us LokfeRo Lrj izkIr dj fy;k gSA mUgsa
vkxs osQ vè;;u osQ fy;s iqucZyu fn;k tkrk gSA tks Nk=k LokfeRo Lrj ugha izkIr dj losQ] mldks
funkukRed ijh{kk nh tkrh gS] ftlls Nk=kksa dh vfèkxe dfBukb;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa tkudkjh gksrh gSA
6- vfèkxe dh dfBukb;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij lqèkkjkRed vuqns'ku dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS vkSj muosQ vè;;u
gsrq vfrfjDr le; fn;k tkrk gSA blosQ fy;s 'kk[kh; vfHkØfer vuqn's ku lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vè;;u gsrq iqLrdksa dk lq>ko Hkh fn;k tkrk gS rFkk blosQ vè;;u osQ fy;s le; Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA
vuqoxZ funs'Z k (Tutorial Classes) dk Hkh vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa dh dfBukb;ksa osQ fy;s lqèkkjkRed
izfofèk Hkh iz;qDr dh tkrh gS] ftlls os LokfeRo Lrj izkIr dj losaQA bl izdkj osQ funsZ'k osQ ckn iqu%
ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
7- izR;sd vfèkxe bdkbZ tks dfBukb;ksa osQ fy;s lqèkkjkRed funsZ'k rFkk vuqns'ku osQ vUr esa fu"ifÙk ijh{k.k
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dk Lrjhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj lHkh Nk=kksa }kjk LokfeRo Lrj izkIr djus
dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
8- bdkbZ ijh{k.k (Formative Test) dk y{; lqèkkjkRed funsZ'k rFkk vuqns'ku dh O;oLFkk djuk gksrk gS]
tcfd lEiw.kZ ijh{k.k (Summative Test) dk y{; Nk=kksa dk Lrjhdj.k djuk gksrk gSA nksuksa izdkj dh
ijh{kk;sa LokfeRo Lrj izkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSa] bl izdkj ,d&nwljs dh iwjd gksrh gSaA f'k{kd rFkk
Nk=kksa dks iqucZyu Hkh iznku fd;k tkrk gSA funkukRed ijh{kk ls Nk=kksa dh vfèkxe dfBukb;ksa dh tkudkjh
gks tkrh gS] ftlls leqfpr vuqns'ku dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
izoh.krk vfèkxe vkO;wg dk fodkl fdlus fd;k gS\
23-1-5 x`g&dk;Z vkO;wg (Assignments Strategy)

x`g&dk;Z Hkh funs'Z k fofèk osQ vUrxZr vkrs gSAa fo|ky; osQ fo"k;ksa esa vfèkdka'k f'k{kd bldk iz;ksx djrs gSAa x`g&dk;Z
}kjk Nk=kksa dks O;fDrxr :i esa lh[kus osQ] ikB~;&oLrq dh O;oLFkk rFkk ifjikd (Assimilation) osQ fy;s vfèkd
volj feyrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr lh[kh gqbZ ikB~;oLrq ij iqu% lkspus dk volj feyrk gSA bldk vkèkkj
euksfoKku gSA
x`g&dk;Z fofèk }kjk KkukRed i{k osQ lHkh mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA fØ;kRed i{k osQ fuEu Lrj
osQ mís';ksa dh Hkh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA HkkokRed i{k osQ fodkl osQ fy, budks iz;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA x`g&dk;Z osQ nsus esa vfèkxe osQ mís';ksa dks gh egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
vfèkfu;eμfuEufyf[kr vfèkfu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSμ
1- vfHk#fp dk vfèkfu;e (Principle of Interest)
2- vH;kl dk vfèkfu;e (Law of Exercise)
3- O;fDrxr fHkUurk dk vfèkfu;e (Principle of Individual difference)

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 4- ;FkkFkZrk ,oa Li"Vrk dk vfèkfu;e (Principle of Reality)

5- ifjikd dk vfèkfu;e (Principle of Assimilation)
6- dk;Z }kjk lh[kus dk vfèkfu;e (Learning by Doing Principle)
fo'ks"krk,¡μbldh eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa bl izdkj gSaμ
1- O;fDrxr ;ksX;rk ,oa dkS'ky osQ fodkl gsrq iz;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaA
2- vè;;u dh vknr iM+rh gSA
3- ekSfyd fpUru ,oa dYiuk&'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
4- Nk=kksa esa vè;;u osQ izfr lgh vfHko`fÙk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- Nk=kksa dks vius vuqHko lh[kus dk volj feyrk gSA
6- O;fDrxr 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku dk volj feyrk gSA
lkoèkkfu;k¡μx`g&dk;Z nsrs le; fuEufyf[kr lkoèkkfu;k¡ j[kuh pkfg,¡μ
1- funsZ'k dh gqbZ ikB~;&oLrq ij x`g&dk;Z fn;s tkus pkfg,A
2- x`g&dk;ks± dk Lo:i rFkk Hkk"kk Li"V gksuh pkfg,A
3- x`g&dk;Z osQ fy, mi;ksxh iqLrosaQ Hkh crk nsuh pkfg,A
4- Nk=kksa dh #fp;ksa rFkk {kerkvksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
5- vfèkd x`g&dk;Z ugha nsuk pkfg,A
6- f'k{kd dks x`g&dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djosQ vad nsuk pkfg, rFkk 'kh?kz ykSVkuk pkfg,A
23-1-6 'kSf{kd [ksy (Educational Games)
^'kSf{kd [ksy* funs'Z k rFkk vuqn's ku osQ {ks=k esa vHkh gky gh dk uohu izorZu gS] ftlosQ }kjk Nk=kksa esa visf{kr lh[kus
osQ vuqHko iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA iz;kstuokn us f'k{kk dh izfØ;k dks vuqHko&osQfUnzr ekuk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks muosQ
Hkkoh thou osQ fy;s rS;kj djuk gSA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk osQ fy;s ^;kstuk fofèk* rFkk ^'kSf{kd [ksy* mÙke izfofèk;k¡
rFkk fofèk iz.kkyh ekuh tkrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk (Defintion)μ'kSf{kd [ksy izfofèk dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj gSμ
¶nks ;k nks ls vfèkd fu.kkZ;dksa osQ eè; fu.kZ; ysus dh LorU=k fØ;k rFkk izfofèk gS] ftlesa lhfer ikB~;oLrq ls
visf{kr mís';ksa dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA¸
An Educational Game is defined as—
“An educational game is an activity among two or more independent decision makers seeking to
achieve their objectives in some limiting content.”
'kSf{kd [ksy dks Hkwfedk fuokZg izfofèk Hkh dgrs gSaA Nk=kksa dks thou dh ifjfLFkfr dk okLrfod vuqHko iznku
djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls Nk=k iw.kZ:is.k ekuoh; O;ogkj dks thou dh ifjfLFkfr esa le> losaQA bl
fofèk dk eq[; mís'; lkekftd ifjfLFkfr esa ekuoh; vUr%fØ;k djuk tks ekuoh; O;ogkj dks thou esa fu;fer
djrh gSaA vfèkdka'k Nk=k thou osQ vkpj.k ,oa ekuoh; O;ogkjksa dks lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gh lh[krs gSaA bu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Nk=k [ksy] f[kykSus }kjk visf{kr fØ;kvksa dks djrs gSaA ;g izfofèk vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k rFkk ukVdh;
izfofèk osQ leku gSA
'kSf{kd [ksy esa lkèkkj.kr% lg;ksx] lek;kstu] esyHkko dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa osQ fodkl dks egRo nsrs gSAa okLrfod
thou esa gkj&thr lkekftd rFkk lkis{k gksrh gSA oqQN lewg vU; dh vis{kk vfèkd liQyrk izkIr djrs gSa ijUrq
blesa LièkkZ dk Hkko ugha vkrk gSA

uksV
'kSf{kd [ksy izfunsZ'k esa vfèkxedÙkkZ (Nk=k) dks thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk okLrfod vuqHko iznku
djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls Nk=k iw.kZ:is.k ekuoh; O;ogkj dks thou dh ifjfLFkfr esa
le> losaQA

1- oSQyj ;kstuk dk fodkl --------- osQ vfèkfu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
2- oSQyj us vius ijh{k.k dks ----------------------------- Hkh dgk gSA
3- dEI;wVj }kjk funsZ'k fofèk ls KkukRed fodkl gk ldrk gSA blosQ }kjk --------- i{k dk fodkl ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA
4- iz;kstuokn us f'k{kk dh izfØ;k dks --------- osaQfnzr ekuk gSA
5- 'kSf{kd [ksy fofèk dks --------- izfofèk Hkh dgrs gSaA
'kSf{kd [ksy osQ mís'; (Objective of Educational Games)μ'kSf{kd [ksy izfofèk dk mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr
mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSμ
1- Vdjko dh fLFkfr osQ lekèkku gsrq ifjdYiuk dk izfriknu djuk rFkk iz'u mBkukA
2- ifjdYiukvksa dh iqf"V gsrq tkudkjh dk fodkl djukA
3- ,slh ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djuk] ftldk vuqHko rFkk dkS'ky okLrfod thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa LFkkukUrj djukA
4- ewY;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa fu.kZ; ysuk rFkk ewY;ksa dk thou esa vuqlj.k djukA [ksy dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Nk=kksa esa
vf/xe osQ LokfeRo dk fodkl djrh gSaA 'kSf{kd [ksy }kjk ewY;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk rFkk fu.kZ; djuk
fl[kk;k tkrk gSA
'kSf{kd [ksy dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Educational Games)μ'kSf{kd [ksy dh izfØ;k yphyh gksrh gSA ;g
dksbZ lqfuf'pr izfØ;k ugha gS] fiQj Hkh f'k{kkfonksa us blosQ N% lksiku cuk, gSaμ
izFke lksikuμ'kSf{kd [ksy dk fu;kstu djuk] ftlesa Nk=kksa dh Hkwfedk fuokZg dh lwph rS;kj dh tkrh gS] ftls
pØh; Øe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA
f}rh; lksikuμfuns'Z k osQ izdj.k dk fu.kZ; ysuk rFkk mldh rS;kjh djuk] ftlesa izR;;ksa rFkk dkS'kyksa dks lqfuf'pr
fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks Hkwfedk cM+h le>nkjh ls nsrk gSA
r`rh; lksikuμHkwfedk&fuokZg dk dk;ZØe rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS fd dkSu Nk=k vkjEHk djsxk rFkk dkSu Nk=k lekIr djsxkA
prqFkZ lksikuμf'k{kd] funs'Z k osQ fujh{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu fofèk dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA fdl izdkj dh lwpukvksa
dk vkys[k rS;kj fd;k tk,xk] bldk Hkh fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
iape lksikuμf'k{kd dk;ZØe dks vkjEHk djrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± rFkk miyfCèk;ksa dks iqucZyu Hkh nsrk gSA
Nk=kksa dks dk;ZØe dh lHkh Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gS rFkk funsZ'k l=k lekIr gksrk gSA
"k"Ve lksikuμf'k{kd vius dk;ZØe esa lqèkkj djrk gS] Nk=kksa dh fØ;kvksa rFkk miyfCèk;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij ifjorZu
djrk gSA Nk=kksa dh fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kd fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd dk;ZØe esa fdl izdkj dk lq/kj
ifjorZu visf{kr gSA
'kSf{kd [ksy dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Educatonal Games)μ'kSf{kd [ksy dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSμ a

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 1- Hkwfedk fuokZg [ksy esa Nk=kksa dks okLro esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA Hkwfedk fuokZg dh ifjfLFkfr lkekftd gksrh
gS] ftlesa vUr%izfØ;k gksrh gSA
2- f'k{kd osQ fy;s bu [ksyksa dk izk:i bl izdkj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ekuoh; O;ogkjksa dh xfr'khyrk
dk funsZ'k fd;k tk losQ] ftlls lkekftd leL;k dk lekèkku dj losaQ rFkk lek;kstu dj losaQA
3- Hkwfedk fuokZg esa ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu dh tkrh gSa ftlesa Nk=kksa dks fu.kZ; ysuk gksrk gS] le>kSrk djuk
gksrk gS rFkk lek;kstu djuk gksrk gSA
4- [ksyksa esa fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk voLFkkvksa osQ fy;s oqQN fu;e Hkh cuk;s tkrs gS]a ftudk Nk=kksa dks Hkwfedk
fuokZg esa vuqlj.k djuk gksrk gSA fu;eksa osQ vkèkkj ij Nk=kksa dh liQyrk dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA
5- Hkwfedk fuokZg dh ,d i=kkoyh (Profile) Hkh rS;kj dh tkrh gS] ftlesa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlosQ vuq:i Nk=kksa dks Hkwfedk fuokZg djuk gSA
6- f'k{kd Nk=kksa dh Hkwfedk fuokZg dh liQyrk ,oa vliQyrk dk ewY;kadu djrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa osQ fodkl
gsrq lq>ko rFkk iqucZyu nsrk gSA
'kSf{kd [ksy osQ mnkgj.k (Examples of Educational Games)μ'kSf{kd [ksy izfofèk dks fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa
ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
1- fo|ky; rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=k la?k osQ pquko izfØ;k ls iztkra=k esa ernku djus rFkk mlosQ egRo
dk Kku gksrk gSA
2- Hkkjr esa iztkra=k thou osQ <ax dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA iztkra=k O;oLFkk esa ernku iz.kkyh dk fo'ks"k
egRo gSA lekt rFkk jk"Vª vius izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko djrk gSA bl izdkj osQ vuqHko fo|ky; thou
esa gh fd;s tkrs gSaA
3- izfrfufèk osQ pquko gksus ij mUgsa viuh Hkwfedkvksa osQ fuokZg dk Hkh vuqHko gksrk gS fd lkewfgd fgr osQ
dk;Z fd;s tk;sa] ftlesa lHkh dk Hkyk gksA
4- Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa dks oSQls gy fd;k tk;s vFkok muosQ lkFk oSQls lek;kstu fd;k tk;s] bl izdkj osQ
vuqHko Hkh mUgsa gksrs gSaA
5- Nk=kksa esa usr`Ro osQ fodkl rFkk usr`Ro osQ Hkwfedk&fuokZg dk Kku rFkk vuqHko Hkh iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj pquko iz.kkyh esa Nk=kksa dks vusd Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gSA ernkrk osQ :i esa] vH;FkhZ osQ
:i es]a vius ny osQ lnL; osQ :i esa rFkk ,d usrk osQ :i esa vkfnA ukxfjd 'kkL=k funs'Z k esa bl izdkj osQ dk;ZØeksa
dh O;oLFkk vU; midj.kksa ij Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA iapknar iz.kkyh dks ukVdh; <ax ls Nk=kksa dks Hkwfedk fuokZg
dk Kku rFkk vuqHko iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kSf{kd [ksy izfofèk }kjk iztkrkaf=kd ewY;ksa rFkk Hkwfedk fuokZg dk
Kku ,oa vuqHko Hkyh izdkj iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• 19oha 'krkCnh esa euksfoKku us f'k{kk ,oa funsZ'k izfØ;k dks izHkkfor fd;k vksj vfèkxe (Nk=k) osQ fodkl dks
izkFkfedrk nh tkus yxh gSA izÑfroknh] n'kZu us Hkh Nk=k dh izÑfr osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dks egRo
fn;kA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk Nk=k&osQfUnzr gksus yxhA izÑfrokn esa f'k{kk esa funsZ'k fofèk;ksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk
gSA vf/dka'k funsZ'k fofèk;k¡ Nk=k&fu;fU=kr fodflr gqb±A funsZ'k izfØ;k dh O;oLFkk Nk=k osQ fodkl gsrq dh
tkus yxhA Nk=k dk LFkku eq[; vkSj f'k{kd dk LFkku xkS.k gks x;kA Nk=k dk fodkl LokHkkfod :i ls fd;k
tk,] ftlls mldh {kerkvksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gks losQA Nk=kksa dh #fp;ksa vkSj fodkl&Øe
osQ fy, funs'Z k fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A izQkscy s us [ksy&fofèk dks egRo fn;k] D;ksafd NksVs ckyd [ksy
esa vfèkd #fp ysrs gSaA blh izdkj dgkuh lquus esa vfèkd #fp ysrs gSaA blfy, dgkuh fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkus yxkA izLrqr bdkbZ esa oSQyj }kjk izLrqr vf/xedÙkkZ fu;fU=kr funsZ'k dk ifjp; ;gk¡ ij fn;k x;k gSA

• vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'kμoSQyj ;kstuk izoh.krk vfèkxe osQ leku gSA bldk fodkl fLduj osQ uksV
vfèkfu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa vuqc¼& vuqfØ;k vfèkxe fl¼kUr dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA bl ;kstuk
dk egkfo|ky; Lrj ij vfèkd mi;ksx la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa gqvk gSA oSQyj ;kstuk osQ izoh.krk vfèkxe
vk;ke rFkk ;kstukc¼ fofèk osQ izR;;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ vUrxZr Nk=k&fu;af=kr] Lor%
vfèkxe lEcUèkh lgk;d vfèkfu;eksa dks iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh ikB~;Øe osQ vkjEHk esa Nk=k ,oa f'k{kdksa
osQ eè; le>kSrk fd;k tkrk gS fd fdruk dk;Z djus osQ ckn Nk=k viuh xfr ls lh[kuk vkjEHk dj losaQxs
rFkk os Lor%miØe Hkh dj losaQxsA f'k{kd vuqoxZ&funsZ'k esa lgk;rk osQ fy, miyCèk jgsxk vkSj y?kq lewg
okn&fookn dk vk;kstu djsxkA bl izdkj Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd }kjk funsZ'ku rFkk i`"Biks"k.k Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
bl ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr Nk=k dh Hkwfedk eq[; gksrh gSA og vius vè;;u osQ fy, Lo;a izcUèk djrk gSA bldk
mi;ksx mPp d{kkvksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] Nk=k vfèkd ifjiDo rFkk Lo%vuq'kkflr gksrs gSa] blfy, os
vfèkxe osQ fy, Lo;a izcUèk dj ysrs gSaA
• oSQyj ;kstuk osQ mi;ksx esa ,d Øe dk mi;ksx Lokè;k; osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd Nk=k vius <ax ,oa
xfr ls lh[krk gSA ftlls O;fDrxr fHkUurk osQ vuqlkj lh[kus dk volj feyrk gSA Nk=k fyf[kr ijh{kk osQ
vkèkkj ij ml bdkbZ ij izoh.krk izn£'kr djrk gSA vxyh bdkbZ osQ vè;;u ls iwoZ vè;;u dh xbZ bdkbZ
esa izoh.k gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA vliQy Nk=kksa dks iqu% vuqoxZ&funsZ'k ls izoh.krk izkIr djuk gksrk gS rHkh
vxyh bdkbZ dk vè;;u djrs gSaA

1- fu"ifÙkμ vkfoHkkZo] mRifÙk] iw.kZrk] lekfIr] mís'; vkfn dh flf¼A
2- vfèkxedÙkkZμ lh[kus okykA

1- vfèkxedÙkkZ fu;af=kr funsZ'k dh oSQyj ;kstuk ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA
2- ;kstukc¼ funsZ'k D;k gS\ fLduj osQ ik¡p ekSfyd vfèkfu;eksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
3- ch-,l- Cywe dh izoh.krk vfèkxe vkO;wg osQ fofHkUu lksikuksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
1. fLduj 2. rS;kjh ijh{k.k (Readiness Test) 3. HkkokRed
4. vuqHko 5. Hkwfedk fuokZg
2. vè;kid funsZ'kμ MkW- f'ko oqQekj mikè;k;@MkW- iznhi oqQekj] uojkt izdk'k] fnYyhA

bdkbZ—24% lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'kμ vFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg
uksV
bdkbZμ24% lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'kμ vFkZ] izÑfr ,oa vkO;wg
(Group Controlled Instruction—Meaning,
Nature, and Strategy)
mís'; (Objectives)
24.1 lewg fu;af=kr funs'Z kμvFkZ ,oa izÑfr (Group Controlled Instruction–Meaning and Nature)
24.2 lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'k dh fofèk;k¡ (Strategies of Group Controlled Instruction)
24.2.1 vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k vkO;wg (Role playing strategies)
24.2.2 'kSf{kd i;ZVu vkO;wg (Educational Excursion or field-trips)
24.2.3 ;kstuk funsZ'k vkO;wg (Project teaching strategies)
24.2.4 ,sfrgkfld [kkst vkO;wg (Discovery Strategies)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vfèkxe funsZ'k dh lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'k fofèk;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
funsZ'k dk eq[; mís'; Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa visf{kr ifjorZu ykuk gS] ftlosQ fy, leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa
lgk;rk ls funsZ'k fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;qfDr;ksa osQ mi;ksx ls funsZ'k dk izkFkfed rRo funsZ'k fØ;k;sa
gSa] tks ;qfDr;ksa osQ lEiknu esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA bl izdkj funsZ'k ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS D;ksafd funsZ'k fØ;kvksa
dh izÑfr dykRed rFkk oSKkfud gksrh gSA blosQ fy, funsZ'k'kkL=kh; fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa dykRed]
lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr rFkk O;kogkfjd fo'ys"k.k djuk vko';d gksrk gSA funsZ'k fofèk;ksa rFkk ;qfDr;ksa dk Lo:i vewrZ
gksrk gSA funsZ'k dh fØ;kvksa }kjk muosQ lEcUèk esa fu"d"kZ dk lkekU;hdj.k dj fy;k tkrk gSA mudk dksbZ ewrZ
izfreku izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA budk mi;ksx ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k ls fd;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ikB~;oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k gsrq funsZ'k fofèk rFkk fof'k"V rRoksa osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd
fo"k; dh ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k esa funsZ'k ;qfDr;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA
24-1 lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'kμ vFkZ ,oa izÑfr (Group controlled Instruction–
Meaning, Nature)
f'k{kk osQ ?kVdksa dk fuèkkZj.k n'kZu djrk gSA n'kZu dks f'k{kk dk lS¼kfUrd i{k ekuk tkrk gSA fofHkÂ n'kZuksa us
f'k{kk osQ Lo:i rFkk funsZ'k fofèk;ksa dks fn;k gSA iz;kstuokn us f'k{kk osQ mís'; esa lkekftd l{kerkvksa osQ fodkl
dks egÙo fn;k gSA fdl iSfVªd us ;kstuk fof/ dk fodkl fd;kA Nk=kksa dks lekt dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku osQ
:i esa fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk nh tk,A lefUor ikB~;Øe dk fodkl fd;kA ;kstuk fofèk esa Nk=kksa dks NksVs&NksVs lewg
esa ck¡V dj O;kogkfjd leL;k nsdj mlosQ lekèkku Kkr djus dh ;kstuk dks fØ;kfUor djk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj
dh funsZ'k fofèk lewg&fu;fU=kr vuqns'ku ekuh tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh funsZ'k fofèk;ksa dk ;gk¡ o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
24-2 lewg fu;af=kr funs'Z k dh vkO;wg (Strategies of Group Controlled Instruction

lewg fu;af=kr f'k{k.k fof/;k¡ bl izdkj gSaμ
24-2-1 vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k vkO;wg (Role Playing Strategy)
bl fofèk dk iz;ksx izfunsZ'k laLFkkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ }kjk lkekftd dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
vc ikB&izn'kZu (Lesson-demonstration) dh vis{kk vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkus yxk gS]
D;ksafd ;g ikB&izn'kZu dh vis{kk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA
Lo:iμ;g ,d ukVdh; fofèk ekuh tkrh gSA Nk=kksa dks blosQ vH;kl esa f'k{kd rFkk Nk=k nksuksa dh Hkwfedk dk
fuokZg (Role play) djuk iM+rk gSA Nk=kkè;kid dks ,d NksVs izdj.k dks vius lkfFk;ksa dks gh i<+kuk gSA mlosQ
vU; lkFkh Nk=kksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA funsZ'k osQ dk;ks± dh leh{kk dh tkrh gS vkSj lqèkkj osQ fy;s lq>ko fn;k
tkrk gSA blosQ ckn vU; Nk=kkè;kid funsZ'k djrs gSaA
vfèkfu;eμ;g fofèk fuEufyf[kr vfèkfu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSμ
1- Lo;a dk;Z djus ls vfèkd lh[kk tkrk gSA
2- okLrfod d{kk funsZ'k ls iwoZ mUgsa vH;kl dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA
3- i`"Biks"k.k izfofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4- lkekftd dkS'ky dk fodkl euksoSKkfud vfèkfu;e osQ mi;ksx ls fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa N% lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSμ
izFke lksiku dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
f}rh; lksiku Nk=k vè;kid dks f'k{kd] Nk=k rFkk fujh{kd dh Hkwfedk dc&dc fuHkkuh gksxh] bldh :ijs[kk
rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
r`rh; lksiku Nk=kkè;kid vius izdj.k dk p;u djrk gSA mlls lEcfUèkr f'k{kk&dkS'ky osQ fof'k"V :i fuf'pr
dj fy;s tkrs gSaA
prqFkZ lksiku f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ fujh{k.k fofèk dk Hkh p;u fd;k tkrk gSA
iape lksiku funsZ'k dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA mlosQ fujh{k.k dk ys[ku rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
"k"Be lksiku funsZ'k osQ vUr esa mldh leh{kk dh tkrh gS vkSj lqèkkj osQ fy;s lq>ko fn;s tkrs gSa] ftlls mls
iqucZyu feyrk gSA

fo'ks"krk,¡μbl fofèk dh fo'ks"krk;sa bl izdkj gSaμ uksV

1- blesa Nk=kè;kid osQ thou ls lEcfUèkr dkS'ky dk fodkl vuqHko }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2- viuh fØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k] la'ys"k.k rFkk ewY;kadu Nk=kkè;kid Hkyh izdkj le> ldrk gSA
3- lkekftd dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
4- visf{kr mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA
5- f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ Lo:i dk fodkl visf{kr <ax ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lhek,¡μbl fofèk dh lhek,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa
1- bles okrkoj.k cukoVh gksrk gS] Nk=kkè;kid bls okLrfod :i nsus esa vliQy jgrs gSaA
2- lkekU; f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ fodkl osQ fy;s iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fof'k"V funsZ'k&dkS'ky dk fodkl
blosQ }kjk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lq>koμblosQ iz;ksx esa fuEufyf[kr lkoèkkfu;k¡ j[kuh pkfg;saμ
1- bldk iz;ksx djus ls iwoZ blosQ ckjs esa le>uk pkfg;sA
2- Nk=kkè;kid dh Hkwfedk fuokZg osQ le; izoDrk dh mifLFkfr Hkh gksuh pkfg;sA
3- funsZ'k osQ vUr esa leh{kk osQ le; izoDrk Hkh gksuk pkfg;s] mls iqucZyu nsus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg;sA
4- okLrfod f'k{kk&funsZ'k ls iwoZ bldk vH;kl djuk pkfg;sA
24-2-2 'kSf{kd i;ZVu vkO;wg (Educational Excursion or Field-trips)
funsZ'k izfØ;k dk mís'; vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiÂ djuk gS] ftlesa Nk=k lh[kus osQ vuqHko izkIr dj losQA
d{kk&funs'Z k esa funs'Z k 'kfCnd rFkk v'kkfCnd vUr%&izfØ;k esa vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiÂ djrk gS] ftlesa Nk=k
vfèkdka'k :i esa JO;&bfUnz;ksa ls lh[kus dk vuqHko izkIr djrs gSaA blesa Nk=k dh Lej.k 'kfDr vkSj dYiuk 'kfDr
dks vfèkd dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA Nk=k d{kk funsZ'k osQ Kku dks tYnh Hkwy tkrs gSa] D;ksafd d{kk&funsZ'k ls okLrfod
vuqHko izkIr ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gh Nk=k dks izR;{k lwpuk (First-hand Information) Hkh ugha feyrh gSA ;fn
Nk=k dks rktegy osQ lEcUèk esa i<+kuk gksrk gS rks mldk okLrfod vuqHko d{kk&funsZ'k }kjk lEHko ugha gksrk
gSA ;fn Nk=kksa dks vkxjk ys tkdj rktegy fn[kyk;k tk;s rHkh mUgsa okLrfod Kku gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd Nk=kksa
dks izR;{khdj.k dk volj feyrk gSA bl funsZ'k fofèk dks vfèkd izHkko'kkyh ekuk tkrk gS] ftls 'kSf{kd i;ZVu
(Field Trips) dgrs gSaA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk fodkl (Development of Education Excursion)μbfrgkl rFkk Hkwxksy dk funsZ'k 19oha
'krkCnh ls iwoZ uhjl le>k tkrk FkkA ijUrq izksisQlj jsu }kjk fo|ky; i;ZVu (School Excursion) dk fodkl
fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa Nk=kksa dks okLrfod vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dks egRo fn;k x;kA Hkwxksy] izkÑfrd] n`';ksa]
,sfrgkfld LFkyksa rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa dh ikB~;oLrq dk Kku izR;{khdj.k }kjk fd;k tk;s rc Kku vfèkd #fpdj
rFkk cksèkxE; gks ldrk gSA blosQ fy;s 'kSf{kd i;ZVu izfofèk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gSA bfrgkl tSls uhjl fo"k; dks
,sfrgkfld i;ZVu osQ }kjk mldks ltho jkspd ,oa okLrfod cuk;k tkrk gSA ;gh mi;ksx Hkwxksy fo"k; osQ funsZ'k
esa gksrk gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Educational Excursion)μgsujh
tkWulu dk dFku gS fdμ
“The school excursion as developed by Professor Rein was prized for the reality which it
imparted to geography, nature study, history and other subject. It was also prized for the open
air exercise which it brought, for the initiative and freedom it made possible, for the opportunity
it created for social training.”

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV jSu us fo|ky; i;ZVu izfofèk dk fodkl fd;k ftlosQ }kjk Hkwxksy] izkÑfrd vè;;u] bfrgkl rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa
dk funsZ'k okLrfod :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fofèk osQ }kjk ,d [kqys rFkk LorU=k okrkoj.k esa Nk=k dks yk;k
tkrk gS] ftlls lkekftd izfunsZ'k dk volj feyrk gSA
fofHkÂ fo"k;ksa dh ikB~;oLrq dk okLrfod vuqHkoksa }kjk Kku iznku djus osQ fy;s 'kSf{kd i;ZVu vfèkd mi;ksxh
gSA LFkkuh; i;Zos{k.k }kjk m|ksx] HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr] O;kikj] cSad] dpgjh] jktdh; bekjrksa dk okLrfod Kku
gksrk gSA
lsokjr&izfunsZ'k (In-service Training)μfunsZ'k osQ vfrfjDr izfunsZ'k osQ fy;s 'kSf{kd i;ZVu mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA ftu
Nk=kksa dh ftl dk;Z esa #fp gks 'kSf{kd i;ZVu osQ ekè;e ls mlh dk Kku djk;k tk;s] ftlls og okLrfod vuqHko
dj losaQA ;fn phuh m|ksx osQ fy;s O;fDr rS;kj fd;s tk jgs gSa rc mUgsa oqQN le; osQ fy;s phuh m|ksxksa esa j[kk
tk;sA Ñf"k osQ izfunsZ'k osQ fy;s Ñf"k osQ iQkeks± ij j[kdj okLrfod vuqHko fn;k tk ldrk gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk lS¼kfUrd vkèkkj (Theoretical Basis of Field Trips)μ;g izfofèk fuEufyf[kr fl¼kUrksa
ij vkèkkfjr gSμ
1- ;g euksoSKkfud fl¼kUrksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA vfèkxe esa izR;{khdj.k dk volj feyrk gSA n`';&KkusfUnz;ksa
}kjk Nk=kksa dks lh[kus esa lqxerk gksrh gSA
2- Nk=kksa dks okLrfod vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dh ifjfLFkfr feyrh gSA
3- ;g lkekftd fl¼kUrksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA Nk=kksa esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
4- Nk=kksa dks fujh{k.k] dYiuk&'kfDr rFkk vUos"k.k vkfn {kerkvksa osQ fy;s okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;k¡ feyrh gSaA
5- Nk=kksa esa LFkyksa rFkk n`';ksa dh lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr osQ fy;s okLrfod vuqHko xzg.k djrs gSaA
bl izdkj osQ okLrfod vuqHko vfèkd eagxs iM+rs gSaA blosQ fy;s 'kSf{kd rduhdh rFkk n`';&JO; lkexzh dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ekWMy] pkVZ] ekufp=kksa rFkk fiQYe fLVªIl dh lgk;rk ls LFkyksa rFkk laLFkkvksa }kjk okLrfod
vuqHko iznku fd;k tkrk gSA 'kSf{kd rduhdh vrhr dh ?kVukvksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSA 'kSf{kd
i;ZVuksa ls Nk=kksa dh mRlqdrk dh lUrqf"V gksrh gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dk fu;kstu (Planning Field Trips)μ'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh ;kstuk cukus rFkk mldh liQyrk
osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg;sμ
1- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk fof'k"V mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k djukA
2- ml O;oLFkk dk p;u djuk] ftlosQ }kjk mÙke izdkj ls mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tk losQA
3- laLFkkxr fu;eksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vfèkdkfj;ksa ls vuqefr izkIr djukA
4- i;ZVu dh fuf'pr :i ls O;oLFkk djukA blosQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk fuèkkZj.k djuk vko';d gksrk
gSμ(v) frfFk (c) le; (l) Nk=kksa dh la[;k (n) funs'Z kd dkSu gksxk\ (;) i;ZVu osQ fof'k"V mís';ksa
dk fuèkkZj.k (j) vk£Fkd O;oLFkkA
5- izR;sd Nk=k osQ fy;s funsZ'ku&i=k rS;kj djukA
6- vuqns'kd mu laLFkkvksa ls lEioZQ djosQ muosQ lEcUèk esa iwjh tkudkjh djosQ] muls vuqefr Hkh ys ysuk
pkfg, rFkk Nk=kksa dks ns[kus dh frfFk vkSj le; osQ ckjs esa mUgsa lwfpr djuk pkfg,A
7- ftu LFkkuksa dks ns[kuk gS] ogk¡ tkdj dgk¡ Bgjsaxs rFkk [kkus dh D;k O;oLFkk gksxh\ bu ckrksa dk
iwoZ&fuèkkZj.k djukA
8- i;ZVu osQ ;krk;kr dh D;k lqfoèkk;sa rFkk lkèku gksaxs\ bldk Hkh iwoZ fuèkkZj.k djuk gksrk gSA
9- i;ZVu vkjEHk djus osQ fy;s Nk=k dgk¡ rd fdl le; feysaxs] blosQ fy;s fof'k"V funsZ'k nsuk gksrk gSA
10- ;g fuf'pr djuk fd izR;sd Nk=k tkurk gS fd mls D;k fujh{k.k djuk gS\

11- izR;sd Nk=k dks ;g funsZ'k nsuk fd dk;ZØe osQ ckjs esa ftlesa vkus rFkk tkus osQ le; dk ikyu djukA uksV
funsZ'ku izi=k (Guide Sheet)μ'kSf{kd i;ZVu osQ vkjEHk djus ls iwoZ funsZ'ku&i=k dh tk¡p djuh pkfg;sA
voyksdu djuk furkUr vko';d gS rFkk 'kSf{kd i;ZVu osQ le; Hkh vuqns'kd dks ;g ns[k ysuk pkfg;s fd
Nk=k mu fcUnqvksa dk voyksdu djosQ mudk vkys[k rS;kj dj jgs gSaA ,slk djus ls Nk=k voyksdu esa vfèkd
laosnu'khy jg losaQxs vkSj i;ZVu osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr gks losQxhA
funsZ'ku&i=k esa mu laLFkkvksa rFkk mu LFkyksa dk uke Hkh vafdr fd;k tkrk gS] ftudks Nk=k ns[k pqosQ gSaA blosQ
lEcUèk esa frfFk] le; voyksdu fcUnq dk fooj.k rFkk mís';ksa dks fy[k ysaA funsZ'ku&i=k ,d pkVZ osQ :i esa
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn lEHko gks rks Nk=k mudk fp=k Hkh cuk ysa ;k iQksVks Hkh ys ldrs gSaA funsZ'ku&i=k nsrs
le; vuqn's kd izR;sd fcUnq dks Li"V Hkh djrk gS fd Nk=kksa dks funs'Z ku&i=k dk voyksdu esa oSQls mi;ksx djsxkA
Nk=k dks izR;sd izeq[k fcUnq dk la{ksi esa fooj.k Hkh fy[kuk gksrk gSA bu fcUnqvksa dk vkys[k voyksdu osQ
le; esa gh rS;kj djuk pkfg;sA
bl funsZ'ku&i=k osQ i;ZVu dk vk;kstu dk izk:i fuf'pr gksus osQ ckn gh rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gSA i;ZVu
vkjEHk gksus ls dbZ fnu iwoZ Nk=kksa esa bls forfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA funsZ'kd leqfpr <ax ls mldh iz;ksx fofèk
dks le>k nsrk gSA fiQj Hkh izFke voyksdu osQ le; vuqns'kd Nk=kksa dks funsZ'ku&i=k osQ iz;ksx osQ fy;s funsZ'k
nsrk gS vkSj vkys[ku esa mudh lgk;rk Hkh djrk gSA izR;sd fnu jkr osQ le; ;fn volj feys rc vuqns'kd
fcUnqvksa osQ lEcUèk esa izR;sd Nk=k ls tkudkjh izkIr djrk gS rFkk vkxkeh voyksdu fnu osQ fy;s lq>ko nsrk
gS] ftlls Nk=k egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dk vkys[k dj losQA
i;ZVuksa dk funsZ'k esa mi;ksx
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dk fu;kstu rFkk fØ;kUo;u bl izdkj djuk pkfg;s] ftlls i;ZVuksa osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh
tk losQ vkSj Nk=k lEHko Kku izkIr dj losQA i;ZVuksa dh O;oLFkk fof'k"V vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ fy;s dh
tkuh pkfg;sA 'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz;ksx djus osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr ik¡p lksikuksa dk vuqdj.k
djuk pkfg;sμ
(1) Nk=kksa dks rS;kj djuk (Prepare Students)μvuqns'kd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksrk gS fd og Nk=kksa esa i;ZVu
osQ izfr mRlqdrk tkx`r djs fd n`'; lkexzh JO; lkexzh ls vfèkxe osQ fy;s lqfoèkk iznku djrh gSA
vuqns'kd dks voyksdu osQ fof'k"V fcUnqvksa osQ lEcUèk esa igys gh crk nsuk pkfg;s] ftu LFkyksa rFkk
laLFkkvksa dk voyksdu djuk gS] muosQ fp=k fiQYe] pkVZ] ekufp=k vkfn dks funs'Z k osQ le; izn£'kr djuk
pkfg,A Nk=kksa dks i;ZVu osQ vk;kstu ls iwoZ :ijs[kk ls voxr djk nsuk pkfg,A
(2) 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dh O;oLFkk djuk (Conduct of Field Trip)μNk=kksa dks funsZ'ku&i=kksa osQ mi;ksx rFkk
iz;ksx fofèk osQ lEcUèk esa iwjh tkudkjh nsuh pkfg,A i;ZVu dh O;oLFkk osQ le; voyksdu LFkyksa osQ
egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dk fooj.k fp=k vkfn funsZ'ku&i=k ij vafdr djuk pkfg,A i;ZVu lEcUèkh voyksdu
lEiw.kZ fooj.k Nk=k dks rS;kj djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd fooj.k Nk=k funsZ'k dh ikB~;oLrq dks rS;kj djus esa
lgk;d gksxhA ijh{k.k esa Nk=kksa dks lgk;rk feysxh] D;ksafd lHkh LFkyksa osQ fof'k"V fcUnqvksa dks ;kn ugha
j[kk tk ldrk gSA
(3) 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk vuqxeu djuk (Follow up of Feild Trip)μ'kSf{kd i;ZVu osQ ckn ftruk 'kh?kz
lEHko gks losQ Nk=kksa ls mldh mi;ksfxrk rFkk funsZ'k fcUnqvksa osQ lEcUèk esa okn&fookn rFkk okrkZyki dk
vk;kstu djuk pkfg,A izR;sd Nk=k dks funsZ'ku&i=k osQ vkèkkj ij ,d i;ZVu vk;kstu djuk pkfg,A
'kSf{kd i;ZVu vk;kstu rF;ksa dh tkudkjh j[kuk vfèkd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA d{kk&funsZ'k osQ le; Nk=kksa dks
vkys[k i<+us dk volj nsuk pkfg,A i;ZVu dh bl voLFkk osQ fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;rk feyrh
gSA f'k{kd mu fcUnqvksa dk Li"Vhdj.k djrk gS ftudks Nk=k ugha le> losQ vkSj mUgsa vafdr Hkh ugha

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV dj losQA funsZ'ku&i=k Nk=k dks vH;kl dk volj iznku djrh gSA d{kk&funsZ'k osQ lEcUèk esa okn&fookn
dk Hkh vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
(4) Nk=kksa dk ijh{k.k (Testing Students)μ;g lksiku vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS] ftlls i;ZVu osQ fof'k"V
mís'; dh izkfIr dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dh ;ksX;rk rFkk dkS'ky osQ fodkl dh tk¡p gksrh
gSA Nk=kksa dh detksfj;ksa dk funku gksrk gS rFkk rRdky mudk lqèkkj dj fn;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa osQ dkS'ky
dh tk¡p gsrq Nk=kksa dks dk;Z djus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA rF;kRed Kku rFkk vfHko`fÙk osQ fodkl osQ
fy;s ijh{kk nh tkrh gS] ftlosQ fy;s oLrqfu"B&ijh{kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA rduhdh 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk
rFkk vFkZ osQ fy;s iz'u Hkh fn;k tkrs gSaA
(5) funsZ'k leh{kk (Review of Teaching)μijh{k.k }kjk Nk=kksa dh =kqfV;ksa dk lqèkkj fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd
,d jpukRed izfofèk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA Nk=kksa ls lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj djrk gSA f'k{kd i;ZVu dh
leh{kk Hkh nsrk gS] ftlls Nk=kksa dks leL;k dk cksèk gksrk gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd Nk=k vius
dk;Z dks lUrks"kiw.kZ <ax ls dj losaQ] ;g vuqns'kd mUgsa fl[kkrk gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa osQ mnkgj.k
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh izfofèk dks Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] izkÑfrd vè;;u] ouLifr foKku] okf.kT;] vFkZ'kkL=k]
ukxfjd'kkL=k] f'k{kk'kkL=k] Ñf"k rFkk lkaf[;dh vkfn fo"k;ksa esa iz;ksx lqxerk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA blosQ oqQN
mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaμ
Hkqxksy fo"k;μ'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dk Hkwxksy fo"k; osQ funsZ'k esa fo'ks"k egRo gSA fuEukafdr izdj.kksa osQ fy;s i;ZVuksa
dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSμ(1) igkM+h n`';ksa] (2) leqnzh rV] (3) Tokykeq[kh ioZr] (4) >juk rFkk MsYVk
(5) ck¡èk ;kstuk] (6) vkfnokfl;ksa dh thou 'kSyhA
bfrgkl fo"k;μbl izfofèk dks bfrgkl esa izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSμ,sfrgkfld bekjrsa]
rktegy] yky fdyk] oqQrqcehukj] lkjukFk dk efUnj] egkRek cq¼ dk LFky] fpRrkSM+x<+ dk fdyk] oqQ:{ks=k]
ve`rlj dk tfy;kaokyk ckx vkfnA
okf.kT; rFkk vFkZ'kkL=kμxzkeh.k m|ksx] e.Mh] feyksa] [kk| Hk.Mkj] ;krk;kr osQ lkèku] Ñf"k dh mit rFkk
iSQDVfj;ksa vkfn osQ fy;s i;ZVuksa dk vk;kstuk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kk'kkL=k fo"k;μfofHkÂ izdkj dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa] iqLrdky;] Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;] izfunsZ'k
laLFkk;s]a ewd&cfèkjksa osQ fo|ky; rFkk n`f"Vghu O;fDr;ksa dh funs'Z k rFkk izfuns'Z k laLFkk;s]a vU; izdkj dh O;kolkf;d
izfunsZ'k dh laLFkkvksa osQ fy;s i;ZVuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Ñf"k fo"k;μfofHkÂ izdkj dh Ñf"k mit osQ {ks=kksa rFkk Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; rFkk laLFkkvksa osQ i;ZVuksa dk vk;kstu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lkaf[;dh fo"k;μiznÙkksa osQ fo'ys"k.k osQUnz rFkk dEI;wVj osQUnz osQ voyksdu osQ fy;s i;ZVuksa dk vk;kstu gks
ldrk gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk egRo
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa gksrh gSaμ
1- d{kk&funsZ'k dks jkspd rFkk cksèkxE; cuk;k tkrk gSA
2- Nk=kksa dks okLrfod vuqHkoksa rFkk izR;{khdj.k }kjk izR;;ksa dk cksèk djk;k tkrk gSA
3- izkÑfrd] HkkSxksfyd rFkk euq"; }kjk rS;kj dh gqbZ Ñfr;ksa osQ izse rFkk vkLFkk dk fodkl gksrk gSA tSls
fdlh ,sfrgkfld bekjr dks ns[kdj Nk=k ;g fopkj djrk gS fd iwoZtksa us bldk fuekZ.k djus esa fdruk
le; vkSj ifjJe fd;k gksxk\

4- LFkkuh; fofoèk izdkj dh bekjrksa] HkkSxksfyd n`';ksa] vkS|ksfxd feyksa rFkk xzkeh.k m|ksxksa osQ ns[kus ls mudks uksV
nSfud thouksi;ksxh Kku izkIr gksrk gSA
5- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu ls KkukRed rFkk HkkokRed ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA Nk=kksa esa fujh{k.k] dYiuk&'kfDr]
vUos"k.k rFkk fu.kZ; vkfn {kerkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
6- izkÑfrd] HkkSxksfyd ,oa ,sfrgkfld i;ZVu ls Nk=kksa ls lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
7- 'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa ls Nk=kksa esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk rFkk lewg esa dk;Z djus osQ lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk
gSA Nk=kksa esa vUr%izfØ;k osQ fy;s volj feyrk gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh O;oLFkk ls Nk=kksa dks ,sls vuqHko gksrs gSa] ftlls KkukRed i{k osQ vfrfjDr
HkkokRed rFkk lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] ftUgsa d{kk&funsZ'k }kjk fodflr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh lhek,¡

'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk budh fuEufyf[kr oqQN lhek;sa Hkh gSaA f'k{kd dks budk Hkh è;ku j[kuk
pkfg,μ
1- 'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa }kjk ftu lwpukvksa rFkk rF;ksa dk Kku fn;k tkrk gS] og lkFkZd rks gksrs gSa] ijUrq le;]
èku rFkk 'kfDr dh n`f"V ls vfèkd egaxs gksrs gSaA o"kZ esa ,d rks nks i;ZVuksa dk vk;kstu lEHko gksrk gSA
2- i;ZVuksa esa vU; fo"k;ksa osQ d{kk&funsZ'k esa #dkoV gksrh gSA vr% vodk'k osQ fnuksa esa budh O;oLFkk djuh
pkfg,A
3- d{kk osQ tks Nk=k xjhc gksrs gSa] og i;ZVuksa esa Hkkx ysus esa vleFkZ jgrs gSaA lHkh Nk=k budk ykHk ugha
mBk ikrs gSaA
4- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dks Nk=k ,d euksjatu osQ :i esa ysrs gSaA budk 'kSf{kd egRo ugha gksrk gSA Nk=k funs'Z ku&i=k
dk mi;ksx leqfpr <ax ls ugha djrs gSaA
24-2-3 ;kstuk funsZ'k vkO;wg (Project Teaching Strategy)
;kstuk fofèk funsZ'k dh uohu fofèk ekuh tkrh gSA bldk fodkl f'k{kk esa lkekftd izo`fÙk osQ iQyLo:i gqvk gSA
f'k{kk bl izdkj dh nh tkuh pkfg;s] tks thou dks leFkZ cuk losQA blosQ izorZd MCY;w- ,p- fdyiSfVªd FksA
;g fofèk vuqHko&osQfUnzr gksrh gSA ;g ckydksa osQ lekthdj.k ij fo'ks"k cy nsrh gSA lkekftd fo"k;ksa osQ funsZ'k
esa bls Hkyh izdkj iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Lo:iμbldk Lo:i bl izdkj gSμ
1- Nk=kksa osQ thou ls lEcfUèkr leL;kvksa dks okLrfod :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=k leL;k dh vuqHkwfr
djrs gSaA
2- leL;k lekèkku osQ fy;s ;kstuk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
3- blosQ fy;s vusoQ lwpukvksa dks ,df=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- f'k{kd osQoy funsZ'ku dk dk;Z djrk gSA Nk=k Lo;a fo"k;oLrq lkexzh dk vè;;u djosQ leL;k dk
lkekèkku djrs gSaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 1- blesa mi;ksfxrk dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA leL;k dk lEcUèk Nk=kksa osQ thou ls gksrk gSA
2- Nk=k vfèkd fØ;k'khy jgrk gS] Lo;a vuqHko djosQ lh[krk gSA
3- Nk=k LorU=k okrkoj.k esa LokHkkfod :i ls dk;Z djrk gSA vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr esa Ñf=kerk ugha gksrh gSA
4- Nk=kksa esa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodflr gksrh gS] D;ksafd mUgsa lewg esa
dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA
;kstuk osQ :iμfdyiSfVªd us ;kstukvksa dks pkj oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k gSμ
1- jpukRedμftlesa Nk=k fdlh dk;Z dks lEiÂ dj losaQA
2- dykRedμ,slh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djosQ ftlls mudh lkSUn;kZuHq kwfr dh {kerkvksa dk fodkl gks losQA
3- leL;kμosQfUnzr Nk=kksa osQ le{k leL;k izLrqr dh tk;s] ftlls os mlesa lekèkku <a<w us dk iz;kl dj losQa A
4- lkewfgd vH;klμNk=kksa dks ,slk dk;Z fn;k tk;s] ftls os lkewfgd :i esa vH;kl djosQ iwjk dj losaQA
;kstuk funsZ'k vkO;wg osQ izorZd MCY;w ,p- fdyiSfVªd] tkWu Mh- oh- osQ f'k"; FksA
;kstuk osQ lksikuμlHkh izdkj dh ;kstukvksa esa fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSμ
izFke lksikuμNk=kksa osQ thou ls lEcfUèkr leL;k dk p;u djukA
f}rh; lksikuμleL;k p;u rFkk mlosQ Lo:i dks le>ukA
r`rh; lksikuμleL;k&lekèkku osQ fy;s ;kstuk rS;kj djukA
prqFkZ lksikuμ;kstuk dks fØ;kfUor djukA
iape lksikuμ;kstuk dk ewY;kadu djukA
"k"Ve lksikuμ;kstuk dk vkys[k rS;kj djukA
fo'ks"krk,¡μbldh vèkksfyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa gSaμ
1- Nk=kksa dks ekSfyd fpUru] fØ;kvksa rFkk vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dk volj feyrk gSA
2- Nk=kksa dks uohu Kku thou ls lEcfUèkr djosQ fn;k tkrk gSA blfy;s vfèkd mi;ksxh gksrk gS] Nk=k #fp
ysrs gSaA
3- Nk=kksa esa lw> dh {kerkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
4- euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd vfèkfu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
5- fo|ky; osQ lHkh fo"k;ksa dks lefUor :i esa i<+k;k tkrk gSA blls cksèkxE;rk vfèkd gksrh gSA
6- Nk=k esa Kku osQ lkFk lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
lhek,¡μbldh lhek;sa fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- fo"k;ksa dks Øec¼ :i esa ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
2- ;kstukvksa dks okLrfod :i nsus osQ fy;s vfèkd O;; djuk gksrk gSA
3- lHkh fo"k;ksa rFkk fo"k; dh leLr ikB~;&oLrq osQ fy;s ;kstuk fofèk iz;qDr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
4- lHkh lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfèkxe osQ lHkh mís';ksa dks izkIr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
5- mPp d{kkvksa esa bls iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6- fo"k;ksa dk Kku Øec¼ :i esa ugha fn;k tkrk gSA uksV

lq>koμblosQ iz;ksx esa fuEufyf[kr lkoèkkfu;k¡ j[kuh pkfg;saμ
1- Ñf"k fo|ky;ksa esa bldk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
2- rduhdh izfunsZ'k laLFkkvksa esa iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
3- ;kstuk dh leL;k ferO;;h gksuh pkfg;saA
4- bldks ,d lgk;d funsZ'k fofèk osQ :i esa iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
fn;s x;s dFku osQ lkeus lgh vFkok xyr × dk fu'kku yxkb,A (State whether the following
statements are true or falls)
1- vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k&fofèk dh vis{kk ikB&izn'kuZ fofèk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA
2- izksisQlj jsu }kjk fo|ky; i;ZVu fofèk dk fodkl fd;k x;kA
3- ikB~;oLrq dk okLrfod vuqHkoksa }kjk Kku iznku djus osQ fy, 'kSf{kd i;ZVu
vfèkd mi;ksxh gSA
4- f'k{kkfon~ tkWu Mh- oh- ;kstuk funsZ'k j.kuhfr osQ izorZu MCY;w ,p fdyiSfVªd osQ f'k"; FksA
24-2-4 ,sfrgkfld [kkst vkO;wg (Discovery Strategy)
bl fofèk osQ izoÙkZd ts- ,l- czwuj gSaA izk;% ,sfrgkfld [kkst (Discovery) rFkk vUos"k.k (Heuristics) fofèk;ksa
dks Hkzeo'k f'k{kd ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;ksx djrs gSa ijUrq nksuksa fofèk;k¡ ,d&nwljs ls fcYoqQy gh fHkÂ gksrh gSaA
,sfrgkfld [kkst dk iz;ksx lkekftd fo"k;ksa esa rF;ksa (facts) osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd vUos"k.k fofèk
(Heurism) dk iz;ksx oSKkfud fo"k;ksa izR;;ksa rFkk vfèkfu;eksa osQ izfriknu esa fd;k tkrk gSA vUos"k.k fofèk esa
ikB~;&oLrq dk cksèk oLrqfu"B :i esa fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd ,sfrgkfld [kkst esa rF;ksa dh O;k[;k rFkk o.kZu
O;fDrfu"B gh gksrk gSA vUos"k.k fofèk dk lEcUèk orZeku ls gksrk gS vkSj fujh{k.k izR;{k :i esa fd;k tkrk gS]
tcfd ,sfrgkfld [kkst dk lEcUèk vrhr vFkkZr~ Hkwrdky dh ?kVukvksa ls gksrk gS rFkk vo'ks"kksa osQ vkèkkj ij
fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSaA
Lo:iμ,sfrgkfld [kkst fof/ osQ izeq[k Lo:i fuEu izdkj gSaμ
1- Nk=kksa osQ 'kSf{kd i;ZVu esa ,sfrgkfld voyksdu osQ ckn muls o.kZu djk;k tkrk gSA
2- fdlh ;qx osQ o.kZu vFkok 'kklu dk o.kZu djosQ Nk=kksa ls mldh liQyrk vFkok vliQyrk osQ dkj.k
dks Kkr djk;k tkrk gSA
3- Nk=kksa dks u;s rF;ksa dh [kkst ekSfyd :i esa djuh gksrh gS ijUrq fo|ky; Lrj ij Nk=k vius gh rF;ksa
dh [kkst djrk gSA
4- blesa rF;ksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk vFkkZiu bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls u;s rF;ksa dk cksèk gksus yxrk gSA
1- Nk=kksa dks fØ;k'khyrk osQ fy;s volj fn;k tkrk gSA
2- Nk=kksa esa lw> 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
3- Nk=kksa dks O;fDrxr :i ls rFkk LorU=k :i ls fpUru dk volj feyrk gSA
4- Nk=kksa dh ifjikd rFkk o.kZu djus dh {kerkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- vkUrfjd rFkk cká nksuksa gh vko';d gksrh gSaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV fo'ks"krk,¡μbl fofèk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa bl izdkj gSaμ

1- lkekftd rF;ksa osQ jVus dh vis{kk cksèkxE;rk rFkk fpUru osQ fy;s volj fn;k tkrk gSA
2- Nk=kksa esa ltZukRed fpUru dk fodkl gksrk gSA
3- fo'ys"k.k rFkk la'ys"k.k {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
4- KkukRed rFkk HkkokRed i{kksa osQ mPp mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSA
5- Nk=k osQoy vius fy;s u;s Kku dh [kkst gh ugha djrk gS] vfirq lafpr Kku dk izR;kLej.k Hkh djrk gSA

• funs'Z k dk eq[; mís'; Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa visf{kr ifjorZu ykuk gS] ftlosQ fy, leqfpr vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa
lgk;rk ls funs'Z k fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;qfDr;ksa osQ mi;ksx ls funs'Z k dk izkFkfed rRo funs'Z k fØ;k;sa
gSa] tks ;qfDr;ksa osQ lEiknu esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
• izR;sd fo"k; dh ikB~;oLrq osQ rRoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k esa funsZ'k ;qfDr;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA
• lewg fu;af=kr f'k{k.k fof/;k¡ bl izdkj gSaμ
vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k vkO;wgμbl fofèk dk iz;ksx izfunsZ'k laLFkkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ }kjk lkekftd
dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA vc ikB&izn'kZu (Lesson-demonstration) dh vis{kk vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k
dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkus yxk gS] D;ksafd ;g ikB&izn'kZu dh vis{kk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA
• 'kSf{kd i;ZVu vkO;wgμfuns'Z k izfØ;k dk mís'; vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiÂ djuk gS] ftlesa Nk=k lh[kus
osQ vuqHko izkIr dj losQA d{kk&funs'Z k esa funs'Z k 'kfCnd rFkk v'kkfCnd vUr%&izfØ;k esa vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks mRiÂ djrk gS] ftlesa Nk=k vfèkdka'k :i esa JO;&bfUnz;ksa ls lh[kus dk vuqHko izkIr djrs gSaA
• 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk fodklμizksisQlj jsu }kjk fo|ky; i;ZVu (School Excursion) dk fodkl fd;k x;k
gS] ftlesa Nk=kksa dks okLrfod vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dks egRo fn;k x;kA Hkwxksy] izkÑfrd] n`';ksa] ,sfrgkfld
LFkyksa rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa dh ikB~;oLrq dk Kku izR;{khdj.k }kjk fd;k tk;s rc Kku vfèkd #fpdj rFkk
cksèkxE; gks ldrk gSA blosQ fy;s 'kSf{kd i;ZVu izfofèk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh gSA bfrgkl tSls uhjl fo"k; dks
,sfrgkfld i;ZVu osQ }kjk mldks ltho jkspd ,oa okLrfod cuk;k tkrk gSA ;gh mi;ksx Hkwxksy fo"k; osQ
funsZ'k esa gksrk gSA
• ;kstuk funsZ'k vkO;wgμ;kstuk fofèk funsZ'k dh uohu fofèk ekuh tkrh gSA bldk fodkl f'k{kk esa lkekftd
izof` Ùk osQ iQyLo:i gqvk gSA f'k{kk bl izdkj dh nh tkuh pkfg;s] tks thou dks leFkZ cuk losQA blosQ izorZd
MCY;w- ,p- fdyiSfVªd FksA ;g fofèk vuqHko&osQfUnzr gksrh gSA ;g ckydksa osQ lekthdj.k ij fo'ks"k cy
nsrh gSA lkekftd fo"k;ksa osQ funsZ'k esa bls Hkyh izdkj iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• ,sfrgkfld [kkst vkO;wgμ bl fofèk osQ izoÙkZd ts- ,l- czuw j gSAa izk;% ,sfrgkfld [kkst (Discovery) rFkk
vUos"k.k (Heuristics) fofèk;ksa dks Hkzeo'k f'k{kd ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;ksx djrs gSa ijUrq nksuksa fofèk;k¡ ,d&nwljs
ls fcYoqQy gh fHkÂ gksrh gSaA ,sfrgkfld [kkst dk iz;ksx lkekftd fo"k;ksa esa rF;ksa (facts) osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk
gS] tcfd vUos"k.k fofèk (Heurism) dk iz;ksx oSKkfud fo"k;ksa izR;;ksa rFkk vfèkfu;eksa osQ izfriknu esa fd;k
tkrk gSA vUos"k.k fofèk esa ikB~;&oLrq dk cksèk oLrqfu"B :i esa fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd ,sfrgkfld [kkst esa
rF;ksa dh O;k[;k rFkk o.kZu O;fDrfu"B gh gksrk gSA vUos"k.k fofèk dk lEcUèk orZeku ls gksrk gS vkSj fujh{k.k
izR;{k :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd ,sfrgkfld [kkst dk lEcUèk vrhr vFkkZr~ Hkwrdky dh ?kVukvksa ls gksrk
gS rFkk vo'ks"kksa osQ vkèkkj ij fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSaA


• uhjlμ jlghuA
• n`';μ JO; lkexzhμns[kh vkSj lquh tkus ;ksX; lkexzhA
• Kkuksafnz;k¡μ fo"k;ksa dk Kku djkus okyh bafnz;k¡A
• ifjikdμ lekIr gksus dh vof/] idk;k tkukA

1- lewg fu;af=kr funsZ'k dh fofèk;ksa dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A
2- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A
3- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu fofèk dks egRo le>kb,A
4- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
(d) vuqdj.kh; funsZ'k fofèk
([k) i;ZVu dk funsZ'k esa mi;ksx
(x) ,sfrgkfld [kkst fofèk
1. × 2. 3. 4. ×
2. vè;kid funsZ'kμ MkW- f'ko oqQekj mikè;k;@MkW- iznhi oqQekj] uojkt izdk'k] fnYyhA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZ 25% f'k{kd f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd dk fgehdj.k
(Teacher Education and Teacher Freezingness)
mís'; (Objectives)
25.1 f'k{kd fgehdj.k dk v~FkZ (Meaning of Teacher Freezingness)
25.2 f'k{kd fgehdj.k ds dkj.k (Use of Teacher Education in Removing Teacher

Freezingness)
25.3 f'k{kd fgehdj.k dks gVkus esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ç;ksx (Teaching Strategies to Improve
Student learning)
25.4 Nk=k f'k{kk esa lq/kj ykus dh f'k{k.k j.kuhfr;ka (Summary)
mís'; (Objectives)
• f'k{kd fgehdj.k ds v~FkZ ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• f'k{k.k fgehdj.k ds dkj.kksa dk o.kZuA
• f'k{kd fgehdj.k dks gVkus esa f'k{kd &f'k{kk ds mi;ksx ds ckjs esa le>kus ds fy,A
• Nk=k f'k{kk esa lq/kj ykus dh f'k{k.k j.kuhfr;kasa ds ckjs esa ppkZA
f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk ij ,d Nk=k dh liQyrk ds lHkh vf/dka'k fuHkZj djrs gSAf'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk esa uhfr
fu~ekZrkvksa] dkWyst vkSj fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds dkWystksa esa] fo'ks"k :i ls] vkSj vke turk dk ,d
çeq• fpark dk fo"k; cu x;k gSAxq.koÙkk f'k{kd gj cPps dk vf/dkj gS]f'k{kk esa f'k{kd xq.koÙkk vkSj f'k{kd
çf'k{k.k c<+rh ekudksa vkSj tokcnsgh ds ,d ;qx esa igys ls dgha vf/d egRoiw~.kZ gks tk,xkAfiNys dqN o~"kkZsa
ds nkSjku f'k{kdksa dh ekax c<+k nh xbZ gS]ysfdu f'k{kdksa dks dkxth ;ksX;rk dh ekax lkeuk djuk iM+k jgk
gSAxq.koÙkk f'k{kdksa ds vkus okys o~"kkZsa esa ,d çeq• fpark dk fo"k; gksxkAfMftVy çkS|kfsxdh vkSj oS'ohdj.k
ds ;qx esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dks dbZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA

bdkbZ—25% f'k{kd f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd dk fgehdj.k
25-1 f'k{kd fgehdj.k dk v~FkZ (Meaning of Teacher Freezingness) uksV

f'k{kd fgehdj.k f'k{kdksa ds euksoSKkfud] lkekftd] 'kkjhfjd vkSj uSfrd ;ksX;rk esa f'k{kd dh v{kerk
gSAf'k{kd eq'fdy ls gh ;kstuk vkSj fuekZ.k ewY;kadu mik;ksa esa 'kkfey gSAf'k{k.k vkSj lh•us esa vuqla/ku ds
dkj.k dh vksj fuf"Ø;rk fn•kukAdqN f'k{kd vfuPNqd joS;k dks Lohdkj djus ls ;qÙkQ gS tks yVds gq, gSAos
u, fopkjksa dh dksf'k'k dj ds tksf•e ugha ysrs gSa vkSj ckSf¼d ifjo~rZu dks Lohdkj djus ls cprs Hkh gSA
25-2 f'k{kd fgehdj.k ds dkj.k (Causes of Teaching Freezingness)

de le; ds f'k{kdksa ds çf'k{k.k ds fy, vof/ dh deh;k%Hkkjr esa]ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa ds fy, f'k{kdksa
dh vof/ çf'k{k.k lHkh ds lkFk ,d o"kZ ds ckn ekè;fed Ldwyksa ds fy, lHkh ds lkFk ,d o"kZ ds ckn
Lukrd çHkkoh l=k esa vkB ls ukS eghus dh gksrh gSAf'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; LoLFk euksHkko]
O;kid vk/kfjr #fp vkSj çf'k{k.k is'ks vkSj mlds ckn] ,d O;fÙkQRo dh xfjek Hkh fodflr ds vuq:i ewY;ksa
dks fodflr djus ds fy, gSA;g laHko ugha gS]ukS eghus ls de dh vof/ ds nkSjkuA
Nk=k f'k{kd dh v{kerk%ekStwnk çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe Nk=k f'k{kdksa esa n{krk fodflr djus ds fy, muds
okLrfod f'k{k.k thou esa fLFkfr;ksa ds fofHkUu çdkj dk lkeuk djus ds fy, i;kZIr volj çnku ugha djrk
gS D;ksafd f'k{kdksa ds çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds vk;kstdksa dks Ldwyksa dh ekStwnk leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa irk ugha gSAos
Ldwyksa ds lh/s laidZ esa ugha gSA
Ldwy vkSj çf'k{k.k laLFkku ds chp bl varj ds dkj.k]lkexzhs dk fodkl ugha gksrk]dk;Zç.kkyh jkT; vkSj
'kSf{kd vuq'kklu ds lkFk laidZ detksj gks tkrk gSAblfy,]ogk¡ ,d Ldwy esa ,d f'k{kd dk dke vuqlwph
ds chp ?kfu"B feyku gksuk pkfg, vkSj bl dk;ZØe dks çf'k{k.k egkfo|ky; esa f'k{kd rS;kj djus ds fy,
viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
deh;k i=kksa ds laca/ esa %,d f'k{kd dks f'k{kk]mlds mís';ksa] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd
i`"BHkfwe]fofHkUu ,tasfl;ksa tks f'k{kk dks çHkkfor]l?¼kar tks ikBÔØe ds fuekZ.k dk ekxZn'kZu vkfn dk vFkZ
irk gksuk pkfg,Aysfdu ,d vPNs vfHkfoU;kl dh fn'kk esa ,d mfpr rS;kjh 9 eghus dh ,d NksVh vof/
esa vlaHko gSA
f'k{kd vH;kl dh leL;k,a%vf/d laLFkkuksa esa vf/d tksj fl¼kar ij vad vkSj le; ds laca/ esa j•k
tkrk gSAfl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj ds chp ds vad dk vuqikr esa vke rkSj ij 5% 2 cuk gqvk gSAdqN laLFkkuksa
esa O;kogkfjd igyw dks fl¼kar ds cjkcj egRo fn;k tkrk gSAf'k{k.k vH;kl ch-,M dk;ZØe esa ,d egRoi~q.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSAbldk eq[; mís'; Nk=k f'k{kdksa çs{k.k dh 'kfÙkQ;ksa] è;ku dYiuk vkSj le; dh Hkkouk dks
çkIr djus ds fy, enn djuk gSAog Lora=k :i ls dSls vius ikB dks rS;kj djuk vkSj dSls f'k"; dks dke
vad nsuk lh•rk gSA
Nk=k f'k{k.k ds i;Zos{k.k ds leL;k%i;Zos{k.k dk mís'; f'k{k.k dh fLFkfr esa f'k{kk dk lq/kj gSA vH;kl
f'k{k.k i;Zos{kh laxBu vkSj i;Zos{kh rduhd vkSj vH;kl fofHkUu rduhdksa ds lkFk vkSj mUgsa d{kk LFkfr dk
lkeuk djus esa fo'okl fodflr djus ds fy, enn ds lkFk Nk=k f'k{kdksa ls ifjfpr }kjk Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh
f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa esa lq/kj ykus ds mís'; ds fy, gSA
fo"k; ds Kku dh deh% ch-,M-dk;ZØe cqfu;knh fo"k; ds Kku ij tksj ugha nsrk gSA Nk=k f'k{kd dh fo'ks"k
fo"k;ksa ds Kku dks etcwr cukus vkSj dks c<+kus ds fy, dksbZ çko/ku ugha gSAiwjs f'k{k.k vH;kl esa Nk=k f'k{kd
ds fo"k; Kku ds laca/ esa mnklhu cuh gqbZ gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ;FkkFkZokn dh deh%iwjs ch-,M-dk;ZØe esas Nk=k vius okLrfod f'k{k.k l=k ds lhfer le; ds Hkhrj nsj esa
vius iwjs fu/kZfjr ikBÔØe dks iwjk djus ds fy, ugha gSAf'k{k.k vH;kl tks og viuh d{kk ds nkSjku O;k;ke
vkSj mlds fu/kZfjr d{kk iwjk dks djus ds fy, vkSj mldh nh xbZ vof/ ds Hkhrj fu/kZfjr ikBÔØe iwjk
djus esa enn ugha djrsANk=k f'k{kd dks d{kk f'k{k.k dh okLrfod leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ,d
ekSdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,Aog fo'ks"k :i ls vius fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky vH;kl djuk
pkfg,Amls irk gksuk pkfg, fd dSls vius ikBÔØe dks iwjk djuk vkSj dSl vU; lacaf/r f'k{k.k ds vykok
vU; dk;Z dk çn~'kZu djuk pkfg,A
f'k{k.k dk nks"kiq.kZ rjhds%Hkkjr esa f'k{kd çf'k{kd uokpkj vkSj f'k{k.k ds rjhdksa ds mi;ksx esa ç;ksx djus
ds f•ykiQ gSAos f'k{kk ds ikjaifjd fof/] Hkk"k.k vkSj uksV~l dk mi;ksx djrs gSAvk/qfud d{kk lapkj midj.kksa
ds lkFk mudk ifjp; ux.; gSAmudk O;k[;ku lqLr] uhjl vkSj iQhdk gSANk=k 'k?{kdksa ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa
ckr djrs gSa] ysfdu mUgsa lqfo/k vkSj vklkuh ls mi;ksx ugha djrsAf'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dk ;kstuk vkSj O;ofLFkr
tkx:drk vkSj f'k{k.k çkS|ksfxdh ij fu;a=k.k ugha gSA
is'ksoj joS;k ds vHkko%Hkkjr esa iwjs f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe is'ksoj joS;s esa deh gS tks f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe
dh ,d èofu ds fy, cgqr egRoiw~.kZ gSAdqN jkT;ksa esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe okf.kfT;d dj fn;k x;k gSA
b"Vre dh cpr ,sls foHkkxksa }kjk mBk, x, jktLo ds ekè;e ls fd tkrh gSA;g egkfo|ky;ksa esa mi ekud
lqfo/k,a esa gSA;g Hkh f'k{kd çf'k{kd dh HkrhZ esa uhfr;ksa ds ikyu esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ftldk •jkc xq.koÙkk
;qXfer gks mi&ekud lqfo/kvksa ds çko/ku ds lkFk]ifjlj ij tksjnkj vkSj xfr'khy dk;ZØe dh deh ds fy,
dkiQh gn rd ftEesnkj gSA
•jkc Nk=k f'k{kd dh 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe%laLFkk ds vf/dka'k esa mfpr ços'k çfØ;k ugha ns[kh tkrhAT;knkrj
f'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx esa ços'k ds fy, vkosnu djus okyksa dh visf{kr çsj.kk vkSj vè;kiu ds is'ks esa ,d vPNh
rjg ls yk;d ços'k ds fy, 'kS{kf.kd i`"BHkfwe ugha gksrhAblfy, os dke vkSj vè;;u djus ds çfr mnklhu
jgrs gSAdqN jkT;ksa esa yM+fd;ksa dks mudh ;ksX;rk dh otg ls ,d •klh vuqikr esa HkrhZ djk;k tkrk gS gkykafd
os vè;kiu ds is'ks esa ugha gS vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa loZj djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSAbZlls vçf'kf{kr f'k{kd
ds <sj dh leL;k iSnk gks xbZ gSAdqN jkT;ksa esa efgyk f'k{kdksa ds fy, ifjyfC/;ksa dk dke dkiQh de njksa
ij miyC/ gSA
mfpr lqfo/k,a dk vHkko%Hkkjr esa f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks ,d vU;k;iw~.kZ mipkj fn;k tk jgk
gSAvè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds yxHkx 20 çfr'kr fdjk, ds bekjrksa esa pyk, tk jgs gS vkSj ,d çk;ksfxd
Ldwy ;k ç;ksx'kkyk] iqLrdky; vkSj vU; ,d vPNs f'k{kd f'k{kk o?Hkkx ds fy, vko';d midj.kksa ds
fy, fdlh Hkh lfqo/k ds fcukANk=k f'k{kdksa ds fy, dksbZ vyx ls Nk=kkokl dh lqfo/k,¡ ugha gSA
ekax vkSj vkiw~frZ esa fu;eu ds vHkko%vf/dka'k ekeyksa esa jkT; f'k{kk foHkkx esa LukrdksÙkj f'k{kd&f'k{kk
foHkkx ds 'kq: djus ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gSAf'k{kd f'k{kk foHkkx] ftlds vk/kj ij os vius laLFkkuksa ds fy,
okafNr lsou dke dj ldrs gS ml ij dksbZ fooj.k ugha gSAf'k{kdksa dh ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ ds chp ,d dkiQh
varjky gSA;g csjkstxkjh vkSj rgr jkstxkj dh leL;k iSnk djrk gSA
eq[; 'kS{kf.kd LVªhe ds lkFk lgHkkfxrk dh deh%jkT;ksa esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx dVs gq, vkSj vyx gS]
os fo'ofo|ky; ds foHkkxksa ds fy, ekWMy ds :i esa dk;Z ugha dj ldrsAvU; fo'ofo|ky; ds foHkkxksa esa
f'k{kd çf'k{k.k vuqHkkx dk bykt voj dqN ds :i esa djrs gSAos fdlh Hkh f'k{kd f'k{kk vuqHkkx }kjk
çk;ksftr dk;ZØe esa lg;ksx ugha djrsAf'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx ewY;kadu] f'k{k.k fof/;ksa vkSj ikBÔØe ds fodkl
ds :i esa bl rjg ds {ks=kksa esa fdlh Hkh lsa/ cukus ds fy, l{ke ugha fd;k x;k gSA

vi;kZIr vuqHkotU; vuqla/ku%Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vuqla/ku esa dkiQh mis{kk dh xbZ gSA tks Hkh vuqla/ uksV
ku dk vk;kstu fd;k tk jgk gS os ,d cgqr gh ?kfV;k xq.koÙkk dk gSA 7 fdlh Hkh O;ofLFkr 'kks/ miØe }kjk
f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks Bhd ls vè;;u ugha fd;k x;k gSAvuqfpr lq>ko vVdyksa ds vk/kj ij f'k{kd& f'k{kk
dk;ZØeksa esa ekxZn~'kZd fl¼kar gSA
d{kk esa gkL; dk ç;ksx le> vkSj çfr/kj.k lq/kj ds }kjk Nk=k dks lh•us esa c<+us
ds fy, enn djrk gSA

1- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the blanks)—
1- ------------ f'k{kdksa ds euksoSKkfud] lkekftd] 'kkjhfjd vkSj uSfrd ;ksX;rk esa f'k{kd dh v{kerk gSA
2- ----------- dk mís'; f'k{k.k dh fLFkfr esa f'k{kk dk lq/kj gSA
3- f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ------------] O;k[;ku vkSj uksV~l ds Jqrys• dk mi;ksx djsa tks f'k{kdksa esa fgehdj.k c<+krk
gSA
4- Hkkjr esa iwjs f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ------------- esa deh gS tks f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh ,d èofu ds fy,
cgqr egRoiw~.kZ gSA
25-3 f'k{kd fgehdj.k dks gVkus esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ç;ksx (Use of Teacher
Education in Removing Teacher Freezingness)
f'k{kd f'k{kk ds dqN mipkj gS tks f'k{kd fgehdj.k gVk ldrs gSa dj jgs gSA
1- nksuksa fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj ds vè;;u ds ikBÔØe dk iqu~xZBu fd;k tkuk pkfg,Abl ds fy, ,d /
`"V vuqla/ku dqN fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ns•us ds fy, ikBÔØe dh lajpuk
D;k gS tks f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, ennxkj gksxhAfl¼kar vkSj O;kogkfjd dke ds
vuqikr esa fo'ks"k :i ls vè;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj O;kogkfjd dk;Z @ O;kogkfjd xfrfof/;ksa ds
foHk?Uu çdkj dh fjdkWfMZax ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k dk;ZØe fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks Ldwyksa esa
vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
2- f'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx esa f'k{k.k i¼fr fo'ofo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa ds vU; foHkkxksa ds chp ljkgus
dh Hkkouk dks çsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A,d f'k{kd f'k{kk foHkkx dks] blfy,] fuEufyf•r fn'kkvksa esa
fo'ks"k uohu dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu djuk pkfg,% laxks"Bh] laxks"Bh vkSj O;k[;ku dk la;kstu] f'k{k.k ny]
iSuy p~pkZ] vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa f'k{kk ds lq/kj ds fy, ladk; lnL;ksa }kjk çk;ksftr ifj;kstukvksa ds
lkFk fopkj foe'kZA
3- is'ksoj joS;s ds fodkl ds fy, ;g vius vki esa bdkbZ ds :i esa f'k{kk ds egkfo|ky; dh igpku
ds fy, mfpr gksxkA ,sls laLFkkuks nSfud fo/kulHkk dk;ZØeksa] lkeqnkf;d thou] lkekftd dk;Z]
iqLrdky; laxBu vkSj vU; ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ksa tks vkilh ç'kalk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr dh yksdrkaf=kd Hkkouk
dks c<+kok nsus ds :i esa bl rjg dh xfrfof/;ksa ds fofHkUu çdkj ds vk;kstu ds fy, lqfo/kvksa ds
lkFk lqlfTtr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
4- ços'k mRikndksaog dks ch-,M iwjh rjg ls O;ofLFkr djuk pkfg, vkSj xfM+cM+h ds f•ykiQ iq.kZ çek.k

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV cukus ds fy, dne mBk, tkus pkfg,Ablls vè;;u ds ekè;e ls mi;qÙkQ nkf•ys dh çfØ;k fodflr
djus dh lykg nh tkrh gS] ysfdu o~rZeku esa iwjh leL;k,a nkf•ys dh çfØ;k esa vkRefo'okl cgky
djus dh gSA
5- blesa çR;sd jkT; f'k{kk foHkkx esa ,d ;kstuk bdkbZ gksuk pkfg,Abl bdkbZ dks lekjksg vkSj Ldwyksa ds
fofHkUu Lrjksa ij f'k{kdksa dh ekax vkSj vkiqfrZ dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, gksuk pkfg,Abl bdkbZ dks fofHkUu
Jsf.k;ksa esa f'k{kdksa ds Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa ds ç{ksi.k dh ftEesnkjh Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA
vi;kZIr vuqHkotU; vuqla/ku D;k gS\
25-4 Nk=k f'k{kk esa lq/kj ykus dh f'k{k.k j.kuhfr;ka (Teaching Strategies to
Improve Student learning)
f'k{k.k j.kuhfr;ksa dh ,d fdLe gS ftldks çf'k{kdksa ds Nk=k f'k{kk esa lq/kj djus ds fy, mi;ksx dj ldrs gSAuhps
fn, x, lalxZ vkidks viuh d{kkvksa dks vkSj vf/d vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, dqN rjhds fn•k,xkA
• lfØ; lh•uk%lfØ; lh•uk dqN Hkh gS tks fd Nk=kksa dks dsoy fuf"Ø; ,d fç'k{kdksa O;k[;ku esa lquus
ls ,d vU; d{kk esa ugha gSAvuqla/ku ls lfØ; lh•us Nk=k le> esa lq/kj dk irk pyrk gS vkSj tkudkjh
dh vo/kj.k vkSj leL;k dks lqy>kus vkSj egRoiw.kZ lksp ds :i esa bl rjg ds mPp vkns'k laKkukRed
dkS'ky dks fodflr djus esa cgqr dkjxj gks ldrk gSA
• d{kk esa fDydj dk mi;ksx%çf'k{kdksa dks rsth ls bdêòk djus vkSj d{kk esa Nk=kksa ds iwNus ds fy, dbZ
fodYi loky ds fy, Nk=k çfrfØ;kvksa ds la{ksi esa çLrqrh ds fy, fDydj ;ksX; cukrk gSA
• lgdkjh@lg;ksxkRed lh•uk%lgdkjh vkSj lg;ksxh f'k{k.k f'k{k.k n`f"Vdks.k esa tks Nk=kksa dks NksVs&NksVs
lewgksa esa ,d lkFk dke djus ds fy, ,d vke lh•us y{; dks iwjk djus ds fy, gSAmUgsa è;ku ls ;kstuk
cukus vkSj fØ;kfUor djus fd t:jr gS]ysfdu os LFkk;h :i ls lewgksa ds xBu dh vko';drk ugha gSA
egRoiw.kZ lksp ekufld xfrfof/;ksa dk ,d laxzg gS ftlesa lgtrk] Li"V djus] çfrfcafcr
djus]tksM+us] vuqeku vkSj U;k;k/h'k fd {kerk 'kkfey gSA;g bu xfrfof/;ksa dks ,d lkFk ykrk
gS vkSj Nk=k dks loky djus ds fy, ekStwnk Kku ds fy, l{ke cukrk gSA
• ppkZ dh j.kuhfr;k¡%ppkZ esa Nk=kksa dks my>kus muds lh•us vkSj mUgsa vius fopkjksa dks fodflr djus ds
fy, viuh vkokt dks c<+kus ds fy, ;ksX; çsj.kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSANk=kksa dks ckr djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djus esa ckrphr ds fy, ,d vPNk okrkoj.k igyk dne gSA
• vuqHkokRed vf/xe%vuqHkokRed vf/xe f'k{kk ds fy, ,d nf`"Vdks.k gS ftlesa lh•us]çfrHkkxh
O;fÙkQijd vuqHko ij è;ku dsaær fd;k gSAf'k{kd dh Hkwfedk çR;{k vuqHkoksa dh jpuk gS ftlesa rS;kjh vkSj
fparu'khy vH;kl 'kkfey gSA
• •sy@ç;ksx@vuqdj.k%•sy] ç;ksxksa vkSj vuqdj.k Nk=kksa ds lh•us ds fy, le`¼ okrkoj.k gks ldrk gSANk=k

vkt •sy •syus vkSj lgHkkxh midj.k tSls baVjusV]iQksu]vkSj vU; midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djus yxs gSA•sy uksV
vkSj vuqdj.k Nk=kksa dks ,d ½f"k okrkoj.k esa okLrfod nqfu;k dh leL;kvksa esa thus ds fy, vkSj ,slk djrs
le; Lo;a vkuan djrk gSSA
• tkap ekxZn'kZu lh•uk%f'k{kk dh tkap fof/ ds lkFk]Nk=kksa dks Lo;a }kjk vo/kj.kkvksa dh le> vkSj lh•us
ds fy, ftEesnkjh mu yksxksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA;g fof/ Nk=kksa dks vuqla/ku ds dkS'ky dk fuekZ.k djus ds
fy, çksRlkfgr djrh gS tks muds 'kSf{kd vuqHko Hkj esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• var%fo"k; f'k{k.k%var%fo"k; f'k{k.k esa ,d d{kk esa nks vyx vyx fo"k;ksa ds la;kstu 'kkfey gSAçf'k{kd
tks var%fo"k; f'k{k.k esa Hkkx ysrs gS og ikrs gS fd Nk=kksa dks lkexzh vyx nf`"Vdks.k gS]tcfd ladk; lnL;ksa
us vius Lo;a ds vuq'kklu lkexzh dh Hkh ,d csgrj ljkguk dh gSA
• f'k{kkFkhZ dsafær f'k{k.k%f'k{kkFkhZ dsafær f'k{k.k dk eryc Nk=k f'k{k.k dk dsaæ gSANk=k lh•us ds fy, Hkh
ftEesnkj gS tcfd çf'k{kd f'k{k.k dks lqfo/ktud cukus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSAbl çdkj]d{kk esa Nk=k dk
lÙkk ifjorZu gSA
• f'k{k.k leqnk;%leqnk; f'k{k.k]•kst]vkSj Kku dh ih<+h ds fy, yksxksa dks ,d lkFk ykus ds fy, lk>k djus
ds fy, gSA,d f'k{k.k leqnk; ds Hkhrj] lHkh çfrHkkfx;ksa ds mij lh•us ds y{;ksa dks çkIr djus dh ftEesnkjh gSA
• O;k[;ku j.kuhfr;k¡%O;k[;ku rjhdk gS tks T;knkrj çf'k{kdksa vkt d{kkvksa esa lh•k jgs gSAgkykafd]vkt ds Nk=kksa
ds lkFk]O;k[;ku cgqr yacs le; mudk è;ku idM+rk ugha gS]Hkys gh os Nk=kksa dks tkudkjh lan's k ds ,d lk/u
gSA
• eksckby lh•uk%eksckby lh•uk fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lh•uk gS ,slk tc gksrk gS tc f'k{kkFkhZ ,d fu'fpr
LFkku ij ugha gksrk gSA
• vkWuykbu@ladj ikBÔØe%vkWuykbu vkSj ladj ikBÔØe esa lko/ku ;kstuk vkSj laxBu dh vko';drk
gSAgkykafd],d ckj bl ikBÔØe dks dk;kZfUor fd;k tkrk gS]blesa egRoiw.kZ fopkj gS tks ikjaifjd ikBÔØe
ls vyx gSANk=kksa ds lkFk laidZ vR;ar egRoiw~.kZ gSA
• leL;k vk/kfjr vf/xe%leL;k vk/kfjr vf/xe (ih-ch-,y) ,d vuqns'kkRed rjhdk gS tks Nk=kksa dks
pqukSfr;ksa ds fy, tkuus ds fy,] okLrfod nqfu;k dh leL;kvksa ds lek/ku dh ryk'k ds fy, lewgksa esa
dke djus ds fy, gSA;g çfØ;k dks vkerkSj ij O;ofLFkr nf`"Vdks.k leL;kvksa dks gy djus ;k pqukSfr;ksa
dks iwjk djus tks og thou esa lkeuk dj jgs gS mldks nksgjkus vkSj ilanhr Nk=kksa dks muds dSfj;j esa enn
bLrseky ds fy, djrs gSA
• lsok vf/xe%lsok vf/xe f'k{k.k dk ,d çdkj gS tks dqN leqnk; ifj;kstuk esa ukxfjd ftEesnkjh ds lkFk
'kSf{kd lkexzh dks tksM+rk gSAvf/xe lajfpr vkSj i;Zos{k.k gS vkSj Nk=k dks txg ysus ij çfrfcafcr djus
ds fy, l{ke cukrk gSA
• lkekftd usVofdZax midj.k%lkekftd usVofdZax midj.k ladk; laidZ ds u, vkSj vyx vyx vFkZ esa
Nk=kksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, l{ke gSA
• fofo/ Nk=k f'k{k.k%çf'k{kd vkt vius ikBÔØeksa esa ,d fofo/ vkcknh dk vkeuk&lkeuk djus esa vkSj
dbZ ckj tkuus ds fy, dSls muds lkFk lkSnk djus esa lgk;rk dh vko';drk gSA
• çdj.k ds lkFk f'k{k.k%orZeku Nk=k das okLrfod thou dh leL;kvksa ds çdj.k dk vè;;u vkSj mUgsa
d{kk esa okLrfod thou fLFkfr;ksa ckjs esa lh•k;k gS mldks ykxw djus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, gSAçdj.kksa esa
Hkh Nk=kksa dks rkfdZd leL;k dks lqy>kus vkSj]ny tksM+uk]lewg laokn ds dkS'ky fodflr djus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr djrs gSANk=kksa dh leL;kvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy,] laHko oSdfYid dk;ksaZ dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vius fodYiksa ds fy, ,d rdZ ds lkFk lek/ku çnku djrs gSA
• ny vk/kfjr vf/xe%ny vk/kfjr vf/xe (Vh-ch-,y) ,d dkiQh u;k f'k{k.k dk nf`"Vdks.k gS tks Nk=kksa
dks vius •qn ds lh•us ds fy, ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gS vkSj rS;kj oxZ ds fy, vkus ds fy, tokcnsg vk;ksftr
djrs gSAvuqla/ku esa ik;k x;k gS fd Nk=kksa dks vf/d ftEesnkj vkSj vf/d O;Lr gS tc Vhe vk/kfjr
vf/xe çsfjr djrk gSAVh-ch-,y vkSj lkekU; lewg dh xfrfof/;ksa esa eq[; varj ;g gS fd lewg LFkk;h gS
vkSj oxZ le; T;knkrj lewg dh cSBd ds fy, le~fiZr gSA
• ny f'k{k.k%vius l~oZJs"B ij] ny f'k{k.k Nk=kksa vkSj ladk; lnL;ksa dks vkilh lEeku vkSj ,d fo"k; esa
,d lk>k fgr }kjk ifjHkkf"kr lsfVax esa LoLFk fopkjksa ds vknku&çnku ls ykHk ds fy, vuqefr nsrk gSAT;knkrj
ekeyksa esa nksuksa ladk; lnL; çR;sd o~xZ ds nkSjku mifLFkr jgs gS vkSj ckrphr ds fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ds :i
esa vPNh rjg ls vyx vyx n`f"Vdks.k çnku dj ldrs gSA
• ys•u dk;Z%ys•u dk;Z o~xZ fy, egRoiw~.kZ lksp dkS'ky dks ykxw djus ds fy, rFkk mUgsa ikBÔØe lkexzh
tkuus ds fy, enn djus ds fy, ,d volj çnku dj ldrs gSA
d{kk esa gkL; dk mi;ksx le> vkSj çfr/kj.k lq/kj ds }kjk Nk=k dks lh•us esa o`f¼
ns ldrk gSA

2- fuEufyf•r c;ku 'lgh' ;k 'xyr' gSa crk,sa (State whether the following statements are 'True'
or 'False')
1- f'k{kd esa is'ksoj joS;s dk fodkl gekjs Ldwy esa f'k{k.k ds O;kid ukSdjh fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
2- ch-,M- dh ços'k çfØ;k iwjh rjg ls O;ofLFkr fd tkuh pkfg,A
3- egRoiw.kZ lksp 'kkjhfjd xfrfof/;ksa dk ,d laxzg gS ftlesa lgtrk] Li"V djus] çfrfcafcr djus]tksM+us]
vuqeku vkSj U;k;k/h'k fd {kerk 'kkfey gSA
4- d{kk esa gkL; Nk=k dks vè;;u ls fopfyr dj ldrk gSA
5- var%fo"k; f'k{k.k es ,d d{kk ds nks vyx vyx fo"k;ksa ds la;kstu 'kkfey gSA

• Nk=k f'k{kd dh v{kerk%ekStwnk çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe Nk=k f'k{kdksa esa n{krk fodflr djus ds fy, muds
okLrfod f'k{k.k thou esa fLFkfr;ksa ds fofHkUu çdkj dk lkeuk djus ds fy, i;kZIr volj çnku ugha djrk
gS D;ksafd f'k{kdksa ds çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds vk;kstdksa dks Ldwyksa dh ekStwnk leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa irk ugha
gSA
• ,d f'k{kd dks f'k{kk]mlds mís';ksa] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkfwe]fofHkUu ,tasfl;ksa
tks f'k{kk dks çHkkfor]l?¼kar tks ikBÔØe ds fuekZ.k dk ekxZn'kZu vkfn dk vFkZ irk gksuk pkfg,Aysfdu
,d vPNs vfHkfoU;kl dh fn'kk esa ,d mfpr rS;kjh 9 eghus dh ,d NksVh vof/ esa vlaHko gSA

• i;Zos{k.k dk mís'; f'k{k.k dh fLFkfr esa f'k{kk dk lq/kj gSA vH;kl f'k{k.k i;Zos{kh laxBu vkSj i;Zos{kh uksV
rduhd vkSj vH;kl fofHkUu rduhdksa ds lkFk vkSj mUgsa d{kk LFkfr dk lkeuk djus esa fo'okl fodflr
djus ds fy, enn ds lkFk Nk=k f'k{kdksa ls ifjfpr }kjk Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa esa lq/kj ykus
ds mís'; ds fy, gSA
• ch-,M-dk;ZØe cqfu;knh fo"k; ds Kku ij tksj ugha nsrk gSA
• iwjs ch-,M-dk;ZØe esas Nk=k vius okLrfod f'k{k.k l=k ds lhfer le; ds Hkhrj nsj esa vius iwjs fu/kZfjr
ikBÔØe dks iwjk djus ds fy, ugha gSA
• Hkkjr esa f'k{kd çf'k{kd uokpkj vkSj f'k{k.k ds rjhdksa ds mi;ksx esa ç;ksx djus ds f•ykiQ gSA
• Hkkjr esa iwjs f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe is'ksoj joS;s esa deh gS tks f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh ,d èofu ds fy,
cgqr egRoiw~.kZ gSA
• laLFkk ds vf/dka'k esa mfpr ços'k çfØ;k ugha ns[kh tkrhAT;knkrj f'k{kd&f'k{kk foHkkx esa ços'k ds fy,
vkosnu djus okyksa dh visf{kr çsj.kk vkSj vè;kiu ds is'ks esa ,d vPNh rjg ls yk;d ços'k ds fy,
'kS{kf.kd i`"BHkfwe ugha gksrhA

• fgehdj.kμ ,d mfpr rjhds ls dqN djus esa vleFkZrk
• v{kerkμ dkS'ky dh deh
• nks"kiw~.kZμ lgh ugha

1- f'k{kd ds fgehdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA
2- f'k{kd çf'k{k.k esa deh ;k ikBÔØe D;k gS tks ikBÔØe f'k{kd fgehdj.k Ldwy esa gksrk gS\
3- f'k{kd f'k{kk f'k{kd fgehdj.k esls dSls fudky ldrs gSa\
4- fofHkUu f'k{kd çkS|ksfxfd;ksa D;k gS tks Nk=k esa lq/kj dj jgs gSA
1- 1. f'k{kd fgehdj.k 2. i;Zos{k.kZ 3. ikjaifjd fof/ 4. is'ksoj joS;s
2- 1. lgh 2. lgh 3. xyr 4. lgh


vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ26% vè;kid f'k{kk esa ewY;kadu i¼fr
(Performance Assessment of Teacher)
mís'; (Objectives)
26.1 f'k{kd fu"iknu dk vkdyu (Performance Assessment of Teacher)
26.2 fu"iknu ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ (Techniques of Appraisal Assessment)
26.3 f'k{kd ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ (Methods Used in Teacher's Evaluation)
26.4 f'k{kd osQ ewY;kadu esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj osQ fy;s lq>ko
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ewY;kadu dh fofHkUu i¼fr;ksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
ewY;kadu dh izfozQ;k KkukRed HkkokRed rFkk fozQ;kRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ lacaèk esa iznÙkksa dk ladyu djrh
gSA ijaijkxr ijh{kkvksa ls KkukRed mís';ksa dk gh ekiu fd;k tkrk gSA ewY;kadu dh izfozQ;k dk {ks=k vfèkd
O;kid gksrk gSA blesa vusd izdkj dh izfofèk;k¡ iz;qDr dh tkrh gSaA
26-1 f'k{kd fu"iknu dk vkdyu (Performance Assessment of Teacher)

fu"iknu ,d izfozQ;k gS ftlosQ }kjk fdlh ,d f'k{kd dh fuf'pr vofèk osQ nkSjku O;ogkj vkSj miyfCèk;ksa
dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSA
f'k{kk dks nks vFkks± esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSμ
(1) f'k{k.k ,d O;olk;]
(2) f'k{k.k osQ vUrxZr d{kk osQ vUrxZr fd;s tkus okyk O;ogkjA
bl izdkj ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa bu nksuksa gh n`f"Vdks.k ls fdlh iwoZ fuèkkZfjr iSekus ij vkadus dks fu"iknu ewY;kadu
dgrs gSaA bl vFkZ esa nks rRo fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaμ

bdkbZ—26% vè;kid f'k{kk esa ewY;kadu i¼fr
(1) ewY;kadu vkdyu (Appraisal Assessment), uksV

(2) mÙkjnkf;Ro vkdyu (Accountability Assessment)A
mís'; (Objectives)
f'k{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu osQ fu#mís'; ugha gS okLro esa ;g 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa ,oa izcUèkdksa osQ fgr esa gh gS D;ksafd
blosQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kdksa dks fo'ks"k inksa ij fu;qfDr;k¡ dj ldrs gSa vkSj ;g f'k{kd osQ fgr esa Hkh gS D;ksafd blosQ
}kjk os viuh izxfr dk lgh ekun.M djosQ vius izxfr osQ fy;s dne mBk ldrs gSaA
iz'kkld ewY;kadu fu"iknu osQ ifj.kkeksa dks bl f'k{kd oQh izksUufr gsrq iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaμ
(1) inksUufr] (2) LFkk;hdj.k] (3) iqjLdkj rFkk okf"kZd izsjdksa dks fuf'pr djus osQ fy;sA
'kSf{kd lUnHkZ esa fu"iknu osQ rhu mís'; gksrs gSaμ
(1) mipkjkRed (Remedial)μtgk¡ vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
(2) fodklkRed (Development)μf'k{kdksa esa lqèkkjkRed f'k{k.k dh ldkjkRed miyfCèk o xq.kksa dks cuk;s
j[kus osQ fy,s izsfjr djukA
(3) uokpjkRed mís'; (Innovative)μHkkoh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy;s u;s dkS'ky vkSj LFkku izkIr
djus osQ fy;s mRlkfgr djukA
vko';drk ,oa egÙo (Need and Importance)
(1) izHkkoh f'k{k.k esa lgk;d gksukA
(2) lqfoèkk rFkk iqjLdkj forj.k dk vkèkkj tSlsμinksUufr] LFkkukUrj.kA
(3) mPp xq.k vkSj {kerk osQ O;fDr;ksa dh igpkuA
(4) O;fDrxr rFkk laLFkkxr leL;kvksa dk funku djukA lg;ksxh f'k{kd ls lwpuk;sa ,df=kr djukA
26-2 fu"iknu ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ (Techniques of Appraisal Assessment)

,d izHkko'kkyh vè;kid osQ vkdyu osQ fy;s vusd izfofèk;ksa dks iz;Dq r fd;k tkrk gS tSlμ s iz'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj]
fujh{k.k izfofèk vkfn ,- ,l- ckj rFkk fety us rhu izdkj osQ ekun.Mksa osQ iz;ksx lq>ko fn;s gSaμ
(1) ;ksX;rk ekun.M (Presage Criteria)]
(2) izfozQ;k ekun.M (Process Criteria)]
(3) mRiknu ekun.M (Product Criteria)]
(1) ;ksX;rk ekun.M (Presage Criteria)μbl ekun.M osQ vUrxZr O;fDrxr ;ksX;rk] O;kolkf;d]
izo.krk] O;kolkf;d vfHko`fÙk ,oa vfHk#fp fo"k; esa izoh.krk rFkk f'k{k.k osQ izfr #>ku vkfn dks lEefyr
fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kd dk ekufld fpUru rFkk mldh lw>&cw> dks blh osQ vUrxZr j[krs gSaA
(2) izfozQ;k ekun.M (Process Criteria)μd{kk esa f'k{kd dk 'kfCnd rFkk v'kkfCnd O;ogkj] f'k{k.k
dkS'ky] vuqns'kukRed izfozQ;k dk Lo:i ikB~;oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k d{kk dh lkekftd iz.kkyh] lgk;d
iz.kkyh d{kk dk okrkoj.k rFkk izcUèku vkfn dks lfEefyr djrs gSaA
(3) mRiknu ekun.M (Product Criteria)μNk=kksa dk fu"iknu Lrj mudk fodkl] f'k{k.k mís';ksa dh izkfIr]
Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj esa ifjorZu vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
ysfol bYVu us (1987) esa ,d vPNs izoDrk osQ xq.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA bUgksaus N% ekun.M fn;s gSaμ
1- lqO;ofLFkr f'k{k.k (Well organized teaching)]
2- Hkyh&Hkk¡fr f'k{kd dh rS;kjh (Well prepared)]

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 3- O;ogkj es yphykiu (Flexibiliy in behaviour)]

4- fe=k osQ leku lgk;rk nsuk (Friendly help)]
5- izHkko'khy lEizs"k.k (Effective communication)]
6- fu"Bkoku rFkk yxu'khy (Committted and Devoted)A
czkmu rFkk ,VfdUl us 1988 esa egkfo|ky;ksa osQ izoDrkvksa osQ fu"iknu vkdyu osQ fy;s pkj ekun.Mksa dks fn;kA
;g ekun.M bl izdkj gSaμ
1- f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk (Quality of Teaching)]
2- fopkj xksf"B;ksa] dk;Z'kkyk rFkk vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;ozQeksa esa Hkkxhnkjh (Paricipation in Seminar, Work-
shop, Refesher Courses,)]
3- Nk=kksa dh izksUufr ,oa fodkl (Students Growth and Progress)]
4- Nk=kksa dks 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku (Educational Guidancc) Nk=kksa dh leL;k dk lekèkku djukA
izoDrk osQ 'kksèk dk;ks± osQ ewY;kadu gsrq ekun.M
izeq[k :i ls rhu ekun.Mksa dks izLrkfor fd;k gSμ
1- 'kksèk dk;ks± ij izi=kksa dh la[;k mudk izdk'ku Hkkjrh; if=kdkvksa rFkk fons'kh 'kksèk if=kdkvksa esa gqvk gSA
2- 'kksèk osQ fy;s fdlh izkstsDV ij dk;Z fd;k gS mlosQ fy;s foÙkh; lgk;r fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx]
jk"Vªh; vuqlUèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ls izkIr gqbZ vFkok ughaA
3- izoDrk osQ funsZ'ku fdrus Nk=kksa ih&,p- Mh- mikfèk izkIr dhA 'kksèk gsrq fof'k"Vhdj.k dk {ks=k dkSu lk
jgk gSA
izlkj&lsok dk;ks± osQ ewY;kadu gsrq ekun.M
1- izlkj lsok esa oqQy fdrus ?k.Vs dk;Z fd;kA
2- fofHkUu laLFkkvksa }kjk vk;ksftr fdrus oSQEiksa esa Hkkx fy;k tSls ,u- lhlh- rFkk jk"Vªh; lekt lsok foHkkx
(,u- ,l- ,l-)A
3- izlkj lsok rFkk lekt lsok dk;ks± esa Hkkxhnkjh lEcUèkh izek.k i=k rFkk izdkj osQ izek.k i=kA
foHkkxh; dk;ks± osQ ewY;kadu gsrq ekun.M
1- 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dh lnL;rk]
2- 'kSf{kd rFkk vuqlUèkku if=kdkvksa dh lnL;rk]
3- fo'ofo|ky; dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dh lnL;rk]
4- foHkkxh; dk;ks± esa lfozQ; Hkkxhnkjh tSls 'kSf{kd i;ZVu] LdkmQV oSQEi] lkaLo``Qfrd dk;ZozQe vkfnA
26-3 f'k{kd ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ (Methods Used in Teacher’s Evaluation)

f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- f'k{kdksa }kjk i<+k;s tkus okys Nk=kksa osQ ijh{kkiQy (Examination Result Basesd Rating)A
2- Lo;a ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Self-Rating)A
3- Nk=kksa }kjk vè;kid osQ dk;Z ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Student Rating)A
4- lkFkh vè;kidksa }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Peer Rating)A
5- fujh{kdksa }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Inspector Rating)A
6- izèkkukpk;Z }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Head’s Rating)A

7- f'k{kk cksMks± }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Education/Examination Board Rating)A uksV

8- leqnk; }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Community Rating)A
26-3-1 Nk=kksa }kjk vè;kid ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Pupil Rating of Teachers)
Nk=k jsafVax osQ fy, iz'ukoyh
1- vè;kid dh f'k{k.k&vfèkdre izfozQ;kA
2- vè;kid dh f'k{k.k&'kSyhA
3- vè;kid dk fo"k; ij vfèkdkjA
4- vè;kid }kjk ikB~;&oLrq dh O;k[;k djukA
5- vè;kid osQ iz'uksÙkjA
6- vè;kid dh i<+kus dh xfrA
7- vè;kid }kjk n`"VkUrks dk iz;ksx
8- vè;kid }kjk 'kSf{kd rduhdksa dk iz;ksxA
9- vè;kid }kjk x`g&dk;Z rFkk dk;Z dh tk¡pA
10- vè;kid dk i{kikrjfgr O;ogkjA
11- vè;kid dh d{kk&izcUèk esa n{krkA
12- vè;kid dk O;fDrRoA
13- vè;kid dh Nk=kks osQ dY;k.k esa #fpA
14- vè;kid dk d{kk esa le; ij vkukA
15- vè;kid }kjk d{kk es vuq'kklu j[kukA
Nk=kksa }kjk vè;kid jsfVax osQ ykHk
1- miHkksDrk ds :i esa gksus ls mudh jsfVax esa cy gSA
2- ;g fo'oluh; gSA
3- ;g fo'oluh; oqQ¡th dk dk;Z lEiUu djrh gSA mlls irk pyrk gS fd fdl izdkj osQ f'k{k.k&vfèkxe
dh vè;kidksa ls vk'kk j[kuh pkfg,A
Nk=k jsfVax ls gkfu;k¡
1- pw¡fd LowQyh voLFkk esa Nk=k ifjiDo ugha gksrsA vr% mUgsa ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha nsuk pkfg,A
2- Nk=k fo"k; fo'ks"kK ugha gksrsA
3- Nk=k izk;% mu vè;kidksa dks de jsfVax nsrs gSa] tks dBksj LoHkko osQ gksrs gSaA
4- Nk=kksa }kjk jsfVax izfofèk dks vè;kid Bhd ugha ekursA ;s ugha pkgr fd muosQ dk;Z dk fujh{k.k Nk=kksa
}kjk fd;k tk,A
26-3-2 lkFkh vè;kidksa }kjk jsfVax (Peer Rating)
ih;j jsfVax dk vFkZ vè;kid osQ xq.kksa dks led{k vè;kidksa }kjk vk¡duk rFkk ozQec¼ djuk gSA vk¡dus okys
vè;kid mlh laLFkk osQ rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa osQ Hkh gks ldrs gSaA os ;g vk¡drs gSa fd vè;kid esa lg;ksfxrk]
iz;Ru'khyrk] vkKkikyu vkfn xq.k fdruh ek=kk esa gSaA lkFkh vè;kidksa dk ewY;kadu fo'oluh; rFkk
vfo'oluh; nksuksa gks ldrk gSA bldk oLrqfu"B gksuk cgqr dfBu gSA
lkFkh vè;kid f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfozQ;k osQ fofHkUu i{kks esa ifjfpr gksrs gSaA ,d LFkku ij dk;Z djus ls mUgsa
vius lkfFk;ksa osQ xq.kksa rFkk lhekvksa dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ijUrq bl fo"k; ij 'kksèk dk cgqr vHkko gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV ih;j jsfVax osQ ykHk

1- lkFkh vè;kid fo"k; dh ckjhfd;ksa ls ifjfpr gksrs gSaA mudks vius fo"k; osQ ckjs esa mi;qDr tkudkjh
gksrh gSA
2- lehirk osQ dkj.k lkFkh vè;kid ,d&nwljs dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs gSaA
3- ih;j ewY;kadu ls lekt esa vè;kid dk o`fÙkd Lrj mQ¡pk mBrk gS] D;ksafd vè;kid Lo;a gh vius
vè;kid lkfFk;ksa osQ dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaA
ih;j jsfVax dh gkfu;k¡
1- ih;j jsfVax dh ;g ek¡x laHko ugha gS fd lHkh vè;kid [kqys eu osQ gksa u fd ladh.kZ fopkjksa osQ gksaA
2- bl ewY;kadu esa oLrqfu"Brk dh deh gksrh gSA
3- bl fofèk osQ viukus osQ fy, cgqr izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gSA
4- ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa osQ vuqlkj bl izdkj osQ eqY;kadu dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA
26-3-3 fujh{kdksa }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe fuèkkZj.k izi=k (Rating by Evaluatiors)
1- d{kk dk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k rFkk fLFkfr
(i) D;k vè;kid us d{kk esa izdk'k dh vksj è;ku fn;k\
(ii) D;k d{kk esa MSLd vkfn dh O;oLFkk mfpr Fkh\
(iii) D;k d{kk esa Nk=kksa osQ cSBus dk mfpr izkoèkku Fkk\
2- vè;kid dh os'kHkw"kk
D;k vè;kid us Bhd izdkj osQ oL=k igus gq, Fks\
3- vè;kid dk O;ogkj
(i) D;k vè;kid us mfpr f'k"Vkpkj dks fuHkk;k\
(ii) D;k vè;kid us Nk=kksa dks lEcksèku djrs gq, mfpr Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k\
(iii) D;k vè;kid dk crkZo Nk=kksa osQ izfr Lusg rFkk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ Fkk\
4- vè;kid dk O;fDrRo
(i) D;k vè;kid dk Loj Li"V] vkd"kZd rFkk izHkko'kkyh Fkk\
(ii) D;k vè;kid us vkRefo'okl dk ifjp; fn;k\
5- d{kk esa vuq'kklu
(i) D;k Nk=k d{kk es mfpr <ax ls cSBs Fks\
(ii) D;k Nk=k mfpr <ax ls iz'uksa dk mÙkj ns jgs Fks rFkk iz'u dj jgs Fks\
(iii) D;k d{kk esa vè;kid dk Nk=kksa ij iwjk fu;U=k.k Fkk\
6- d{kk esa f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k
(i) D;k vè;kid us d{kk esa ikB dh mfpr <ax ls izLrkouk j[kh\
(ii) D;k ikB~;&fo"k; dks jkspd <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k\
(iii) D;k Nk=kksa us fofHkUu izdkj osQ iz'u mfpr <ax ls iwNs\
(iv) D;k Nk=kksa dks iz'u djus dk mfpr volj fn;k x;k\
(v) D;k iz'u iwNus osQ fy, Nk=kksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k x;k\
(vi) D;k iz'u dbZ Nk=kksa ls iwNs x;s\

(vii) D;k iz'u mi;qDr Fks\ uksV

(viii) D;k Nk=k lkjk le; dk;Z esa O;Lr jgs\
(ix) D;k vè;kid ikB dks jkspd rFkk izHkkoh cukus esa liQy gqvk\
(x) D;k cPpksa us ;g fn[kk;k fd mUgsa leL;k ij Bhd izdkj ls fpUru djuk vk x;k gS\
(xi) D;k vè;kid ikB esa ekSfydrk yk ldk\
(xii) D;k Nk=kksa rFkk vè;kidksa esa mfpr usr`Ro Fkk\
(xiii) D;k ikB&;kstuk bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr dh xbZ\
(xiv) D;k ikB nksgjk;k x;k\
7- n`'; lkexzh dk iz;ksx
(i) D;k mfpr ek=kk esa rFkk mfpr lgk;d lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k\
(ii) D;k ';keiVV~ dk mfpr <ax ls mi;ksx fd;k x;k\
(iii) D;k Nk=kksa osQ lg;ksx ls ikB dk lkj ';keiV ij fd;kA
26-3-4 leqnk; ewY;kadu Øe fuèkkZj.k

dksbZ Hkh fo|ky; leqnk; ls vyx ugha jg ldrkA fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk leqnk; vius fy, rFkk vius lalkèkuksa
}kjk djrk gSA izxfr djuk gh LowQy dh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mís'; gksrk gSA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, gh
vè;kid dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa rks LowQyksa osQ fy, Hkwfe% izk;% xzke iapk;r vkfn }kjk gh
nh tkrh gSA vr% leqnk; dks Hkh LowQy osQ dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,A
pwf¡ d leqnk; osQ lHkh yksx js¯Vx ugha dj ldrs] vr% muosQ pqus gq, izfrfufèk gh vè;kidksa osQ dk;Z dk jsfVax djsAa
;|fi lS¼kfUrd :i ls ;g ekU; gS fd leqnk; vè;kidksa osQ dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djs]a ijUrq okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa ;g lEHko izrhr ugha gksrk] fiQj Hkh le;≤ ij leqnk; osQ lnL; rFkk vfHkHkkod fo|ky; tkdj vè;kidksa
ls lEioZQ djs]a vius cPpksa dh f'k{kk&nh{kk osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsa rFkk vius lq>ko Hkh nsAa
le;≤ ij vfHkHkkod cPpksa osQ fyf[kr dk;Z vkfn ij Hkh utj j[ksa] ftlls mUgsa Kkr gks tk, fd fo|ky;
esa fu;fer rkSj ij dk;Z gks jgk gS rFkk vè;kid cPpksa esa #fp j[krs gSaA
LowQy osQ dk;Z osQ ewY;kadu ls rkRi;Z vè;kidksa osQ dk;Z dk ewY;kadu djuk rFkk
js¯Vx djuk gSA
26-3-5 izèkkukpk;Z }kjk Øe fuèkkZj.k ewY;kadu (Rating By the Head Master)

izèkkukpk;Z vè;kidksa osQ ekxZn'kZd rFkk ijke'kZnkrk osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA mls vius lkFk dk;Zjr
vè;kidksa dk fo'okl thruk gksrk gSA og mudk fgr&fpUrd gksrk gSA mldk dk;Z cgqr gh dfBu gSA og
vè;kidksa dh f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfØ;k dk funsZ'ku djrk gSA og muosQ lHkh dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djrk gS] tks
os LowQy esa djrs gSaA ewY;kadu esa ;s ckrsa vkrh gSaμmudk LowQy esa vkuk&tkuk] d{kk esa le; ij tkuk] fu;fer
d{kk esa tkuk rFkk dk;Z djuk] x`g dk;Z dks tk¡puk] ikB~;kUrj fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysuk] ijh{kk&i=k cukuk rFkk
mÙkj&iqfLrdkvksa dh tk¡p djuk] vfHkHkkodksa ls LusgiwoZd ckrphr djuk vkfnA bu lcdk ewY;kadu djus osQ
fy, rFkk lq>ko nsus osQ fy, izR;sd vè;kid lEcUèkh Mk;jh cukuh pkfg, rFkk mlesa ewY;kadu lEcUèkh fopkj
izèkkukpk;Z dks fy[kus pkfg,A rnqijkUr os LusgiwoZd rFkk fcuk fdlh ruko vkfn osQ vè;kid ls ckrphr djsaA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 26-3-6 Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd ewY;kadu (Teacher Evaluation by his Students)
dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 dk izFke okD;μ¶Hkkjr osQ HkkX; dk fuekZ.k d{kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA¸
;g okD; f'k{kk dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA d{kk dh izfØ;k dk mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk tokcnsgh f'k{kd dh gksrh gSA f'k{kd
d{kk esa vfèkxe gsrq leqfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiUu djrk gSA Nk=k muls oqQN djrs gSa rFkk vuqHko djrs gSa
ftlls Nk=kksa osQ O;fDrRo dk fodkl djrk gS ftlls jk"Vª osQ gksugkj ukxfjd cu losaQ vkSj Hkfo"; esa fofHkÂ
{ks=kksa ls usr`Ro iznku dj losaQA f'k{kk dk lEcUèk Hkkoh fodkl ls gksrk gSA ftlesa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vge~ gksrh
gSA f'k{kk dh dksbZ Hkh rduhdh f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks de ugha dj ldrh gSA f'k{kd dh rduhdh fodkl
osQoy lgk;rk dj ldrh gS mldh dk;Z {kerkvksa dks c<+k ldrh gSA blfy, f'k{kd osQ lEcUèk esa vfèkd
ls vfèkd tkudkjh gksuk furkUr vko';d gSA f'k{kd osQ o`fÙkd fodkl dk iz;kl fd;k tk,A
f'k{kd rFkk f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk osQ lEcUèk esa ns'k rFkk fons'kksa esa vusd 'kksèk vè;;u fd, x, gSaA ijUrq 'kksèk
vè;;uksa osQ fu"d"kks± esa ,d:irk ugha gSA blosQ vusd dkj.k gS] f'k{k.k ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gSA izkFkfed
Lrj ls fo'ofo|ky; Lrj rd pyrh gSA f'k{k.k fo"k;ksa esa vfèkd fo"kerk gSA
'kksèk vè;;uksa esa ftu ekifu;ksa rFkk ekun.Mksa dks iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS os oLrqfu"B ugha gS O;fDrfu"B ugha gS
O;fDrfu"B vfèkd gS rFkk f'k{kd dh izHkko'khyrk osQ mRiknd ekun.M (Product Criteria) vFkkZr~ Nk=kksa dh
miyfCèk;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ;g ekun.M Hkh oSèk ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd vkdyu O;fDrfu"B
gksrk gSA d{kk vUr&izfØ;k fo'ys"k.k Hkh LokHkkfod rFkk oSèk ugha gksrk gSA
izR;sd jk"Vª dh viuh vko';drk,¡ rFkk lkekftd n'kZu gksrk gS ewY; iz.kkyh Hkh vyx gksrh gSA
blfy, 'kksèk fu"d"kks± esa ,d:irk ,oa fLFkjrk ugha gks ldrh gSA
26-3-7 Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk ewY;kadu dk fodkl (Development Students Evaluation

of Teacher)
bl lUnHkZ esa izkphu dgkor gS fd Nk=k f'k{kd dh fØ;kvksa esa Hkkxhnkj gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ f'k{k.k dks eghuksa
rFkk o"kks± ns[krk rFkk lqurk gSA fo}kuksa dk dguk lgh gS fd Nk=kksa ls f'k{kd osQ O;fDrRo dksbZ i{k fcuk vkdyu
osQ ugha jgrk gSA ,d ,Dljs osQ leku Nk=k f'k{kd dk lEiw.kZ vkdyu djrs jgrs gSa vkSj mudh ewY;kadu
fØ;k fujUrj pyrh jgrh gS rFkk izHkkfor Hkh djrh gSA Nk=kksa dh O;fDrfu"Brk esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA bl
izdkj Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa dk ewY;kadu vfèkd lkFkZd O;kid rFkk oSèk gksrk gSA ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd dks
Nk=k thou i;ZUr Lej.k j[krs gSa mldh f'k{k.k 'kSyh rFkk O;ogkj dh ppkZ djrs gSaA f'k{kd muosQ O;fDrRo
esa lekfgr gks tkrk gSA ;g var%fØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA
xr pkj n'kdksa esa f'k{kk esa vusd ckj vk;ksx rFkk lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k vkSj mUgksaus f'k{kdksa osQ fujUrj
ewY;kadu ij laLrqfr;k¡ nhA lsu lfefr 1977 us f'k{kdksa osQ fy, o`fÙkd vkpkj lafgrk (Professor Ethics) rFkk
mudh tokcnsgh dks fn;kA u;s osrueku vFkok izksUur osruekuksa gsrq ykxw fd;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 us f'k{kdksa gsrq ôk£"kd fu"iknu vkdyu dk lq>ko fn;kA blesa 360 izdkj osQ i`"Biks"k.kksa
dks lfEefyr fd;k tSlsμvkRe ewY;akdu] lg;ksxh rFkk lkfFk;ksa }kjk ewY;kadu] foHkkxh; ewY;kadu izkpk;Z }kjk
ewY;kadu rFkk Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk ewY;kaduA esgjks=kk lfefr 1970 us bl izdj osQ ewY;kadu ij vfèkd cy
fn;k rFkk ôk£"kd fu"iknu vkdyu* dks vfuok;Z djus dh laLrqfr dh ftlls f'k{kdksa dks dk;Z iz.kkyh dks
izkRs lkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx us 1998 esa f'k{kdksa dh tokcnsgh ij lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa

dks lwfpr fd;k fd f'k{kdksa osQ fu"iknu dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk, rHkh os u;s osru osQ fy, vgZ gksaxsA jLrksxh osru uksV
vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k fd f'k{kdksa dks vkRe&ewY;kadu] Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk ewY;kadu] f'k{k.k osQ fnol rFkk f'k{k.k
dkyka'k dk;Z Hkkj rFkk f'k{kd vkpkj lafgrk dk fuokZg vkfn ij è;ku fn;k tk,A
f'k{kdksa dk Nk=kksa }kjk ewY;kadu dk vkjEHk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls vkjEHk gqvk ftlesa f'k{kd
osQ izksUufr dh vofèk dk fuèkkZj.k Hkh fd;k x;kA Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k 1970 ls vkLVsªfy;k]
osQukMk] ;wjksi] baXyS.M vkfn ns'kksa esa vkjEHk dh xbZA
f'k{kd okLro esa vè;kiu ls gh lh[krk vkSj Nk=k mUgsa fodkl gsrq fn;k djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa 1970 ls ^Nk=kksa
}kjk f'k{kd ewY;kadu* 'kksèk vè;;u dk egRoiw.kZ {ks=k gks x;k gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa vusd 'kksèk dk;Z gq,
gSa rFkk vè;;uksa dk izdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa ^Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa dk ewY;kadu* dk izR;; f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa ,d u;k {ks=k gSA Hkkjr esa f'k{kd osQ izfr
Nk=kksa dh iw.kZ vkLFkk rFkk vknjHkko gksrk gS blfy, izR;; dks egRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA
Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k loZizFke 1920 esa ok¯'kxVu fo'ofo|ky; esa iz;qDr dh
xbZA bl izfØ;k esa ;g ekurs gSa fd f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa Nk=kksa dh Hkh Hkkxsnkjh gksrh gS rFkk fØ;k'khy
jgrs gSa vkSj f'k{k.k osQ fodkl esa Hkh lg;ksx nsrs gSA
26-3-8 Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd osQ ewY;kadu dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVd (dkjd) (Factors
Affecting Student’s Evaluation of Teachers)
vkt f'k{kk osQ 'kksèk {ks=k esa bl izfØ;k dks vfèkd izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gSA Hkkjr esa vHkh 'kksèk dk;Z ugha
gq, gSa vfirq oqQN 'kksèk vè;;u esa ,d ekun.M osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq Nk=kksa }kjk vkdyu
dk vkèkkj@ekun.M rFkk O;fDrfu"Brk us izHkkfor fd;k gSA fons'kksa esa vusd 'kksèk dk;Z fd, x, gSa ftuosQ
fu"d"kks± dks vusd ?kVdksa us izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;g ?kVd Nk=kksa }kjk ewY;kadu osQ O;fDrfu"Brk izHkkfor djrh
gSA ewY;kadu dks izHkkfor djus okyksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSμ
(1) vè;;u fo"k; (Course of Studies),
(2) vk;q oxZ (Age Group),
(3) d{kk dk Lrj (Class Level),
(4) d{kk esa Nk=kksa dh la[;k (Size of Class),
(5) Nk=k o Nk=kk,¡ (Sex Factor)A
bu ?kVdksa osQ vè;;uksa osQ 'kksèk fu"d"kks± dks fn;k x;k gSμ
(1) vè;;u fo"k; (Course of Studies)μNk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu esa vè;;u fo"k;ksa osQ Nk=kksa ls
vkdyu djk;k x;kA mlesa mUgksaus ik;k fd foKku rFkk rduhdh osQ f'k{kdksa dk ewY;kadu dk Lrj Å¡pk ik;k
x;k tcfd oqQy fo"k;ksa osQ Nk=kksa }kjk vkdyu lkekU; ik;k x;kA blosQ vusd dkj.k gksrs gSa Nk=kksa dk bu fo"k;ksa
esa vkUrfjd ewY;kadu gksrk gS blfy, Nk=k f'k{kd dk lgh ewY;kadu ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd f'k{kd dks #"V ugha
djuk pkgsxkA O;kolkf;d rFkk rduhdh fo"k;ksa osQ Nk=kksa dk thou y{; lqfuf'pr gks tkrk gS blfy, os vè;;u
osQ izfr laosnu'khy jgrs gSa vkSj d{kk f'k{k.k esa vfèkd #fp ysrs gSaA vè;;u fo"k; dh dfBukbZ Hkh f'k{kd osQ
ewY;kadu dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (2) vk;q oxZ (Age Group)μfLeFk (1992) us bl ij vè;;u fd;k] Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk ewY;kadu vkSj
f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk esa lEcUèk mUgksaus ik;k fd de vk;q oxZ osQ ckydksa ij lEcUèk lkFkZd ik;k tcfd mPp
oxZ osQ Nk=kksa esa de lEcUèk izkIr gqvkA de vk;q oxZ osQ ckydksa esa O;fDrfu"Brk de gksrh gS tSlk ns[krs rFkk
vuqHko djrs gSa oSlk gh dgrs gSaA mPp vk;q oxZ osQ Nk=kksa esa O;fDrfu"Brk vfèkd gksrh gSA NksVs ckydksa esa
vkKkdkfjrk dk Hkko gksrk gSA
(3) d{kk dk Lrj (Class Level)μek'kZy ,oa Mafdu us 1992 esa ,d 'kksèk fd;kμNk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk
ewY;kadu ,oa f'k{kd dh izHkko'khyrkA fofHkÂ Lrjksa lEcUèk xq.kkad vyx&vyx ik;k x;kA d{kk Lrj c<+us osQ
lkFk lEcUèk xq.kkad ?kVrk x;kA mPp d{kk osQ Nk=k vuqifLFkfr;k¡ Hkh lgh ugha yxrs gSa os [kkukiwjh djrs gSaA
NksVh d{kk osQ Nk=k ewY;kadu dks egRo nsrs gSaA 'kq¼ vkdyu gksrk gSA
(4) d{kk esa Nk=kksa dh la[;k (Size of Class)μizSaQfdu (1991) d{kk osQ vkdkj ij 'kksèk vè;;u fd;kA
mlesa cM+h rFkk NksVh d{kk vkdkj dh rqyuk dhA muesa mUgksaus ik;k NksVs vkdkj dh d{kk osQ Nk=kksa osQ ewY;kadu
ij izHkko ik;k x;kA ijUrq cMs+ vkdkj dh d{kk esa Nk=kksa osQ ewY;kadu ij lkFkZd izHkko ugha ik;kA
(5) Nk=k o Nk=kk,¡ (Sex Factor)μbl ¯yx ?kVd ij lcls vfèkd 'kksèk dk;Z Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa fd,
x, gSaA bl ?kVd ij i;kZIr lkfgR; miyCèk gSA bl ?kVd ij O;fDrfu"Brk (Biase) dk lcls vfèkd izHkko
ik;k x;kA Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd osQ ewY;kadu rFkk mudh izHkko'khyrk osQ lg&lEcUèk xq.kd rFkk fuèkkZjdksa dks
Kkr fd;k x;kA efgyk f'k{kdksa dks vfèkd lgkuqHkwfr feyrh gSA bl ?kVd osQ vè;;uksa esa fefJr fu"d"kZ izkIr
gq,A izHkko'kkyh f'k{kdksa osQ ;g ?kVdksa vfèkd l'kDr :i esa izHkkfor djrk gSA f'k{kdksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
Hkh izxV djrk gSA lkekftdrk Hkh izHkkfor djrh gSA
bl ?kVd osQ lEcUèk esa lkekU; fu"d"kZ bl izdkj izkIr gq,μ
(v) efgykvksa vkSj iq#"k f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu esa ¯yx ?kVd dh dksbZ O;fDrfu"Brk (Biases) ugha izkIr gqbZA
(c) lkèkkj.kr% fHkUu ¯yxh Nk=k o Nk=kk,¡ fHkUu ¯yxh f'k{kdksa dks ewY;kadu esa vfèkd O;fDrfu"Brk ikbZ xbZA
(l) leku ¯yxh Nk=k o Nk=kk,¡ le ¯yxh f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu esa Hkh oLrqfu"Brk ugha gksrh gSA budk vkdyu
O;fDrfu"B jgrk gSA
bl izfØ;k esa Hkkjr dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vusd ?kVd izHkkfor djosQ izrhr gksrs gSaμtkfr] èkeZ] lEiznk;]
izknsf'kdrk ewY;] Hkk"kk] {ks=kokn vkfnA
26-3-9 Hkkjr esa Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk ewY;kadu (Teacher Evaluation by his Students
in India)
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vk;ksxksa ,oa f'k{kk lfefr;ksa us bl izR;; dks lapkfyr djus dh laLrqfr;k¡ dh gSaA Hkkjr esa f'k{kd
dks xq# ls lEcksfèkr fd;k tkrk gSA xq# osQ izfr vkLFkk J¼k] lEeku rFkk vknj Hkko gksrk gSA blfy, bl
izfØ;k dk vkSfpR; O;kogkfjdrk izrhr ugha gksrk gSA ijUrq f'k{kk laLFkk;sa f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kk uhfr;k¡ bl ij cy
ns jgh gSa rFkk oqQN dk;Z vkjEHk Hkh gq, fo'ks"kdj izksUufr esa egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
bl izR;; dks ykxw djus ls iwoZ 'kksèk vè;;uksa dh vko';drk gS ftlls ewY;kadu dk vkèkkj rFkk ewY;kadu
esa O;fDrfu"Brk dks de fd;k tk losQA Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdks osQ ewY;kadu dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa dk
vè;;u fd;k tk,A muosQ vkèkkj rFkk ekun.M fodflr fd, tk,¡A
Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu esa eqDr iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A ;g dk;Z fujUrj fd;k tk, vkSj mu
vk[;kvksa dh fooj.kh rS;kj djosQ vkdyu fd;k tk,A Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd dk ewY;kadu xq.kkRed gksuk pkfg,A
ifjek.kkRed ewY;kadu esa O;fDrfu"Brk rFkk vU; ?kVd izHkkfor djsaxsA f'k{kd dh lEiw.kZ fØ;kvksa rFkk O;ogkj

lEcUèkh vk[;k Nk=kksa ls yh tk,A Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa Nk=kksa dh O;fDrfu"Brk vge~ leL;k gSA uksV
lgh fodYi pqfu,μ(Choose the correct options)
1- ysfol bYVu (1987) us vPNs izoDrk osQ fy, oqQy fdrus ekun.M ekus gSaμ
(d) vkB ([k) N% (x) ik¡p
2- ¶Hkkjr osQ HkkX; dk fuekZ.k d{kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA¸ bl okD; dk lacaèk gSμ
(d) ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx ls ([k) izkFkfed f'k{kk vk;ksx ls (x) dksBkjh deh'ku ls
3- f'k{kd ewY;kadu gsrq ôk£"kd fu"iknu vkdyu* dks vfuok;Z djus dh laLrqfr dhμ
(d) esgjks=kk lfefr us ([k) jkeew£r lfefr us (x) f'k{kk lfefr us
4- f'k{kd bfrgkl dk fuekZrk gSA 'kCn dk bfrgkl fo|ky;ksa esa fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj fo|ky; vius f'k{kdksa
dh xq.koÙkk ls cgqr fHkUu ugha gks ldrkμbl dFku dk lacaèk gSμ
(d) vj¯on ?kks"k ([k) ,p-th-osYl (x) ek'kZy ,oa Mafdu
26-4 f'k{kd osQ ewY;kadu esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj osQ fy;s lq>ko
f'k{kk fdlh Hkh lekt dh izxfr dk niZ.k gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ Hkfo"; fuèkkZj.k esa f'k{kk cgqr cM+k ekin.M
gSA dkykUrj esa tcfd Hkkjr jktuhfrd lkekftd ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa osQ pØO;wg esa iQ¡lk gqvk gS] ,sls
le; esa f'k{kk vkSj fo'ks"kdj vè;kid f'k{kk bu leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh
gSA fdUrq ;g cM+s nq%[k dk fo"k; gS fd vè;kid f'k{kk bu leL;kvksa osQ fujkdj.k esa oqqQN Hkh ldkjkRed
,oa fu.kkZ;d dne mBkus esa vius vkidks vlgk; eglwl dj jgh gSA bu leL;kvksa o f'k{kk izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkjh
lekt dh orZeku ih<+h dh fLFkfr dks ns[kdj f'k{kdksa osQ mÙkjnkf;Roksa] dk;ks± o dk;Z'kSyh ij iz'ufpUg yx
x;k gS 'kk;n bldk ewy dkj.k f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k esa oqQN u oqQN dfe;ksa dk jg tkuk gSA
izkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr esa f'k{kdksa dk LFkku bZ'oj ls Hkh loksZPp ekuk tkrk jgk gS D;ksafd lekt o jk"Vª
dh orZeku o Hkkoh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r djus dk xkSjoiw.kZ dk;Z f'k{kdksa }kjk gh lEiÂ djk;k tkrk gSA
,p- th- osYl us f'k{kd osQ egRo dh O;k[;k bl izdkj dh gSμ¶f'k{kd bfrgkl dk fuekZrk gSA jk"Vª dk
bfrgkl fo|ky;ksa esa fy[kk tkrk gS vkSj fo|ky; vius f'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk ls cgqr fHkUu ugha gks ldrsA¸
fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ fuekZ.k esa izHkko'kkyh f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk] D;kasfd vusd O;fDr;ksa
dk fuekZ.k djus okyk f'k{kd osQoy ,d O;fDr u gksdj vius vki esa ,d laLFkk gksrk gSA
izfl¼ f'k{kk'kkL=kh usYlu ,y- ok¯lx dk bl lEcUèk esa ;g dFku Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd ¶eSa f'k{kk dh fdlh
Hkh ;kstuk esa f'k{kd osQ osQUnzh; LFkku dk i{kèkj gwA¡ ¸ fo|kFkhZ fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh lEifÙk vkSj mlosQ Hkkoh d.kZèkkj
gksrs gSaA buosQ eè; ,d vè;kid Hkwfedk cxhps osQ ekyh osQ leku gS tks fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]
tSfod o vè;kfRed fodkl osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ogu djrk gSA bl lEcUèk esa ;ksxhjkt vjfoUn ?kks"k dk dFku
gS fd ¶vè;kid jk"Vª dh laLÑfr osQ prqj ekyh gksrs gSaA os laLdkjksa dh tM+ksa esa vius Kku dh [kkn nsrs gSa
vkSj vius Je lhdj ls lhap&lhapdj mUgsa egkizk.k 'kfDr;k¡ cukrs gSaA¸
,d LoLFk o f'kf{kr lekt dh ckxMksj f'k{kd osQ gkFk esa gksrh gSA og tSlk pkgs oSls gh lekt dks cny
ldrs gSaA lalkj dh cM+h ls cM+h ØkfUr dh T;ksfr dk lnSo gh izHkkoh f'k{kdksa us gh izTTofyr dh gSA vr%
;g dguk xyr u gksxk fd ¶f'k{kd dh xksn esa izy; vkSj fuekZ.k nksuksa [ksyrs gSaA izy; ls igys lpsr gksdj
pk.kD; osQ fuekZ.k dh vksj è;ku nsuk gksxk rHkh pUnzxqIr dh dkeuk dj losaQxsA¸

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vè;kid izf'k{k.k dks vfèkd izHkkoh o mi;ksxh cukus osQ fy;s orZeku le; esa uohu f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡] izfofèk;ksa
o f'k{k.k rduhd osQ ekè;e ls f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl dks viukus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk esa vusd
nks"k o dfe;k¡ O;kIr gSaA vr% bu dfe;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy;s iqu% xgu leh{kk dh vko';drk gSA leh{kk dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro osQUnz o jkT; Lrj dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa (N.C.T.E.) rFkk (N.C.E.R.T.), fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa osQ fo'ks"kKksa dk gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d dks gh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k esa O;kIr dfe;ksa osQ fy;s
mÙkjnk;h ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA 21oha 'krkCnh esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu ykus osQ lEcUèk esa oqQN
egRoiw.kZ lq>ko Lohdkj fd;s tk ldrs gSaμ
(1) f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa izos'k osQ fy;s izos'k ijh{kkvksa esa lqèkkj dh vko';drk gSA f'k{k.k vfHk#fp
ijh{kk dks ekudhÑr cuk;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd tks f'k{k.k ls lEcfUèkr #fp j[krs gSa] mUgha O;fDr;ksa dks
f'k{kd cuus gsrq p;u fd;k tk losQA
(2) vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa orZeku le; esa ,d o"kZ dh vofèk gSA LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ dbZ f'k{kk
vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa us izf'k{k.k vofèk dks ,d o"kZ ls vfèkd djus gsrq lq>ko fn;k gSA blosQ egRo
dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s (N.C.E.R.T.) osQ {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dh vofèk dks nks o"kZ
dj fn;k x;k gSA
(3) vè;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj gsrq jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ (N.C.T.E.) osQ ekun.Mksa dks ;Fkk
lEHko fØ;kfUor fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(4) vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa lS¼kfUrd i{k dh vis{kk O;kogkfjd i{k ij vfèkd è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(5) vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa y?kq ifj;kstuk ;k izkstsDV ooZQ djk;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd tks fo|kFkhZ ,e-
,M- djuk pkgrs gSa mUgsa 'kksèk osQ ckjs esa iwoZ tkudkjh izkIr gks losQA
(6) lEiw.kZ izns'k Lrj ij izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa izos'k dh izfØ;k ,d gksuh pkfg;s rkfd lEiw.kZ izns'k Lrj osQ
fo|k£Fk;ksa esa izfr;ksfxrk gks vkSj okLrfod vè;kid cuus ;ksX; izfrHkk dk p;u gks losQA
(7) izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa izf'k{kdksa }kjk Nk=k vè;kid dh d{kk xfrfofèk;ksa rFkk fØ;kdykiksa dk vfèkd le;
rd voyksdu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rkfd mudh dfe;ksa esa lqèkkj djosQ muosQ O;ogkj dks lqèkkjk tk losQA
(8) vè;kid izf'k{k.k foHkkx esa f'k{kk euksfoKku fo"k; dks bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk;s rkfd Nk=k vè;kid
ml Kku dks d{kk f'k{k.k esa O;kogkfjd :i nsdj oqQ'kyrk dk fodkl dj losaQA
(9) vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa lkewfgd okn&fookn (Group Discussion), lsehukj] ckSf¼d m}syu vkfn
f'k{k.k dh fofèk;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] ftlls Nk=kksa esa iz'u iwNus dh dyk] leL;k rd
igq¡pus ,oa fu"d"kZ fudkyus osQ xq.k fodflr gks losaQA
(10) izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa esa iz;ksx'kkyk rFkk iqLrdky;ksa dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ys[kdksa dh
uohu ,oa la'kksfèkr iqLrdksa dks e¡xk;s tk;sa vkSj buosQ vfèkdkfèkd iz;ksx ij cy fn;k tk;sA
(11) orZeku le; esa izpfyr ch- ,M- ikB~;p;kZ esa lqèkkj dh vko';drk gSA ;g ikB~;Øe dkiQh iqjkuk gks
pqdk gSA ftlesa f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr dbZ uohu tkudkfj;ksa dks ikB~;p;kZ esa xfrfofèk;ksa osQ :i esa lfEefyr
fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA tSls lIrkg esa ,d fnu fo|ky; vuqHko dk;kZuHq ko (ooZQ ,Dlihfj;Ul) ijh{kk lekfIr
osQ i'pkr~ ekSf[kd ijh{kk rFkk izR;sd fo"k; esa vyx&vyx fØ;kdyki tksM+s tkus pkfg;sa n`'; JO;
lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx vkSj mudh tkudkjh dks f'k{kk rduhdh fo"k; esa iz;ksx osQ :i esa fuèkkZfjr vad fn;s
tkus pkfg;saA blh izdkj iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk esa lw{e f'k{k.k esa fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dks Hkh vad iznku fd;s tkus
pkfg;sa rkfd fo|kFkhZ #fp ysdj dk;Z dj losaQA
(12) izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa lS¼kfUrd ewY;kadu esa oLrqfu"B ewY;kadu iz.kkyh dk lekos'k fd;k tkuk pkfg;s
rkfd fo|kFkhZ lEiw.kZ fo"k; dk xgurk ls vè;;u dj losQA

(13) f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks vfèkd izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy;s 10$2 osQ ckn 4 o"khZ; f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k uksV
ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA tSlsμbUthfu;¯jx ,oa eSfMdy tSls O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øeksa esa fd;k
tkrk gS blh izdkj vè;kid izf'k{k.k foHkkxksa 10$2 osQ ckn 4 o"khZ; ,dhÑr ch- ,l- lhch- ,M- ch-
,] ch- ,M- ikB~;Øe 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg;s ftlls Nk=kksa dks f'k{k.k ls lEcfUèkr lw{e ls lw{e rduhdh
osQ ckjs esa voxr djk;k tk losQA blls ;g ykHk gksxk fd tks Nk=k okLrfod :i ls f'k{kk vè;kid
O;olk; dks viukuk pkgrs gSa os gh bl O;olk; ls tqM+ losaQ vkSj bZekunkjh ls vius dÙkZO; osQ izfr
le£ir gks losaQA
(14) jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa dgk x;k gS fd ljdkj vkSj lekt dks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cukuh pkfg;sA ftuls
vè;kidksa dks fuekZ.k vkSj l`tu dh vkSj c<+us dh izsj.kk feys vè;kidksa dks bl ckr dh vktknh gksuh
pkfg;s fd os u;s iz;ksx dj losaQ vkSj lEizs"k.k dh mi;qDr fofèk;k¡ vkSj vius leqnk; dh leL;kvksa vkSj
{kerkvksa osQ vuq:i u;s mik; fudky losaQA
orZeku le; esa f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa osQ iquxZBu o muesa okafNr lqèkkj dh furkUr vko';drk gS] D;ksafd
,d LoLFk lekt ,oa ;ksX; ukxfjdksa osQ fuekZ.k esa vè;kidksa ls ,d fo'ks"k Lrj osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ fuokZg dh mis{kk
dh tkrh gSA ,d MkWDVj dh xyrh ls ,d ejht dk thou [krjs esa iM+rk gS ,d bUthfu;j dh xyrh ls oqQN
O;fDr;ksa dks gkfu igq¡prh gS] ysfdu vè;kid dh xyrh ls lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dk Hkfo"; vaèkdkje; gks ldrk gSA
f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa xq.koÙkk dh deh dk izHkko f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxk gSA tksfd
vkxkeh o"kks± esa Hkh"k.k :i èkkj.kk dj ldrk gSA blfy;s vè;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj osQ fy;s dksBkjh
vk;ksx rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr esa f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s vksfj,UVs'ku dkslZ] lej bULVhV~;wV dh LFkkiuk o fjizsQ'kj
dkslsZt 'kq: djus dk lq>ko fn;k x;k FkkA bu lq>koksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ vHkko esa gh vkt vè;kid f'k{kk
vius fodkl dh vkSj vxzlj gSA f'k{kd gh lekt o jk"Vª dks fn'kk iznku djus osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuokZg djrs
gSaA vr% muosQ fy;s mi;qDr izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk dks Lohdkj djuk gh gksxk ftlls os jk"Vª dh ifjorZu'khy
vko';drk ls ifjfpr gksdj vius xkSjoiw.kZ in dh xfjek dks èkwfey gkssus ls cpkus osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk osQ
{ks=k esa vkn'kZ mnkgj.k izLrqr dj losaQA

• ewY;kadu dh izfozQ;k KkukRed HkkokRed rFkk fozQ;kRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ lacèa k esa iznÙkksa dk ladyu djrh
gSA ijaijkxr ijh{kkvksa ls KkukRed mís';ksa dk gh ekiu fd;k tkrk gSA ewY;kadu dh izfozQ;k dk {ks=k vfèkd
O;kid gksrk gSA blesa vusd izdkj dh izfofèk;k¡ iz;qDr dh tkrh gSaA
• f'k{kd fu"iknu dk vkdyuμfu"iknu ,d izfozQ;k gS ftlosQ }kjk fdlh ,d f'k{kd dh fuf'pr vofèk
osQ nkSjku O;ogkj vkSj miyfCèk;ksa dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSAf'k{kk dks nks vFkks± esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSμ
(1) f'k{k.k ,d O;olk;]
(2) f'k{k.k osQ vUrxZr d{kk osQ vUrxZr fd;s tkus okyk O;ogkjA
• f'k{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu osQ fu#mís'; ugha gS okLro esa ;g 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa ,oa izcUèkdksa osQ fgr esa gh gS D;ksfa d
blosQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kdksa dks fo'ks"k inksa ij fu;qfDr;k¡ dj ldrs gSa vkSj ;g f'k{kd osQ fgr esa Hkh gS D;ksafd
blosQ }kjk os viuh izxfr dk lgh ekun.M djosQ vius izxfr osQ fy;s dne mBk ldrs gSaA
• fu"iknu ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡μ,d izHkko'kkyh vè;kid osQ vkdyu osQ fy;s vusd izfofèk;ksa dks iz;qDr
fd;k tkrk gS tSlsμiz'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj] fujh{k.k izfofèk vkfn ,- ,l- ckj rFkk fety us rhu izdkj osQ
ekun.Mksa osQ iz;ksx lq>ko fn;s gSaμ
(1) ;ksX;rk ekun.M (Presage Criteria)]

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (2) izfozQ;k ekun.M (Process Criteria)]

(3) mRiknu ekun.M (Product Criteria)]
• f'k{kd ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡μf'k{kdksa osQ ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- f'k{kdksa }kjk i<+k;s tkus okys Nk=kksa osQ ijh{kkiQy (Examination Result Basesd Rating)A
2- Lo;a ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Self-Rating)A
3- Nk=kksa }kjk vè;kid osQ dk;Z ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Student Rating)A
4- lkFkh vè;kidksa }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Peer Rating)A
5- fujh{kdksa }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Inspector Rating)A
6- izèkkukpk;Z }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Head’s Rating)A
7- f'k{kk cksMks± }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Education/Examination Board Rating)A
8- leqnk; }kjk ewY;kadu ozQe&fuèkkZj.k (Community Rating)A

• laLrqfrμ flI+kQkfj'k] iz'kalkA
• vk[;kμ fooj.k fy[kuk ;k fy[kokuk]A
• d.kZèkkjμ irokj pykus okyk] lgkjkA
• vgZμ ;ksX;] mi;qDrA
• lhdjμ ilhuk] tyd.k] ty fcanqA

1. f'k{kd fu"iknu vkdyu dh foospuk dhft, rFkk fu"iknu ewY;kadu dh fofèk;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
2. ih;j js¯Vx ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blosQ ykHk rFkk gkfu;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
3. Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd ewY;kadu fofèk dh leh{kk dhft, rFkk Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd osQ ewY;kadu dks izHkkfor djus
okys dkjdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
4. fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,μ(v) ih;j js¯Vx_ (c) Hkkjr esa Nk=kksa }kjk f'k{kd ewY;kadu
1. ([k) 2. (x) 3. (d) 4. ([k)

bdkbZ—27% vè;kid f'k{k.kμ'kksèk dh uohu izo`fÙk;k¡
uksV
bdkbZμ27% vè;kid f'k{k.kμ'kksèk dh uohu izo`fÙk;k¡
(Current Trends of Research in
Teacher Eduction)
mís'; (Objectives)
27.1 vUr% vuq'kklu mikxe (Interdisciplinary Approach)
27.2 f'k{k.k esa b.VuZf'ki (Intership in Teaching)
27-3 lkeqnkf;d thou (Community Life)
27-4 vfHkfoU;kl&ikB~;Øe (Orientation Course)
27-5 i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe (Correspondence Cources)
27-6 fØ;kRed vuqlUèkku (Action Research)
27-7 lw{e&f'k{k.k (Micro-Teaching)
27-8 vuqdj.kh; lkekftd dkS'ky izf'k{k.k (Simulated Social Skill Training)
27-9 vUr%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k (Interaction Analysis)
27-10 lewg f'k{k.k (Team Teaching)
27-11 vfHkØfer vuqns'ku (Programmed Instruction)
27-12 tula[;k f'k{kk (Population Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk esas 'kks/ dh uohu izÑfr ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
ch- vks- fLeFk osQ vuqlkj ¶lS¼kfUrd :i esa izdkf'kr ,oa vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa esa egRoiw.kZ vUrj ;g gS
fd lS¼kfUrd :i ls izf'kf{kr vè;kid ifjek£tr izR;;ksa dks vius f'k{k.k dh fØ;k esa iz;ksx djrk gS ftUgsa

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV og vè;kiu dyk vkSj vuq'kklu ls lh[krk gS ;k vè;kiu {ks=k dk Kku izkIr djrk gS] ijUrq lS¼kfUrd :i
ls vizf'kf{kr vè;kid f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa dks vius lkekU; Kku osQ vk/kj ij djsxk ftUgsa mlus vius vuqHko
ls izkIr fd;k gSA¸ bl izdkj izf'kf{kr vè;kid izkIr Kku osQ vk/kj ij viuh f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa dk lEiknu
djrk gS mls mudk dkj.k ,oa izHkko fofnr gksrk gSA vizf'kf{kr vè;kid Hkh vius f'k{k.k esa ogha fØ;k;sa djrk
gS ijUrq mls muosQ dkj.k vkSj izHkko dh tkudkjh ugha gksrhA vLrq] izf'k{k.k esa ,slh uohu izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa vH;kl
dk Kku nsuk vko';d gS ftuosQ iz;ksx ls f'k{k.k dh izfØ;kvksa dks izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bl vè;k;
esa vè;kid f'k{kk esa vko';d bUgha orZeku izofÙk;kas dk foospu izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA
27-1 vUr% vuq'kklu mikxe (Interdisciplinary Approach)

vUr% vuq'kklu mikxe osQ fuekZ.k esa {ks=kh; fo|ky;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed
Lo:i dks lq/kjus osQ fy, {ks=kh; fo|ky;ksa osQ }kjk pkj o"kZ dk vè;kid&f'k{kk ikB~;Øe fn;k x;k gSA oqQ#{ks=k
fo'ofo|ky; osQ }kjk O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe ,oa O;kid&ikB~;Øe fn, x, gSa] tksfd mÙke izdkj dh vè;kid
f'k{kk tSlsμf'k{kk] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] ,d ;k nks fo"k; esa fof'k"V f'k{kk] fo|ky; esa izf'k{k.k f'k{kk osQ lkFk
izR;{k vuqHko nsrs gSaA orZeku oqQN o"kksZ esa Kku osQ vHkwriwoZ izknqHkkZo us vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fy;s uohu ekaxksa
dks tUe fn;k gSA {ks=kh; fo|ky; esa] Kku osQ vk/qfud fodkl dks vR;Ur ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa }kjk i<+k;k tkrk
gSA vè;;u fo|k osQ fo'ks"kKksa osQ }kjk] f'k{k.k osQ izdkj esa vk/qfud fodkl dks i<+k;k tkrk gSA
27-2 f'k{k.k esa b.VuZf'ki (Intership in Teaching)

Hkkjr esa f'k{k.k osQ vH;kl dks vR;f/d egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k ;ksX;rkvksa osQ iz;ksxkRed dk;Z blosQ
egÙoiw.kZ i{k osQ :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA vH;kl f'k{k.k dk;ZØe Hkkoh f'k{kdksa esa okLrfod vuqHko ,oa i<+kus
osQ f'k{k.k dkS'ky eas vfHko`f¼ djrk gS] fdUrq f'k{k.k fof/ esa viukbZ tkus okyh fof/;k¡ ,oa vkn'kZ y{; osQ
vuq:i ugha gSA oqQN f'k{kk'kkL=kh osQoy vH;kl f'k{k.k dh lEL;kvksa dh vksj gh è;ku&osQfUnzr djrs gSaA f'k{k.k
esa baVuZf'ki vH;kl fof/ esa lq/kj djrh gSA bl dk;ZØe esa vH;kl f'k{k.k rFkk funsZf'kr {ks=k vuqHkoksa dk
lek;kstu gSA blesa izfrf"Br fo|ky;ksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kkFkhZ lko/kuhiwoZd vH;kl f'k{k.k dks
funsZf'kr djrs gSaA f'k{k.k esa b.VuZf'ki dk iz;ksx bl rjg fd;k tkrk gS tks Hkkoh f'k{kd dks iz;ksx'kkyk vuqHko
dh rjg dk og Kku ns losQ rFkk tks mls LowQy dh lEiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d f'k{kd osQ :i esa O;kolkf;d
Js"Brk nsus esa leFkZ gksA f'k{kkFkhZ dks LowQy dh fofHkÂ xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh osQ volj fn;s tkrs gSa tks
O;kogkfjd gksrs gSa rFkk ftuosQ }kjk LowQy leqnk; ls mudh igpku&Hkkouk gksrh gSA mls lHkh dk;ks± vkSj
mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k tkrk gSA mls LFkk;h f'k{kd dh Hkk¡fr fo'ks"kkf/dkj izkIr gksrs gSaA mls f'k{kkFkhZ
rFkk vè;kid osQ nksgjs dÙkZO;ksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gSA
b.VuZf'ki vof/ dh xfrfof/;k¡μ
(i) d{kkvksa dk fujh{k.kμvkjEHk esa oqQN fnuksa esa mls vius {ks=k dh lHkh d{kkvksa dk voyksdu djuk
gksrk gS] rkfd og LowQy osQ ikB~;Øe ,oa dk;ZØe dh fo"kn tkudkjh izkIr dj losQA
(ii) vH;kl f'k{k.kμmls vU; lg;ksxh f'k{kdksa ls Hkh tkudkjh izkIr djuh gksrh gS rkfd os lg;ksx ls dk;Z
dj losaQA og lkFkh f'k{kdksa ls eU=k.kk] lq>ko ,oa ijke'kZ izkIr djrk gSA ikB ;kstuk cukus] f'k{k.k i¼fr
rFkk vU; nSfud xfrfof/;ksa dks Øe nsus osQ fy;s] fo|ky;ksa osQ fujh{kdx.k lgk;rkFkZ vkrs jgrs gSa rFkk
f'k{kkFkhZ bu fujh{kdx.kksa ls vius dk;Z esa vkSj vf/d lq/kjksa gsrq l>koksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSaA
(iii) f'k{kkFkhZ ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS] fd og fo|ky;ksa ls f'k{kk osQ n'kZu] ikB~;Øe] laxBu rFkk vU; xfrfofèk;ksa

dh tkudkjh izkIr djs rkfd mlosQ efLr"d esa ,d lEiw.kZ fcEc cu losQA og viuh #fp;ksa ,oa ;ksX;rkvksa uksV
osQ vuq:i ikB~&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ,oa iz'kklfud nSfud dk;ks± dh Hkh f'k{kk izkIr djrk gSA
27-3 lkeqnkf;d thou (Community Life)

lkeqnkf;d thou dk;ZØeksa dk mís'; O;fDrxr rFkk lkekftd izHkkodkfjrk mRiUu djuk gSA bl dk;ZØe osQ
eq[; i{k fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
(i) lkeqnkf;d vkokl ftldks Nk=kkokl esa vfuok;Z :i ls jgus ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) dejksa dh liQkbZ ,oa O;k[;ku d{kksa osQ j[k&j[kko ls lkeqnkf;d :i ls {ks=k dh liQkbZ gksrh gSA
(iii) vkUrfjd rFkk cká nksuksa izdkj osQ [ksyksa dk izcUèkA
(iv) euksjatu osQ lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØeksa osQ vk;kstuA
(v) lgdkfjrk osQ vkèkkj ij Hkkstuky;ksa dk lapkyuA
(vi) vè;;u gsrq lqfuf'pr le; osQ fy;s vè;;u e.Myksa dk lapkyu] izcUèku rFkk buls izkIr miyfCèk;ksa
dk fo'ys"k.kA
27-4 vfHkfoU;kl&ikB~;Øe (Orientation Course)

blosQ mís'; fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
(i) Nk=kksa dks muosQ f'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh izÑfr] {ks=k ,oa mudh egÙkk dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA
(ii) f'k{kk foHkkx osQ vUrxZr mUgsa nkf;Roksa ,oa vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i <kyukA
(iii) fo'ks"k vè;;u gsrq mudks pqus gq;s vè;;u fo"k; dh tkudkjh nsukA
(iv) mudks] muosQ lgikfB;ksa rFkk ijke'kZnkrkvksa ls lqifjfpr ,oa lqlEcfUèkr djukA
vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;Øe osQ vk;kstu dh vofèk pkj ls N% fnol rd gksrh gSA bl vofèk dk fuèkkZj.k fo|k£Fk;ksa
dh vko';drkuqlkj ?kV&c<+ ldrk gSA bl leLr dk;ZØe dk ikB~;Øe vfxze :i ls rS;kj djosQ Nk=kksa
,oa vè;kidksa osQ eè; forfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;ZØe Nk=kksa osQ usr`Ro esa lkewfgd fopkj&foe'kZ ,oa
fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku }kjk lEiUu gksrk gSA
27-5 i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe (Correspondence Cources)
vkt fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe dk fofHkUu O;kolkf;d lewgksa }kjk liQyrkiwoZd iz;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gSA fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ns'k dk igyk fo'ofo|ky; gS ftls i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe dk 'kqHkkjEHk djus dk
xkSjo izkIr gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d vè;;u lewg cuk;k ftlus
lu~ 1964 esa izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe vkjEHk djus dh laLrqfr dhA ns'k osQ pkj f'k{kk
egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk osQUnzh; f'k{kk laLFkku fnYyh us i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe osQ iz;ksx dk lkgfld dk;Z vius gkFkksa esa
fy;k gS] ftlesa nks xzh"edkyhu ikB~;Øe j[ks x, ftudh vofèk nks ekg dh j[kh x;hA
27-6 fØ;kRed vuqlUèkku (Action Research)
fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj osQ fy;s fØ;kRed vuqlUèkku cgqr ykHknk;d fl¼ gqvk
gSA ¶èkkjokM+¸ fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kk foHkkx us Nk=k vè;kidksa osQ ikB~;oLrq osQ Kku esa lqèkkj gsrq rFkk mudh
orZeku vè;kiu {kerkvksa dks vkSj vfèkd c<+kus gsrq ,d vxzxkeh vè;;u fd;k] ftlosQ oqQN fu"d"kZ
vèkksfyf[kr gSaμ

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (i) Nk=k vè;kidksa osQ ikB~;oLrq osQ Kku esa lqèkkj osQ fy;s vYidkyhu fopkjxks"Bh] okn&fookn rFkk dk;Z'kkyk
lgk;d fl¼ gksaxsA
(ii) izf'k{kk£Fk;ksa dks f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa ls ifjfpr djkuk ,oa dkS'kyksa osQ izn'kZu rFkk vkjEHk esa iqujkH;kl
muosQ&f'k{k.k dkS'ky esa mruk lqèkkj ugha yk ikrs ftruk fd lkekU; vH;klA
(iii) vkReewY;kafdr ijh{k.kksa ls izkIr rF;ksa }kjk ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd bu fofèk;ksa }kjk ldkjkRed vfHko`f¼
fodflr dh tk ldrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk lu~ 1964 esa fofHkUu izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe 'kq:
djus dh laLrqfr ,d Økafrdkjh dne FkkA vkt laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa liQyrkiwoZd i=kkpkj
ikB~;Øe pyk, tk jgs gSaA
27-7 lw{e&f'k{k.k (Micro-Teaching)
,syu ,oa bZo (1968) osQ vuqlkj lw{e f'k{k.k esa fof'k"V f'k{k.k O;ogkj ij è;ku osQfUnzr fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk
fu;fU=kr n'kkvksa esa f'k{k.k dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ,d le; esa ,d gh dkS'ky esa fuiq.krk izkIr dh tkrh
gSA lw{e f'k{k.k okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa esa d{kk f'k{k.k gSA blls d{kk dk vkdkj] ikB dh yEckbZ rFkk f'k{k.k
dkS'ky lhfer gksrs gSaA
vè;kid izf'k{k.k esa iz;ksx djus ij lw{e f'k{k.k dks d{kk f'k{k.k dk y?kq :i dgk tkrk gSA ,d ljyhÑr
fu;fU=kr vH;kl gS ftlesa rhu ls iUnzg feuV rd dk le; gksrk gS] vkSj d{kk esa rhu ls nl Nk=k gksrs gSaA
;gk¡ Nk=k okLrfod d{kk esa gksrs gSa] f'k{k.k okLrfod gksrk gS ysfdu ifjos'k lajfpr gksrk gSA blesa vxzfyf[kr
lksikuksa dk vuqdj.k fd;k tkrk gSμ
(i) f'k{k.k&ikB~;oLrq dh y?kq bdkbZ dk vYidky esa NksVh d{kk esa f'k{k.kA
(ii) ppkZ&lqèkkj osQ fy, lq>koA
(iii) mlh ikB bdkbZ dk nwljs y?kq lewgksa ij iqu£'k{k.kA
(iv) tc rd fd okafNr O;ogkj izkIr ugha gks tkrs ppkZ&miyfCèk osQ inksa esa iqulqZ>koA
lw{e f'k{k.k osQ ykHkμ
(i) ljyrkμ;g ,d ljy mikxe gSA bl fo'ks"krk osQ dkj.k bls ?kVd dkS'ky mikxe osQ uke ls Hkh tkurs
gSaA
(ii) lqfoèkk;qDr ,oa fu;fU=kr vuqlUèkku ;U=kμ;g ,d lqfoèkkiw.kZ vuqlèa kku ;a=k gS] ftlesa okafNr ewy rÙoksa
dks bPNkuqlkj lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gS] nwljs rRoksa dh Hkkafr bl pj dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tk ldrk
gS] vkSj mls lw{e f'k{k.k iz;ksx'kkyk esa iqu% mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(iii) de [kphZykμ;g ,d de [kphZyh fofèk gS tks deZpkfj;ksa osQ le; dks cpkrh gS vkSj vH;kl dh
izHkko'khyrk esa o`f¼ djrh gSA
(iv) lqUnj ewY;kaduμblosQ }kjk vè;kid osQ ewY;kadu dh u;h lH;rkvksa dk irk pyrk gS rFkk f'k{k.k esa
mÙke vfHkys[k] izekihÑr n'kkvksa ,oa {kerkvksa dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(v) O;fDrxr mikxeμizR;sd Nk=k vè;kid f'k{k.k osQ okafNr dkS'ky dks bl mikxe osQ }kjk viuh xfr
dks izkIr djrk gSA

(vi) mÙke mipkjkRed ,oa funkukRed ;U=kμlw{e f'k{k.k esa Nk=k&vè;kid dh dfe;ksa dks [kkstdj mls uksV
nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
'kks/ dh uohu izo`fÙk;ksa esa var%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k osQ varxZr vè;kid }kjk d{kk esa ekSf[kd dk;ks±
osQ izk:i osQ lanHkZ esa oqQN mi;ksxh lq>ko nhft,A
27-8 vuqdj.kh; lkekftd dkS'ky izf'k{k.k (Simulated Social Skill Training)

fiQfyi MCY;w- ijM~;w osQ vuqlkj ¶vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k ,oa fujh{k.k dk lEiknu fu;fefr d{kkvksa esa ugha gksrkA
blosQ vUrxZr vè;kiu fLFkfr osQ u;s ekè;e tSlsμJO; ;k n`';] Vsi ,oa iQksVksxzkiQh rFkk lw{e f'k{k.k osQ ohfM;ks
iz;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA blosQ vUrxZr ijEijkoknh f'k{k.k mikxe dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa dkyst
osQ fo|kFkhZ vius gh lgikfB;ksa dks d{kk 10 osQ fo|kFkhZ dh rjg i<+krs gSaA
vuqdj.kh; izf'k{k.k osQ ykHk
(i) iz;ksx'kkyk vuqHkoksa osQ iwjd osQ :i esaμ;g izfofèk f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa osQ fy;s osQoy vuqlUèkku osQ
fy;s gh #fp dk fo"k; ugha gS cfYd bls iz;ksx'kkyk&vuqHkoksa osQ le`f¼iwjd :i esa Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) iquvZH;kl osQ volj iznku djrk gSμ;s izfofèk;k¡ f'k{k.k osQ iwoZ dh {kerkvkas dks c<+kus esa iz;ksx gksrh
gSa ;s fo|ky;h f'k{k.k osQ iwoZ vè;kid dks izk;ksfxd vuqHko iznku djrh gSaA
27-9 vUr%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k (Interaction Analysis)

vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vè;kid dh d{kk vUr%fØ;k dks y{; cukdj mls fo'ysf"kr djus ,oa mldk xq.kkRed
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl {ks=k esa nh?kZdkyhu Bksl dk;ZØe uSM ,- fiQys.MlZ osQ usrR` o esa fodflr fd;k x;kA fiQyS.MlZ us vius vè;;u
esa ik;k fd fuEu miyfCèk okyh d{kkvksa dh rqyuk esa mPp miyfCèk dh d{kkvksa esa vè;kid osQ ekSf[kd dk;Z
vyx FksA
vUr% fØ;k fo'ys"k.k osQ ykHk
1- ;g ,d mís';iw.kZ [kksth fofèk gS ftlosQ }kjk vUr%fØ;k dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
2- bls lw{e f'k{k.k osQ lUnHkZ esa iz;ksx djosQ vè;kid osQ O;ogkj esa lqèkkj yk;k tk ldrk gSA
3- bldk lsokdkyhu vè;kidksa osQ ewY;kadu ,oa lqèkkj gsrq iz;ksx gksrk gSA
4- bls i`"B&iks"k.k osQ :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- blosQ }kjk vkReizR;; dk fuekZ.k ,oa mfpr Lo% ewY;kadu gksrk gSA
27-10 lewg f'k{k.k (Team Teaching)

bls lgdkjh f'k{k.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g rc vkjEHk gksrk gS tc ,d ls vfèkd vè;kid feydj ;kstuk dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj mls fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ,d gh lewg ij iz'kkflr djrs gSa pkgs og fo|kFkhZ fdlh Hkh Lrj osQ D;ksa
u gksaA
lewg f'k{k.k osQ vUrxZr dbZ laxBukRed fopkj izpfyr gSa] lewg f'k{k.k nks izkFkfed f'k{kdksa dks feyk djosQ
pkyhl&ipkl fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ funs'Z ku rS;kj djus esa gks ldrk gSA nwljh vksj og vè;kidksa }kjk rS;kj 200 fo|k£Fk;ksa

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV osQ fy;s Hkh gks ldrk gSA Vhe osQ fy;s vè;kidksa dk dk;Z dbZ Hkwfedkvksa vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dks izn£'kr djrk gSA
Vhe Hkwfedk esa Vhe dk usrk eq[; vè;kid] va'kdkyhu vè;kid] vè;kid dh lgk;rk djus okyh lkexzh ,oa
Vhe DyoZQ lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
lewg f'k{k.k osQ ykHk
,.Mjlu (1966) us lewg f'k{k.k dh lkr fo'ks"krk;sa ekuh gSa ftUgsa lewg f'k{k.k osQ ykHk osQ :i esa ekuk tk
ldrk gSμ
(i) f'k{k.k dk;Z esa fo'ks"k ;ksX;rkA
(ii) Nk=kksa dks milewgksa esa ckaVus esa yphykiuA
(iii) LowQy lalkèkuksa dk izHkkoh iz;ksxA
(iv) O;kolkf;d ,oa vO;kolkf;d yksxksa dks iwjd f'k{kd osQ :iesa dk;Z djus dh lqfoèkkA
(v) lalkèkuksa ,oa rduhdh osQ iz;ksx dh foLr`r lEHkkouk;saA
(vi) izf'k{k.kk£Fk;ksa ,oa u;s vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k esa lqfoèkkA
(vii) lewg lnL;ksa dh O;kolkf;d ;ksX;rk esa o`f¼A
27-11 vfHkØfer vuqns'ku (Programmed Instruction)

;g vfèkxe foKku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ØkfUrdkjh fofèk gS ftlus vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku cuk
fy;k gSA vktdy fo|ky;h fo"k;ksa osQ f'k{k.k] 'kSf{kd lkaf[;dh ,oa f'k{kk euksfoKku osQ oqQN {ks=kksa esa bldk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i oqQN vPNs dk;ZØe fodflr gq;s gSa ftuls Nk=kkè;kid ykHkkfUor gks
ldrk gSA
vfHkØfer vuqns'ku osQ ykHk
(i) bl esa Nk=k fØ;k'khy jgrs gSa vkSj viuh ;ksX;rkuqlkj vkxs c<+rs gSaA
(ii) blesa izHkkoh vfèkxe osQ fy;s lHkh izdkj osQ oSKkfud fl¼kUrksa dk vfèkdre iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(iii) blesa vfèkxe izHkkoh] lq[knk;h ,oa LFkk;h gksrk gSA
(iv) bldk iz;ksx ?kj ij vè;;u esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls la'kksèku dk;ZØe esa yxu okys vè;kid dk
le; cp tkrk gSA
(v) blls vfèkxe rhoz xfr ls] fuf'pr ,oa vfèkd xgu gksrk gSA
27-12 tula[;k f'k{kk (Population Education)

tula[;k f'k{kk iw.kZr;k uohu {ks=k gSA blesa ewY;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dk fo'ks"k Kku ,oa lwpukvksa rFkk f'k{kdksa dk
lekos'k gSA blosQ vuqlkj] O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª dh HkykbZ gsrq] NksVs ifjokj osQ vkn'kZ ls larq"V gksuk vR;ko';d gSA
vktdy vè;kid f'k{k.k esa ,d lqfu;ksftr ifjokj ls lEcfUèkr n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl vfuok;Z :i ls gks x;k
gS rkfd os vfr tula[;k o`f¼ osQ ifj.kkeksa osQ izfr tkx:d jg losaQA
tula[;k f'k{kk dk egÙo
1- tula[;k f'k{kk ls f'k{kd f'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa lekos'k }kjk HkkoukRed ,drk] jk"Vªh; ,drk] vUrjkZ"Vªh;
le>&cw> dk fodkl gksxk rFkk bls Nk=kksa esa Hkh fodflr fd;k tk losQxkA
f'k{kdksa esa tula[;k f'k{kk izR;; bl izdkj mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd os ifjokj lhfer j[ksa D;ksafd
;g ifjokj rFkk ns'k dh vk£Fkd izxfr gsrq vko';d ,oa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g Hkkouk ,oa n`f"Vdks.k fo|k£Fk;ksa
esa Hkh fodflr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA

2- tula[;k f'k{kk lkekftd cnyko ,oa lkekftd fu;U=k.k dk ,d l'kDr gfFk;kj gSA blosQ }kjk lkekftd uksV
cnykoksa osQ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
(i) O;fDr vius iSr`d O;olk;ksa dk ifjR;kx dj jgs gSaA f'k{kk osQ O;kolkf;d mís';ksa esa ifjorZu
fd;k x;k gSA
(ii) efgyk ,oa iq#"k nksuksa osQ gh dk;kZy;ksa ,oa fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr jgus ls cPpksa dh ns[kHkky dh leL;k
mRiUu gqbZ gSA mlus lkekthdj.k dh leL;k us Hkh tUe fy;k gSA bl leL;k osQ gy gsrq f'k{kk
esa fd.MjxkVZu ,oa ulZjh LowQy i¼fr dk fodkl gqvk gSA
(iii) Hkkjr esa tula[;k o`f¼ rhozxkeh gSA orZeku le; esa Hkkjr dh vkcknh yxHkx lck vjc gSA blls
vk£Fkd Lrj ,oa ns'k dh izxfr esa fuf'pr :i ls vojksèk mRiUu gksaxsA f'k{kdksa dks tula[;k
fu;U=k.k osQ xEHkhj ,oa nkf;Roiw.kZ dÙkZO;ksa osQ fuokZg osQ fy;s vkxs vkuk gksxkA
bl izdkj tula[;k f'k{kk nh tkus dh egÙkk dh vksj è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA f'k{kd dks fo|k£Fk;ksa esa blosQ
izfr ltx ,oa izcy Hkkouk;sa ,oa n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk pkfg;sA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd dks
tula[;k f'k{kk osQ fo"k; esa izf'kf{kr fd;k tk;sA
vè;kidksa }kjk tula[;k tkx:drk dk;ZØe esa tula[;k dh xfr'khyrk] ifj"kn~ thou] larkuksÙifÙk
dh tkudkjh ubZ ;qok ih<+h dks nh tkuh pkfg,A

lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct option)—
1- vfHkfoU;kl ik;B~;Øe (Orientation courses) osQ vk;kstu dh vof/ gksrh gSμ
(d) ,d ekg ([k) ianzg fnu
(x) pkj ls N% fnu
2- ,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh }kjk igyh ckj i=kkpkj ikB;~Øe dh laLrqfr nh xbZ Fkhμ
(d) lu~ 1950 esa ([k) lu~ 1964 esa
(x) lu~ 1992 esa
3- vè;kid f'k{k.k fof/ esa è;ku osQafnzr fd;k tkrk gSμ
(d) fof'k‘ f'k{k.k O;ogkj ij ([k) lkekU; O;ogkj ij
(x) lkekftd O;ogkj ij
tula[;k f'k{kk osQ y{;
tula[;k f'k{kk dks ekuo fodkl dk;ZØe dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx ekurs gq, Mk- oh- osQ- vkj- oh- jko- us fy[kk
gS] ¶tula[;k f'k{kk dks vadksa dk fucUèk vFkok ifjek.kkRed gh ugha le>k tkuk pkfg;sA tula[;k dk xq.k
gh vfèkd vFkZ j[krk gSA mRFkku osQ dkj.k osQ :i esa vkSj mlosQ ml fodkl osQ iQyLo:i izkIr vfUre mís';
osQ :i esa la[;kvksa osQ izHkko dks ns[kk tkuk pkfg;s] ml lUnHkZ esa ftudk izHkko voufr vFkok mUufr ij
iM+rk gSA tula[;k f'k{kk vko';d :i ls ekuo lalkèku fodkl ls tqM+h gS] vr% tula[;k f'k{kk osQoy
tula[;k tkx:drk ls gh lEcfUèkr ugha gS fdUrq blosQ fuR;izfr fodflr gks jgs ewY;ksa ,oa èkkj.kkvksa ls xgjk
lEcUèk gS rkfd xq.k vkSj ek=kk nksuksa vksj lrZdrk jgsA¸ chMjeSu us f'k{kk osQ uSfrd ,oa uhfr'kkL=kh; mís';
ij cy fn;k gSA tula[;k f'k{kk dk mís'; ml tkx:drk ,oa le>cw> dks fodflr djuk gS tks tula[;k

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV fodkl rFkk jk"Vªh; fodkl osQ eè; lEcUèkksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gSA og ml tkudkjh dks fodflr djrh gS
tks O;fDr osQ tula[;k o`f¼ osQ {ks=k esa fy;s x;s O;fDrxr fu.kZ;ksa ls mRiUu gksrh gSA tula[;k tkx:drk
dk;ZØe esa tula[;k dh xfr'khyrk] ikfjokfjd thou] lUrkuksRifÙk dh tkudkjh] ubZ ih<+h dks nh tkuh pkfg;sA
mls ;g Hkh crykuk pkfg;s fd lekt osQ izR;sd O;fDr osQ dk;Z nwljs lnL;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSAa ;g tula[;k
f'k{kk dk uSfrd vkSj uhfr'kkL=kh; y{; gSA blh osQ lkFk bldk lwpukRed ,oa fopkjkRed y{; lEcfUèkr gSA
Vsyj us tula[;k f'k{k.k ,oa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa osQ eè; vfHkizsj.kkRed lEcUèkksa ij cy fn;k gSA mlosQ
vuqlkj tula[;k f'k{k.k dh leL;k;sa nksgjh gSaA izFke bldk vfHkizsj.kkRed gksuk vFkkZr~ O;fDr;ksa osQ
ifjokjfu;kstu viukus dh izsj.kk nsuk rFkk nwljs bldk vuqns'kkRed gksuk vFkkZr~ yksxksa dks tula[;k leL;k osQ
rF;ksa ls ifjfpr djuk] blls lEcfUèkr ifj.kkeksa dh tkudkjh nsuk ,oa blosQ funkukFkZ lEHkkfor fodYi lq>kukA
osQ- ,l- jko dk fopkj gS fd tula[;k f'k{kk og izfØ;k gS ftlls O;fDr dh fu.kZ;{kerk lekt dh HkykbZ
osQ fy;s dk;Zjr gksrh gSA jko osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶tula[;k f'k{k.k dks ml y{; dh Hkk¡fr ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk
gS ftldk mís'; lqfoLr`r rjhosQ ls ,d ,sls lkekftd Øe dks fu£er djuk gS ftlesa xq.k dh fo'ks"krk rFkk
vk£Fkd U;k; lfEefyr gksdj ,d yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk gks rFkk fopkjksa osQ vUrjkZ"Vªh;dj.k osQ
vuqlkj bl izR;; dks LFkkfir djs fd ekuo vius O;fDrxr dk;ks± }kjk vius ifjokj rFkk ns'k dks fu;fU=kr
j[k ldrk gSA¸
;kSu f'k{kk rFkk ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk nksuksa dks tula[;k f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr j[kk tk;sA tula[;k f'k{kk]
tula[;k osQ ckjs esa Kku dh o`f¼ ,oa mfpr vfHko`fÙk dks lfEefyr djrh gS ftlosQ vUrxZr ifjokj vkSj ;kSu
f'k{kk nksuksa vkrs gSaA blesa tula[;k osQ izfr tkx:drk] ikfjokfjd thou] iqu#Riknu f'k{kk rFkk vkèkkfjr ewY;
lfEefyr gSaA
lkbeu us tula[;k f'k{kk esa laKkukRed ,oa HkkoukRed nksuksa igyqvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gSa tula[;k f'k{kk
tula[;k leL;k osQ ckjs esa lwpuk;sa izlkfjr djrh gSA ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe bldk ,d lkèku gSA ;g Hkkoh
ih<+h osQ n`f"Vdks.k] O;ogkj ,oa ewY;ksa esa okafNr ifjorZu dk egÙoiw.kZ Ïksr gSaA
vè;kid tula[;k f'k{kk
izeq[k lksikuμ
1- vè;kidksa osQ fy;s tula[;k f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk fodkl djukA
2- lsokiwoZ vè;kid izf'k{k.k ,oa lsokjr vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s tula[;k f'k{kk dh fofèk;ksa rFkk
vuqns'kulkexzh dk fodkl djukA
vè;kid tula[;k f'k{kk osQ mís';
vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; fo|ky;ksa dks izHkkoh <ax ls pykus osQ fy;s vè;kdksa dk fuekZ.k djuk
gSA jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ln~Hkkouk dh rjg tula[;k f'k{kk lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øe dk ,d vax gksuk
pkfg;sA Nk=kkè;kidksa dks tula[;k f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa Kku ,oa cksèk] vfHko`fÙk ,oa dkS'ky iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
tula[;k f'k{kk dh ikB~;oLrq dks vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe esa mfpr LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
tula[;k f'k{kk ikB~;Øe
1- bdkbZ izFkeμtula[;k f'k{kk dk vFkZ ,oa {ks=k] ikfjokfjd thou f'k{kk ,oa ;kSu f'k{kk esa vUrj] tula[;k
f'k{kk osQ mís';] vko';drk ,oa mldk egÙo] lkekU; f'k{kk esa tula[;k f'k{kk dk LFkkuA
2- bdkbZ f}rh;μtula[;k dh xR;kRedrk rFkk o`f¼] forj.k rFkk ?kuRo] tula[;k o`f¼ dk Lo:i] Hkkjr
,oa fo'o osQ ifjisz{k esa tula[;k o`f¼ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (tUenj] e`R;qnj] mez rFkk ySafxdrk)] 'kgjhdj.k

osQ fuèkkZjd ,oa mlosQ ifj.kke] tula[;k iztuu] Hkkjr osQ vk£Fkd] 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd fodkl esa uksV
tula[;k o`f¼ dk iz;ksx] tula[;k o`f¼ ,oa izkÑfrd lalkèku] f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ij tula[;k o`f¼ dk
izHkkoA
3- bdkbZ r`rh;μtula[;k f'k{kk esa vè;kid dh Hkwfedk] lkekftd ifjorZu osQ vfHkdrkZ osQ :i esa
vè;kd] tula[;k ;kstuk esa vè;kid dh Hkwfedk] lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl esa vè;kid dh
Hkwfedk] tula[;k o`f¼ esa vè;kid dh tkx:drk] tula[;k o`f¼ esa vè;kid dk fo'okl] tula[;k]
;kSu f'k{kk ,oa ikfjokfjd thou dk Kku iznku djus esa vè;kid dh HkwfedkA
4- bdkbZ prqFkZμlkekU; f'k{kk osQ fy;s tula[;k f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe] Hkkjrh; fo|ky;ksa esa ikB~;Øe osQ
iqu£uèkkZj.k dh vko';drk] fo|ky;h ikB~;Øe esa tula[;k f'k{kk dk LFkku] ikB~;Øe iFk&izn'kZdksa dk
fodklA
5- bdkbZ iapeμvè;kiu fofèk vkSj ewY;kadu] ,dkadh rFkk lglEcUèkh mikxe] tula[;k f'k{kk osQ lUnHkZ
esa leL;k lekèkku rFkk osQl LVMh mikxe] fo|ky;h fo"k;ksa esa tula[;k f'k{kk osQ 'kh"kZdksa dk mi;qDr
vè;kiu bdkb;ksa tSlsμlkekftd fo"k;] xf.kr] Hkk"kk] lkekU; foKku rFkk thofoKku tSls fo"k;ksa esa
leUo;a tula[;k f'k{kk dk ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa tSls lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe] Mªkek] ukVd o okn&fookn
osQ lkFk leUo;A ewY;kadu fucUèkkRed iz'uksa osQ }kjk gksuk pkfg;sA
6- bdkbZ r`rh;μtula[;k dh folaxfr;k¡ ,oa fo"k;] tula[;k f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa izR;;h folaxfr (;kSu f'k{kk]
ikfjokfjd f'k{kk vkfn)] lkekftd lkaLÑfrd ewY;] vè;kid dh tula[;k osQ izfr tkx:drk] vk;q]
¯yx osQ vuqlkj tula[;k f'k{kk izR;; dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh vè;kid dh ;ksX;rk] tula[;k f'k{kk
ikB~;oLrq dk {ks=kA
Nk=k vè;kidksa dks tula[;k f'k{kk dh ikB~;oLrq laKkukRed Lrj ij u nsdj] HkkoukRed ,oa O;kogkfjd Lrj
ij iznku djuh pkfg;sA mUgsa Hkkoh tula[;k o`f¼ osQ izfr tkx:d gksuk pkfg;s rFkk 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa vk£Fkd
fodkl ij tula[;k o`f¼ osQ ifj.kkeksa osQ izfr lpsr jguk pkfg;sA

• ch- vks- fLeFk osQ vuqlkj ¶lS¼kfUrd :i esa izdkf'kr ,oa vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa esa egRoiw.kZ vUrj ;g gS
fd lS¼kfUrd :i ls izf'kf{kr vè;kid ifjek£tr izR;;ksa dks vius f'k{k.k dh fØ;k esa iz;ksx djrk gS ftUgsa
og vè;kiu dyk vkSj vuq'kklu ls lh[krk gS ;k vè;kiu {ks=k dk Kku izkIr djrk gS] ijUrq lS¼kfUrd
:i ls vizf'kf{kr vè;kid f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa dks vius lkekU; Kku osQ vk/kj ij djsxk ftUgsa mlus vius
vuqHko ls izkIr fd;k gSA¸ bl izdkj izf'kf{kr vè;kid izkIr Kku osQ vk/kj ij viuh f'k{k.k dh fØ;kvksa
dk lEiknu djrk gS mls mudk dkj.k ,oa izHkko fofnr gksrk gSA vizf'kf{kr vè;kid Hkh vius f'k{k.k esa
ogha fØ;k;sa djrk gS ijUrq mls muosQ dkj.k vkSj izHkko dh tkudkjh ugha gksrhA vLrq] izf'k{k.k esa ,slh uohu
izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa vH;kl dk Kku nsuk vko';d gS ftuosQ iz;ksx ls f'k{k.k dh izfØ;kvksa dks izHkko'kkyh cuk;k
tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ 'kks/ dh oqQN uohu izo`fÙk;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
• vUr% vuq'kklu mikxeμvUr% vuq'kklu mikxe osQ fuekZ.k esa {ks=kh; fo|ky;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA
vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed Lo:i dks lq/kjus osQ fy, {ks=kh; fo|ky;ksa osQ }kjk pkj o"kZ dk vè;kid&f'k{kk
ikB~;Øe fn;k x;k gSA
• f'k{k.k esa b.VuZf'kiμHkkjr esa f'k{k.k osQ vH;kl dks vR;f/d egRo fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k ;ksX;rkvksa osQ
iz;ksxkRed dk;Z blosQ egÙoiw.kZ i{k osQ :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA vH;kl f'k{k.k dk;ZØe Hkkoh f'k{kdksa esa
okLrfod vuqHko ,oa i<+kus osQ f'k{k.k dkS'ky eas vfHko`f¼ djrk gS] fdUrq f'k{k.k fof/ esa viukbZ tkus okyh

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV fof/;k¡ ,oa vkn'kZ y{; osQ vuq:i ugha gSA oqQN f'k{kk'kkL=kh osQoy vH;kl f'k{k.k dh lEL;kvksa dh vksj
gh è;ku&osQfUnzr djrs gSaA f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki vH;kl fof/ esa lq/kj djrh gSA bl dk;ZØe esa vH;kl f'k{k.k
rFkk funsZf'kr {ks=k vuqHkoksa dk lek;kstu gSA blesa izfrf"Br fo|ky;ksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA
• lkeqnkf;d thouμlkeqnkf;d thou dk;ZØeksa dk mís'; O;fDrxr rFkk lkekftd izHkkodkfjrk mRiUu
djuk gSA
• vfHkfoU;kl&ikB~;ØeμvfHkfoU;kl ikB~;Øe osQ vk;kstu dh vofèk pkj ls N% fnol rd gksrh gSA bl
vofèk dk fuèkkZj.k fo|k£Fk;ksa dh vko';drkuqlkj ?kV&c<+ ldrk gSA bl leLr dk;ZØe dk ikB~;Øe
vfxze :i ls rS;kj djosQ Nk=kksa ,oa vè;kidksa osQ eè; forfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;ZØe Nk=kksa osQ usrR` o
esa lkewfgd fopkj&foe'kZ ,oa fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku }kjk lEiUu gksrk gSA
• i=kkpkj ikB~;Øeμvkt fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe dk fofHkUu O;kolkf;d lewgksa }kjk
liQyrkiwoZd iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ns'k dk igyk fo'ofo|ky; gS ftls i=kkpkj
ikB~;Øe dk 'kqHkkjEHk djus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us fo'ks"kKksa dk
,d vè;;u lewg cuk;k ftlus lu~ 1964 esa izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe vkjEHk djus dh laLrqfr
dhA ns'k osQ pkj f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk osQUnzh; f'k{kk laLFkku fnYyh us i=kkpkj ikB~;Øe osQ iz;ksx dk
lkgfld dk;Z vius gkFkksa esa fy;k gS] ftlesa nks xzh"edkyhu ikB~;Øe j[ks x, ftudh vofèk nks ekg dh
j[kh x;hA
• fØ;kRed vuqlUèkkuμfo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj osQ fy;s fØ;kRed vuqlUèkku cgqr
ykHknk;d fl¼ gqvk gSA
• lw{e&f'k{k.kμ,syu ,oa bZo (1968) osQ vuqlkj lw{e f'k{k.k esa fof'k"V f'k{k.k O;ogkj ij è;ku osQfUnzr
fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk fu;fU=kr n'kkvksa esa f'k{k.k dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ,d le; esa ,d gh dkS'ky esa
fuiq.krk izkIr dh tkrh gSA lw{e f'k{k.k okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa esa d{kk f'k{k.k gSA
• vuqdj.kh; lkekftd dkS'ky izf'k{k.kμfiQfyi MCY;w- ijM~;w osQ vuqlkj ¶vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k ,oa
fujh{k.k dk lEiknu fu;fefr d{kkvksa esa ugha gksrkA blosQ vUrxZr vè;kiu fLFkfr osQ u;s ekè;e tSlsμJO;
;k n`';] Vsi ,oa iQksVksxzkiQh rFkk lw{e f'k{k.k osQ ohfM;ks iz;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
• vUr%fØ;k fo'ys"k.kμvè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vè;kid dh d{kk vUr%fØ;k dks y{; cukdj mls
fo'ysf"kr djus ,oa mldk xq.kkRed fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• lewg f'k{k.kμbls lgdkjh f'k{k.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g rc vkjEHk gksrk gS tc ,d ls vfèkd vè;kid
feydj ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj mls fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ ,d gh lewg ij iz'kkflr djrs gSa pkgs og fo|kFkhZ
fdlh Hkh Lrj osQ D;ksa u gksaA
• vfHkØfer vuqns'kuμ;g vfèkxe foKku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ØkfUrdkjh fofèk gS ftlus vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gSA vktdy fo|ky;h fo"k;ksa osQ f'k{k.k] 'kSf{kd lkaf[;dh ,oa f'k{kk euksfoKku
osQ oqQN {ks=kksa esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i oqQN vPNs dk;ZØe fodflr gq;s gSa ftuls
Nk=kkè;kid ykHkkfUor gks ldrk gSA
• tula[;k f'k{kkμtula[;k f'k{kk iw.kZr;k uohu {ks=k gSA blesa ewY;ksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa dk fo'ks"k Kku ,oa
lwpukvksa rFkk f'k{kdksa dk lekos'k gSA blosQ vuqlkj] O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª dh HkykbZ gsrq] NksVs ifjokj osQ vkn'kZ
ls larq"V gksuk vR;ko';d gSA
• vktdy vè;kid f'k{k.k esa ,d lqfu;ksftr ifjokj ls lEcfUèkr n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl vfuok;Z :i ls gks
x;k gS rkfd os vfr tula[;k o`f¼ osQ ifj.kkeksa osQ izfr tkx:d jg losaQA


• lgxkehμlax pyus okyk] lkFkh] vuq;k;hA
• mikxeμ?kfVr gksuk] cknk] ikl vkukA
• lksikuμlh<+h] T+khukA

1. vè;kid f'k{kk esa 'kks/ dh uohu izof` Ùk;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft;sA eq[; orZeku izof` Ùk;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu dhft;sA
2. tula[;k f'k{kk dh O;k[;k dhft;s rFkk vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe osQ lUnHkZ esa blosQ mís';ksa dks Li‘
dhft;sA
3. vè;kid f'k{kk esa tula[;k f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk o.kZu dhft;sA
4. fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k;sμ
(v) lw{e f'k{k.k
(c) vfHkØfer vuqns'ku
(l) Vhe f'k{k.k
(n) vuqdj.kh; lkekftd dkS'ky izf'k{k.kA
1. (x) 2. ([k) 3. (x) 4. (d)

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ28% vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ dh lajpuk
,oa fodklμ vFkZ ,oa egÙo
(Construction and development of currriculum
on teacher education— meaning, Importance)
mís'; (Objectives)
28.1 vè;kid f'k{kk dh dfBukb;k¡ (Difficulties of teacher education programme)
28.2 vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe osQ lqèkkjkRed vkèkkj (d)
28.3 dksBkjh vk;ksx osQ lq>ko (d)
28.4 uohu dk;ZØe dk fuekZ.k (d)
28.5 vè;kid vfHkfoU;kl (Teacher orientation)
28.6 O;kolkf;d lS¼kafrd ikB~;Øe (Vocational, theoritical curriculum)
28.7 vè;kid dh Hkwfedk (Roled of teachers)
28.8 ch- ,M dk;ZØe (B.Ed. Programme)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe osQ lqèkkjkRed vk;keksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• dksBkjh deh'ku osQ lq>koksa ls voxr gkasxsA
• vè;kid f'k{kk gsrq uohu ikB~;Øe osQ fuekZ.k dh vko';drk ls voxr gksaxsA
vkt osQ f'k{kd dks ;g Li"V ugha gS fd fo|ky; esa mldks D;k Hkwfedk fuokZg djuk gS\ ;|fi mls
lekt&lqèkkjd dk f'kYih ,oa lkekftd lajpuk esa okafNr ifjorZu ykus okyk dgk tkrk gSA gekjs lafoèkku
esa lcdks cjkcj f'k{kk esa leku vfèkdkj izkIr djus dh ckr Li"V ugha gS vkSj blosQ fy, gesa vius izf'k{k.k

bdkbZ—28% vè;kid f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ dh lajpuk ,oa fodklμ vFkZ ,oa egÙo
dkWystksa esa f'k{kdksa dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh nsuh gksxh] ftlls fd lEiw.kZ lekt dks lafoèkku esa fn;s x;s uksV
izkfoèkkuksa dk mfpr ykHk fey losQA
28-1 vè;kid f'k{kk dh dfBukb;k¡ (Difficulties of Teacher Education

Programme)
fdlh Hkh laLFkku ls vk;s gq, f'k{kdksa dh {kerk ml f'k{k.k laLFkku }kjk fuèkkZfjr ikB~;Øe ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA vè;kid&f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa osQ ikB~;Øeksa osQ ckjs esa dbZ Ïksrksa ls f'kdk;r fey jgh gSA vè;kidh;&f'k{kk
ij lekdkyhu lkfgR; esa dh x;h vkykspukvksa ls fuEufyf[kr dfe;k¡ lkeus vkrh gSaA
1- vè;kidh;&f'k{kk dk;ZØe cgqr vYi le; osQ fy;s gksrk gSA
2- vè;kidh;&f'k{kk esa f'k{kk dh fofèk ij vfèkd cy fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fo"k;&oLrq osQ Kku ij è;ku ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA
3- vè;kidh; f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr fl¼kUr vkSj vH;kl esa dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA
4- bldk Lo:i Hkkjrh; laxBuksa osQ vuq:i ugha gSA
5- bldk ikB~;Øe o blosQ izf'k{k.k dk <ax iqjkuk gks pqdk gSA
6- ;g vkèkqfud f'k{kk ij vkèkkfjr o ykspiw.kZ ugha gSA
7- bldk lEcUèk fo|ky;ksa o lekt dh okLrfod vko';drkvksa ls lEcfUèkr ugha gSA
8- blosQ iz;ksxkRed dk;Z viw.kZ gSaA
9- vfèkdrj vè;kidh; egkfo|ky;ksa dk izf'k{kd oxZ iwjh rjg ls ifjiDo ugha gSA
Hkkjr dh vktknh osQ ckn O;fDrxr fo'ks"kK ,oa O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa }kjk vè;kidh; f'k{k.k osQ fy;s u;s ikB~;Øe
cukus osQ dbZ iz;kl fd;s x;s gSAa iqjkuh 'kCnkoyh ch- Vh- osQ LFkku ij ch- ,M- dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gS] ftldk
,d eq[; mís'; vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dks ,d ifjiw.kZ vuqHko iznku djuk gS rFkk vè;kid dkS'kyksa dks fodflr
djus vkSj f'k{kdksa esa ewyHkwr fl¼kUrksa rFkk lgh vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks fodflr djuk gSA
ysfdu ;g lHkh izk:i fdlh eq[; n`f"Vdks.k ls cuk;s x;s vè;kidh; f'k{kk fl¼kUr ij vkèkkfjr ugha gS tks Hkkjr
dh n'kk ls esy ugha [kkrs gSaA ;s Hkkjr osQ iqjkus vè;kidh; f'k{kk esa vkaf'kd :i ls lek;ksftr fd;s x;s gSaA
28-2 vè;kidh; f'k{kk dk;ZØe osQ lqèkkjkRed vkèkkj (Reformative Baise of

Teacher Education Curriculum)
1- fdu jk"Vªh; mís';ksa osQ fy;s ;ksX; ,oa izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh Hkkjr esa vko'drk gS\
2- gekjs ifjorZu'khy lekt esa izf'kf{kr&vè;kidksa osQ okafNr mÙkjnkf;Ro D;k gS\
3- vius dk;Z esa oqQ'ky gksus osQ fy;s mUgsa fdruh lkekU; f'k{kk vkSj fdruh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh vko';drk
gS\
4- cPpksa] lkfFk;ksa o ekrk&firk osQ lkFk lgh O;ogkj djus osQ fy;s mUgsa fdu ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk dkS'kyksa dh
vko';drk gS\
5- gesa fdrus izdkj osQ f'k{kdksa dh fo|ky;ksa esa vko';drk gSA tgk¡ gekjs ns'k osQ ukxfjd ;k ns'k dh ekuo
'kfDr dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
6- gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k fdl rjg ;gk¡ osQ f'k{kk Lrj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa\
7- gekjs ns'k osQ fodkl dk;ZØe esa vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ij O;; fd;k tk;s\

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 8- gekjs jk"Vªh; ctV dk fdruk izfr'kr ,sls dk;ZØeksa ij O;; fd;k tk;s\
9- gekjs 'kS{kf.kd <k¡ps esa bu izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks fdl izdkj O;ofLFkr] lapkfyr ,oa fu;fU=kr fd;k tk;s\
mijksDr rF;ksa dh lwph esa bl izdkj ls c<+ksÙkjh dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu gekjs ikl blosQ ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh ,oa
lwpuk ugha gSA gekjs ns'k esa dksbZ vè;kidh; f'k{kk mi;qqDr i¼fr] orZeku i¼fr esa lqèkkj ykus osQ fy;s dksbZ
oSKkfud fofèk ugha gSA gekjs ns'k esa vè;kidh;&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks lgh fn'kk nsus osQ fy;s u rks ljdkj dh dksbZ
uhfr gS u gh dksbZ O;kolkf;d laLFkku gSA
;|fi vè;kidh;&f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa dksBkjh vk;ksx us dksbZ Hkh leqfpr fl¼kUr izLrqr ugha fd;k gSA blfy;s
vè;kidh;&f'k{kk dk lqèkkj fcuk fdlh fl¼kUr osQ ikfjr djuk osQoy dke pykuk gh gksxkA
lcls izeq[k leL;k ;g gS fd bu fnuksa tks f'k{kd cu jgs gSa muosQ Lrj lUnsgiw.kZ rFkk U;wu Lrj dk gSA ,slk 'kk;n
ch- ,M- dk;ZØe osQ ekSfyd mís'; ij tulkèkkj.k dh vlgefr] vè;kid dh lkekftd] euksoKS kfud rFkk vU;
ek¡xksa osQ lUnHkZ esa gSA fiNys 20 o"kks± esa vkèkqfud Hkkjr osQ lkekftd mís';] lkèkkj.k:i ls lkekU; f'k{kk esa dkiQh
cnyko vk;k gSA blfy;s ;g LokHkkfod gS fd vkt gekjs vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vkèkqfud t:jrksa dks iwjk
ugha dj ik jgs gSaA vko';d tkudkjh ,oa dkS'ky izkIr djus osQ fy, vfrfjDr f'k{kd dks ;g tkuuk vko';d
gSA blfy;s bldk O;kid mÙkjnkf;Ro izf'k{k.k dkWystksa ij tkrk gS fd os bl ns'k osQ y{; fuèkkZj.k esa usr`Ro djsaA
,p- ch etwenkj osQ vuqlkjμ
¶orZeku le; ls gekjh izo`fÙk ^vè;kid izf'k{k.k* dks NksM+ vè;kid&f'k{kk dh vksj c<+h gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i
izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa ge f'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k dk vfèkd Kku ,oa dkS'ky nsus ls lUrq"V ugha gSaA bl fopkjèkkjk esa
tks ifjorZu vk;k gS fd f'k{kd ,d iwjh rjg f'kf{kr rFkk iw.kZ fodflr euq"; gks] ;ksX; ukxfjd gks vkSj lkFk
gh O;kolkf;d gks] dks izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ dk;ZØe esa tksM+k tk jgk gS] lkFk gh vè;kidh;&f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
tks vR;fèkd Kku dk foLrkj gqvk gS bldh Hkh vfèkd ek¡x c<+ jgh gSA blfy;s vo;o fofèk dh voLFkk
vè;kidh; f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa u;s vk;ke yk;h gSA¸
f'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk Hkh cnyrh tk jgh gSA vkt f'k{kk osQoy Kku nsus rFkk lwpuk iznku djus
rd gh lhfer ugha gSA f'k{kk lh[kus okyksa dh bl rjg lgk;rk dj jgh gSS fd os Lo;a gh cnyrs
gq, lekt esa viuk dkS'ky fodflr dj losaQA
vè;kid dh Hkkxhnkjh dh voèkkj.kkvksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gqvk gSA vxj vfèkxe dh liQyrk vfèkxe ls O;ogkj
esa tks ifjorZu vk jgk gS mlosQ ifj.kke dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k rks vkt osQ f'k{kd dks dy dk vkpk;Z cuuk
iM+sxkA ,d f'k{kd osQoy Kku iznku djus okyk ugha gS] mls vfèkxe dk funsZ'kd Hkh cuuk gS] rFkk laLÑfr dk
izpkjd Hkh cuuk gSA f'k{kd ,d ,slk O;fDr gS tksfd ml izdkj dk O;ogkj djrk gS tSlk fd og vius f'k";ksa
ls pkgrk gSA ;fn f'k{kk dks vkt ,d 'kfDr'kkyh midkj osQ :i esa lekt ifjorZd cuuk gS rks f'k{kd dks bl
ifjorZu dk dk;ZdÙkkZ] lkekftd vfHk;Urk rFkk Hkfo"; osQ lekt dk f'kYih cuuk iM+xs kA blfy;s f'k{kd dk dk;Z
osQoy d{kk rFkk fo"k; rd gh lhfer ugha gS] mls lEiw.kZ lekt rFkk lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu dk ekxZn'kZd cuuk
iM+sxkA
fo|ky; dh voèkkj.kk;sa izfrfnu cnyrh gSaA bls izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k :i ls vius rFkk vke leqnk; osQ chp
vUr&izfØ;k tkjh j[kuk gksaxh rkfd vkl&ikl osQ okrkoj.k rFkk fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj losQA
bl lEiw.kZ vkèkqfud izof` Ùk dk izHkko vè;kidh; ikB~;Øe ij LokHkkfod :i ls izn£'kr gksrk gSA vè;kid&f'k{k.k
dk;ZØe ikfjr djrs le; fuEufyf[kr lHkh ckrksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk gksxkμ

1- ewyHkwr ifjKku dks fodflr fd;s fcuk vkSj fcuk le>s f'k{kd viuk d{kk dk;Z dks 'kq: ugha dj ldrkA uksV
2- vkxs okys f'k{kd esa fodkl izfØ;k dks le>us dh {kerk dk fodkl djuk rFkk fdlh vk;q oxZ osQ O;ogkj
dks le>us esa tks dfBukbZ vkrh gS] mldks le>uk gSA
3- vkjfEHkd f'k{kd esa ewyHkwr dkS'ky rFkk izo`fÙk;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA
4- vkjfEHkd f'k{kd esa f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr izFke laLdkj rFkk muesa bl f'k{k.k lsok osQ izfr viuRo
dh Hkkouk fodflr gq, cuk vè;kid ugha cu ldrk gSA
5- vè;kid dh izfr;ksxh Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl tksfd ikB~;Øe osQ vuqlkj O;fDrxr vko';drkvksa rFkk
lekt dh cnyrh gqbZ vko';drkvksa osQ vuq:i gSA
6- de ls de oqQN f'k{kdksa esa oSKkfud Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;s rkfd f'k{k.k esa ijh{k.k ,oa u;kiu
yk;k tk losQA
7- eqDr lekt esa ukxfjd cuus dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA
vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe bruk yphyk gks fd og lkèkkj.k rFkk l`tukRed f'k{kdksa] nksuksa dh vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk dj losaQA okLro esa ge vius lHkh f'k{kdksa ls d{kk ls l`tukRed dk;Z djus dh vis{kk ugha dj
ldrs gSA gekjh d{kkvksa esa vkt HkhM+ c<+rh tk jgh gS] tSls&tSls f'k{kk izkIr djus dk volj vfèkd ls vfèkd
cPpksa rd igq¡p jgk gSA blhfy;s gesa lekt osQ fofHkÂ Lrjksa ls cgqvk;keh ;ksX;rk okys f'k{kdksa dks [kkst
fudkyuk gksxkA ;g fofoèkrk gesa vius vè;kiu f'k{k.k&dk;ZØeksa esa Hkh ykuh gksxhA vfHko`fÙk;ksa rFkk dkS'kyksa
osQ fodkl ij iwjk è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd buosQ fodkl esa osQfUnzr rFkk mís';iw.kZ vH;kl dh t:jr
gSA gekjs izf'k{k.k dkystksa osQ dk;ZØe esa cgqr vfèkd HkhM+ gS] blfy;s rF;ksa dk ,dhHkwr gksuk eqf'dy gks
tkrk gSA rF;ksa osQ ,dhHkwr gksus esa rFkk osQfUnzr gksus esa le; yxrk gSA lkspus esa] vkykspukRed ijh{k.k esa]
rFkk lS¼kfUrdj.k esa le; yxrk gSA ;s lHkh fØ;kdyki cgqr vfèkd le; ysrs gSaA tSlk fd eSduk;j desVh
fjiksVZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd izf'k{k.k esa tks Nk=kkè;kid gS] mUgsa vius dk;ZØe lekIr djus dh tYnh ugha
gksuh pkfg,] cfYd os mlesa vkRelkr gks tk;saA f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) dh fjiksVZ osQ izdk'ku osQ ckn f'k{kd
osQ xq.kksa ij vR;fèkd tksj fn;k tkus yxk gSA
dksBkjh deh'ku osQ vuqlkj
Hkkjr osQ Hkfo"; dks d{kkvksa esa fu£er fd;k tk jgk gSA vc ge ;g le>rs gSa fd ;g osQoy izHkko'kkyh
O;k[;ku ugha gSA vkt dk lalkj tks foKku rFkk rduhd ij vkèkkfjr gS] ;gk¡ osQoy f'k{kk gh yksxksa esa mUufr
rFkk dY;k.k osQ fy;s dk;Z dj ldrh gSA blosQ ckn vk;ksx ;g Lohdkj djrk gS fd f'k{kk gh jk"Vª dks Hkkstu
osQ izfr vkRefuHkZj] vk£Fkd fodkl] iw.kZ jkstxkj] jktuSfrd fodkl] lkekftd rFkk jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh vksj
ys tk ldrh gSA vk;ksx ;g vuqHko djrk gS fd 'kSf{kd Økafr dks yksxks dh ftUnxh] vko';drkvksa rFkk
vk'kkvksa dks f'k{kk ls tksM+k tk;A dksBkjh vk;ksx dk ekuuk gS fd bl dk;Z esa f'k{kdksa dk LFkku vR;fèkd
egÙoiw.kZ gSA ¶f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks tks ckrsa izHkkfor djrh gSa rFkk bldk tks ;ksxnku jk"Vª osQ fodkl
esa gS] mlesa lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr f'k{kd osQ xq.k] ;ksX;rk rFkk pfj=k gSA¸
Hkkjr esa ekè;fed f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk ,d 'krd ls Hkh vfèkd iqjkuh gSA bl dky esa f'k{kk osQ fopkj esa
LokHkkfod :i ls vfèkd ifjorZu vk;k gSA vxj ge vkjEHk osQ iz;klksa dks ns[ksa rks ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd
igys dh f'k{kk dk {ks=k lhfer Fkk rFkk d{kk izcUèku] ';keiV dk;Z] tSlh i¼fr ls pyrk FkkA orZeku 'krkCnh
fo'ks"kdj LorU=krk osQ ckn vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk esa vfèkd ifjorZu vk;k gSA gekjs dk;ZØeksa esa f'k{kk euksfoKku
dk vc iw.kZ izHkko gSA f'k{kd osQ dk;Z d{kk osQ vUnj rFkk d{kk osQ ckgj rFkk fo|ky; osQ ckgj lHkh ij
fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA f}rh;] f'k{kk osQ izlkj rFkk cPpksa dh fpUrk osQ dkj.k] xq.kkRed lqèkkj t:jh
gks x;k gSA Hkkjr esa tura=k gksus osQ dkj.k f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh esa u;s vk;ke tqM+ x;s gSaA ge cgqHkk"kh; rFkk

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV cgqèkehZ lekt esa jgrs gSaA bu fo|ky;ksa esa èkeZ dh f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z u fd;k tk;sA nwljh vksj turk dh
bl ladh.kZ ekufldrk ls yM+rs gq;s gesa jk"Vªh; 'kfDr;ksa dks cy'kkyh cukuk gksxk] ftlls fd ge ,d èkeZfujis{k
turU=k dk fuekZ.k dj losaQ] ftlesa O;fDr dk xq.k gh mlosQ izxfr ,oa fodkl dk vkèkkj cu losQA bu dkj.kksa
ls vè;kid f'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks lqn`<+ djuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj n'kZu'kkL=k lekt'kkL=k rFkk f'k{kk
dh leL;kvksa osQ {ks=k esaA
vusd laLFkk;sa vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks iw.kZ djus esa yxh gSaA Hkkjrh; vè;kid f'k{kd la?k] bldh ewy
laLFkk;sa rFkk izeq[k fo'ofo|ky; bl {ks=k esa eq[; :i ls dke dj jgs gSaA f'k{kk vk;ksx dh dk;Zlfefr Hkh
bl dke esa yxh gqbZ gSA fiQj Hkh vfèkdka'kr% dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ;g dk;ZØe viuk dk;Z iwjh rjg ls ugha
dj ik jgk gSA blfy;s jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ vè;kid&f'k{kk la?k us fo'ofo|ky;ksa
osQ izksisQljksa osQ lkFk feydj bl dk;Z dks djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
dk ;g fo'okl gS fd ;g mfpr le;] tcfd fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa osQ dk;ZØe 'kksèk }kjk
,df=kr rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksA ,slk D;ksa\ D;ksafd leL;kvksa vkSj dk;ZØe dh dfe;ksa dks Li"V rkSj ij ifgpkuk
ugha x;k gS rFkk lekèkku Hkh Li"V ugha gSA vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ p;u izfØ;k vkSj ewY;kadu oQh lHkh rF;ksa dks
lqèkkjk tk;A
,d liQy vè;kid osQ xq.kμvè;kid dh liQyrk osQ D;k dk;Z gks ldrs gSa\ bl ckr ij vfèkd
'kksèk&dk;Z fd;k x;k gS vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh oqQN iz;kl fd;s x;s gSaA dbZ f'k{kd vius dk;Z esa iwjh rjg layXu
gSa] vkSj ;gh egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gS fd Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;k¡ izxfr dj jgh gSa ;|fi f'k{kd osQ dk;Z dks tc rd
cgqr vfèkd egRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA ;s f'k{kd vius visf{kr dk;Z esa iwjh rjg tqVs gq, gSa] ijUrq dbZ ckj
os ;g ugha le> ikrs gSa fd muls D;k visf{kr gS\ os yksxksa dh vFkZghu vkykspuk osQ izfr cgqr gh Hkkoqd
gSa vkSj vius f'k";ksa osQ O;ogkj ls pfdr gSaA ;g cgqr vko';d gS fd f'k{kd dks] izf'k{k.k dky esa rFkk
mlosQ ckn bl ckr dk Li"V cksèk djk;k tk;s fd mudh Hkwfedk D;k gS\ ,oa D;k mudk lewg bl lekt
osQ fy;s cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj ldrk gS\
iz'kkld izk;% bl ckr ij cy nsrs gSa fd f'k{kd dh vius fo"k; ij vPNh idM+ gks] lkFk gh u;s ifjorZuksa
dk iwjk Kku gksA os muls ;g vis{kk djrs gSa fd os vius Nk=kksa dks le>sa vkSj fd'kksjksa dh gj lEHko lgk;rk
djsaA og ;g Hkh le>rs gSa fd f'k{kdksa dks vkil esa lkSgknZ cuk;s j[kuk pkfg;s rFkk ml laLFkku dh HkykbZ
osQ fy;s visf{kr dk;Z djsaA
Nk=k mu f'k{kdksa dks ilUn djrs gSa ftUgsa vius fo"k; ij LokfeRo osQ lkFk fo"k;ksa dh Hkh le> gks] fopkj
Li"V gksa] vius dk;Z esa oqQ'ky gksa] rFkk Nk=kksa dks lgh rjg ls fn'kk&funsZ'k ns losaQ] rFkk tks Nk=kksa esa #fp
ysa mudh O;fDrxr leL;kvksa dk lekèkku fudkyus esa mudk lg;ksx nsa rFkk eS=khiw.kZ LoHkko gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk
oqQN lhek Hkh gksa rFkk vius dk;Z dks iwjs O;kolkf;d :i ls djsaA
esuu] vnkoy] 'ksjh] rFkk 'kekZ us Hkh bl {ks=k esa vius&vius <ax ls dke fd;k] fiQj Hkh og leku fu"d"kZ
ij igq¡psA ,- ,l- ckj ,d liQy f'k{k.k osQ y{k.k] lkekU; Kku] dkS'ky rFkk LokHkko dk vè;;u djrs
gq, fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ ij igq¡psμ
1- vPNh lkaLÑfrd i`"BHkwfeA
2- vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku gksA
3- O;kolkf;d vH;kl vkSj rduhdh dk vPNk Kku gksA
4- ekuo fodkl rFkk vfèkxe dk vPNk Kku gksA
5- Li"V Hkk"kk cksyus rFkk fy[kus esa fuiq.k gksA

6- ekuo lEcUèkksa dks cuk;s j[kus esa oqQ'ky gksA uksV

7- 'kksèk rFkk f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku fudkyus esa oqQ'ky gksA
8- izHkkoh dk;Z djus dk LoHkko gksA
9- Nk=kksa esa #fp ysrk gksA
10- fo"k; esa #fp ysrk gksA
11- f'k{k.k esa #fp ysrk gksA
12- fo|ky; rFkk leqnk; esa #fp gksA
13- O;kolkf;d dk;ks± esa #fp ysrk gksA
14- O;kolkf;d mRFkku esa #fp gksA
vè;kid&f'k{kk foHkkx esa geus ;g fu.kZ; fd;k fd vkt dh ifjfLFkfr esa f'k{kd osQ xq.k D;k gksa\ tkuus osQ fy;s
lajfpr iz'ukoyh vkSj dfBu rduhd osQ ctk; ge FkksMh+ LorU=krk ysrs gq, ofj"B ukxfjd] f'k{kkfon~ rFkk iz'kkldksa
ls feydj muls bl ckj esa jk; ysaA bl ckr us oqQN ,sls rF;ksa dk Kku djk;k gS tks vkt rd NwVrs vk jgs FksA
;s fdlh Hkh izkFkfedrk osQ vkèkkj ij ugha n'kkZ;s x;s gSaA muosQ mÙkjksa dk vFkZ ;g gS fd f'k{kd osQ Kku rFkk muosQ
rF;ksa dk egRo gS] ijUrq blls Hkh vfèkd egRoiw.kZ f'k{kd dk O;fDrRo] mldk vkn'kZ] LoHkko rFkk lekt vkSj
lkekftd ekU;rkvksa osQ izfr D;k Hkkouk;sa gSaA
28-3 dksBkjh vk;ksx osQ lq>ko (Suggessions of Kothari Commission)

dksBkjh vk;ksx us dgk fd ;ksX;rk ^xq.k* f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh tku gS vkSj bldh deh ls vè;kid
f'k{kk u osQoy ,d foÙkh; cckZnh gksxh] oju~ ;g 'kSf{kd Lrj esa fxjkoV dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ dkj.k cu tk;sxkA
bl n`f"V dks.k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s vk;ksx us vè;kid f'k{k.k dk;ZØe osQ xq.kkRed mRFkku osQ fy;s oqQN
vko';d funsZ'k fn;s gSaA os bl izdkj gSaμ
1- fo"k; dk iw.kZ fu;ksftr lek;kstu ;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;ksa osQ lg;ksx ls f'k{k.k osQ
ewy rRoksa osQ ckjs esa xgu vè;;u djukA
2- fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa lkekU; rFkk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ikB~;Øeksa dks vkjEHk fd;k tk;sxkA
3- f'k{kk esa vuqlaèkku osQ fodkl }kjk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuq:i dh tk;sA
4- f'k{kk dh rduhd esa ,slk lqèkkj fd;k tk;s ftlls fd Lovè;;u rFkk okn&fookn dks iwjk LFkku fey
losQ] vkSj ewY;kadu osQ rjhdksa esa lqèkkj fd;k tk;s] ftlls fd vkUrfjd iz;ksxkRed dk;Z dk lgh rjhosQ
ls ewY;kadu fd;k tk losQA
5- f'k{k.k vH;kl esa lqèkkj fd;k tk;s vkSj bls O;kid dk;ZØe cuk;k tk;sA
6- fo'ks"k ikB~;Øeksa rFkk dk;ZØe dk fodkl fd;k tk;sA
7- fodkl'khy f'k{kk i¼fr esa f'k{kd osQ cgqeq[kh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gj f'k{kk ikB~;Øe esa
lqèkkj fd;k tk,A
vk;ksx osQ bl fopkj osQ izfr tks lcls vkykspukRed ckr gS] og ;g gS fd bldh vfèkdrj ckrsa ;k rks nksgjk;h
x;h gSa ;k fiQj muesa fojksèkkHkkl gS] vkSj ;g dksbZ ,slk funZs'k ugha nsrk tksfd Hkkjr esa vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe
osQ fy;s dksbZ Bksl vkèkkj cu losQA
izFke lq>ko vkt osQ i`Fko~Q f'k{kk egkfo|ky; dks lEcksfèkr gS] ftUgsa] fo"k; osQUnzh;dj.k dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS
tks os vU; fo'ofo|ky; osQ foHkkxksa dh lgk;rk ls dj ldrs gSaA vxj f}rh; lq>ko] vf[ky Hkkjrh; ,dhÑr
ikB~;Øe dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS rks izFke lq>ko egRoghu gks tkrk gSA O;kolkf;d vè;;u dk r`rh; lq>ko]

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fdlh Hkkjrh; fl¼kar dh vuqifLFkfr esa ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;k fiQj bu fn'kk esa jk"Vªh;
uhfr gksA vesfjdk ,oa :l tSls ns'kksa esa Li"V fl¼kUr gSa] ftuosQ vkèkkj ij vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe rFkk f'k{kk
vuqlèa kku fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj mu ns'kksa esa f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk mlh vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA vesfjdk esa f'k{kk vuqlèa kku
lkfgR;] O;fDrxr&fHkÂrk] tk¡p] lykg vkSj O;fDr osQ vfLrRo ij vkèkkfjr gS tcfd :l esa f'k{kk la'kksèku
îSoyo n'kk* O;fDrxr vuq'kklu rFkk lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro ij vkèkkfjr gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&vuqlaèkku esa iwoZ ;k
if'pe ;k vesfjdk ;k :l osQ pqus gq, lqfodflr rkSj rjhdksa dk va'k ik;k tkrk gSA
prqFkZ lq>ko f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa esa iqLrdky; rFkk iz;ksxk'kkykvksa dh deh osQ dkj.k ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk]
tgk¡ fo'okl dh deh rFkk f'k{kk osQ fodkl osQ rkSj&rjhdksa osQ lUnHkZ esa LorU=krk dh deh gSA fo'ofo|ky; osQ
vfèkdkjh] vius tk¡p djus] rFkk Nk=kksa dks izekf.kr djus osQ vfèkdkjksa dks vklkuh ls [kksuk ugha pkgsaxsA ;g ,d
,slk ^lqfj{kr {ks=k* gS ftlesa dksbZ Hkh egkfo|ky; vius vfLrRo dks nko ij yxk;s fcuk izos'k ugha dj ldrkA
tks ,slk djus dk nqLlkgl djsxk og fu'p; gh ,d Hk;adj pØO;wg esa iQ¡l tk;sxkA
vH;kl f'k{k.k esa lqèkkj dk iape lq>ko] Hkkjr esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh vofèk osQ fy;s ,d egRokadk{kh
ckr gksxhA vH;kl f'k{kk rc rd izHkko'kkyh vkSj] vFkZiw.kZ ugha gks ldrh] tc rd mu lg;ksxh fo|ky;ksa dks
mfpr ikfjrksf"kd ,oa igpku] lEc¼ fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
fo'ks"k ikB~;Øe osQ fodkl dk "k"Ve~ lq>ko gh mÙke gS ysfdu vHkh bldh vko';drk ugha gSA tc rd fd
izf'kf{kr osQ lkeus thouo`fÙk dh leL;k gS] ,sls ikB~;Øe yksdfiz; vkSj ykHkizn ugha gks ldrs gSaA fofHkÂ
egkfo|ky; tks fo'ks"k fMIyksek rFkk izek.ki=k ikB~;Øe pykrs gSa] buosQ vuqHko ls irk pyrk gS fd buosQ }kjk
izf'kf{kr fd;s x;s f'k{kd csdkjh osQ f'kdkj gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gS fd yEcs le; osQ ckn mUgsa ;s ikB~;Øe
;k rks cUn djus iM+s gSa ;k fiQj lnL;ksa dks j[kdj rFkk tksf[ke lgrs gq;s pykuk iM+rk gSA
vfUre lq>ko lIre~ ,slk gS tks gj Lrj osQ vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ ewyHkwr y{;] rFkk fodkl'khy f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa
f'k{kd osQ cgqvk;keh] mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ iz'u dk lgh <ax ls lekèkku <w¡< ldkA ysfdu vk;ksx ewyHkwr iz'uksa dk
mÙkj nsus esa vleFkZ jgk gS] tSls fd&Hkkjr esa vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ ekSfyd mís'; D;k gSa\ izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa ls
fdl izdkj osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS\ vkSj f'k{kk i¼fr osQ fodkl'khy gksus dk D;k eryc gS\ vHkh
rd bu iz'uksa osQ mÙkj vLi"V gS]a vkSj bl dkj.k ,d LoLF; rFkk O;kid f'k{kk&ikB~;Øe osQ fodkl esa dfBukb;k¡
vk jgh gSaA
vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lacaèk esa dksBkjh vk;ksx us oqQN lq>ko vo'; fn, ¯drq dksbZ
O;ofLFkr fl¼kar izLrqr ugha fd;k tcfd 21oha lnh dk orZeku ifjn`'; dkI+kQh cny
pqdk gS vkSj ljdkjh fudk; bl vkSj lgh fn'kk esa dk;Z djus gsrq igy dj jgs gSaA
;gk¡ vk;ksx ls brj vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe esa lqèkkj gsrq oqQN lq>ko izLrqr gSμ
vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe dks uohu :i nsus osQ Lo;a fl¼ izek.k
vè;kid f'k{kk esa mfpr ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i cgqvk;keh gksxkA ;s vk;ke bl izdkj gSaμ
(d) Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUr
1- Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk mís'; ,oa dk;Z (tSlk fd Hkkjr jk"Vªh; mís';ksa ls tksfd iztkrU=k vkSj fu;ksftr
fodkl ij vkèkkfjr gSA)
2- Hkkjr esa vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ mís'; ,oa dk;ZA

([k) Hkkjr esa vè;kid osQ dk;Z&dkS'ky dk fodkl djuk uksV

1- O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd dkS'ky dk fodkl djuk
2- O;kolkf;d dkS'ky dk fodkl djukA
3- izR;; lEcUèkh dkS'ky dk fodkl djukA
(x) Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa dks igpkuuk
1- lkekU; f'k{kk ;k vkèkkfjr Kku iznku djuk
2- fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k ;k 'kSf{kd lkeF;Z dk fodkl djuk
mijksDr vk;keksa osQ lEcUèkksa dks fuEu izfr:i }kjk izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp=k osQ }kjk rF; dks izn£'kr
djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd vè;kid&f'k{kk dk eq[; mís';] Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa fodflr ,oa vuqeksfnr
vè;kid&f'k{kk fl¼kUr esa fLFkr gksuk pkfg,A (v) ftldk mís'; izf'k{kk£Fk;ksa dks okafNr dk;Z dkS'ky iznku
djuk pkfg,A (c) rFkk vè;kid O;olk; osQ fy,s lkekU; rFkk fof'k"V ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg;sA
(x) Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa

([k) Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa
osQ dk;Z&dkS'ky
dks igpkuuk
dk fodkl
(d) vè;kid&f'k{kk dk fl¼kar
vè;kid&f'k{kk dk orZeku ikB~;Øe osQoy O;kolkf;d dkS'ky ij vfèkd cy nsrk gS ;k f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa rd

lhfer gS rFkk vè;kid osQ O;fDrRo osQ fodkl osQ fy;s blesa de LFkku gS ;k mldh vuqlaèkku ;kstuk ij
de è;ku nsrk gSA bl izdkj ls vè;kid u;s fopkjksa dk tud rFkk lekykspd gksus osQ LFkku ij 'kSf{kd fopkjksa
dk tud rFkk lekykspd gksus osQ LFkku ij 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dk miHkksDrk cu tkrk gSA vè;kid fuekZ.k dk
larqfyr ikB~;Øe vè;kid dks ,sls volj nsrk gS ftlls fd O;fDr osQ :i esa mldk iw.kZ fodkl gks losQ]
mls vè;kiu dyk dk fo'ks"kK ;k d{kk dk izcUèkd u gksdj osQ ltZukRed dYiuk dk O;fDr gksuk pkfg;sA
vè;kid&f'k{kk dk O;kid ikB~;Øe] vè;kid osQ lok±xh.k fodkl osQ fy;s mu leLr ikB~;Øeksa dks vius
esa lekfgr djuk pkfg;sA ftlls mijksDr y{; dh iw£r gksA blosQ vUrxZr mu fofHkÂ izdkj osQ ikB~;Øeksa dks
leku egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg, tks vè;kid osQ fofHkÂ cksèk vkSj dkS'kyksa dks fodflr djrs gSaA ;fn bls rhu
o"khZ; mikfèk ikB~;Øe osQ fy;s cuk;k tkrk gS rks vkèkk le; vè;kid osQ O;fDrxr] lkekftd rFkk izR;;h
dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa yxkuk pkfg,] rFkk vkèkk le; mlosQ O;kolkf;d 'kSf{kd dkS'ky osQ fodkl esa yxkuk
pkfg,A ;fn Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,d o"khZ; ikB~;Øe cuk;k tkrk gS rks lEiw.kZ le; O;kolkf;d n{krk rFkk
O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl esa yxkuk pkfg;sA D;ksafd izR;;h n{krk osQ izfr Lukrd Lrj ij
gh iwjk è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vè;kid osQ xq.k (Qualities of Teacher)

izHkkoh vè;kid osQ vèkksfyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg;sμ
1- ekè;fed fo|ky; osQ vè;kid dks vk£Fkd lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd o`f¼ osQ lUnHkZ esa jk"Vªh; mís';ksa
dk Kku gksuk pkfg;sA blls vè;kid esa ,slh ;ksX;rk fodflr gksxh ftlosQ }kjk fo|k£Fk;ksa dh orZeku ih<+h
dks Hkkjr esa izcq¼ ukxfjdksa osQ :i esa izf'kf{kr djsaA
2- mls Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa izkphu dky ls vkèkqfud dky rd dh laLÑfr ,oa fopkjksa dk mÙke Kku gksuk pkfg,A
blosQ }kjk mls ,d mfpr ,oa LoLFk O;fDrxr thou n'kZu fodflr djus esa lgk;rk feysxh tks ,d
vè;kid osQ fy, vko';d gksrk gSA
3- mls O;olk; dh pqukSrh dh ljkguk djuh pkfg;s rFkk mu lEHkkoukvksa dk irk yxkuk pkfg;s ftlls
dfe;ksa dh {kfr iw£r gks losQA bl dk;Z osQ }kjk O;olk; osQ izfr vk'kkokfnrk dh o`f¼ gksxh rFkk vè;kiu
esa rkRdkfyd lq[k izkIr gksxkA
4- mls ns'k osQ fy;s vius dk;Z dh egÙkk dk Li"V Kku gksuk pkfg;s vkSj mls vius O;olk; ij xoZ gksuk
pkfg;sA
5- vè;kid dks iztkrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg;s] tSls vius ls vyx fopkj j[kus okyksa dk
lEekuA
6- vè;kid dk LoLFk laosxkRed fodkl gksuk pkfg;s vkSj mls izlÂ jguk pkfg;s] thou lq[k laØek.kh;
gS ;fn ,d vè;kid izlÂ LoHkko ;k izlÂfpÙk jgrk gS rks Nk=k mlosQ fofHkÂ :iksa dks vius thou esa
miHkksx dj losaQxsA
7- vè;kid dks vfHkHkkod ,oa leqnk; ls lrr~ lEioZQ j[kuk pkfg;s] muosQ lEeq[k fo|ky; osQ izfr vius
fopkj dh O;k[;k djuh pkfg;s rFkk mudk lg;ksx izkIr djuk pkfg;sA mls leqnk; dk usrR` o djuk pkfg;s
rFkk ckydksa ,oa izkS<+ksa dk lEeku izkIr djuk pkfg;sA ml fo|ky;h; fØ;k&dykiksa dks leqnk; osQ lqèkkj
osQ :i esa laxfBr djuk pkfg;sA
8- vè;kid dks lHkh izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ j[kuh pkfg;s rFkk mls ftKklq gksuk pkfg;sA mls osQoy ml fo"k;
dk ftls og i<+krk gS ;k mu dkS'kyksa dks ftudk og Nk=kksa esa fodkl pkgrk gS mudk gh if.Mr ugha
gksuk pkfg;s] cfYd lkef;d i=k ,oa if=kdkvksa dks i<+us dh #fp gksuh pkfg;sA
9- mlesa mPp dksfV dh laokn {kerk] Li"Vrk] 'kq¼rk rFkk rk£ddrk gksuh pkfg;sA
10- mls lh[kus dh izfØ;k dk Li"V cksèk rFkk cPpksa dks lh[kus osQ fy;s funsZf'kr djus dh fofèk dk cksèk gksuk
pkfg;sA blosQ vUrxZr d{kk dk;Z dks u;s <ax ls laxfBr djus dh ;ksX;rk fufgr gksrh gSA mls cgqr vfèkd
dBksj ,oa n`<+ ugha gksuk pkfg;sA blls u;s :>kuksa ls og oafpr jgrk gSA
11- vè;kid dks cgqr vfèkd mins'k ugha nsuk pkfg;s vkSj vfèkd vH;kl ugha djkuk pkfg;sA ;|fi vH;kl
dk ifj.kke vPNk gksrk gS] ysfdu vkxs pydj mldk egRo ugha gksrk gS] blosQ foijhr Nk=kksa dk mfpr
ekxZn'kZu gksuk pkfg;s rFkk mUgsa viuh lksp osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djus nsuk pkfg;sA
12- vè;kid dks JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk iz;ksx djus esa fuiq.k gksuk pkfg,A mls ;g Kku gksuk pkfg, fd
dkSu&lh lkexzh dk iz;ksx dc fd;k tk;s\ vkSj D;ksa fd;k tk;s\ mlesa lgk;d&lkexzh osQ fuekZ.k dh
;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg;sA
13- mls vkèkqfud ewY;kadu izfofèk;ksa dk Kku gksuk pkfg;s rFkk muosQ vFkZ vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkus
dh {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA
14- ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa mls Hkkx ysuk pkfg;s ,oa mlosQ laxBu dh muesa ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg;sA

15- mls ikB~;Øe osQ mís'; ,oa {ks=k dk cksèk gksuk pkfg;sA uksV
16- mls fo|ky; osQ izfr 'kqHkfpUrd gksuk pkfg;s] vU; vè;kidksa osQ lkFk feydj fo|ky; dh vPNh fLFkfr
dks vuqjf{kr djuk pkfg;sA
17- mls euksfoKku osQ O;kogkfjd i{k dks le>uk pkfg;s] mls fd'kksjksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa tSlsμ'kkjhfjd]
ekufld] laosxkRed rFkk mudh vko';drkvksa dh tkudkjh gks rFkk muosQ lekèkku dh ;ksX;rk j[kuh
pkfg;sA
18- mls cPpksa }kjk fuEu izdkj ls lEeku izkIr djuk pkfg;sμ
(v) lq[k dk;Z O;fDrRo ftlls lEeku izkIr gksrk gS ,oa vkKk dk ikyu gksrk gSA
(c) cPpksa osQ izfr R;kx&mRlkg] fe=krk rFkk muosQ O;ogkj dks le>ukA
(l) èkheh xfr ls vfèkxe djus okys Nk=kksa dks grksRlkfgr ugha djuk pkfg;sA
(n) O;fDrxr fofHkÂrkvksa osQ vuqlkj f'k{k.k dks lek;ksftr djukA
(;) lwpukvksa dh 'kq¼rk] Nk=kksa dks fcuk enn osQ i<+us osQ fy;s izsfjr djukA
(j) Nk=kksa dks muosQ Lo;a osQ vuqHkoksa ij izkIr rF;ksa ls lekU;hdj.k djus esa mudh lgk;rk djukA
la{ksi esa ,d liQy vè;kid og gS tks f'k{kk vkSj vè;kid dh ;kstuk] funsZ'ku vkSj ewY;kadu dk nkf;Ro
iwjk djrk gSA og laLÑfr vkSj ukxfjdrk izkIr ,slk O;fDr gS] tks ;g fo'okl djrk gS fd mldk dk;Z jk"Vª
vkSj leqnk; osQ fodkl esa cM+k egRoiw.kZ gSA bUgh okLrfodrkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A ;wusLdks us vius
5 vxLr] 1968 osQ izLrko esa tks vè;kid dh fLFkfr osQ lEcUèk esa dgk gS] ¶,slh uhfr tks vè;kid&f'k{kk
esa izos'k gsrq fuèkkZfjr gks mls ,slh vko';drkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg,] tks lekt dks ,d
vè;kid iznku djs] ftlesa vko';drk uSfrdrk ckSf¼d ,oa 'kkjhfjd xq.k gksa rFkk ftlesa O;kolkf;d
Kku ,oa dkS'ky gks¸ (uSfrd ,oa ckSf¼d xq.k O;kolkf;d Kku vkSj dkS'ky ls vfèkd vko';d gSaA)
teZuh esa dgk tkrk gS fd ¶vè;kid&f'k{kk esa vè;kid dks lkspuk fl[kk;k tk;s u fd mls e'khu
dh rjg izf'kf{kr fd;k tk;sA¸
;gk¡ bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k gS fd Hkkoh vè;kid osQ fodkl esa lkaLÑfrd dkjd dh tkx:drk dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] tks lEiw.kZ n'kZu osQ fodkl dks izHkkfor djrh gSA iw.kZ Nk=k dh vUr% fØ;k iwjs okrkoj.k
ls gksrh gSA
ts-ch- dksukUV us vejhdh vè;kidksa dh f'k{kk ij (1963) esa ;g dFku izLrqr fd;k fd vè;kid f'k{kk
osQ pkj mís'; gksrs gSμ
1- vè;kid dks iztkrkfU=kd lkekftd ?kVd dks le>kuk pkfg, (mUgsa f'k";ksa dks Hkfo"; dk ukxfjd le>uk
pkfg, rFkk yksdrU=kh; thou i¼fr osQ izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[kuk pkfg, (thou dk O;fDroknh
n'kZu rFkk Hkkjr osQ lkaLÑfrd ewY;kas osQ izfr tkx:drkA)
2- vè;kid esa Nk=kksa osQ lkekftd O;ogkj dks le>kus dh ;ksX;rk gksukA
3- vè;kid dks ckyd osQ fodkl dk cksèk gksukA
4- mUgsa f'k{k.k fl¼kUrksa dk cksèk gksukA
,d vuqHkoh fo|ky; osQ izèkkukpk;Z osQ vuqlkj vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vè;kid dks bl ;ksX; cuk;s fd
og tku losQ fd Nk=kksa dks i<+kuk mldk dÙkZO; gSA osQoy ikB~;oLrq izLrqr djuk mldk è;s; ugha gSA
izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa dk nwljk mís'; ekè;fed f'k{kk ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; lfefr }kjk (1954) esa fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k
gSA fdlh leqnk; vFkok lekt esa vè;kid dh fLFkfr ,d ,slk vNwrk dkjd gS ftlosQ fy, vè;kid Lo;a

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV mÙkjnk;h gSA mUgsa nwljksa dh rjg ekU;rk v£tr djuh pkfg, vkSj ;g vè;kid izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa osQ fy,
pqukSrhiw.kZ fo"k; gSA
lEiw.kkZuUn lfefr us dgkμ¶vc ;g egRoiw.kZ fo"k; cu x;k gS fd vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k dk ,slk dk;ZØe
fn;k tkuk pkfg, tks mUgsa jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k] ,drk rFkk lkaLÑfrd rFkk ckSf¼d v[k.Mrk dh izkfIr esa lgk;d
gksA¸
jkèkkÑ".ku~ vk;ksx vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks fofèk;ksa }kjk ikB~;Øeksa dks tksM+uk pkgrk Fkk] fo'ks"kr%
euksfoKku vkSj f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUrksa dks ¶fo|kFkhZ esa tks oqQN ns[krk gS mls vius O;ogkfjd thou esa mrkjuk
pkgrk gSA¸
28-4 uohu dk;ZØe dk fuekZ.k

bl izdkj dk;ZØe osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, fuEu inksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gSμ
1- (v) orZeku ch- ,M- Lrjh; dk;ZØe dk fo'ys"k.k djukA
(c) bl dk;ZØe osQ mi;ksxh ?kVdksa osQ ckjs esa f'k{kkfonksa] izèkkukpk;ks± ,oa vè;kidksa dh lgefr izkIr
djukA
2- (v) ekpZ (1969) esa dydÙkk esa bu lc ij fopkj djus rFkk u;s dk;ZØe dh jpuk gsrq vè;kid
izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa osQ izksisQlj] ladk;kè;k{kksa ,oa izèkkukpk;ks± dh ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; cSBd dk
v;kstu fd;k x;k gSA
(c) dk;ZØe ;k vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;kA
(n) bu mís';ksa osQ ifjizs{; esa dk;ZØe dk foLr`r fooj.k lq>k;k x;k] rFkk bl ckr dh vksj Hkh è;ku
vkdf"kZr fd;k x;k fd dk;ZØe dks dkSu&lk ?kVd fdl mís'; dh iw£r djsxk\ bl izdkj ls fdlh
fo'ks"k mís'; osQ fy, dbZ ?kVdksa dks izfrosnu fd;k x;k gS ,oa lHkh mís';ksa ij è;ku fn;k x;kA
(l) bl izdkj fu£er dk;ZØe dks ns'k osQ pqus gq, 150 f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kk
foHkkx dks mudh vuqHkwfr tkuus gsrq Hkstk x;kA vf[ky Hkkjrh; f'k{kd&izf'k{kd la?k osQ tksèkiqj
vfèkos'ku esa Hkh bl dk;ZØe dks ckaVk x;k vkSj ml ij ppkZ dh x;hA
vfèkdka'k lq>ko tks izkIr gq, Fks] mUgsa ml vk[;k esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA oqQN yksxksa }kjk fn;s x;s lq>ko dks
f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ ikB~;Øe esa vkSj ,d ikB~;oLrq lfEefyr dh tk;s] bls iw.kZ :i ls Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k]
D;ksafd f'k{kd fo|ky;ksa esa osQoy ,d gh O;fDr vkaf'kd :i ls fo"k; dk fo'ks"kK gksrk gSA
(j) ckjgosa {ks=kh; lsfeukj ,oa dk;Z'kkyk esa tks Nk=k f'k{k.k ,oa ewY;kadu ij vkèkkfjr Fkh] osQ lq>koksa
dks Hkh iw.kZr;k iz;ksx esa yk;k x;kA foLr`r :i esa ;g lq>ko foHkkx }kjk LohÑr gS.Mcqd esa
lfEefyr gSA
vè;kid&f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dks vfUre :i nsus osQ fy, u;h&f'k{kk uhfr dks lq>koksa ,oa laLrqfr;ksa ij è;ku nsuk
pkfg,A
28-5 vè;kid&vfHkfoU;kl (Teachers Orientation)

lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øeksa osQ iqul±xBu dh izFke lhek ;g gS fd 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øeksa osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ikB~;Øe
dks fl¼kUr esa LFkku fn;k tk, gSA ge lHkh bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd cgqr ls Nk=k tks f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
egkfo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kd cuus gsrq izos'k ysrs gSa os ikB~;oLrq esa vko';d Kku dk leqfpr vkèkkj ugha j[krsA
bl izdkj ls dguk fd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dk dke 'kSf{kd Kku ls lEcfUèkr ugha gSA bl leL;k ls nwj

Hkkxus osQ leku gS vkSj ;g ,d mi;ksxh ckr ugha gS fd ge mUgsa dyk ;k foKku osQ fo|ky;ksa esa vius fo"k; uksV
osQ Kku dks ifjek£tr djus osQ fy;s Hkstsa] tcfd oqQN O;fDr f'k{kd egkfo|ky;ksa dks ,slh vuqefr nsrs gSa
fd gesa Lo;a gh bl lEcUèk esa oqQN djuk gSA Nk=k vè;kidksa dks ikB~;oLrq dh fu;fer f'k{kk izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa
esa fn, tkus osQ ctk; 'kSf{kd fo"k;ksa esa vyx ikB~;Øe gks ftudk lekos'k lS¼kfUrd le; foHkkx pØ esa
gksA ysfdu bldk Lo:i fopkj&xks"Bh ;k okrkZyki osQ :i esa Nk=k vè;kid dks ikB~;oLrq ij vkèkkfjr 'kh"kZdksa
osQ vUrxZr Nk=k vè;kidksa dks ikB~;&iqLrdksa dks [kjhnus dh vko';drk gks] lkFk gh ,d nks lUnHkZ xzUFk ml
fo"k; osQ gksus pkfg;s ftldks mlus pquk gks vkSj fn;s x;s izdj.k ij mls dk;Z djuk pkfg;sA izf'k{k.k
egkfo|ky; osQ vè;kid vius foLr`r vuqHkoksa osQ vkèkkj ij Nk=k vè;kidksa dks fopkj xks"Bh vkfn osQ fy;s
;kstuk rS;kj djk ldrs gSa ftlosQ }kjk Nk=k vè;kid osQ 'kSf{kd vè;kid dh deh dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk
gSA Nk=k vè;kid dks 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe dh x.kuk mlosQ lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øeksa osQ ewY;kadu osQ lkFk dh tkuh
pkfg;s vkSj cM+kSnk fo'ofo|ky; esa ,slk gh izpyu gS tgk¡ fo"k; oLrq dks ikB~;Øe esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k
gS vkSj mls ewY;kadu dh ;kstuk esa Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
dksBkjh deh'ku osQ }kjk vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa fn, x, oqQN egÙoiw.kZ lq>koksa dk mYys[k
dhft,A
28-6 O;kolkf;d lS¼kkfUrd ikB~;Øe

O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe osQ ifjorZu ls lEcUèkh nwljk vk;ke gSμ'kSf{kd fl¼kUrA ;gk¡ vfèkd dVkbZ&NaVkbZ iqul±xBu
,oa iquZvoèkku dh vko';drk gSA
ch- ,M- vkSj Mh- ,M- izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa fuEu ikB~;Øeksa dks 'kSf{kd fl¼kar esa lfEefyr djuk mfpr gksxkA
ikB~;Øe vkSfpR;
1- f'k{kk dk iztkrfU=kd lkekftd n'kZu fo|ky; ,d izHkko'kkyh vfHkØed gS vkSj vè;kid ,slh
fLFkfr esa gksrs gSa fd os Nk=kksa dks iztkrkfU=kd thou i¼fr]
ukxfjdrk] lkekftd vkSj laosxkRed ,drk osQ fy;s Nk=kksa
dks vfHkizsfjr ,oa rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA Nk=k vè;kidksa dks
fo|ky; dh bl Hkwfedk dk cksèk gksuk pkfg;s rFkk mUgsa
vius Hkkoh nkf;Ro dk Hkh cksèk gksuk pkfg;sA blosQ fy;s
mls iztkrkaf=kd lkekftd iz.kkyh osQ ewY;ksa dk Li"V Kku
gksuk pkfg;sA
2- lewg izfØ;k ,oa lkekftd O;ogkj lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa vè;kid dks bl ckr dk Kku gksuk
pkfg;s fd fdl izfØ;k osQ }kjk cPpksa esa lkekftd
O;ogkj dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA mls lewg xR;kRedrk dk Hkh
Kku gksuk pkfg;s tks mldk ewyea=k gS rFkk bl ckr dk
Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg;s fd bls oSQls izkIr fd;k tk;s\
3- vfèkxe euksfoKku rFkk f'k{k.k fl¼kar vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa bl ikB~;Øe dh vfr
vko';drk gS vkSj bl ckr ij [kqyh ppkZ gksuh pkfg;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 4- fodkl dk euksfoKku Nk=k vè;kid dks cPpksa dh o`f¼ rFkk muosQ laosxkRed
,oa 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dk Li"V cksèk gksuk pkfg;s]
fo'ks"kdj fd'kksjoLFkk dkA
5- LokLF; f'k{kk blesa ekufld LokLF; Hkh lfEefyr gS Nk=k vè;kid dks
Nk=kksa osQ ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd LokLF; osQ ckjs esa iwjh
tkudkjh gksuh pkfg;sA
6- fo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa ekuoh; lEcUèk 'kSf{kd iz'kklu ,d foLr`r fo"k; gS ftldk foLrkj esa
o.kZu ,e- ,M- Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA ch- ,M- vkSj
Mh- ,M- Lrj ij Nk=k vè;kid dks ftu ckrksa dks tkuus
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] os LowQy iz'kklu osQ mu rF;ksa rFkk
fØ;kvksa ls lEcfUèkr gSa tks vè;kid dks izHkkfor djrs gSAa
mls mu {ks=kksa osQ ckjs esa Kku gksuk pkfg;sA tks jktdh;
vuqnku ls lEcfUèkr gSa vkSj mlosQ iz'kklfud dÙkZO;ksa ls
lEcfUèkr gSaA izf'k{k£Fk;ksa dks mu lHkh fofèk ,oa izfofèk;ksa
ls ifjfpr djkuk pkfg;s ftlls fo|ky; iz'kklu osQ
fofHkÂ ?kVdksa tSls lg;ksfx;ksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa turk ls
eèkqj lEcUèkksa dk fodkl gks losQA
7- fof'k"V fofèk;k¡ vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ;g ewykèkkj gS ysfdu bl
ikB~;Øe esa vPNk vkSj ?kfu"B lEcUèk vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ
lkFk vkSj blosQ fu;fer i`"Biks"k.k osQ fy;s gksuk pkfg;sA
fo'ks"k fofèk le; izk;% fopkjxks"Bh osQ :i esa ftlesa
Nk=k&vè;kid vius vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ vius vuqHkoksa
rFkk mu leL;kvksa dks tks muosQ lEeq[k vkrs gSaA fofHkÂ
f'k{k.k fLFkfr;k¡ ftlls mUgsa fuiVuk gksrk gS rFkk d{kk dh
fofHkÂ bdkb;ksa dks i<+kus ls lEcfUèkr gksuk pkfg;sA
8- 'kSf{kd rduhdh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk&uhfr us jk"Vª osQ fy;s 'kSf{kd rduhdh ij
vfèkd cy fn;k gSA
ikB~;Øe dks fuEu eq[; :iksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA
1- O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd dkS'ky (Individual and Social Skills)
μ f'k{kk dk LokLF; ,oa O;fDrRo fodkl
μ okrkZ rFkk lapkj rduhdh
μ vè;kid dk ekufld LokLF;
μ vè;kid dk ekuoh; lEcUèk
μ vè;kid vkSj lekt
μ vè;kid leqnk; osQ usrk osQ :i esa
2- O;kolkf;d dkS'ky (Vocational Skills)
μ f'k{kk dk vkèkkj
μ f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡

μ fo|ky; laxBu ,oa iz'kklu uksV

μ d{kk f'k{k.k
μ f'k{kk euksfoKku
μ f'k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu
μ fo|ky; esa funsZ'ku lsok vkfn
μ 'kSf{kd rduhdh rFkk fo'ks"k f'k{kd
3- izR;; lEcUèkh dkS'ky (Skills Related to Concepts)
μ f'k{kk esa ;kstuk
μ 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk cksèk
μ fo|ky; esa dk;Z ,oa vuqlaèkku
μ f'k{kk esa vUr% vuq'kklu vk;ke
μ 'kSf{kd izfØ;k ,oa uokpkj
μ f'k{kk esa lkaf[;dh; ,oa vuqlaèkku
;s {ks=k osQoy lq>k;s x;s gSa] buesa ifjorZu la'kksèku rFkk ifjoèkZu Lo;a flf¼;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA
;g lcls vPNk le; gS tcfd ljdkj }kjk ,d vyx fo'ks"k lfefr dh LFkkiuk vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij
dh xbZ gS] tks vè;kid f'k{kk dk ,d jk"Vªh; vkèkkj rS;kj djs ,oa tks jk"Vªh; y{;ksa osQ vuq:i gksA nwljs
NksVs iz;Ru vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ fy, dHkh ykHknk;h fl¼ ugha gq, tks LorU=k lekt osQ uohu vko';drkvksa
osQ vuq:i f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks fodflr dj losaQA
28-7 vè;kid dh Hkwfedk (Role of Teachers)

vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk mís'; gksuk pkfg;s fd og izR;sd O;fDr esa lkekU; f'k{kk ,oa O;fDrxr laLÑfr
dk fodkl djs] mldh f'k{k.k dh ;ksX;rkvksa dks fodflr djsa rFkk mu fl¼kUrksa osQ izfr mls tkx:d cuk;s
tks Lusgiw.kZ ekuoh; lEcUèkksa osQ fy;s vko';d gks rFkk ftlesa mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk gks vkSj tks f'k{k.k osQ
ekè;e ls lg;ksx ns vkSj lekt osQ fy;s vkn'kZ cusA f'k{kd dk Lrj ;wusLdks dk izLrko vè;kid f'k{kk osQ
fof'k"V mís'; gSaA
bu mís';ksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSμ
(1) cksèk] (2) dkS'ky rFkk (3) vfHko`fÙkA
1- cksèkkRed mís'; (Comprehensive Objective)
(v) lekt dh lajpuk] dk;Z ,oa vUr%fØ;k dk Kku
(c) cky fodkl ,oa vfèkxe izfØ;k dk cksèk
(l) fodkl'khy ckydksa dh leL;kvksa dk cksèk
(n) fo|ky; osQ laxBu ,oa iz'kklu dk Kku
(b) ijh{kk ,oa ewY;kadu dh fofèk;ksa dk Kku ,oa cksèk
2- dkS'ky mís'; (Skill Objectives)
(v) fofHkÂ f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk ,oa dkS'ky
(c) f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa dk fodkl ,oa fo"k; osQ iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV (l) izHkkoiw.kZ dkS'ky ,oa vfHkizsj.kk

(n) f'k{k.k osQ fo'ks"k mís';ksa dks fu£er djus dh ;ksX;rk
(;) ewY;kadu izfofèk;ksa osQ iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk rFkk ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa osQ laxBu dh ;ksX;rkA
3- vfHko`fÙk ls lEcfUèkr mís'; (Attitude Objective)
(v) f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr LoLFk ,oa ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.kA
(c) f'k{k.k leL;kvksa osQ izfr oSKkfud ,oa oLrqijd n`f"Vdks.kA
(l) vè;kid esa iztkrkfU=kd ,oa jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k gksuk pkfg;sA Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa osQ izfr lgkuqHkwfr
iw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k rFkk mUgsa mfpr vuqefr nsukA
1- vè;kid f'k{kk dk orZeku ikB~;Øe osQoy O;kolkf;d dkS'ky ij cy nsrk gSA
2- izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa dk nwljk mís'; ekè;fed f'k{kk ij varjkZ"Vªh; lfefr }kjk (1954) esa fuèkkZfjr fd;k
x;kA
3- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vuqlaèkku esa vesfjdk ,oa :l osQ pqus gq, lqfodflr rjhdksa dk va'k ik;k tkrk gSA
4- Hkkjrh; vè;kid f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk lkj iw.kZ:i esa if'pe ls xzg.k fd;k x;k gSA
5- jk"Vªh; vè;kid ifj"kn us jk"Vªh; ikB~;Øe dk izk:i fodflr fd;k gSA
28-8 ch- ,M- dk;ZØe (B.Ed. Programme)

mijksDr mís';ksa osQ ifjizs{; esa fuEu fl¼kUr ,oa vH;kl i<+k;k tkrk gSA
lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øe 100 vad dk gksrk gSA
f'k{k.k vH;kl 200 vad dk gksrk gSA
dk;ZØe esa fuEufyf[kr lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øe lfEefyr gSμ
1- f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUr ;k f'k{kk osQ lkekftd vkSj nk'kZfud vkèkkjA
2- 'kSf{kd euksfoKku ,oa izkjfEHkd 'kSf{kd lkaf[;dhA
3- ,sfrgkfld ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k dh dyk esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;saA
4- f'k{k.k ;k f'k{k.k rduhdh fofèk;k¡
5- fo|ky;h; fo"k;ksa dh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ izkjfEHkd ikB~;Øe osQ :i esa ;k ,d fo|ky; fo"k; fof'k"V
ikB~;Øe osQ :i esaA
6- fuEu esa ls ,d fof'k"V ;k ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe gksrk gSμ
(v) 'kSf{kd ekiu vkSj ewY;kadu (c) 'kSf{kd ,oa O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku
(l) 'kSf{kd iz'kklu vkSj i;Zos{k.k (n) fo|ky; laxBu
(;) tula[;k f'k{kk (j) LokLF; f'k{kk
(y) cqfu;knh f'k{kk
7- f'k{kk fofèk;k¡] fo|ky; esa i<+k;s tkus okys nks fo"k;A
fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa esa ls fdUgh nks dks vH;kl f'k{k.k osQ fy;s pquk tkrk gSμ

(v) 1- HkkSfrd foKku 2- jlk;u foKku 3- ouLifr vkSj 4- lkekU; foKku uksV
(c) 5- xf.kr 6- x`g foKku 7- fgUnh 8- laLÑr 9- vaxzsth 10- bfrgkl 11- Hkwxksy 12- vFkZ'kkL=k
13- ukxfjd'kkL=k 14- lkekftd vè;;u 15- Ñf"k vkSj 16- okf.kT;A
izR;sd Nk=k&vè;kid dks izR;sd fo"k; osQ 20 ikB i<+kus gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ls vfUre ijh{kk esa lfEefyr gksus
osQ fy;s 40 ikB i<+kuk vko';d gSA fo"k; fo'ks"kK }kjk vkn'kZ&ikB ,oa izn'kZu&ikB i<+k;s tkrs gSAa bl le; fofHkÂ
f'k{kk foHkkxksa esa lw{e&f'k{k.k ,oa vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dk laxBu ch- ,M- ikB~;Øe esa fd;k tkrk gSA vfUre ijh{kk
esa izR;sd Nk=kkè;kid }kjk nks ikB i<+k;s tkrs gSa ftlesa ,d ikB izR;sd fo"k; ls i<+kuk vko';d gSA izk;ksfxd
ijh{kk osQ igys l=kh; dk;Z dk tek djuk vko';d gSA izk;ksfxd ijh{kk dk rjhdk ,d fo'ofo|ky; ls nwljs
fo'ofo|ky; esa cnyrk gS] ijUrq oqQy feykdj lHkh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ,d tSlk mik; gSA ch- ,M- ijh{kk esa fl¼kUr
rFkk iz;ksxkRed esa vyx&vyx Jsf.k;k¡ iznku dh tkrh gSA
fo|ky; ,oa f'k{kk leL;k ij fopkj xks"Bh
Nk=k vè;kid dks Hkh ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa dh oqQN leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr djkuk pkfg;s] rFkk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh
leL;kvksa ls Hkh mUgsa le> losQ] ysfdu bldk vPNk Kku fopkj xks"Bh ,oa ppkZvksa osQ ekè;e ls gh lEHko gSA
blfy;s ;g vko';d gS fd Nk=kkè;kidksa dks (2&4) ,slh fopkjxks"Bh djk;h tk, ftlls os fo|ky; ,oa f'k{kk
dh leL;kvksa ls Kku izkIr dj losQA
ikB~;Øe&vkdkj cM+k ugha gksuk pkfg;s
mijksDr ikB~;Øe oqQN vkykspukvksa dks tUe nsrs gSa fd orZeku ch- ,M- vkSj ,e- ,M- ikB~;Øe lkekU;r%
lS¼kfUrd fo"k;ksa dh la[;k ogh iqjkuh gh gSA bu vkykspukvksa ls cpus dk mik; ;g gS fd ikB~;oLrq laf{kIr gks
rFkk l{ke vè;kidksa dks rS;kj djus osQ mís'; ls mi;qDr gksA orZeku ch- ,M- ,oa ,e ,M- osQ lS¼kfUrd iz'u&i=k
esa ikB~;oLrq dh vfèkdrk gksrh gS tks izHkkoh vè;kid rS;kj djus esa lhèkk lg;ksx ugha nsrk bls lkoèkkuhiwoZd
NksVk fd;k tk ldrk gSA loksZÙke ikB~;Øe mls dgk tk ldrk gS ftls iwjk djus osQ fy;s (12&14) O;k[;kuksa
dh vko';drk gksrh gS gesa lqlajfpr rFkk mís'; osQfUnzr lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øe dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
vfèkxe esa Nk=k vè;kidksa dh vkSj layXurk
;fn ch- ,M- ikB~;Øe esa lqèkkj ykxw dj fn;s tk,¡ vkSj vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dh iz.kkyh esa Hkh lqèkkj dj fn;s tk,¡]
rc Hkh lc oqQN Bhd ugha dgk tk;sxkA Nk=k vè;kidksa dks osQoy lqlajfpr ,oa lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øe osQfUnzr
ikB~;Øe osQ lgkjs gh ugha NksM+k tk ldrk gS] cfYd mUgsa bl izdkj ls i<+k;k tk;s ftlls os cqf¼eku cus] Kku
dks lfØ; gksdj izkIr djsa vkSj tks okafNr dkS'kyksa dh izkfIr esa mldh enn djsa] muesa okafNr #fp iSnk djsa ,oa
okafNr n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djsa] vkSj ,slk O;k[;kukRed mins'k osQ }kjk ugha cfYd O;kogkfjd dk;Z ,oa mudh
lhèkh layXurk ls lEHko gks ldrk gSA ;g esjk viuk fopkj gS fd tc rd ge vius f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh ugha
cuk;saxs] O;k[;ku dks de ugha djsaxs] vius Nk=kkè;kidksa dks okrkZyki esa vfèkd layXu ugha djsaxs] rc rd ge
leFkZ vè;kid fu£er ugh dj ldrs tks vius ckjs esa lksps rFkk mu fofèk;ksa ,oa vk;keksa osQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa
lksps tks mudh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ vuq:i gks vkSj tks fo|ky; dh vko';drkvksa ls tqM+h gksaA gesa vius Nk=k vè;kidksa
dh l`tukRed ;ksX;rkvksa dks fodflr djus dh t:jr gS] tks vkt osQ ;qx esa rhozrk ls cnyrs gq;s vk£Fkd ,oa
lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh vko';drk gS vkSj rHkh ;g vis{kk djuk O;kogkfjd gksxk fd Hkkjr dk HkkX; mldh
fo|ky; dh d{kkvksa esa fu£er gks ldrk gSA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr dk lkekftd izk:i bu fnuksa fu£er
gks jgk gSA gekjs Nk=k vè;kid tks ns'k osQ fo|ky;ksa esa tk jgs gSa tksfd l`tu osQ osQUnz gSa mUgsa loksZÙke izf'k{k.k
ikus dk vfèkdkj gS rkfd os bl iquhr dk;Z dks iwjk dj losaQA

vè;kid f'k{kk

• vkt osQ f'k{kd dks ;g Li"V ugha gS fd fo|ky; esa mldks D;k Hkwfedk fuokZg djuk gS\ ;|fi mls
lekt&lqèkkjd dk f'kYih ,oa lkekftd lajpuk esa okafNr ifjorZu ykus okyk dgk tkrk gSA gekjs lafoèkku
esa lcdks cjkcj f'k{kk esa leku vfèkdkj izkIr djus dh ckr Li"V ugha gS vkSj blosQ fy, gesa vius izf'k{k.k
dkWystksa esa f'k{kdksa dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh nsuh gksxh] ftlls fd lEiw.kZ lekt dks lafoèkku esa fn;s x;s
izkfoèkkuksa dk mfpr ykHk fey losQA
• vè;kid f'k{kk dh dfBukb;k¡μfdlh Hkh laLFkku ls vk;s gq, f'k{kdksa dh {kerk ml f'k{k.k laLFkku }kjk
fuèkkZfjr ikB~;Øe ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vè;kid&f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa osQ ikB~;Øeksa osQ ckjs esa dbZ Ïksrksa ls
f'kdk;r fey jgh gSA vè;kidh;&f'k{kk ij lekdkyhu lkfgR; esa dh x;h vkykspukvksa ls fuEufyf[kr
dfe;k¡ lkeus vkrh gSaA
1- vè;kidh;&f'k{kk dk;ZØe cgqr vYi le; osQ fy;s gksrk gSA
2- vè;kidh;&f'k{kk esa f'k{kk dh fofèk ij vfèkd cy fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fo"k;&oLrq osQ Kku ij è;ku ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA
3- vè;kidh; f'k{kk osQ vUrxZr fl¼kUr vkSj vH;kl esa dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA
4- bldk Lo:i Hkkjrh; laxBuksa osQ vuq:i ugha gSA
5- bldk ikB~;Øe o blosQ izf'k{k.k dk <ax iqjkuk gks pqdk gSA
• vè;kidh; f'k{kk dk;ZØe osQ lqèkkjkRed vkèkkjμ1- fdu jk"Vªh; mís';ksa osQ fy;s ;ksX; ,oa izf'kf{kr
f'k{kdksa dh Hkkjr esa vko'drk gS\ 2- gekjs ifjorZu'khy lekt esa izf'kf{kr&vè;kidksa osQ okafNr mÙkjnkf;Ro
D;k gS\ 3- vius dk;Z esa oqQ'ky gksus osQ fy;s mUgsa fdruh lkekU; f'k{kk vkSj fdruh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh
vko';drk gS\ 4- cPpksa] lkfFk;ksa o ekrk&firk osQ lkFk lgh O;ogkj djus osQ fy;s mUgsa fdu ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk
dkS'kyksa dh vko';drk gS\
• ;|fi vè;kidh;&f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa dksBkjh vk;ksx us dksbZ Hkh leqfpr fl¼kUr izLrqr ugha fd;k gSA blfy;s
vè;kidh;&f'k{kk dk lqèkkj fcuk fdlh fl¼kUr osQ ikfjr djuk osQoy dke pykuk gh gksxkA
• vè;kid dh Hkkxhnkjh dh voèkkj.kkvksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gqvk gSA vxj vfèkxe dh liQyrk vfèkxe ls O;ogkj
esa tks ifjorZu vk jgk gS mlosQ ifj.kke dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k rks vkt osQ f'k{kd dks dy dk vkpk;Z
cuuk iM+sxkA ,d f'k{kd osQoy Kku iznku djus okyk ugha gS] mls vfèkxe dk funsZ'kd Hkh cuuk gS] rFkk
laLÑfr dk izpkjd Hkh cuuk gSA f'k{kd ,d ,slk O;fDr gS tksfd ml izdkj dk O;ogkj djrk gS tSlk fd
og vius f'k";ksa ls pkgrk gSA
• vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe bruk yphyk gks fd og lkèkkj.k rFkk l`tukRed f'k{kdks]a nksuksa dh vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk dj losaQA okLro esa ge vius lHkh f'k{kdksa ls d{kk ls l`tukRed dk;Z djus dh vis{kk ugha dj
ldrs gSA gekjh d{kkvksa esa vkt HkhM+ c<+rh tk jgh gS] tSls&tSls f'k{kk izkIr djus dk volj vfèkd ls
vfèkd cPpksa rd igq¡p jgk gSA blhfy;s gesa lekt osQ fofHkÂ Lrjksa ls cgqvk;keh ;ksX;rk okys f'k{kdksa dks
[kkst fudkyuk gksxkA
• vusd laLFkk;sa vè;kid&f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks iw.kZ djus esa yxh gSaA Hkkjrh; vè;kid f'k{kd la?k] bldh ewy
laLFkk;sa rFkk izeq[k fo'ofo|ky; bl {ks=k esa eq[; :i ls dke dj jgs gSaA f'k{kk vk;ksx dh dk;Zlfefr Hkh
bl dke esa yxh gqbZ gSA fiQj Hkh vfèkdka'kr% dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ;g dk;ZØe viuk dk;Z iwjh rjg ls
ugha dj ik jgk gSA blfy;s jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ vè;kid&f'k{kk la?k us
fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ izksisQljksa osQ lkFk feydj bl dk;Z dks djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA

• dksBkjh vk;ksx us dgk fd ;ksX;rk ^xq.k* f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh tku gS vkSj bldh deh ls vè;kid uksV
f'k{kk u osQoy ,d foÙkh; cckZnh gksxh] oju~ ;g 'kSf{kd Lrj esa fxjkoV dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ dkj.k cu
tk;sxkA
• uohu dk;ZØe dk fuekZ.kμbl izdkj dk;ZØe osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, fuEu inksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gSμ
1- (v) orZeku ch- ,M- Lrjh; dk;ZØe dk fo'ys"k.k djukA
(c) bl dk;ZØe osQ mi;ksxh ?kVdksa osQ ckjs esa f'k{kkfonksa] izèkkukpk;ks± ,oa vè;kidksa dh lgefr izkIr
djukA
2- (v) ekpZ (1969) esa dydÙkk esa bu lc ij fopkj djus rFkk u;s dk;ZØe dh jpuk gsrq vè;kid
izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa osQ izksisQlj] ladk;kè;k{kksa ,oa izèkkukpk;ks± dh ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; cSBd dk
v;kstu fd;k x;k gSA
(c) dk;ZØe ;k vè;kid&f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;kA
• lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øeksa osQ iqul±xBu dh izFke lhek ;g gS fd 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øeksa osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ikB~;Øe
dks fl¼kUr esa LFkku fn;k tk, gSA ge lHkh bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd cgqr ls Nk=k tks f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
egkfo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kd cuus gsrq izos'k ysrs gSa os ikB~;oLrq esa vko';d Kku dk leqfpr vkèkkj ugha j[krsA
bl izdkj ls dguk fd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dk dke 'kSf{kd Kku ls lEcfUèkr ugha gSA bl leL;k ls nwj
Hkkxus osQ leku gS vkSj ;g ,d mi;ksxh ckr ugha gS fd ge mUgsa dyk ;k foKku osQ fo|ky;ksa esa vius fo"k;
osQ Kku dks ifjek£tr djus osQ fy;s Hkstsa] tcfd oqQN O;fDr f'k{kd egkfo|ky;ksa dks ,slh vuqefr nsrs gSa
fd gesa Lo;a gh bl lEcUèk esa oqQN djuk gSA
• 'kSf{kd fo"k;ksa esa vyx ikB~;Øe gks ftudk lekos'k lS¼kfUrd le; foHkkx pØ esa gksA ysfdu bldk Lo:i
fopkj&xks"Bh ;k okrkZyki osQ :i esa Nk=k vè;kid dks ikB~;oLrq ij vkèkkfjr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vUrxZr Nk=k
vè;kidksa dks ikB~;&iqLrdksa dks [kjhnus dh vko';drk gks] lkFk gh ,d nks lUnHkZ xzUFk ml fo"k; osQ gksus
pkfg;s ftldks mlus pquk gks vkSj fn;s x;s izdj.k ij mls dk;Z djuk pkfg;sA
• ikB~;Øe dks fuEu eq[; :iksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA 1- O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd dkS'ky_ 2- O;kolkf;d
dkS'ky_ 3- izR;; lEcUèkh dkS'kyA
• vè;kid dh Hkwfedkμ vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk mís'; gksuk pkfg;s fd og izR;sd O;fDr esa lkekU;
f'k{kk ,oa O;fDrxr laLÑfr dk fodkl djs] mldh f'k{k.k dh ;ksX;rkvksa dks fodflr djsa rFkk mu fl¼kUrksa
osQ izfr mls tkx:d cuk;s tks Lusgiw.kZ ekuoh; lEcUèkksa osQ fy;s vko';d gks rFkk ftlesa mÙkjnkf;Ro dh
Hkkouk gks vkSj tks f'k{k.k osQ ekè;e ls lg;ksx ns vkSj lekt osQ fy;s vkn'kZ cusA f'k{kd dk Lrj ;wusLdks
dk izLrko vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fof'k"V mís'; gSaA bu mís';ksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSμ(1) cksèk]
(2) dkS'ky rFkk (3) vfHko`fÙkA
• ch- ,M- dk;ZØeμdk;ZØe esa fuEufyf[kr lS¼kfUrd ikB~;Øe lfEefyr gSμ
1- f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUr ;k f'k{kk osQ lkekftd vkSj nk'kZfud vkèkkjA
2- 'kSf{kd euksfoKku ,oa izkjfEHkd 'kSf{kd lkaf[;dhA
3- ,sfrgkfld ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k dh dyk esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh leL;k;saA
4- f'k{k.k ;k f'k{k.k rduhdh fofèk;k¡
5- fo|ky;h; fo"k;ksa dh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ izkjfEHkd ikB~;Øe osQ :i esa ;k ,d fo|ky; fo"k; fof'k"V
ikB~;Øe osQ :i esaA
6- ,d fof'k"V ;k ,sfPNd ikB~;Øe gksrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 28-10 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

• foosaQnzhdj.kμ osaQnz ls gVkuk] ,d txg vyx&vyx djukA
• laozQe.kh;μ vkxs c<+us okykA

1. vè;kid&f'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh vko';drk ,oa vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh leL;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
2. dksBkjh deh'ku }kjk nh xbZ laLrqfr;k¡ ,oa lq>koksa dk o.kZu djsaA
3. ,d liQy vè;kid osQ fuekZ.k gsrq oqQN egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØeksa lq>ko nhft,A
1. × 2. 3. 4. ×
5.

bdkbZ—29% laiw.kZ f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ esa ikBÔp;kZ dk fodkl
uksV
bdkbZ 29% laiw.kZ f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ esa ikBÔp;kZ dk
fodkl (Curriculum Development on in
Integrated in Teacher Education Curriculum)
mís'; (Objectives)
29.1 ikBÔp;kZ dk vFkZ (Meaning of Curriculum)
29.2 f'k{kd f'k{kk esa ikBÔp;kZ ds fodkl dh vko';drk (Need of Curriculum Development
in Teacher Education)
29.3 ikBÔp;kZ dk mís'; (Objectives of Curriculum)
29.4 ikBÔp;kZ dk cqfu;knh lqfo/k dh vuqdwyu {kerk (Flexibility of the Basic Feature of
Curriculum)
29.5 f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ dk fodkl (Development of Teacher Education Curriculum)
29.6 laiw~.kZ f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe (Integreted Teacher Education Programme)
29.7 f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k (2009) (National Curriculum
Frameworks for Teacher Education (2009))
mís'; (Objectives)
• ikBÔp;kZ ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa ikBÔp;k ds fodkl dh t:jr ds ckjs esa le>kukA
• ikBÔp;kZ ds mís';ksa ds ckjs esa o.kZuA
• ikBÔp;kZ ds cqfu;knh lqfo/k dh vuqdwyu {kerk ds ckjs esa ppkZA
• f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ dk fodkl ds ckjs esa le>kukA
• laiw.k f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa le>kukA
• f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k ds ckjs esa o.kZuA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV izLrkouk (Introduction)

çkjafHkd f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, çHkkoh ikBÔØe dh :ijs•k iwoZ&lfoZl f'k{kdksa esa O;kolkf;drk dks fodflr
djus ds mís'; ds fy, viuh cqfu;kn Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr
ekudksa esa j•us dh mEehn dj jgs gSAns'kksa us Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds fy, ekudksa dks fodflr
fd;k gS tks vè;;u ds ikBÔØe rS;kjh djus ds fy, ewyrÙo çnku djrs gSAHkkjr esa]Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa ds
fy, bl rjg ds vf/lwfpr ekud ds vHkko ds dkj.k vè;kid f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k ds fodkl
T;knkrj ,d 'kS{kf.kd vH;kl gSAf'k{kk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ (1964&1966)] vkSj jk"Vªh; uhfr ij f'k{kk 1986%
nks egRoiw~.kZ nLrkost gS tks ns'k esa f'k{kd ds ikBÔp;kZ esa lq/kj dh çfØ;k dks çHkkfor dj jgs gSAlkjs vkusokys
f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ikBÔp;kZ dks la'kksf/r djus ds fy, f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; vkdka{kkvksa dks lacksf/r djus ds
ç;klksa dks ,dhÑr djus ds fy, vkSj bu nks nLrkostksa ds fofHkUu vuq'kalkuksa dks 'kkfey djus dh dksf'k'k
dh gSAns'k esa f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS] u dsoy f'k{kdksa esa vf/d ls vf/d O;kolkf;drk
dks lqfu'fpr djus ds fy,] ysfdu Ldwy esa lq/kj vkSj çHkko'khyrk dks lqfo/ktud cukus ds fy, HkhA
fdlh Hkh laLFkk esa mRikfnr f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk dkiQh gn rd mlds çf'k{k.k dh vof/ ds nkSjku mUgsa is'kd'k
dh ikBÔp;kZ dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g Hkh lp gS fd vkSj f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds f'k{kdksa dh {kerk vkSj
xq.koÙkk dk fgLlk laLFkku }kjk çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSSA blds ds varxZr ge
f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ ds leqfpr fuekZ.k ls lacaf/r fofHkUu igyqvksa ij ppkZZ djsaxsA
29-1 ikBÔp;kZ dk eryc (Meaning of Curriculum)

Hkkjr esa vktknh ds ckn]O;fÙkQxr fo'ks"kKksa vkSj O;kolkf;d fudk;ksa }kjk f'k{kd çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds fy, ,d
u;k ikBÔp;kZ ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dbZ ç;kl fd, x, gSA;gka rd fd iqjkus 'kCn ch-Vh- dks O;kid 'kCn ch-
,M- }kjk çfrLFkkfir fd;k x;k gS] f'k{kd çf'k{k.k ds fy, ,d O;kid vuqHko ds ,d fof'k"V fopkj dks
ckgj ykus ds fy, dqN f'k{k.k dkS'ky fodflr djuk gh 'kkfey ugha Cyfd dqN cqfu;knh le> vkSj f'k{kdksa
esa lgh n`f"Vdks.k Hkh 'kkfey gSA
tgka f'k{kk ,d çfØ;k gS]ikBÔp;kZ çfØ;k dk ,d lk/u gSAvksj tgka f'k{kk lh•uk gS] ikBÔp;kZ lh•us dh
fLFkfr;ksa dk çrhd gSAtcfd f'k{kk mRikn ikBÔp;kZ dh ;kstuk gSA
djus vkSj dqd ds 'kCnksa esa-;g vf/d ;k de ;kstukc¼ ;k fu;af=kr fLFkfr;ksa dk feJ.k gS ftlds rgr Nk=kksa
dks O;ogkj vkSj fofHkUu rjhds esa O;ogkj djuk lh•krs gSAbls esa] u, O;ogkj dk vf/xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk
gS] orZeku O;ogkj dks la'kksf/r]cuk, j•uk ;k lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj okaNuh; O;ogkjsa yxkrkj vkSj
O;ogk;Z nksuksa gks ldrk gSAikBÔp;kZ esa ikB;Øe vkSj lg ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ksa nksuksa 'kkfey gSA
ns'k dh lkaLÑfrd]Hkk"kk;h vkSj HkkSxksfyd fofo/rkvksa dks lfEefyr vkSj çfrfcafcr

djus vkSj lkekftd jktuhfrd ifj.kke ds :i esa cnyrh nqfu;k ds Kku dh lajpuk
ds lkFk rkyesy j•us ds fy, Hkkjr esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ 1978] 1988]
1998]vkSj 2009 esa la'kksf/r fd;k x;k gSA

29-2 f'k{kd f'k{kk esa ikBÔp;kZ ds fodkl dh vko';drk (Need of Curriculum uksV
Development in Teacher Education)
ijaijk vkSj laLÑfr Hkkjr essa gtkjksa o"kksaZ ls gSA'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dks vkJe dgk tkrk Fkk vkSj f'k{kd dks xq#
dgk tkrk FkkA gekjs nSfud thou esa ,d tcjnLr ifjorZu gqvk FkkA oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k vc f'k{kk ç.kkyh
iwjh rjg ls çHkkfor gSAvc 'kSf{kd laLFkku rduhdh f'k{kk dks egRo nsrs gSAf'k{kd ,d jk"Vªh; fuekZrk gSAog
lekt dks cnyus dh {kerk j[krk gSA çkS|ksfxdh] lapkj dkS'ky ds egRo dks le>us ls jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn (,ulhVhbZ) nksuksa ch-,M- vkSj ,e-,M- Lrj ij 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr rduhdksa ij
,d vyx fo"k; dh 'kq#vkr dh dj jgh gSA dEI;wVj ,T;qds'ku] dE;fudsfVo vaxzsth] O;fÙkQRo fodkl Hkh
ch,M Lrj esa is'k dj jgs gS A vc ge vkradokn] xjhch] vkSj mPp tula[;k dh rjg dbZ dfBukb;ksa dk
lkeuk dj jgs gSAge bl çdkj dk ikBÔp;kZ pkgrs gS tks 'kkafr] vfgalk] ldkjkRed joS; vkSj lekt ds
ewY;ksa dks csgrj cukrk gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ikBÔp;kZ esa bu eqíksa dks iSnk djds] ge lekt esa ldkjkRed
cnyko yk ldrs gSA gekjh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) vkSj vU; f'k{kk lfefr;ksa vkSj vk;ksxksa us Hkh mPp
xq.koÙkk okys f'k{kd&f'k{kk dks egRo fn;k gSA ysfdu ;g gekjk drZO; gS fd bl çdkj ds ikBÔp;kZ dk ge
ikyu djsaA jk"Vªh; lsfeukj] dk;Z'kkykvksa vkSj lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu djuk orZeku ifjn`'; esa ikBÔp;kZ ifjorZu
ds egRo dh vksj ç[;kr fo}kuksa ds joS; dks bdêòk djus ds fy, vko';d gSA ikBÔp;kZ ifjorZu ds ckjs
esa dbZ vuq'kalk dh gS] ysfdu os mudk vH;kl ugha dj jgs gSA
29-3 ikBÔp;kZ dk mís'; (Objectives of Curriculum)

1- çR;sd Nk=k ds iw.kZ fodkl dks fudkyuk] fodflr] mÙksftr vkSj çsfjr djukA
2- ,d ekgkSy cukuk ftlesa xaHkhj vkSj jpukRed lksp ds fy, Nk=kksa dks lh•k,xsa vkSj lPpkbZ dh ryk'k
vkSj leL;kvksa dk lek/ku djsaxsA
3- Nk=kksa dh&v•aMrk] bZekunkjh] U;k;] fe=krk]lg;ksx vkSj ln~Hkkouk ds pfj=k dk fodkl djukA
4- ,d yksdrkaf=kd lekt esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks ukxfjdrk dks rS;kj djus ds fy, tgka Lora=krk vkSj
Lok/hurk gkFk vks gkFk dkuwu vkSj U;k; ds lkFk vkSj tgka ftEesnkjh] jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh;] O;fÙkQ
dh ,d fo'ks"krk gSA
5- ekufodh] dyk] çkÑfrd foKku lkekftd foKku vkSj /eZ ds lkFk vUrjax tku&igpku ds ekè;e
ls ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir djus esa Nk=kksa dh enn djukA
6- u dsoy vf/d Nk=kksa dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk Cyfd Nk=kksa dh {kerk] ;ksX;rk] vkSj fgrksa dh ,d
foLr`r Jà•yk dks iwjk djuk HkhA
29-4 ikBÔp;kZ dk cqfu;knh lqfo/k dh vuqdwyu {kerk (Flexibility of the Basic

Feature of Curriculum)
fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds vuqlkj%ikBÔp;kZ dBksj vkSj fLFkj ugha gSA ;g xfr'khy vkSj yphyk gSA ;g cnyrs
lekt dh vko';drkvksa vkSj vkn'kksaZ ds lkFk yxkrkj cny jgk gSA Lora=k Hkkjr ds Ldwyksa esa ikBÔp;kZ ogh
ugha jgk tks fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku Ldwyksa esa bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA
baXySaM esa çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed Ldwyksa esa ikBÔp;kZ oSlk ugha gS tSlk dh Hkkjr esa]la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa]
:l esa ;k tkiku esa gSA ekaxsa] vkn'kZ vkSj fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa dh vkdka{kk,a O;kid :i ls vyx gS
blfy, ikBÔp;kZ ,d O;kid fo"kerk çnku djrk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Hkkjr esa]leqnk;ksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k esa gS]tks igkM+h {ks=k] eSnkuh {ks=k] jsfxLrkuh {ks=k] iBkj {ks=k vkSj rVh; {ks=k
tSlk {ks=kksa gS&ftu lHkh ds ikl viuk Lo;a dk fof'k"V O;fÙkQRo] i;kZoj.k] fjokt vkSj t:jrs gSA blfy,]
mudh t:jrksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ij è;ku fn, fcuk ge lch ij ,d gh ikBÔp;kZ ykxw ugha dj ldrsA ;g ,d
bykds ls nwljs bykds vkSj ,d lekt ls nwljs lekt ds fy, vyx gksuk pkfg,A
O;fÙkQxr {kerk ds vuqlkj%cPpksa dh lh•us dh {kerk] gj cPpsa ds fy, vyx gSA xfrfof/;ka ftuds ekè;e
ls Kku çkIr djrs gS] oks Hkh fofHkUu Ldwyksa ds lalk/uksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa tks mlesa vè;;u dj jgs gS mudh
fo'ks"krkvksa ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx gSA
blfy, ikBÔp;kZ Hkh ,d Ldwy ls nwljs Ldwy] ,d xzMs ls nwljs xzMs vkSj ,d fo}ku ls nwljs fo}ku ds fy,
vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA 'kSf{kd çfØ;k dh vk/qfud ço`fÙk;ksa ds vuqlkj ikBÔp;kZ dks dsoy ,d cnyko ds nk;js
esa j• ds gh yacs le; rd fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk mlds lkFk lacfa /r leqnk;ksa dh t:jr ds vuqlkj gksA
f'k{kd dsoy Kku dk ,d lans'k okgd ugha gS_ og lh•kus dk ,d funZs'kd gS] og laLÑfr vkSj
cgqewY;rk dk ,d gLrkarfjr djusokyk gS_ f'k{kd ,d O;fÙkQ gS tks ml O;ogkj ls fl•krk gS
tks og vius f'k"; dks O;ogkj djrk gqvk ns•uk pkgrs gSA
29-5 f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ dk fodkl (Development of Teacher Education

Curriculum)
f'k{kd fdlh Hkh f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh lcls cM+h ifjlaifÙk gSA os Kku] dkS'ky vkSj ewY;ksa ds lapj.k ds varjiQyd
esa •M+s gSA os f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh jh<+ dh gîóh dh rjg gSA blfy, f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk vge gS vkSj fo'o Lrj
ij dkiQh gn rd lkekU; :i ls f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls Nk=kksa dks lh•kus ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk
gSA Hkkjr ds f'k{kk vk;ksx us (1964&1966) 'kfÙkQ'kkyh 'kCnksa esa f'k{kdksa ds bl çHkko dks Lohdkj fd;k] "dksbZ
ç.kkyh vius f'k{kd ds LFkku ls Åij ugha gks ldrh gS ---"A blh rjg dh Hkkouk,a f'k{kd vkSj 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk
ij nsykslZ fjiksVZ (1996) vkSj ;wusLdks fjiksVZ }kjk O;ÙkQ dh xbZ gS% 2015 (2006) ds fy, oS'fod t:jrksa
ij utjA cgqr 'kq#vkr esa ;wjksih; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ (2007) 'vè;kid f'k{kk ij lapkj' ds vuqlkj 'kks/ ls
irk pyk gS fd f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk dk f'k"; dh flf¼ ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ vkSj ldkjkRed lglac¼ gS vkSj
;g Ldwy esa Nk=kksa ds çn'kZu dks le>us ds lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kd lekt dks vkdkj nsus vkSj fiQj ls
vkdkj nsus esa enn djrk gS vkSj leqnk; vkSj ns'k esa thou dh xq.koÙkk dk fu/kZj.k djrk gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa
ds vuqHko ls irk pyk gS fd ,d iwoZ&lfoZl f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks vPNh rjg ls fodflr djuk vkSj
vius dSfj;j dks yacs le; rd lh•us ds volj ds lkFk tkjh j•uk gh ,d xfr'khy vkSj cnyrs okrkoj.k
esa vPNs f'k{kdksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, lcls çHkkoh rjhdk gSAblfy,]gj lekt] lekt ds fodkl esa
;ksxnku esa enn djus ds fy, iwo&Z lfoZl f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kdksa ds lrr O;kolkf;d fodkl ds fy, dqN çko/ku djrk
gSA ;gka vuqHkotU; vuqla/ku dk lcwr gS tks crkrk gS fd Nk=kksa dh liQyrk dkiQh gn rd f'k{kdksa ds is'ksoj
rS;kj ls lacaf/r gSA
29-6 laiw~.kZ f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe (Integreted Teacher Education Programme)

bu pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr dk;ZØe dh çHkko'khyrk dh tkap djus ds fy, vè;;u dh ,d la[;k vk;ksftr
fd x;h gSA tks f'k{kd bl dk;ZØe ls mHkjsa gS og ikjaifjd ,d o"kZ ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds mRiknksa ls cgqr csgrj

gS ;g dk;ZØe dh egRoiw.kZ •kst gSA çHkko'khyrk esa varj ds fy, es/koh Nk=kksa ds p;u] vf/d ls vf/ uksV
d yackbZ] ,dhÑr ikBÔØe ds lkFk gh ;qxir f'k{k.k dh lkexzh vkSj f'k{k.k ds rjhdksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k
gSA ,d Bksl oSpkfjd vk/kj ds ckotwn] bldh çHkko'khyrk vkSj fodflr ns'kksa vkSj dbZ fo'ks"kK fudk;ksa dh
fliQkfj'k ds vuqHkoksa ds laca/ esa lcwr dh miyC/rk]uohurk dh eq[;/kjk pkj ,ulhbZvkjVh dh f'k{kk {ks=kh;
egkfo|ky;ksa ds nk;js ls ijs ugha gSA
29-6-1 f'k{kk dk ekè;fed f'k{kd f'k{kk {ks=kh; egkfo|ky;ksa dk pkj o"kZ dk ,dhÑr
dk;Z Ø e] ,ulhbZ v kjVh (1960) (Four Year Integrated Programme of
Secondary Teacher Education Regional Colleges of Education, NCERT
(1960))
pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr dk;ZØe ,ulhbZvkjVh vtesj] Hkqous'oj] eSlwj vkSj Hkksiky esa pkj {ks=kh; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa
esa 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA bl dk;ZØe dks ekè;fed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa dkss foKku vkSj
ekufodh esa rS;kj djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA
bl dk;ZØe ds vfLrRo ds iSarhl o"kZ ls vf/d esa] vè;;u dh ;kstuk dks dbZ ckj la'kksf/r fd;k x;k gS
tks dh bldh lcls egRoiw.kZ uohurk gSA ikBÔØe dks fo"k; ij vk/kfjr Lukrd Lrj dh ;ksX;rk ds lkFk
is'ksoj f'k{k.k dh dk;Zç.kkyh ls lacaf/r n{krkvksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA ch-,l-lh ch-
,M- dh ,d lexz fMxzh ikBÔØe ds liQy lekiu ij mEehnokjksa dks lEekfur fd x;h FkhA Nk=kksa dks foKku
ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa vè;;u ds LukrdksÙkj dk;ZØeksa esa 'kkfey gksus esa l{ke djus ds fy, ckn esa rhu lky
ds iwjk gksus ij ch,llh dh fMxzh dks lEekfur djus esa ,d ifjorZu fd;k x;k FkkA gkykafd ;g çko/ku rhu
lky ds var esa dbZ Nk=kksa ds iyk;u djus ds fy, usrR` o fd;kA ,d ifj.kke ds :i esa iwjs pkj o"kZ ds dk;ZØe
ds var esa ,d la;Ùq kQ fMxzh nsus dh ewy ç.kkyh 'kq: fd x;h FkhA rRi'pkr~ 1996 es]a ch-,- ch-,M-dyk dk;ZØe
,ulhbZvkjVh dh laf{kIr leh{kk dh vuq'kalkvksa ds vk/kj ij okil ys fy;k x;kA ch,llh ch-,M- ,dhÑr
dk;ZØe esa foKku vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA
bl dk;ZØe esa ços'k ds fy, U;wure ;ksX;rk ofj"B ekè;fed (;kuh] Ldwyh f'k{kk ds 12 o"kZ) gSA bl
,dhÑr dk;ZØe dh lkexzh eas fo"k; Kku (60»)] is'ksoj (20») f'k{kk vkSj lkekU; f'k{kk (20») ds
ikBÔØe 'kkfey gSA
29-6-2 çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk dh pkj o"kZ ,dhÑr dk;ZØe (Four year Integrated
Programme of Elementary Teacher Education)
ch-,y-,M] çkFkfed vkSj lkekftd f'k{kk ds fy, ekSykuk vktkn lsaVj (,e,lhbZ,lbZ)] f'k{kk ds
ladk;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; (1994)% ,fyesVa hª ,tqd's ku dk Lukrd (ch-,y-,M-) çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk
dk ,d pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr O;kolkf;d fMxzh dk;ZØe gS tks Ldwy ds ofj"B ekè;fed Lrj (d{kk ckjgoha
;k led{k) ds ckn Nk=kksa dks is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
;g dk;ZØe (ch-,y-,M-) fo"k; ds Kku] ekuo fodkl] f'k{kk'kkL=kh; Kku vkSj vkRe Kku ds vè;;u dks
,dhÑr djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ch-,y-,M- dk eq[; mís'; fparu'khy fpfdRldksa dks rS;kj djuk gS
tks lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khy gksaA ;g ,d vfojoknh vkSj uez f'k{kd dks ftl f'k{kd ds ikl 'çkIr'
ikBÔØe vkSj 'fu/kZfjr' Kku gS mlls cnyus dk ,d ç;kl gSA ;g Nk=kksa dks ek=k ikBÔiqLrd Kku ds ijs
ys tkus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gSA ch-,y-,M- ds Nk=k vius Lo;a dh tkap djus dk ç;kl djrs gS] og viuh
lHkh tfVyrk vkSj vLi"Vrk ds lkFk O;ogkj djus ds fopkjksa dh tkap djrs gSA bl dk;ZØe dk mís'; Nk=kksa
esa ,d ekufld yphykiu fodflr djuk gS tks xaHkhj :i ls tkap vkSj fofHkUu lzksrksa ls Kku dk la'ys"k.k

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV djus vkSj d{kk f'k{k.k dh tfVy pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, vko';d gSA fo"k; lkexzh ds eqíksa] ewY;kadu
ds mi;qÙkQ rjhdksa vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dh t:jrksa ds vuq:i f'k{k.k'kklz fodflr djus ds ç;klksa esa Nk=kksa dks layXu
djuk Hkh bl dk;ZØe dk mís'; gSA
;g ikBÔØe Nk=k ds O;fÙkQRo dh /kj.kk dks fodflr djus ds ç;kl djrk gS];g O;fÙkQxr ifjorZu lkekftd
ifjorZu dh vksj tkrk gSA ;g ikBÔØe lajpuk Nk=kksa dks •qn dks vkSj nwljksa dks le>us ds eqíksa esa rhozrk
layXu LFkku nsrk gSA cPps dh LoHkko]o;Ld&cPpksa ds laca/ vkSj d{kk ds Hkhrj mudh xfr'khyrk dks le>us
ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tkrk gSA bl ikBÔØe Nk=kksa dks d{kk ds Hkhrj f'k{kk ds O;ogkj&dq'ky ds eqíksa esa layXu
djrs gS D;ksafd ;g cPpksa dh f'k{kk dks lqfo/ktud cukus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA bl ikBÔØe dks Hkh
egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld] jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vkfFkZd eqíksa ds vè;;u ds ekè;e ls ledkyhu
Hkkjrh; okLrfodrkvksa esa ,d le> fodflr djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA Ldwyh f'k{kk dh çfØ;k esa Nk=k
fujh{k.k vkSj fyax vU;k; dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj gLr{ksi j.kuhfr;ksa dk fodkl djrs gSSA
ch-,y-,M- ikBÔØe LoHkko esa pØh; gS ftlls ,d gh eqís dks tfVyrk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vkSj pkj o"kksZa
esa fofHkUu lanHkkZsa ds Hkhrj fuiVk jgas gSA bl dk;ZØe dh yach vof/ Nk=kksa dks 'kSf{kd eqíksa dks irk yxkus
vkSj 'kSf{kd eqíksa ds fy, vius Lo;a ds n`f"Vdks.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, lekykspukRed euksoSKkfud
LFkku çnku djrh gS ftlls fd os pkj o"kkZsa esa Ldwy ds lkFk fu;fer :i ls laidZ esa jgsA blesa pkSFks o"kZ
esa ,d fujarj 17 lIrkg Ldwy baVuZf'ki dk;ZØe gS tgka Nk=k viuh dkjZokbZ esa vius fopkjksa dk vuqokn vkSj
mudks xaHkhj :i ls bl çfØ;k ij çfrfcafcr djus dk ç;kl djrs gSA vius Kku dh lhek dks c<+kus ds fy,
Nk=k çkFkfed f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vfHkuo vH;kl esa yxh laLFkkvksa dk nkSjk Hkh djrs gSA d{kk ij vk/kfjr •kst
ds ekè;e ls vkxs fparu'khy tkap dh çfØ;k dk fodkl djus ds fy, Nk=k ,d mís'; ds lkFk vuqla/ku
ifj;kstukvksa dks 'kq: dj jgs gSA fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj vke cksypky ds ekè;e ls Nk=k fof'k"V O;kolkf;d
dkS'ky lh•rs gS tSls jaxeap] dyk] gLrdkS'ky] dgkuh vkSj laxhr dk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa mi;ksx djuk vkSj
Ldwyksa esa ,d lalk/u dsUæ dk fuekZ.k djukA
29-7 f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k (2009) (National

Curriculum Frameworks for Teacher Education (2009))
Ldwy f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k (2005) vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh
:ijs•k (2009) }kjk vk/qfudhdj.k] lanHkZ vuqlkj djuk] vkSj O;kolkf;drk dh vksj Ldwy f'k{kk rFkk f'k{kd
f'k{kk dks fiQj ls djus thoar ds fy, ,d çeq• ç;kl 2005 vkSj 2009 esa fd;k x;k FkkA gky ds o"kkZsa ds
nkSjku lh•us dh Kku&i¼fr 'kkL=k esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;k gS_ fd lh•us esa okLrfodrk dh •kst ugha Cyfd
okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k 'kkfey gSA Kku vkSj laKkuksa ds fy, fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgs gS vkSj muds çHkkoksa dks eglwl
fd;k tk jgk gSA lh•uk Kku vkSj fopkjksa dk vfuokjd vo'kks"k.k ugha gS] ysfdu fopkjksa dk fuekZ.k ,d ds
O;fÙkQxr vuqHkoksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA vc tksj lh•us ds jpukoknh n`f"Vdks.k dh vksj LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k
gSA lh•uk Hkh f'k{kkFkhZ ds 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd lanHkkZsa dk ,d vfHkUu vax ds :i esa ekuk tkrk
gSA ;g vo/kj.kk fLFkr vuqHkwfr ds :i esa tkuh tkus yxh gS vkSj ;g LLdwy f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kdh
:ijs•k (2005) ,ulhbZvkjVh }kjk fodflr ds fl¼kar dh ekxZn'kZd Hkh gSA ,ulh,iQ 2005 ,d f'k{kd dh
mEehn djrh gS tks Nk=kksa dk lqfo/kdkjd cuus ds fy, Nk=kksa dks ,d rjhds ls lh•, tks mUgsa vius
vyx&vyx vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx djds Kku vkSj vFkZ dk fuekZ.k djus esa enn djrk gksA f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe
ds iwjs 'kS{kf.kd n`f"Vdks.k dks] blfy,] ikjaifjd O;ogkjoknh ls jpukoknh çopu iqufHkZfU;kflr djus dh t:jr
gSA f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k (2009) ,ulhVhbZ }kjk fodflr ;g lqfu'fpr djus

dh dksf'k'k djrh gS fd f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔØe Kku&i¼fr 'kkL=k ,ulh,iQ 2005 esa ifjdfYir cnyko ds uksV
rkyesy ds lkFk iqufHkZfoU;kflr gS vkSj lh•us ds lqfo/kdkjd ds :i esa f'k{kdksa ds fodkl dks lqfu'fpr
djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA blesa f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds lanHkZa] fpark,a vkSj n`f"V Hkh 'kkfey gS tks f'k{kdksa dks lekt
dks lh•us] tkuus ds fy, lh•us esa l'kÙkQ cukus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk dks lekos'kh f'k{kk
dh ekax ds fy, mnkjoknh] ekuorkoknh vkSj mÙkjnk;h cukrk gSA blesa Ldwy ds lanHkksaZ vkSj ekaxsa gky gh esa
ykxw f'k{kk vf/fu;e ds vf/dkj (vkjVhbZ 2009) dh jks'kuh es]a Nk=kksa dh 'kS{kf.kd cks> ds eqís vkSj ekè;fed
f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSehdj.k tks f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, fufgrkFkZ gS mudks cnyus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA bl :ijs•k
ls lacksf/r çeq• fparkvksa esa 'kkfey gSa lekos'kh f'k{kk] U;k;laxr lqfu'fpr djuk vkSj lrr fodkl] f'k{kk
ds {ks=k esa lkeqnkf;d Kku dk mi;ksx] vkSj vkbZlhVh ds ,dhdj.k vkSj f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ikBÔØe esa bZ&f'k{k.k
tks ,ulh,iQ 2005 vuqlkj gS vkSj ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dh t:jr gSA
blfy,] f'k{kd rS;kj djus ds fy, ijaijkxr n`f"Vdks.k ikBÔØe ds nk'kZfud lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud
mUeq•hdj.k ij vk/kfjr gS] bl ijaijkxr n`f"Vdks.k us 'lko/kuh ls ikBÔØe dh ;kstuk rS;kj djus ds fy,
jkLrk fn;k gS tks lS¼kafrd vkSj çk;ksfxd Kku rFkk Nk=k f'k{kdksa ij vk/kfjr gS' 'vuqHkokRed Kku'
(,ulh,iQVhbZ 2009] ih24)A fuEufyf•r rhu O;kid ikBÔp;kZ ds {ks=k bl :ijs•k }kjk igpkus tkrs gS% (d)
f'k{kk ds ewyk/kj tks rhu 'kh"kZ ds rgr ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey gaS ftuds uke gS f'k{kkFkhZ vè;;u] ledkyhu
vè;;u vkSj 'kSf{kd vè;;u (•) ikBÔp;kZ vè;;u vkSj vè;kiu vè;;u lfgr ikBÔp;kZ vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k
vkSj (x) ifjçs{;] is'ksoj {kerk] f'k{kd laosnu'khyrk vkSj dkS'ky esa Ldwy baVuZf'ki ,d O;kid çn'kZuksa dh
lwph dk fodkl djus ds fy, vxz.kh gS (,ulh,iQVhbZ 2009] ih24)A bl ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k ds ekè;e
ls ,d ç;kl fd;k x;k Fkk dsoy eqíksa] fparkvksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd ,ulh,iQ 2005 }kjk fn•k, x, cnyko dk
irk djus fy, ugha] Cyfd ,d tSfod vkSj ,dhÑr ds :i esa iwjs f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔØe dk vk;kstu djus
fy, HkhA
bl :ijs•k ds pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe ds lkFk ,d nks lky ds f'k{kd dh rS;kjh ds
dk;ZØe dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA ;g eglwl fd;k x;k gS fd f'k{kd dh rS;kjh dh yach vof/ f'k{kdksa
dks i;kZIr le; vkSj Lo&vè;;u dk volj] çfrfcac vkSj f'k{kdksa] Nk=kksa] d{kkvksa vkSj f'k{kk&fo"k;d xfrfof/
;ksa ds lkFk dk;Z djus dk volj çnku djsxk tks f'k{kdksa esa O;kolkf;drk ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA
f'k{kk ds lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd lanHkkZsa dks 'kkfey djds d{kk dh okLrfodrkvksa ds vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds
lS¼kafrd çopu ds lkFk vlaca/ ds ckjs esa] Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds lHkh ikBÔØeksa esa vH;kl&laca/h dkjdksa ds
ekè;e ls f'k{kk ds {ks=k ds vuqHko dks vf/d egRo nsus ckjs esa] vè;kiu vkSj lh•us ds vfHkuo dsUæksa ds
nkSjs ckjs esa] d{kk ij vk/kfjr vuqla/ku ds ckjs esa] baVuZf'ki dh yach vof/ ;kuh nks o"kZ ds dk;ZØe esa Ng
ls nl lIrkg dh U;wure vof/ (çfr lIrkg esa pkj fnu) vkSj ,d pkj o"kZ ds dk;ZØe esa 15&20 lIrkg
dh U;wure vof/] ,d O;ofLFkr f'k{kd ds lkFk fu;fer :i ls d{kk ds voyksdu ds fy, ,d lIrkg
ds çkjafHkd pj.k lfgr ds ckjs esa ;g vkykspuk Hkh irk djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA ;g Hkh bdkbZ dh ;kstuk
dks fodflr djus vkSj fparu'khy if=kdkvksa cuk, j•us ij tksj nsrh gS tks orZeku esa gekjs f'k{kd f'k{kk
dk;ZØeksa ls fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;fed Lrj ij ykirk gSA
,dhÑr f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks 'kq: djus djus dk mís'; D;k gS\

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

1- jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn (,ulhVhbZ) nksuksa ch-,M- vkSj ,e-,M- Lrj ij ------------------------ ds :i esa
ekU;rk çkIr rduhdksa ij ,d vyx fo"k; dh 'kq#vkr dh dj jgh gSA
2- pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr dk;ZØe -------------------- vtesj] Hkqous'oj] eSlwj vkSj -------------- esa pkj {ks=kh; f'k{kk
egkfo|ky;ksa esa 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA
3- ,dhÑr f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk eq[; fu"d"kZ ikjaifjd ,d o"kZ ch-,M- dk;ZØe mRiknksa dh rqyuk
esa T;knk csgrj gSA
4- ----------------- dk eq[; mís'; fparu'khy O;olk;h tks lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khy gS mudks rS;kj djuk
gSA
5- fuEufyf•r ikBÔp;kZ ds {ks=k jk"Vªh; :ijs•k }kjk igpku tkrs gS f'k{kk dk ewyk/kj]ikBÔp;kZ vkSj f'k{kk
'kkL=k vkSj ------------------A
6- jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k dk y{; (2009) f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa f'k{kdksa dh -oSpkfjd le>- gSA
fn'kkfunZs'k@lq>ko (Guidelines/Suggestions)
orZeku ikBÔØe ds çk:i f'k{kd f'k{kk ds vyx vyx Lrj iwoZ eq[;] çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed f'k{kk vkerkSj
ij ewyk/kj ikBÔØe esa tks gksrs gS muls vyx ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS ftlesa f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud] lkekftd vkSj
euksoSKkfud ifjçs{; 'kkfey gksrs gSA jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k dk y{; (2009) f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa f'k{kdksa
dh oSpkfjd le> gS] bldh dkiQh fpark,a gS tks ns'k dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl ds fy,
çklafxd gS blfy, f'k{kd fliQZ dsoy f'k{k.k dh ukSdjh ds NksVs vH;kl ds çn'kZu ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha
gS Cyfd ;g yksxksa dks cukus ds ifjçs{; ds lkFk Hkh tqM+k gqvk gS tks vius fnekx dks fofo/ fLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw
dj ldrk gS tks mlus f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa çkIr fd;k gSA ;g ewyk/kj ikBÔØe gS tks iwoZorhZ vè;k;ksa esa lwphc¼
leL;kvksa ij ppkZ vkSj è;ku dsafær j•us esa ejEer djus dh xqatkb'k çnku djrk gSA blds vykok vU;
yksxksa ls] ;g ekStwnk ikBÔp;kZ dks fiQj ls ns• ldrs gSa vkSj fo"k;ksa dks mfpr xqPNs esa foHkkftr dj ldrs
gSa ftlesa ,uihbZ ds ewy rRo vkSj v&foHksnu&{kerk ls lacaf/r laoS/kfud fpark,a 'kkfey gSA f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki
vkSj leqnk; ds lkFk dke djuk fopkjksa ds fodkl ds fy, cjkcj çklafxdrk ds vU; {ks=k gSA
v&foHksnu lacaf/r ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, vH;kl ds çdkj tks fyax] tkfr@tutkfr] fodykaxrk] vkfn ds
vè;k; esa fn, x, gS og vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds lg ikB;Øe vkSj ikBÔsrj xfrfof/;ksa ds dsaæh; fo"k;ksa
esa cny ldrs gSA ;g mu xfrfof/;ksa ds lwphdj.k dks nksgjkus dk ç;kstu ugha gS bl vè;k; esa ,d lanHkZ
mi;qÙkQ vè;k; bu xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, cuk;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa os lwphc¼ fd, x, gSA
;g f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa mUeq•hdj.k dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk cukus esa lgk;d Hkh gks ldrk gSA lsfeukj f'k{kd
çf'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k fo"k; esa çklafxd le> vk;keksa dks ifjpkfyr djus dh rduhdksa ls ifjfpr djk ldrk
gSA çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed iwoZ&lsok f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ lfEefyr djuk ,d fopkj dks laLFkkxr cukus
ds fy, ,d dq'ky rjhdk gSA ;g ,d mi;qÙkQ lg&ikB;Øe ds dk;ZØe }kjk iwjd gks ldrk gS ftldk y{;
joS;k vkSj ewY; ds fodkl ds lanHkZ esa fo'ks"k :i ls ikBÔp;kZ n`f"Vdks.k dh dfe;ka gksuk pkfg,A
jkT; dh 'kSf{kd ,tsafl;ksa esa ,d m|ksxh i{kiks"k.k vkSj ikBÔØe esa bl çdkj ds midj.kksa dh tkx:drk
ds lekos'k ds fy, vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku vkSj f'k{kk ds fo'ofo|ky; foHkkx dh vko';drk gSA
fo"k; ds •afMr mipkj ds uqdlku ls mcjus ds fy,] ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa ,d
Lora=k O;kid bdkbZ dk ifjp; 'kkfey gksuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kk ij bldh lksp dks çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed

f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A uksV

Hkkjr esa ewY;kadu ç.kkyh] dkiQh fo'ks"k :i ls d{kk f'k{k.k ds mPp xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{k.k fof/ dks çHkkfor
djrh gS vkSj lafo/ku ds 'kSf{kd vfuok;Zrkvksa bl rjg dh ,d vyx bdkbZ d{kk f'k{k.k esa fo"k; ds fy,
fu'fpr egRo vkSj vf/eku nsxhA
,d mRÑ"V le>kSrk f'k{kdksa dh ljyrk vkSj le>kus ds rjhds vkSj f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls dkiQh dqN gkfly
djus f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn fparkvksa dks fu"diVrk vkSj mís'; ds lkFk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk
gS] os fu'fpr :i ls f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa okafNr ifjorZu yk ldrh gSA

• Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn]O;fÙkQxr fo'ks"kKksa vkSj O;kolkf;d fudk;ksa }kjk f'k{kd çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds fy,
,d u;k ikBÔp;kZ ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dbZ ç;kl fd, x, gSA
• çkS|ksfxdh] lapkj dkS'ky ds egRo dks le>us ls jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn (,ulhVhbZ) nksuksa ch-,M- vkSj
,e-,M- Lrj ij 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr rduhdksa ij ,d vyx fo"k; dh 'kq#vkr dh
dj jgh gSA dEI;wVj ,T;qds'ku] dE;fudsfVo vaxzsth] O;fÙkQRo fodkl Hkh ch,M Lrj esa is'k dj jgs gS A vc
ge vkradokn] xjhch] vkSj mPp tula[;k dh rjg dbZ dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSAge bl çdkj dk
ikBÔp;kZ pkgrs gS tks 'kkafr] vfgalk] ldkjkRed joS; vkSj lekt ds ewY;ksa dks csgrj cukrk gSA f'k{kd&f'k{kk
ds ikBÔp;kZ esa bu eqíksa dks iSnk djds] ge lekt esa ldkjkRed cnyko yk ldrs gSA
• fudkyus]fodflr djus]mÙksftr vkSj çR;sd Nk=k ds iw.kZ fodkl dks çsfjr djus ds fy,A
• ,d ekgkSy cukus ds fy, ftlesa xaHkhj vkSj jpukRed lksp ds fy, Nk=kksa dks lh•k,xsa vkSj lPpkbZ dh ryk'k
vkSj leL;kvksa dk lek/ku djsaxsA
• Nk=kksa dh&v•aMrk] bZekunkjh] U;k;] fe=krk]lg;ksx vkSj ln~Hkkouk ds pfj=k dk fodkl djus ds fy,A
• ikBÔp;kZ dBksj vkSj fLFkj ugha gSA ;g xfr'khy vkSj yphyk gSA ;g cnyrs lekt dh vko';drkvksa vkSj
vkn'kksaZ ds lkFk yxkrkj cny jgk gSA
• f'k{kd fdlh Hkh f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh lcls cM+h ifjlaifÙk gSA os Kku] dkS'ky vkSj ewY;ksa ds lapj.k ds varjiQyd
esa •M+s gSA os f'k{kk ç.kkyh dh jh<+ dh gîóh dh rjg gSA blfy, f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk vge gS vkSj fo'o
Lrj ij dkiQh gn rd lkekU; :i ls f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls Nk=kksa dks lh•kus ds lkFk tqM+k
gqvk gSA
• pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr dk;ZØe ,ulhbZvkjVh vtesj] Hkqous'oj] eSlwj vkSj Hkksiky esa pkj {ks=kh; f'k{kk
egkfo|ky;ksa esa 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA bl dk;ZØe dks ekè;fed Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa
dkss foKku vkSj ekufodh esa rS;kj djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA
• bu pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr dk;ZØe dh çHkko'khyrk dh tkap djus ds fy, vè;;u dh ,d la[;k vk;ksftr
fd x;h gSA tks f'k{kd bl dk;ZØe ls mHkjsa gS og ikjaifjd ,d o"kZ ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds mRiknksa ls cgqr
csgrj gS ;g dk;ZØe dh egRoiw.kZ •kst gSA çHkko'khyrk esa varj ds fy, es/koh Nk=kksa ds p;u] vf/d
ls vf/d yackbZ] ,dhÑr ikBÔØe ds lkFk gh ;qxir f'k{k.k dh lkexzh vkSj f'k{k.k ds rjhdksa dks ftEesnkj
Bgjk;k gSA ,d Bksl oSpkfjd vk/kj ds ckotwn] bldh çHkko'khyrk vkSj fodflr ns'kksa vkSj dbZ fo'ks"kK
fudk;ksa dh fliQkfj'k ds vuqHkoksa ds laca/ esa lcwr dh miyC/rk]uohurk dh eq[;/kjk pkj ,ulhbZvkjVh
dh f'k{kk {ks=kh; egkfo|ky;ksa ds nk;js ls ijs ugha gSA
• ,fyesVa hª ,tqd's ku dk Lukrd (ch-,y-,M-) çkFkfed f'k{kd f'k{kk dk ,d pkj o"khZ; ,dhÑr O;kolkf;d

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV fMxzh dk;ZØe gS tks Ldwy ds ofj"B ekè;fed Lrj (d{kk ckjgoha ;k led{k) ds ckn Nk=kksa dks is'k fd;k
tkrk gSA
• ;g dk;ZØe (ch-,y-,M-) fo"k; ds Kku] ekuo fodkl] f'k{kk'kkL=kh; Kku vkSj vkRe Kku ds vè;;u dks
,dhÑr djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ch-,y-,M- dk eq[; mís'; fparu'khy fpfdRldksa dks rS;kj djuk gS
tks lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khy gksaA ;g ,d vfojoknh vkSj uez f'k{kd dks ftl f'k{kd ds ikl 'çkIr'
ikBÔØe vkSj 'fu/kZfjr' Kku gS mlls cnyus dk ,d ç;kl gSA ;g Nk=kksa dks ek=k ikBÔiqLrd Kku ds ijs
ys tkus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gSA
• ;g ikBÔØe Nk=k ds O;fÙkQRo dh /kj.kk dks fodflr djus ds ç;kl djrk gS];g O;fÙkQxr ifjorZu
lkekftd ifjorZu dh vksj tkrk gSA ;g ikBÔØe lajpuk Nk=kksa dks •qn dks vkSj nwljksa dks le>us ds eqíksa
esa rhozrk layXu LFkku nsrk gSA cPps dh LoHkko]o;Ld&cPpksa ds laca/ vkSj d{kk ds Hkhrj mudh xfr'khyrk
dks le>us ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tkrk gSA bl ikBÔØe Nk=kksa dks d{kk ds Hkhrj f'k{kk ds O;ogkj&dq'ky ds
eqíksa esa layXu djrs gS D;ksafd ;g cPpksa dh f'k{kk dks lqfo/ktud cukus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA
• Ldwy f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k (2005) vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ
dh :ijs•k (2009) }kjk vk/qfudhdj.k] lanHkZ vuqlkj djuk] vkSj O;kolkf;drk dh vksj Ldwy f'k{kk rFkk
f'k{kd f'k{kk dks fiQj ls djus thoar ds fy, ,d çeq• ç;kl 2005 vkSj 2009 esa fd;k x;k FkkA gky ds
o"kkZsa ds nkSjku lh•us dh Kku&i¼fr 'kkL=k esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;k gS_ fd lh•us esa okLrfodrk dh •kst
ugha Cyfd okLrfodrk dk fuekZ.k 'kkfey gSA
• f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k (2009) ,ulhVhbZ }kjk fodflr ;g lqfu'fpr djus dh
dksf'k'k djrh gS fd f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔØe Kku&i¼fr 'kkL=k ,ulh,iQ 2005 esa ifjdfYir cnyko ds
rkyesy ds lkFk iqufHkZfoU;kflr gS vkSj lh•us ds lqfo/kdkjd ds :i esa f'k{kdksa ds fodkl dks lqfu'fpr
djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA
• f'k{kd rS;kj djus ds fy, ijaijkxr n`f"Vdks.k ikBÔØe ds nk'kZfud lkekftd vkSj euksoKS kfud mUeq•hdj.k
ij vk/kfjr gS] bl ijaijkxr n`f"Vdks.k us 'lko/kuh ls ikBÔØe dh ;kstuk rS;kj djus ds fy, jkLrk fn;k
gS tks lS¼kafrd vkSj çk;ksfxd Kku rFkk Nk=k f'k{kdksa ij vk/kfjr gS' 'vuqHkokRed Kku' (,ulh,iQVhbZ 2009]
ih24)A fuEufyf•r rhu O;kid ikBÔp;kZ ds {ks=k bl :ijs•k }kjk igpkus tkrs gS% (d) f'k{kk ds ewyk/
kj tks rhu 'kh"kZ ds rgr ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey gaS ftuds uke gS f'k{kkFkhZ vè;;u] ledkyhu vè;;u vkSj
'kSf{kd vè;;u (•) ikBÔp;kZ vè;;u vkSj vè;kiu vè;;u lfgr ikBÔp;kZ vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k vkSj (x)
ifjçs{;] is'ksoj {kerk] f'k{kd laosnu'khyrk vkSj dkS'ky esa Ldwy baVuZf'ki ,d O;kid çn'kZuksa dh lwph
dk fodkl djus ds fy, vxz.kh gS (,ulh,iQVhbZ 2009] ih24)A
• orZeku ikBÔØe ds çk:i f'k{kd f'k{kk ds vyx vyx Lrj iwoZ eq[;] çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed f'k{kk
vkerkSj ij ewyk/kj ikBÔØe esa tks gksrs gS muls vyx ij vk/kfjr gksrk gS ftlesa f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud]
lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud ifjçs{; 'kkfey gksrs gSA jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k dk y{; (2009) f'k{kk
ds {ks=k esa f'k{kdksa dh oSpkfjd le> gS] bldh dkiQh fpark,a gS tks ns'k dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj
lkaLÑfrd fodkl ds fy, çklafxd gS blfy, f'k{kd fliQZ dsoy f'k{k.k dh ukSdjh ds NksVs vH;kl ds çn'kZu
ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gS Cyfd ;g yksxksa dks cukus ds ifjçs{; ds lkFk Hkh tqM+k gqvk gS tks vius fnekx
dks fofo/ fLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw dj ldrk gS tks mlus f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa çkIr fd;k gSA
• v&foHksnu lacaf/r ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, vH;kl ds çdkj tks fyax] tkfr@tutkfr] fodykaxrk] vkfn
ds vè;k; esa fn, x, gS og vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds lg ikB;Øe vkSj ikBÔsrj xfrfof/;ksa ds dsaæh;
fo"k;ksa esa cny ldrs gSA

• fo"k; ds •afMr mipkj ds uqdlku ls mcjus ds fy,] ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr ds lafo/ku esa ,d uksV
Lora=k O;kid bdkbZ dk ifjp; 'kkfey gksuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kk ij bldh lksp dks çkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed
f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
• ,d mRÑ"V le>kSrk f'k{kdksa dh ljyrk vkSj le>kus ds rjhds vkSj f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls dkiQh dqN gkfly
djus f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn fparkvksa dks fu"diVrk vkSj mís'; ds lkFk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk
gS] os fu'fpr :i ls f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa okafNr ifjorZu yk ldrh gSA

• fodklμ dqN dk Øfed fodkl rkfd og vkSj vf/d mUur] etcwr gks tk,
• ikBÔp;kZμ fo"k; gS tks vè;;u ds ikBÔØe esa 'kkfey gS
• ,dhÑrμ nks ;k nks ls vf/d phtksa dk la;kstu rkfd os ,d lkFk dke djas

1- vki ,dhÑr f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe ls D;k le>rs gS\
2- f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds mís'; D;k gS\
3- jk"Vªh; ikBÔØe :ijs•k (2009) ds lanHkZ ds lkFk f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe ds fodkl dks le>kvksaA
4- (,ulh,iQVhbZ 2009) ds vuqlkj f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe ds ckjs esa lq>koksa dk o.kZu djsaA
1. f'k{kk çkS|ksfxdh 2. ,ulhbZvkjVh] Hkksiky 3. ,d o"kZ ch-,M- dk;ZØe 4. ch-,y-,M
5. Ldwy baVuZf'ki 6. ladYiukRed le>
1. lekos'kh f'k{kk% vè;;u vkSj f'k{k.k% lqtku bZ- mrkjk-ike LpqDV~t] ykWjl as vyZcke ,lksfl,V~lA
3. vè;kid f'k{kk% vkFkZj ,e-dksgus ]Ýyksjus ch-czojs ]ike LpqDV~t]ykWjl

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZZ 30% ljdkj]lgk;rk çkIr vkSj futh f'k{kd f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa }kjk ikBÔp;kZ dk;kZfUor ds rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k
(Comparative Analysis of Curriculum
Implemented by Government,Aided and
Private Teacher Education Institutions)
mís'; (Objectives)
30.1 vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds fofHkUu çdkj ds vFkZZ (Meaning of Different Types of Teacher
Education Institutions
30.2 orZeku esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ (Teacher Education Curriculum at Present)
30.3 ljdkj]lgk;rk çkIr vkSj futh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa }kjk ikBÔp~;kZ dk;kZUfor ds rqyukRed
fo'ys"k.k (Comparative Analysis of Teacher Edcuation Curriculum Implemented by
Government]Aided and Private Teacher Education Programme)
mís'; (Objectives)
• vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds fofHkUu çdkj ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa le>uk
• orZeku esa f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds ikBÔØe ds ckjs esa ppkZ
• fofHkUu laLFkkuksa esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds ikBÔp;kZ ds ckjs esa rqyuk
Hkkjr nqfu;k esa lcls cM+k f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh ç.kkfy;ksa esa ls ,d gSAf'k{kk ds foHkkxksa vkSj muds lac¼ dkWystksa
ds vykok]ljdkjh vkSj ljdkjh lgk;rk çkIr laLFkkuksa] futh vkSj vkRe foÙkiks"k.k egkfo|ky; vkSj •qys
fo'ofo|ky; Hkh f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa yxs gq, gSAgkykafd T;knkrj vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe yxHkx leku
gS vHkh rd muds ekud laLFkkuksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fHkUu gSAdqN {ks=kksa esa] f'k{kdksa dh vkiwfrZ dh ekax
vf/d nwj gS tcfd vU; yksxksa esa ;ksX; f'k{kdksa ds :i esa ,d Hkkjh deh gS tks de ;ksX; vkSj v;ksX; O;fÙkQ;ksa

bdkbZ—30% ljdkj]lgk;rk çkIr vkSj futh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa }kjk ikBÔp;kZ ------
dh fu;qfÙkQ ds ekeys esa ifj.kke nsrk gSA;g fLFkfr esa ekuo'kfÙkQ ;kstuk çkIr djuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA uksV
f'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØe vfuok;Z :i ls laLFkk vk/kfjr ij gSAmuds Nk=kksa dks vf/d ls vf/d Ldwy vkSj
leqnk; dh okLrfodrkvksa dks mtkxj djus dh vko';drk gSAbaVuZf'ki]f'k{k.k ds vH;kl]O;kogkfjd xfrfof/
;ksa vkSj vuqiwjd 'kSf{kd xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, csgrj ;kstuk cukus vkSj vf/d O;ofLFkr :i vk;kstu djus
dh t:jr gSAf'k{kd&f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ds ikBÔØe]f'k{k.k'kklz vkSj ewY;kadu esa vf/d mís'; cuku rFkk O;kid
:i ls fd, tkus dh t:jr gSAlsok 'krkZsa vkSj HkÙkksa ds lq/kj ds ckotwn]is'ks dks vHkh l~oZJs"B çfrHkkvksa dks
vkdf"kZr djuk ckdh gSA
30-1 vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds fofHkUu çdkj ds vFkZ (Meaning of Different

Types of Teacher Education Institutions)
ljdkjh vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku%ljdkjh egkfo|ky; dsaæ ;k jkT; ds f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk pyk, tk jgs gSA
os iwjh rjg ls ljdkj }kjk foÙkiksf"kr gSA
lgk;rk çkIr vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku%lgk;rk çkIr eryc gS fd ljdkjh lgk;rk çkIr]bldk eryc gS
vki ls 'kqYd ysus ds ckotwn ]'kqYd dh jkf'k ,d gh ikBÔØe ds lkFk vU; dkWystksa ds ,d gh çdkj ds
:i esa os ljdkj dh vksj ls ,d fu;fer :i ls foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gS] bl ppkZ
ls yxrk gS fd vkidks vlgk;rk çkIr ds ckjs esa Hkh tokc fey x;k gksxkA
futh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkku%;g O;fÙkQ ;k lekt }kjk LFkkfir gS tks jkT; ;k dsaæ ljdkj ls ;k ;wthlh ls
fdlh Hkh foÙkh; lgk;rk ds fcuk egkfo|ky;ksa pykrs gSAmUgsa ;wthlh ls dksbZ foÙkh; vuqnku ugha eyrk vkSj
u gh os ;wthlh ls dksbZ ykHk feyrk gSAbl rjg ds ,d laLFkku ds Nk=kksa }kjk iQhl ds ekè;e ls gh foÙk izkIr
djrs gS tks ikBÔØe ds fy, nkf•yk ysrs gS vkSj dkWjiksjsV gkml ds :i esa vU; lzksrksa ls futh foÙk izkIr
djrs gSA
30-2 orZeku esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔp;kZ (Teacher Education Curriculum at

Present)
fiNys dqN n'kdksa ds nkSjku f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe xaHkhj vkykspuk ds varxrZ vk x;k vkSj mldh detksfj;k
dks mtkxj fd;k x;kAdqN f'k{kkfonksa dk ekuuk gS fd os iwjh rjg ls ledkyhu Hkkjrh; Ldwyksa vkSj lekt
dh t:jrksa dk irk ugha yxk lds gS vkSj os f'k{kd rS;kj ugha dj ldrs gS tks Ldwyksa esa xq.koÙkk f'k{kk çnku
dj ldsAdqN ifCyd Ldwyksa ds fçafliyksa dk ekuuk gS fd 'kk;n gh iqjkus f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe dh otg
ls çf'kf{kr vkSj vçf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa ds çn~'kZu ds chp dksbZ varj ugha gSA;s vkjksi vfrjaftr çn~f'kZr gks ldrs
gS ysfdu muesa ls dqN gesa ikBÔØe vkSj muds ysu&nsu ds ckjs esa iqu~foZpkj djus ds fy, etcwj djrs gSA
O;kolkf;drk Kku] vf/dkj] dkS'ky] çfrc¼rk] ;ksX;rk] fe'ku] ,d is'ksoj uSfrd dksM fo'ks"k fo'ks"kK lsok
vkSj fu"Bk çnku djus dh {kerk dh vko';drk gSAorZeku ikBÔØe esa] xfrfof/;ksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k&
lS¼kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd]ckgj ys tkus vkSj ifjJe vH;kl Hkkoh f'k{kdksa }kjk vius is'ksoj n{krk vkSj
çfrc¼rk dks c<+kus ds fy, gSAf'k{kd f'k{kk la?kksa ds fy, ,d is'ksoj dksM ysus dh t:jr gS]tks mYya?ku
djus ij Ldwy esa lsok ls f'k{kd csn•y dj ldrk gSAbl ckr ij cy ugha nsus dh t:jr gS fd f'k{kd&
f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dh vof/ esa o`f¼ ds fcuk bu y{;ksa dks gkly ugha fd;k tk ldrkA'kS{kf.kd vkSj is'ksoj
dkS'ky ,d nwljs ls Lora=k ugha gSAf'k{kd f'k{kk ikBÔØe mUgsa ,d iwjs lexz esa ,dhÑr vkSj mUgsa feJ.k djus
ds fy, gSAf'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe esa lq/kj] bl çdkj gekjh t:jr cu x;k gSAvuqHko vk/kfjr ls tkudkjh

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV vk/kfjr ds fy, vkSj ikjaifjd vuqns'k çHkqRo ls u, jpukRed mUeq•hdj.k ds fy, LykaV n`'; ikyh dh vksj
gks x;k gSA
f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh ds fy, lcls yksdfç; dk;ZØe ,e-,M- gS] gkykafd dqN
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ,e-, (f'k{kk) çnku djrs gSA,e,M dk;ZØe cM+s lkekU; LoHkko
}kjk vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"kKksa dks çf'kf{kr ugha djrk gSA,d gh ikBÔØe Ldwyksa]
f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa vkSj ç'kklu dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS] ogk¡ FkksM+k
HksnHkko fd;k tk jgk gSA vuqla/ku ds ekud] ,e-fiQy] pkgs ih,p-Mh- ;k ifj;kstuk
Lrj ij vf/d ls vf/d è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA
30-3 ljdkj]lgk;rk çkIr vkSj futh f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa }kjk ikBÔp;kZ dk;kZUfor
ds rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k (Comparative Analysis of Teacher Edcuation
Curriculum Implemented by Government] Aided and Private
Teacher Education Programme)
fuEufyf•r fcanq gS ftl ij ge ikBÔØe ds dk;kZUo;u esa ljdkj]futh vkSj lgk;rk çkIr laLFkkuksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djsaxsA
30-3-1 lac¼rk vkSj ços'k çfØ;k (Affiliation and Admission Procedure)
lHkh ljdkj vkSj ljdkj lgk;rk çkIr laLFkkuksa esa ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj ;k Øe'k ;wthlh }kjk foÙk iks"k.k
dj jgs gSAos lHkh ekunaMksa vkSj nkf•ys dh çfØ;k esa ik=krk ekunaM dk ikyu djrs gSA
30-3-2 ikBÔp;kZ fodkl (Curriculum Development)
• Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn (,ulhVhbZ)] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (;wthlh) vkSj jk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn (,ulhbZvkjVh) ekè;fed f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy, ftEesnkj
FksAjk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku] jk"Vªh; fo'ofo|ky; vkSj f'k{kk ds fo'ofo|ky; Jhyadk] ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku
Øe'k ds fy, ftEesnkj FksA
• ch-,M- ikBÔØe 1998] 2002] 2005 vkSj 2009 ds nkSjku Hkkjr] Jhyadk] ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k Øe'k
esa la'kksf/r fd;k x;k FkkAlHkh ns'kksa esa] lw=khdj.k vkSj ch-,M- ds ikBÔp;kZ vkSj ikBÔØe ds la'kks/u esa dksbZ
fu'fpr Hkwfedk f'k{kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, fufnZ"V ugha fd x;h FkhAgkykafd]dqN ladk; lnL;ksa Hkkjr vkSj
Jhyadk esa 'kkfey FksA
• foKku] lkekftd foKku vkSj Hkk"kk ls lacaf/r fo"k; lHkh ns'kksa esa f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa }kjk fl•k, tkrs gSA2009
ls 2002 ds nkSjku]ch-,M- ikBÔp;kZ vkSj fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds ikBÔØe Nk=k f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa vkSj
fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ds fçafliyksa dh çfrfØ;k dks ,d=k djus ds vk/kj ij lHkh ns'kksa }kjk la'kksf/r fd;k x;k
FkkA
• dk;Z vuqHko] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] dyk vkSj f'kYi] mUur vuqla/ku ç.kkyh vkSj daI;wVj f'k{kk ch-,M- dk;ZØe
ds vfrfjÙkQ ijh{kk FkhA
• dyk vkSj f'kYi vkSj dk;Z vuqHko ch-,M- ikBÔØe esa xSj 'kSf{kd {ks=kksa ds :i esa fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k FkkA

30-3-3 lS¼kafrd i=k (Theory Papers) uksV

• ch-,M- dk;ZØe esa fu/kZfjr vfuok;Z fl¼kar i=k yxHkx lHkh pkj ns'kksa esa lkekU; FksA i=k uker 'kSf{kd
euksfoKku]f'k{kk dk lekt'kkL=k]ekxZn~'kZu vkSj ijke'kZ]'kSf{kd ekiu vkSj ewY;kadu]Ldwy laxBu]dEI;wVj
f'k{kk vkSj ekè;fed f'k{kk ls lacaf/r eqísa ch-,M dk;ZØe esa fu/kZfjr fd, x, FksA
• ch-,M- ikBÔØe esa dbZ fu/kZfjr fo"k;ksa dh vyx rkdrs FkhArÙoKku vkSj euksfoKku dk f'k{k.k cPpksa ds
O;fÙkQRo ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrk gSAdk;Z vuqHko Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds chp lkSan;kZRed Hkkouk fodflr djrk
gSAoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k HkkSfrd foKku ds f'k{k.k ds }kjk vkSj lapkj dkS'ky Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds chp Hkk"kkvksa ds
f'k{k.k }kjk fodflr gksrk gSA
30-3-4 O;kogkfjd dk; (Practical Work)
• daI;wVj vuqç;ksx]euksoKS kfud ijh{k.k]dyk vkSj f'kYi]dk;Z vuqHko]f'k{k.k vH;kl]vuql/a ku ifj;kstukvks]a dk;Z
vkSj lkekftd dk;Z O;kogkfjd dk;Z ds rgr fu/kZfjr fd, x, FksAckaXykns'k esa] dsoy f'k{k.k vH;kl
O;kogkfjd xfrfof/ ds :i esa fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
• dk;Z vuqHko Nk=k f'k{kdksa dks fofHkUu xfrfof/;ksa djds lh•us esa enn djrk gSAgkykafd] ckaXykns'k ds Nk=k
f'k{kdksa ls irk pyk gS fd dke djus dk vuqHko mi;qÙkQ vkSj mi;ksxh Fkk] ysfdu mudks Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
lgHkkfxrk ds fy, T;knk le; ugha fn;k x;k FkkA
• ;g ik;k x;k fd O;kogkfjd xfrfof/;k ,d çHkkoh f'k{kd cukus ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh FkhA;g yksxksa ds chp
fo'okl fodflr djrh gSAvko';d Kku vkSj dkS'ky fo"k; ls lacfa /r bu xfrfof/;ksa }kjk eu esa cSB tkrs FksA
• Hkkjr ds Nk=k f'k{kdksa us O;ÙkQ fd;k gS fd çn'kZu vkSj n`'; dyk ls muds vkRefo'okl esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS]fNih
çfrHkk ckgj yk;k vkSj mUgsa ruko eqÙkQ cuk;k gSA;g muds O;fÙkQRo dks Hkh fodflr djus esa enn djrk
gSAçn'kZu vkSj n`'; dyk f'k{k.k lh•us esa fnypLih cukrk gSAckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku ds Nk=k f'k{kdksa us
O;ÙkQ fd;k gS fd çn'kZu dyk f'k{k.k ds fy, vko';d ugha FkhA
30-3-5 fof'k"V ikBÔp;kZRed fufof"V;ka (Specific Curricular Inputs)
• Nk=ko`fÙk vkSj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh rjg fof'k"V ikBÔp;kZRed fufof"V;ka ykHkoafpr Nk=kksa ds
fy, çnku fd;k x;k FkkA
30-3-6 daI;wVj vkSj vkbZlhVh (Computer and ICT)
• lHkh ljdkj]futh vkSj lgk;rk çkIr laLFkkuksa esa daI;wVj ySc LFkkfir fd xbZ FkhA
• daI;wVj lqfo/k,a f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds O;kolkf;d fodkl ds fy, mi;ksx fd tkrh FkhAvius Lo;a ds fo'ks"kKrk
ls lacaf/r çklafxd lkexzh ds fofHkUu çdkj ds baVjusV ls MkmuyksM fd, tkrs Fks ysfdu ;g lqfo/k dsoy
30 iQhlnh Nk=k f'k{kdksa }kjk mBk;h tkrh FkhA
• f'k{k.k vH;kl ljdkj] futh] lgk;rk çkIr vkSj o"kZ dh igyh vkSj nwljh Nekgh ds nkSjku •qn ghs çn'kZuhr
Ldwyksa lfgr lHkh çdkj ds Ldwyksa esa vk;ksftr fd, x, FksA
• Hkkjr esa lkekftd foKku] HkkSfrd foKku] Hkk"kk vkSj xf.kr tSls fo"k; ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds f'k{k.k vH;kl
ds rgr fu/kZfjr fd, x, FksA
• Nk=k f'k{kdksa us O;ÙkQ fd;k gS fd vH;kl f'k{k.k esa nks fo"k; 'kq: fd, tkrs FksAHkkjr esa] nks fo"k;ksa ds pkSchl
ikB iSarkyhl fnuksa ds nkSjku Nk=k f'k{kdksa }kjk fn, tkrs FksA
• Ldwyh vuqHko dk;ZØe dh U;wure vof/ Hkkjr] Jhyadk vkSj ckaXykns'k esa 35&60 fnu Fkh] tcfd ikfdLrku
esa vf/dre 90 fnu FkhA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 30-3-7 lg ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ka (Co-curricular Activities)

(d) lg ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ka tSls cgl] vè;;u nkSjs] lkekftd xfrfof/;ka] ukVd] LokLF; ds çfr tkx:drk
dk;ZØe] Hkze.k] foKku esys vkfn ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa vk;ksftr fd, x, FksAysfdu
ikfdLrku esa] buMksj •sy dh rjg cgqr gh lhfer xfrfof/;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkAlg ikB;Øe
xfrfo/;ksa esa ikfdLrku lcls de vkSj Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa FksA
30-3-8 ysunsu laca/h j.kuhfr;k¡ (Transactional Strategies)
• O;k[;ku dk rjhdk vDlj ch-,M- dk;ZØe esa f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa }kjk lHkh pkj ns'kksa esa ysunsu lac/a h j.kuhfr;k¡
ds fy, bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkAdqN voljksa ij çn'kZu ds rjhdksa vkSj lewg ppkZ vk;ksftr fd, x,
FksAvuos"k.k vkSj leL;k dks lqy>kus ds rjhds cgqr de mi;ksx fd, x,A
• vkbZlhVh ysunsu laca/h j.kuhfr;k¡ ds fy, ugha bLrseky fd;k x;kAikojiksbaV çLrqfr;ka Hkkjr esa dqN voljksa
ij cuk;s x, FksA;g ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku esa bLrseky ugha fd;k x;k FkkAO;kolkf;d fodklA
• f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds O;kolkf;d fodkl ds fy, dksbZ uhfr ugha FkhAos dsoy vfHkfoU;kl vkSj jk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa
}kjk vk;ksftr iqu'p;kZ ikBÔØeksa esa çfrfu;qÙkQ fd, x, Fks tSls ;wthlh vkSj ,ulhbZvkjVh esa rnFkZ rjhdsA
• ladk; lnL;ksa] jk"Vªh; lsfeukjksa] iqu';kZ ikBÔØeksa] vfHkfoU;kl dk;ZØe vkSj vU; 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØeksa ds
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij O;kolkf;d fodkl ds fy, lHkh pkj ns'kksa }kjk vk;ksftr fd, x, FksA2004&07 ds nkSjku
ikfdLrku ds 15 U;wure ladk; lnL;ksa vkSj Jhyadk ds vf/dre 100 f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa us O;kolkf;d
fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx fy;kA2004&07 ds nkSjku 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh] vuqla/ku] fMtkbu] ikBÔØe fodkl]
'kkafr f'k{kk] ekuo vf/dkj] HkkSfrd foKku] Hkk"kk] efgyk l'kfÙkQdj.k vkSj f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr fd, x,A
30-3-9 ijh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu ç.kkyh (Examination and Evaluation System)
• okf"kZd vkSj v/Zokf"kZd nksuksa ç.kkyh dk Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk esa ijh{kk ds fy, ikyu fd;k tkrk gSAtcfd]
okf"kZd ç.kkyh dk dsoy Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k esa ikyu fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ikfdLrku esa lsesLVj ç.kkyh dk
ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkAlHkh pkj ns'kksa esa vadu ç.kkyh fl¼kar vkSj f'k{k.k vH;kl ds fy, çpfyr Fkh vkSj
xzsfMax ç.kkyh O;kogkfjd dke dh ijh{kk ds fy, çpfyr FkhA
• cká vkSj vkarfjd ijh{kk ds vk;kstu }kjk fl¼kar ikBÔØeksa esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu fd;k
x;k FkkAfyf•r ijh{kk]ekSf•d :i ls vkSj leuqns'ku dkiQh gn rd ijh{kk ds fy, midj.k ds :i esa
bLrseky fd;k x;kAvH;kl f'k{k.k okLrfod d{kkvksa esa lcd ;kstukvksa ds forj.k dk ewY;kadu voyksdu
vkSj i;Zo{s k.k ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkAO;kogkfjd xfrfof/;ksa dk ewY;kadu euksoKS kfud ijh{k.k]leuqn's ku vkSj
ifj;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k ij vk/kfjr gSA
1- Hkkjr ds ç/kukè;kid]f'k{kd çf'k{kd vkSj Nk=k f'k{kd]ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku us dgk gS fd ch-,M-
dk;ZØe ds fy, ,d o"kZ dh vof/ cgqr de gS vkSj ;g ,d lky ls nks lky rd o`f¼ dh tkuh
pkfg,]rkfd bl dk;ZØe ds nkSjku vko';d Kku vkSj dkS'ky Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds eu esa cSB ldsAblds
vykok]Jhyadk dh rjg yach vof/ ds ,dhÑr dk;ZØe Hkh csgrj f'k{kd rS;kj djus ds fy, Hkkjr
esa is'k fd, tk,axsA
2- ch-,M- dk;ZØe esa ços'k ds fy, ços'k ijh{kk gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g Nk=kksa dh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kj ij fd
tkuh pkfg,Afyf•r ijh{kk] lewg ppkZ vkSj lk{kkRdkj ds nkf•ys dh çfØ;k dk fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A
3- fçafliy ds dejs] LVkiQ :e] dkWeu :e] dEI;wVj d{k] dk;kZy; dh txg] ç;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj 'kkSpky;

lfgr HkkSfrd lqfo/kvksa dks i;kZIr :i ls çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+k;k uksV
tk ldsA
4- iqLrdky; lsokvksa ds lHkh ch-,M- laLFkkuksa esa uohure iqLrdsas vkSj if=kdk,a i;kZIr la[;k ds lkFk miyC/
djkbZ tkuh pkfg,AvPNh rjg ls çf'kf{kr ykbczsfj;u fu;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,AiqLrdky; vkSj i<+us
ds dejs ds fy, i;kZIr txg laLFkkuksa esa çnku dh tkuh pkfg,AdaI;wVj vkSj baVjusV dh lqfo/k Hkh
iqLrdky; esa miyC/ gksuk pkfg,AiqLrdky; dh vU; iqLrdky;ksa ds lkFk usVofdZax gksuk pkfg,A
5- vPNh rjg ls ;ksX; ladk; lnL;ksa lfgr ç/kukpk;kZsa]f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa vkSj rduhdh LVkiQ LohÑr laLFkk
ds fy, fu/kZfjr 'kfÙkQ ds vuqlkj fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkuk pkfg,Amlh rjg] ç'kklfud deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkh fu;qÙkQ
fd;k tkuk pkfg,Açpkj uhfr;ksa dk fu;fer vk/kj ij ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- Ldwy vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku vyx vyx ,dkar esa dke dj jgs gSA;gka rd fd]ih,lVhbZ ikBÔp;kZ
vkSj Ldwy ds ikBÔØe ds chp dksbZ fj'rk ugha gSAnksuksa ikBÔØe esa ?kfu"B laidZ vkSj leUo; gksuk
pkfg,Avko`fÙk ih,lVhbZ ikBÔp;kZ esa la'kks/u djus ds fy, de ls de ikap lky fd gksuh pkfg,A
7- ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds nkSjku]O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dh rqyuk esa fl¼kar ds fgLls ij vf/d tksj j•k x;k
FkkAch-,M- dk;ZØe esa fu/kfjr lHkh fl¼kar i=kksa dks leuqns'ku vkSj ifj;kstukvksa lfgr O;kogkfjd dke
djus ds fy, txg nsuh pkfg,A
1- ljdkj f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky; ----------- ;k ------------ foHkkx }kjk pyk, tk jgs gS vkSj iwjh rjg ls -
-------- ds }kjk foÙkiksf"kr gSA
2- lgk;rk çkIr vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ----------- jkT; ls ;k ------------ ls feyrk gSA
3- -------------- dh mEehnokjksa dk p;u djus ds fy, laLFkkuksa dh lhVksa dks Hkjus ds fy, ,d viuh çfØ;k
gSA
4- dk;Z vuqHko ----------------- ds chp --------------------- fodflr djrk gSA
5- ---------------------vDlj ------------------- vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds lHkh çdkj esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• fiNys dqN n'kdksa ds nkSjku f'k{kd&f'k{kk ikBÔØe xaHkhj vkykspuk ds varxrZ vk x;k vkSj mldh
detksfj;k dks mtkxj fd;k x;kAdqN f'k{kkfonksa dk ekuuk gS fd os iwjh rjg ls ledkyhu Hkkjrh; Ldwyksa
vkSj lekt dh t:jrksa dk irk ugha yxk lds gS vkSj os f'k{kd rS;kj ugha dj ldrs gS tks Ldwyksa esa xq.koÙkk
f'k{kk çnku dj ldsA
• Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn (,ulhVhbZ)] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx (;wthlh) vkSj jk"Vªh;
'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn (,ulhbZvkjVh) ekè;fed f'k{kd&f'k{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy, ftEesnkj
FksAjk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku] jk"Vªh; fo'ofo|ky; vkSj f'k{kk ds fo'ofo|ky; Jhyadk] ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku
Øe'k ds fy, ftEesnkj FksA
• foKku] lkekftd foKku vkSj Hkk"kk ls lacfa /r fo"k; lHkh ns'kksa esa f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa }kjk fl•k, tkrs gSA 2009
ls 2002 ds nkSjku]ch-,M- ikBÔp;kZ vkSj fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds ikBÔØe Nk=k f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa vkSj
fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ds fçafliyksa dh çfrfØ;k dks ,d=k djus ds vk/kj ij lHkh ns'kksa }kjk la'kksf/r fd;k x;k
FkkA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • dyk vkSj f'kYi vkSj dk;Z vuqHko ch-,M- ikBÔØe esa xSj 'kSf{kd {ks=kksa ds :i esa fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
• ch-,M- dk;ZØe esa fu/kZfjr vfuok;Z fl¼kar i=k yxHkx lHkh pkj ns'kksa esa lkekU; FksA
• ch-,M- ikBÔØe esa dbZ fu/kZfjr fo"k;ksa dh vyx rkdrs FkhArÙoKku vkSj euksfoKku dk f'k{k.k cPpksa ds
O;fÙkQRo ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
• daI;wVj vuqç;ksx]euksoKS kfud ijh{k.k]dyk vkSj f'kYi]dk;Z vuqHko]f'k{k.k vH;kl]vuql/ a ku ifj;kstukvks]a dk;Z
vkSj lkekftd dk;Z O;kogkfjd dk;Z ds rgr fu/kZfjr fd, x, FksA
• Nk=ko`fÙk vkSj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh rjg fof'k"V ikBÔp;kZRed fufof"V;ka ykHkoafpr Nk=kksa ds
fy, çnku fd;k x;k FkkA
• lHkh ljdkj]futh vkSj lgk;rk çkIr laLFkkuksa esa daI;wVj ySc LFkkfir fd xbZ FkhA
• f'k{k.k vH;kl ljdkj] futh] lgk;rk çkIr vkSj o"kZ dh igyh vkSj nwljh Nekgh ds nkSjku •qn ghs çn'kZuhr
Ldwyksa lfgr lHkh çdkj ds Ldwyksa esa vk;ksftr fd, x, FksA
• Nk=k f'k{kdksa us O;ÙkQ fd;k gS fd vH;kl f'k{k.k esa nks fo"k; 'kq: fd, tkrs FksAHkkjr esa] nks fo"k;ksa ds pkSchl
ikB iSarkyhl fnuksa ds nkSjku Nk=k f'k{kdksa }kjk fn, tkrs FksA
• lg ikB;Øe xfrfof/;ka tSls cgl] vè;;u nkSjs] lkekftd xfrfof/;ka] ukVd] LokLF; ds çfr tkx:drk
dk;ZØe] Hkze.k] foKku esys vkfn ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa vk;ksftr fd, x, FksAysfdu
ikfdLrku esa] buMksj •sy dh rjg cgqr gh lhfer xfrfof/;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkAlg ikB;Øe
xfrfo/;ksa esa ikfdLrku lcls de vkSj Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk Nk=k f'k{kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa FksA
• vkbZlhVh ysunsu laca/h j.kuhfr;k¡ ds fy, ugha bLrseky fd;k x;kAikojiksbaV çLrqfr;ka Hkkjr esa dqN voljksa
ij cuk;s x, FksA;g ckaXykns'k vkSj ikfdLrku esa bLrseky ugha fd;k x;k FkkAO;kolkf;d fodklA
• f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa ds O;kolkf;d fodkl ds fy, dksbZ uhfr ugha FkhAos dsoy vfHkfoU;kl vkSj jk"Vªh; laLFkkuksa
}kjk vk;ksftr iqu'p;kZ ikBÔØeksa esa çfrfu;qÙkQ fd, x, Fks tSls ;wthlh vkSj ,ulhbZvkjVh esa rn~FkZ rjhdsA
• okf"kZd vkSj v/Zokf"kZd nksuksa ç.kkyh dk Hkkjr esa ijh{kk ds fy, ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
• cká vkSj vkarfjd ijh{kk ds vk;kstu }kjk fl¼kar ikBÔØeksa esa Nk=k f'k{kdksa ds çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu fd;k
x;k FkkAfyf•r ijh{kk]ekSf•d :i ls vkSj leuqns'ku dkiQh gn rd ijh{kk ds fy, midj.k ds :i esa
bLrseky fd;k x;kAvH;kl f'k{k.k okLrfod d{kkvksa esa lcd ;kstukvksa ds forj.k dk ewY;kadu voyksdu
vkSj i;Zos{k.k ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
2- ch-,M- dk;ZØe esa ços'k ds fy, ços'k ijh{kk gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g Nk=kksa dh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kj ij fd
tkuh pkfg,Afyf•r ijh{kk] lewg ppkZ vkSj lk{kkRdkj ds nkf•ys dh çfØ;k dk fgLlk gksuk pkfg,A
3- fçafliy ds dejs] LVkiQ :e] dkWeu :e] dEI;wVj d{k] dk;kZy; dh txg] ç;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj 'kkSpky;
lfgr HkkSfrd lqfo/kvksa dks i;kZIr :i ls çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+k;k
tk ldsA
4- iqLrdky; lsokvksa ds lHkh ch-,M- laLFkkuksa esa uohure iqLrdsas vkSj if=kdk,a i;kZIr la[;k ds lkFk miyC/
djkbZ tkuh pkfg,AvPNh rjg ls çf'kf{kr ykbczsfj;u fu;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,AiqLrdky; vkSj i<+us
ds dejs ds fy, i;kZIr txg laLFkkuksa esa çnku dh tkuh pkfg,AdaI;wVj vkSj baVjusV dh lqfo/k Hkh
iqLrdky; esa miyC/ gksuk pkfg,AiqLrdky; dh vU; iqLrdky;ksa ds lkFk usVofdZax gksuk pkfg,A
5- vPNh rjg ls ;ksX; ladk; lnL;ksa lfgr ç/kukpk;kZsa]f'k{kd çf'k{kdksa vkSj rduhdh LVkiQ LohÑr laLFkk
ds fy, fu/kZfjr 'kfÙkQ ds vuqlkj fu;qÙkQ fd;k tkuk pkfg,Amlh rjg] ç'kklfud deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkh fu;qÙkQ
fd;k tkuk pkfg,Açpkj uhfr;ksa dk fu;fer vk/kj ij ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

6- Ldwy vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk laLFkku vyx vyx ,dkar esa dke dj jgs gSA;gka rd fd]ih,lVhbZ ikBÔp;kZ uksV
vkSj Ldwy ds ikBÔØe ds chp dksbZ fj'rk ugha gSAnksuksa ikBÔØe esa ?kfu"B laidZ vkSj leUo; gksuk
pkfg,Avko`fÙk ih,lVhbZ ikBÔp;kZ esa la'kks/u djus ds fy, de ls de ikap lky fd gksuh pkfg,A
7- ch-,M- dk;ZØe ds nkSjku]O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dh rqyuk esa fl¼kar ds fgLls ij vf/d tksj j•k x;k
FkkAch-,M- dk;ZØe esa fu/kfjr lHkh fl¼kar i=kksa dks leuqns'ku vkSj ifj;kstukvksa lfgr O;kogkfjd dke
djus ds fy, txg nsuh pkfg,A

• VªkatSD'kuμ dqN djus dh çfØ;k
• vuq:irkμ O;ogkj ;k dkjzokbZ tks lekt ds LohÑr fu;eksa dk ikyu djsa
• çlaxμ fLFkfr esa tks dqN gksrk gS vkSj tks vkidks le>us ds fy, enn djrk gSA
• rkRdkfydrkμ dk;Z tks rRdky ds lkFk fuiV tkuk pkfg,A

1- f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; ikBÔp;kZ dh :ijs•k ds bfrgkl vkSj fodkl dh O;k[;k djsaA
2- Ldwy laidZ vkSj mldh ekaxs D;k cny jgk gS\
3- orZeku f'k{kd f'k{kk ;kstuk le>kvksA
4- lekos'kh f'k{kk D;k gS vkSj dSls ;g f'k{kd f'k{kk ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS\
1- 1.jk"Vªh;]ikBÔØe]:ijs•k 2. Ldwy]baVuZf'ki 3. f'k{kd f'k{kk 4. lg&fuekZrk
2- 1. lgh 2. xyr 3. lgh 4. xyr
3- 1. Mh 2. , 3. ch 4. lh
1. lekos'kh f'k{kk% vè;;u vkSj f'k{k.k% lqtku bZ- mrkjk-ike LpqDV~t] ykWjl as vyZcke ,lksfl,V~lA
3. vè;kid f'k{kk% vkFkZj ,e-dksgus ]Ýyksjus ch-czojs ]ike LpqDV~t]ykWjl

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV
bdkbZμ31% f'k{kk ,d O;olk;μ vè;kid f'k{kk dk
O;kolkf;d fodkl
(Teaching as a Profession : Professional
Development of Teacher Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
31.1 f'k{kk O;olk;hdj.k dk egÙo (Importance of Vocationalization of Education)
31.2 O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa iz'kfr (Progress in Vocational Eduction)
31.3 f'k{kk osQ O;kolk;hdj.k osQ fy, iz;Ru (Progress in Vocational Education)
31.4.1 Lora=krk izkfIr ls iwoZ fd, x, iz;Ru (Efforts mode before Independence)
31.4.2 Lora=k Hkkjr esa iz;kl (Efforts in Independence India)
31.4 f'k{kk osQ O;kolk;hdj.k dh leL;k,¡ (The Problems of Vocationalization of Education)
mís'; (Objectives)
fo|kFkhZ bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
• f'k{kk osQ O;kolk;hdj.k ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
• Hkkjr esa f'k{kk osQ O;kolk;hdj.k gsrq fd, tkus okys iz;Ru ,oa mldh leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
izk;% ,d lkekU; O;fDr ;g vuqHko djrk gS fd gekjh f'k{kk dk gekjs thou esa cgqr de egÙo gS] D;kasfd
blls jkstxkj feyus esa liQyrk ugha feyrh blfy, f'k{kk dk O;olk;hdj.k djuk cgqr vko';d gSA ,slk djus
ls f'k{kkFkhZ bl ;ksX; cu tk;sxk fd og viuk gh dksbZ jkstxkj liQyrkiwoZd pyk ldrk gSA f'k{kk osQ izpfyr
ikB~;Øe esa oqQN O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe Hkh lek;ksftr djus pkfg,A ,slk djus ls fo|kFkhZ O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls
vkRe&fuHkZj (Self-dependent) cusxkA gekjk mís'; O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls ckyd dks c<+bZ] yksgkj]
feL=kh] tqykgk ;k lksukj ugha cukuk gS oju~ mls Lojkstxkj dh vkSj ys tkuk gSA blls fo|kFkhZ osQ O;fDrRo esa vPNk
fodkl gksxkA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus ls iwoZ gesa ckydksa dh vfHk#fp;ksa (Aptitudes) dk irk yxkuk

bdkbZ—31% f'k{kk ,d O;olk;μ vè;kid f'k{kk dk O;kolkf;d fodkl
gksxk vkSj muosQ vuqoQw y leku #fp;ksa osQ ckydksa osQ i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q oxZ cukus gksxa As rc mUgsa mi;ksxh O;olk; lkekU; uksV
f'k{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk fl[kkuk gksxkA 1953 bZ- esa eqnkfy;j vk;ksx dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj cgqmís'kh; LowQy [kksys
x;s vkSj muesa i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q #fp;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa osQ 9 lewg cuk;s x;sA bu laLrqfr dks
vkt Hkh ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh ckr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, dksBkjh vk;ksx 1964&66 esa LowQyksa esa dk;kZuqHko
(Work Experience) dks izpfyr ikB~;Øe esa lefUor djus ij cy fn;kA bl izdkj ge O;kolkf;d f'k{kk nsdj
Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks Lojkstxkj dh vkSj ys tk ldrs gSa] mUgsa mRikndrk (Productivity) dh {kerk ns ldrs gSaA blls
mudh l`tukRed 'kfDr (Creativity) fodflr gksxh vkSj os Je osQ izfr vkLFkk dk Hkko viuk losaQxsA
31-1 f'k{kk&O;kolk;hdj.k dk egÙo (Importance of Vocationalization of

Education)
(1) thou esa iw.kZrk ykus dh Hkkouk (Feeling of Fullness in Life)μosQoy lkekU; f'k{kk nsus ls O;fDr
dk ,dkaxh fodkl gksrk gSA O;olk;h dj.k }kjk lkekU; f'k{kk dks vf/d mi;ksxh cukdj f'k{kk ikus okys
esa igys dh vis{kk vf/d iw.kZrk vkrh gSA bls izkIr djosQ O;fDr vkRe&fuHkZj vkSj jkstxkj izkIr cu
tkrk gSA
(2) jkstxkj ikus dh vk'kk (Hope for Getting Employment)μlkekU; f'k{kk O;fDr dks jkstxkj ugha
nsrh] ijUrq O;klk;hÑr f'k{kk O;fDr dks thfodk (jkstxkj) nsrh gSA
(3) lekt vkSj jk"Vª esa vk£Fkd fodkl (Economic Development in Society and Nation)μgekjs
ns'k esa izkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk vHkko ugha gSA vHkko bl ckr dk gS fd gekjs f'kf{kr yksx ns'k osQ izkÑfrd
lalk/uksa (Natural Resources) dk foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx dj ikrsA mUgsa ;g rduhd ugha fl[kk;h tkrh fd
fdlh izkÑfrd lalk/u dk lgh mi;ksx djosQ ge mRiknu oSQls dj ldrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k
ls fo|kFkhZ izkÑfrd lalk/u dk mi;ksx djuk lh[k tkrk gSA blls mRiknu c<+rk gS vkSj lkekftd ,oa
jk"Vªh; {ks=k esa vk£Fkd fodkl gksrk gSA
(4) vkRe&fuHkZjrk dk xq.k vkuk (Creating a Sense of Self-dependence)μf'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k ls
fo|kFkhZ esa vkRe&fuHkZjrk dh Hkkouk vkus dh lEHkkouk gksrh gSA fo|kFkhZ i<+kbZ dh vof/ esa gh oqQN u
oqQN v£tr djus yxrk gSA blls fo|kFkhZ esa vkRe&fuHkZjrk dk xq.k vk tkrk gSA
(5) dbZ euksoSKkfud izo`fÙk;ksa dh lUrqf"V (Satisfaction of Many Psychological Tendencies)μf'k{kk
osQ O;olk;hdj.k ls ckyd dh l`tukRed izo`fÙk (Instinct of Construction) rFkk izn'kZu (Display)
dh izo`fÙk rFkk vU; fofHkÂ #fp;ksa dh lUrqf"V gksrh gSA
ckyd fuf"Ø; Jksrk (Passive Listener) ugha jgrk og fØ;k'khy gksdj oqQN u oqQN djosQ gh lh[krk
gSA bl izdkj lh[kh gqbZ ckr mlosQ thou dk vax cu tkrh gSA vr% gesa lkekU; f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe esa
,sls O;olk; j[kus pkfg, tks ckyd dh fofo/ izo`fÙk;ksa dks lUrq"V djsaA
(6) 'kkjhfjd Je osQ izfr vknj&Hkko vkuk (Development of Feeling of Respect For Manual
Work)μtc ckyd dksbZ ckr lh[krk gS rks O;olk; osQ ekè;e ls mls oqQN u oqQN 'kkjhfjd Je djuk
gh iM+rk gSA mls vius Je dk iqjLdkj Hkh feyrk gSA vr% og Je osQ ewY; dks le>us yxrk gS] blls
mlesa 'kkjhfjd Je osQ izfr lEeku dk Hkko mRiÂ gksus yxrk gSA
oqQ'ky dkjhxj cukuk gh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk y{; ugha gS] oju~ mls thou osQ {ks=k
esa vf/d mi;ksxh cukuk gSA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 32-2 O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa izxfr (Progress in Vocational Education)
vf/dka'k f'k{kk vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa us ;gh lq>ko fn;k gS fd f'k{kk dk O;olk;hdj.k fd;k tk;sA fons'kksa esa
tgk¡ f'k{kk dk O;olk;hdj.k fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ u rks mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij izos'k osQ fy, HkhM+ gS vkSj u vf/d
csjkstxkjh gh gSA dksBkjh vk;ksx 1964&66 us ;g ckr Li"V dh gS fd Hkkjr osQ osQoy 9 izfr'kr ckyd gh
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs gSaA ;g vU; ns'kksa osQ Nk=k&Nk=kvksa dh izfr'kr ls cgqr gh de gSA bldh deh
osQ fuEufyf[kr dkj.k gSaμ
(1) ljdkj vkSj turk us f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dks xEHkhjrk ls ugha fy;kA
(2) O;olk;hÑr f'k{kk nsus osQ fy, mi;qDr vkSj izf'kf{kr f'k{kd ugha fey losaQA
(3) f'k{kk&foHkkx dksbZ funsZ'ku nsus esa l'kDr ugha gS fd ikB~;Øe esa fdrus O;olk;ksa dks fdl izdkj
lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(4) izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj LowQyksa esa O;olkf;d f'k{kk nsus dh i;kZIr lqfo/k,¡ ugha gSaA u iz;ksx'kkyk,¡
gSa] u dk;Z'kkyk,¡] u midj.k gSa vkSj u O;olk; esa izf'kf{kr vè;kid gh gSaA
(5) LowQyksa] dkWystksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa us lekt lsok vkSj 'kkjhfjd Je osQ dk;ZØeksa dh mis{kk dh gSA mPp
f'k{kk Lrj ij rks ;g ,dne misf{kr gSA
(6) f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dh izfØ;k esa Je&foHkkx] m|ksx&foHkkx vkSj f'k{kk foHkkx esa dksbZ rky&esy
ugha gSaA
(7) turk Lo;a O;olk;hÑr f'k{kk osQ izfr mnklhu gSa] D;ksafd og bldh mi;ksfxrk dks ugha le>rhA
31-3 f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k osQ fy, iz;Ru (Efforts For Vocationalization of
Education)
1952&53 osQ eqnkfy;j vk;ksx rFkk 1964&66 osQ dksBkjh vk;ksx us ;g laLrqfr;k¡ nh Fkha f'k{kk dk O;olk;hdj.k
fd;k tk;s] de ls de ekè;fed f'k{kk&Lrj rd f'k{kk dks iw.kZr% O;olk;hÑr djus dh laLrqfr;k¡ izLrqr dh
FkhaA bUgksua s lkekU; f'k{kk osQ lkFk&lkFk O;olk;ksa dh f'k{kk nsdj dk;kZuHq ko dks c<+kus dh ckr dgh FkhA ijUrq fdlh
Hkh vk;ksx ;k lfefr dh laLrqfr;ksa ij vey djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k x;kA 1953 esa oqQN cgqmís'kh; fo|ky;
(Multipurpose Schools) [kksyus dh ;kstuk cuk;h x;h Fkh] ijUrq /ukHkko esa og Hkh BIi gks x;hA jk/kÑ".ku
vk;ksx 1948&49 us xk¡oksa esa xzkeh.k fo'ofo|ky; (Rural Universtities) [kksyus dh ;kstuk nh FkhA mls Hkh ykxw
ugha fd;kA o/kZ f'k{kk&;kstuk osQ vUrxZr xk¡/h th us csfld f'k{kk dks dk;kZfUor djus dh ckr ij ckj&ckj cy
fn;k FkkA mls Hkh liQy ugha cuk;k tk ldkA bl izdkj ljdkj us f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k osQ fy, liQy iz;kl
ugha fd;kA
Hkkjr ljdkj us oqQN ifj;kstukvksa (Projects) dks ikW;yV izkstsDV (Pilot Projects) osQ :i esa pykus dk iz;kl
fd;kA ,slk oqQN vè;;u lfefr;ksa (Study Boards) dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vk/kj ij fd;k x;kA budh laLrqfr lEcU/h
fjiksVZ 1970 esa izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d lfefr us bl fjiksVZ dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj oqQN ftyksa vkSj
f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks bu ifj;kstukvksa osQ lapkyu gsrq pquk Hkh x;kA ijUrq gqvk oqQN ughaA
(v) LorU=krk izkfIr ls iwoZ fd;s x;s iz;Ru (Efforts Made Before Independece)μ1882 bZ- esa f'k{kk dk
Hkkjrh; vk;ksx xfBr gqvkA mls lq>ko fn;k fd LowQy osQ ikB~;Øe esa O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa dks Hkh j[kk tk;sA ijUrq
fczfV'k ljdkj us bl ij dksbZ vey ugha fd;kA
1929 bZ- esa gjVkWx lfefr (Hartog Committee) dk xBu fd;k x;k ftlus lq>ko fn;k fd fefMy ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ

djus osQ ckn fo|k£Fk;ksa dks ekè;fed Lrj ij vkS|ksfxd fo"k; (Industrial Subjects) rFkk okf.kT; fo"k; uksV
(Commerce Subjects) i<+k;s tk;¡A bl ij [kqys fny ls vey ugha gqvkA
1936&37 esa o/kZ f'k{kk&;kstuk cuk;h x;h vkSj fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd csfld f'k{kk&;kstuk dks dk;kZfUor fd;k tk;sA
vr% csfld LowQy [kksys x;s vkSj iz;kl fd;k x;k fd fdlh osQ ^f'kYi* (Craft) osQ ekè;e ls vU; fo"k;ksa dk
vè;;u lg&lEcfU/r (Correleted) :i esa djk;k tk;sA
1937 esa fczfV'k ljdkj us ,ckWV oqM lfefr (Abbot Wood Commitee) xfBr dh ftlus lq>ko fn;k fd Hkkjr
esa csjkstxkjh nwj djus osQ fy, LowQyksa esa O;kolkf;d fo"k; pyk;s tk;¡A
1944&45 esa lkjts.V ;kstuk (Sargent Plan) cuk;h x;h ftlus LowQyksa esa LFkkuh; gLrf'kYi
(Local Crafts) vkSj m|ksxksa (Industries) ls lEcfU/r f'k{kk nh tk;A
(c) LorU=k Hkkjr esa iz;kl (Efforts in Independent India)μLorU=krk izkfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr esa 'kSf{kd lq/kj
ykus osQ fy, cgqr lh lfefr;k¡ vkSj vk;ksx cus ftUgksaus LowQyksa esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk nsus osQ lq>ko izLrqr fd;sA
tSlsμ
1948&49 esa jk/k Ñ".ku vk;ksx osQ lq>koμ1948&49 esa fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx] MkW- loZiYyh jk/kÑ".ku
dh vè;{krk esa xfBr gqvkA blus laLrqfr nh Fkh fd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa oqQN xzkeh.k fo'ofo|ky; (Rural
Universtities) [kksyh tk;s tks xk¡oksa esa Ñf"k ls lEcfU/r O;olk;ksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djsaA lkFk gh lkFk
mlus esfMdy dkWyst] bUthfu;¯jx dkWyst] VhplZ Vªs¯ux dkWyst [kksyus rFkk dkuwu dh f'k{kk nsus dh Hkh ckr dgh
FkhA
1952&53 osQ eqnkfy;j vk;ksx osQ lq>koμ1952&53 esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa osQ lq/kj gsrq lq>koksa
osQ fy, eqnkfy;j vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA blosQ O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ lEcU/ esa lq>ko bl izdkj Fksμ
(1) cgqmís'kh; ekè;fed fo|ky; (Multipurpose Schools) [kksys tk;sA buesa Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dh #fp;ksa]
vfHk#fp;ksa] vkSj vko';drkvksa osQ vuqowQy O;kolkf;d fo"k; i<+k;s tk;sA izpfyr ekè;fed LowQyksa dh
Hkh cgqmís'kh; fo|ky;ksa esa cnyk tk;sA lHkh O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa dks lkr lewgksa (Groups) esa xfBr fd;k
tk;sA lHkh fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, vko';d gks fd og viuh #fp osQ vuqowQy fdlh Hkh lewg ls ,d
O;kolkf;d fo"k; vo'; i<+As izR;sd LowQy esa 'kSf{kd funs'Z ku (Educational Guidance) rFkk O;kolkf;d
funsZ'ku (Vocational Guidance) dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksA
(2) izR;sd Nk=k&Nk=kk dks mRiknu (Production) dk volj fn;k tk;sA ikB~;Øe cgqfodYi okyk (Diver-
sified) gksA blls Nk=k viuh #fp vkSj {kerk osQ 'kkjhfjd Je okys O;olk; dks pqu losQxkA
(3) Nk=kksa dks ^Ñf"k* esa lS¼kfUrd vkSj O;kogkfjd f'k{kk feysAa blosQ vUrxZr i'kqikyu (Animal Husbandary)
i'kqfpfdRlk foKku (Vetrinary Science) e/qeD[kh ikyu (Bee-keeping) vkfn esa izf'k{k.k dh
O;oLFkk gksA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ ckydksa osQ fy, ;s ikB~;Øe cgqr mi;ksxh ekus x;sA
(4) LowQyksa esa rduhdh f'k{kk (Technical Education) feysA Nk=k viuh #fp osQ fdlh Hkh rduhdh fo"k;
dks i<+ losQ] ,slh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A bl f'k{kk osQ fy, /u dh iw£r djus dh n`f"V ls vkS|ksfxd dj
(Industrial Tax) dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA osQUnzh; ljdkj izfro"kZ jkT; ljdkjksa dks vk£Fkd lgk;rk ns vkSj
,d la?kkRed rduhdh ifj"kn (Federal Technical Board) LFkkfir dh tk;s rks bl f'k{kk dks pyk;sA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV 1964&66 osQ dksBkjh vk;ksx osQ lq>koμbl vk;ksx us ekè;fed f'k{kk&Lrj ij dk;kZuqHko (Work Experi-
ence) dh f'k{kk nsdj f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k ij cy fn;kA mlus bl f'k{kk dks nks Lrjksa ij nsus dh ckr dghμ
(v) twfu;j ekè;fed Lrj ijμtks fo|kFkhZ fefMy ijh{kk ;k twfu;j gkbZLowQy ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dj ysa mUgsa
b.MfLVª;y Vs¯ª ux bULVhV~;Vw (I. T. I.) esa izo's k fn;k tk;sA Nk=kksa dh izo's k&vk;q ?kVkdj 14 o"kZ dj nh tk;sA
blls izkFkfed f'k{kk izkIr ckyd HkhA ykHk mBk losQxkA tks ckyd ?kj osQ dke esa yxs jgrs gSaA mUgsa
izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, va'kdkyhu (Part Time) O;oLFkk dh tk;sA Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks Øe'k% Ñf"k&m|ksx
vkSj x`g&foKku (Domestic-Science) esa izf'k{k.k feysA
(c) mPprj ekè;fed Lrj ijμtks ckyd ekè;fed d{kk ikl dj ysa mUgsa cgq/U/h fo|ky;ksa (Polytechnical
Institutions) esa HkrhZ djus dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA bu fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, ;fn os fu;fer (Regular) jgdj
f'k{kk izkIr u dj losaQ] i=kkpkj (Correspondence) vkSj va'kdkyhu (Part Time) O;oLFkk ls fofo/
O;olk;ksa dh f'k{kk nh tk;sA ;s ikB~;Øe 3 ekg ls 6 ekg rd osQ gks ldrs gSaA
i=kkpkj vkSj va'kdkyhu O;oLFkk ls O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, oqQN lfefr;ksa (Seprate Committees)
vkSj mi lfefr;k¡ (Sub-Committees) cuk;h tk;s tks f'k{kk foHkkx osQ vUrxZr gksaA igys gesa fofHkÂ {ks=kksa esa
vko';d ekuo&'kfDr (Man Power) dk losZ{k.k djuk pkfg, rkfd ;g tkuk tk losQ fd veqd {ks=k esa fdrus
O;fDr vkSj pkfg,A rkfd ;g tkuk tk losQ fd veqd {ks=k esa fdrus O;fDr vkSj pkfg,A mrus gh O;fDr;ksa osQ
fy, izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA bl lEcU/ esa mu vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa (Firms) ls Hkh ijke'kZ fy;k tk;s tks
Hkfo"; esa izf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dh vius ;gk¡ dke ns ldrs gksaA
O;kolkf;d vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk osQ fy, osQUnz ljdkj jkT; ljdkjksa dks vk£Fkd lgk;rk nsA blh izdkj dh vk£Fkd
lgk;rk ls la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa vf/dka'k ekè;fed fo|ky; O;olk;hÑr gks x;s gSaA
dksBkjh vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k fd O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh lHkh lqfo/k,¡ pyrh jgsAa izf'k{kk£Fk;ksa dk v¼ZoQq 'ky (Semi-
Skilled) vkSj oqQ'ky (Skilled) nks oxksZ esa ck¡Vdj f'k{kk nh tk;sA bu laLFkkvksa dh la[;k c<+k;h tk;sA futh laLFkkvksa
dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sA
ge vfHkHkkodksa vkSj Nk=kksa dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ikus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe jkspd
cuk;s tk;A LowQyksa esa 'kSf{kd rFkk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk funsZ'ku (Guidance) dh LFkkiuk djsA ftlesa Nk=kksa dks
euksoSKkfud <ax funsZ'ku fey losQA
eqnkfy;j deh'ku }kjk f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k gsrq fn, x, lq>koksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the Correct Option)—
1- eqnkfy;j vk;ksx dh laLrqfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj cgqís';h; LowQy [kksys x, vkSj muesa vyx&vyx #fp;ksa osQ
lewg cuk, x,μ
(d) 15 ([k) 9 (x) 11
2- 1882 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu gqvkA vk;ksx us LowQy f'k{kk ikB~;Øe esa O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa
dks Hkh j[kus osQ lq>ko fn;kA
(d) eqxyksa us ([k) fczfV'k gqowQer us (x) Hkkjr ljdkj usA

3- 1944&45 esa LowQy f'k{kk osQ laca/ esa lkjts.V ;kstuk cuk;h xbZ ftldk mís'; Fkkμ uksV
(d) gLrf'kYi vkSj m|ksxksa ls lacaf/r f'k{kk
([k) dEI;wVj ls lacaf/r f'k{kk (x) i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/r f'k{kkA
4- gVk±x lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kμ
(d) lu~ 1948 ([k) lu~ 1952 (x) lu~ 1929A
31-4 f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dh leL;k,¡ (The Problems of Vocationalization

of Education)
eq[; leL;k,¡ (Main Problems)

(1) f'k{kk osQ Lo:i vkSj laxBu dh leL;kμO;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk D;k Lo:i (From) gks vkSj mls oSQls
laxfBr (Organized) fd;k tk;s ;g egÙoiw.kZ leL;k gSA
(2) ikB~;Øe osQ laxBu dh leL;kμfofo/ #fp;ksa osQ fdu&fdu O;olk;ksa osQ ikB~;Øe esa laxfBr fd;k
tk;s] oSQls laxfBr fd;k tk;s ;g Hkh de egÙoiw.kZ leL;k ugha gSA
(3) vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh leL;kμgesa f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k osQ fy, ,sls f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk
gS tks lkekU; f'k{kk osQ fo"k;ksa dks O;olk; osQ lkFk&lkFk lefUor djosQ i<+k losaQA ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k
x;k rks ;g ;kstuk cgqmís'kh; fo|ky;ksa dh Hkk¡fr BIi gks tk;sxhA
(4) funsZ'ku&lEcU/h (Instructional) izfØ;kvksa esa ifjorZu dh leL;kμO;olk;hÑr f'k{kk osQ fy,
lefUor (Integrated) izdkj osQ f'k{k.k dh vko';drk gSA bl O;oLFkk esa O;olk; ,d osQUnzh; fo"k;
gksrk gS vkSj vU; lkekU; fo"k; mlls tqMs+ gksrs gSAa osQUnzh; O;olk; osQ ekè;e ls lkekU; fo"k;ksa dks i<+kuk
gksrk gSA tks fo"k; O;olk; osQ ekè;e ls ugha i<+k;s tk ldrs mUgsa LorU=k :i ls i<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
(5) dk;Z'kkyk] iz;ksx'kkyk ,oa midj.k&lEcU/h leL;kμlHkh O;olk;hÑr LowQyksa esa dk;Z'kkyk (Work-
shop)] iz;ksx'kkyk (Laboratories), rFkk lEcfU/r midj.kksa (Equipments) dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
/ukHkko osQ dkj.k budh O;oLFkk v/wjh jg tkrh gSA
(6) izo's k osQ le; Nk=k osQ fy, O;olk; p;u dh leL;kμNk=k dks izo's k osQ le; O;olk; pquuk dfBu
gksrk gSA blosQ fy, O;kolkf;d funs'Z ku dh O;oLFkk dh tk;s tks Nk=k dk vfHk#fp ijh{k.k ys vkSj fo"k;
pquus esa lgk;rk djsA
(7) iz'kklu vkSj fu;U=k.k dh leL;kμbl f'k{kk osQ iz'kklu vksj fu;U=k.k osQ fy, f'k{kk&foHkkx]
Je&foHkkx] m|e&foHkkx] Ñf"k&foHkkx lg;ksx djsaA vosQys f'k{kk&foHkkx bldk iz'kklu vkSj fu;U=k.k
ugha pyk ldrkA

• f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dk vFkZμlkekU; f'k{kk osQ fo"k;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fdlh mi;qDr O;olk;]
f'kYi ;k m|ksx dh f'k{kk nsukA
• f'k{kk&O;olk;hdj.k dk egÙoμ(1) thou esa iw.kZrk ykuk] (2) jkstxkj izkfIr] (3) lekt o jk"Vª
dk vk£Fkd fodkl] (4) vkRefuHkZjrk vkuk] (5) euksoSKkfud izo`fr;ksa dh lUrqf"V (6) 'kkjhfjd Je
osQ izfr vknjA

vè;kid f'k{kk
uksV • O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa izxfr

LorU=krk ls iwoμ Z 1882 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1929 gh gVkZx desVh] 1937 dh ,cV&oqM lfefr] 1937
dh o/kZ ;kstuk vkSj 1944&45 dh lktsZ.V ;kstuk osQ O;olk;hdj.k lEcU/h lq>koA bu ij vey ughaA
LorU=krk osQ i'pkr~μ1948&49 osQ jk/kÑ".ku vk;ksx] 1952&53 osQ eqnkfy;j vk;ksx] 1964&66 osQ
dksBkjh vk;ksx dh fofo/ laLrqfr;k¡A
• f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dh leL;k,¡μ(1) f'k{kk osQ Lo:i vkSj laxBu dh leL;k] (2) ikB~;Øe
osQ laxBu dh leL;k] (3) vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh leL;k] (4) funsZ'ku lEcU/h leL;k] (5)
dk;Z'kkyk] iz;ksx'kkyk ,oa midj.kksa dh leL;k (6) izos'k osQ le; Nk=k }kjk O;olk;&p;u dh leL;k]
(7) iz'kklu vkSj fu;U=k.k dh leL;kA

• fuf"Ø;μ fu'ps‘] dke&/ku u djus okykA
• veqdμ i+Qykuk] dksbZ [k+kl] vfuf'pr (oLrq] O;fDr)A

1. f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldk gekjs thou esa D;k egÙo gS\ Li"V dhft,A
2. gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k osQ lEcU/ esa D;k&D;k lq>ko izLrqr fd;s x;s\
3. f'k{kk osQ O;olk;hdj.k dh izeq[k leL;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A bUgsa oSQls gy fd;k tk ldrk gS\
1. ([k) 2. ([k) 3. (d) 4. (x)A

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1)
Phagwara, Punjab (India)-144411
For Enquiry: +91-1824-300360
Fax.: +91-1824-506111
Email: odl@lpu.co.in

Dedu505 Teacher Education Hindi

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Dedu505 Teacher Education Hindi

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

TeacherEducation

Produced & Printed by

Sr. No. Description

1 Teacher education—meaning, historical perspectives. Affective teacher

1. vè;kid f'k{kkµvFkZ] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; (Teacher Education—Meaning, Historical Perspectives) 1

7. vè;kid f'k{kk ds vfHkuo ikBÔØe&ch-,y-,M]ch-,llh-,M (Innovative Courses of Teacher

14- ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksxµuhfr&lkis{k vè;kid f'k{k.k (Policy Perspectives on Teacher

18- vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.kµ vo/kj.kk] mís'; ,oa izfØ;k (Sumulating Teaching—Concept,

19- f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki&laxBu] i;Zos{k.k (Internship in Teaching—Organisation, Supervision) 196

21- f'k{k.k esa baVuZf'ki dk ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Internship in Teaching) 214

1.1 vè;kid f'k{kk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teacher Education)

1.2 vè;kid f'k{kkμ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; (Teacher Education—historical Perspectives)

1.3 lkjka'k (Summary)

1.4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

1.5 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1.6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

1-1 vè;kid f'k{kk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teacher Education)

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

uksV Kku (Knowledge) dk vFkZ

2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

1-2 vè;kid f'k{kkμ ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; (Teacher Education—Historical uksV

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 3

4 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 5

6 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (lu~ 1882) dh flI+kQkfj'kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

vè;kid izf'k{k.k esa lqèkkj osQ lq>ko

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 7

8 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

4- bl ;kstuk us vè;kidksa osQ fy;s fjizSQ'klZ dkslZ dh egÙkk ij cy fn;kA uksV

jkèkko`Q".ku vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 9

10 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

(1) vè;kid f'k{kk dk Lrj fuEu vkSj eè;e gSA uksV

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 11

12 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 13

14 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

(4) mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k gksA uksV

1-3 lkjka'k (Summary)

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 15

16 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

1-4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

1-5 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1-6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 17

2.1 f'k{kd voèkkj.kk (Concept of Teacher)

2.2 f'k{kd O;ogkj (Teacher Behaviour)

2.3 f'k{kd O;ogkj dk fl¼kar (Theory of Teacher Behaviour)

2.7 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk (Teacher Effectiveness)

2.10 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dk ekiu (Measuring Teacher Effectiveness)

2.11 f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk osQ ekun.M (Criteria of Teacher Effectiveness)

2.12 lkjka'k (Summary)

2.13 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

2.14 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

2.15 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

18 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

2-1 f'k{kd dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of a Teacher)

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 19

2-2 f'k{kd O;ogkj (Teacher Behaviour)

20 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

2-3 f'k{kd O;ogkj dk fl¼kar (Theory of Teacher Behaviour)

2-4 f'k{kd O;ogkj fl¼kar dh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡ (Basic Assumptions

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 21