Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078

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Advanced Powder Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apt

Original Research Paper

A model for predicting transport velocity in gas fluidized-beds

Daewook Kim a, Yoo Sube Won a, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram b, Ji Bong Joo a,
Jeong-Hoo Choi a,⇑, Ho-Jung Ryu c
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Defence Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
c
Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study improved the model that used the correlation of the particle entrainment rate to determine
Received 29 June 2018 the transport velocity. It proposed the new absolute value of the local slope as the criterion of the model
Received in revised form 18 July 2018 for locating the transport velocity in the relationship between dimensionless velocity (U/Ut) and the
Accepted 9 August 2018
reciprocal of the entrainment rate (1/K⁄+ i ). It indicated that the criterion depended on properties of
Available online 25 August 2018
fluidized particles and increased with Archemedes number. The Archemedes number was modified by
substituting the critical diameter, the maximum particle diameter at which the sum of the interparticle
Keywords:
adhesion forces gave a dominant influence to the particle entrainment rate, for the diameter of particles
Transport velocity
Correlation
in case that the mean diameter of particles was smaller than the critical diameter. A correlation was
Fluidized-bed suggested to calculate the absolute value of the local slope at the transport velocity. The new model
Riser was successful covering the effect of particle properties in predicting the transport velocity.
Fast fluidization Ó 2018 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder
Technology Japan. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The transport velocity is the boundary velocity between the low
velocity fluidization and the fast fluidization. Most particles stay in
the fluidized-bed with the low gas velocity but all particles are
transported out of the fluidized-bed by gas in the fast fluidization
condition. The transport velocity was known depending on proper-
ties of the gas and particle and the size of the fluidized bed. In order
to predict the transport velocity, several correlations have been
proposed as a function of particle size and density, gas density
and viscosity, diameter and height of the fluidized-bed (Table 1)
[1–12]. In correlations, the particle size is the specific surface mean
!
particle diameter ¼ PN1 xi without considering the shape of
i¼1 dp;i
particle.
Many studies [4,10,11,13–16] reported an increasing transport
velocity with either the particle size or the particle density. There
was contradiction in the influence of the bed diameter on the
transport velocity. Chehbouni et al. [6] reported the transport
velocity increasing with the diameter of the fluidized-bed but
Khurram et al. [11] reported the opposite tendency. The transport
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: choijhoo@konkuk.ac.kr (J.-H. Choi).
velocity increased with the height of the fluidized-bed [11]. How-
ever, it is risky to apply those correlations of Chehbouni et al. [6]
and Khurram et al. [11] for a large-scale fluidized-bed because they
were based on the data of the work done with small-scale
fluidized-beds. The transport velocity increased with temperature
[8,10,17] but decreased with increasing pressure [18].
The correlations for transport velocity were derived empirically
on the basis of a range of experimental data (Table 1). However, the
accuracy of correlation appeared to vary irregularly without
respect to its own experimental range [8,11,19]. In the study of
Ryu et al. [8] that tested the effect of temperature, the correlation
of Chehbouni et al. [6] was in good agreement with the measured
data. However, Khurram et al. [11] concluded that the correlation
of Perales et al. [2] agreed well with the data obtained at atmo-
spheric pressure and temperature. The correlation of Seo et al.
[10] indicated the significant error in the range of low transport
velocity but that of Khurram et al. [11] in the range of high trans-
port velocity [19]. The irregular accuracy of correlations seemed to
be attributed to the limit of the regression method used in building
correlations. The regression method was not able to contain
enough the basic principle how to determine the transport
velocity.
Based on the basic principle for determining the transport
velocity, Won et al. [19] proposed a model taking advantage of a
correlation of particle entrainment rate (K*+ i ). Their model

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.08.006
0921-8831/Ó 2018 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.
 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078 3071

Nomenclature

a decay constant [1/m] K*ih cluster flux of entrained particles in size i [kg/(m2 s)]
Ar Archimedes number with dp = dp,mean, qgd3p(qp-qg)g/l2 K*i1 dispersed noncluster flux of entrained particles in size i
[-] or elutriation rate constant of particles in size i above
Arc Ar with dp defined by Eq. (9) [-] transport disengaging height [kg/(m2 s)]
ARD average relative deviation, defined by Eq. (15) [-] N number of data or size-cuts [-]
Cd drag coefficient on the particle surface based on the P absolute pressure [kPa]
superficial gas velocity, [-] PPE phosphorescent polyethylene beads
dcrit critical particle diameter, i.e. the maximum particle r2 regression coefficient [-]
diameter at which the sum of interparticle adhesion Rep particle Reynolds number with dp = dp,mean, dpUqg/l [-]
forces influence dominantly in particle entrainment [m] Repc Rep with dp defined by Eq. (9) [-]
dp diameter of entrained particles, defined by Eq. (9) [m] Retr Rep at U = Utr [-]
dp,i mean diameter of particles in size-cut i in particle size T temperature [°C]
distribution [m] U superficial gas velocity [m/s]
dpm mean diameter of bed particles [lm] Umf minimum fluidizing velocity of bed particle [m/s]
dp,mean mean diameter of entrained particles [m] Ut terminal velocity of particle [m/s]
Dt column diameter [m] Utr transport velocity for the vertical fluidized-bed [m/s]
FCC fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particles xi mass fraction of size-cut i in particle size distribution [-]
Fd drag force on the particle per projection area [Pa]
Fg gravity force minus buoyancy force per projection area Greeks
of particle [Pa] l gas viscosity [Pa s]
g gravitational acceleration, 9.8 [m/s2] qg gas density [kg/m3]
GB glass beads qp particle density [kg/m3]
Hb bed height [m] h+ 1/K*+ 2
i [s m /kg]
Ht column height [m]
i data number or size-cut number [-] Subscripts
K*i entrainment rate of particles in size i [kg/(m2 s)]
cal calculated
K*+
i entrainment rate of particles in size i, defined by mea measured
Eq. (10) [kg/(m2 s)]

Table 1
Correlations on transport velocity.

Authors Correlations Applicable range

Lee and Kim [1] Retr = 2.91Ar0.354 1.22  102 < Ar < 5.7  104
Perales et al. [2] Retr = 1.41Ar0.483 5  102 < Ar < 2  105
Bi and Fan [3] Retr = 2.28Ar0.419 1.25  102 < Ar < 1.45  105
Adanez et al. [4] Retr = 2.08Ar0.463 4.5  102 < Ar < 6.2  104
Bi and Grace [5] Retr = 1.53Ar0.50 2 < Ar < 4  106
Chehbouni et al. [6] Retr = 0.169Ar0.545(Dt/dp)0.3 1.18 < Ar < 1.19  107
0.05 < Dt [m] <0.3
Smolders and Baeyens [7] Retr = 1.75Ar0.468 1 < Ar < 2  105
Ryu et al. [8] Retr = 0.0428Ar0.587(Dt/dp)0.521 Based on correlation of Chehbouni et al. [6]
Monazam and Shadle [9] Retr = 1.29Ar0.533
Seo et al. [10] Retr = 0.611Ar0.586 10 < Ar < 4.692  103
Khurram et al. [11] Retr = 0.458Ar0.482(Ht/Dt)0.357 0.81 < Ar < 1.21  105
8 < Ht/Dt [-] < 112
Zhang et al. [12] Retr = 3.23 + 0.23Ar Ar < 500

dp = dp,mean.

employed the correlation of Choi et al. [20] that considered almost velocity, the gas velocity (U) divided by the terminal velocity
all variables effective to the entrainment rate: properties of gas (Ut), and the reciprocal of the entrainment rate (1/K*+
i ). In the rela-
according to temperature and pressure, properties of solids, and tion, the transport velocity (Utr) was defined as the gas velocity at
the size of the fluidized-bed. They simulated the emptying time which the absolute value of the local slope |d(1/K*+i )/d(U/Ut)| was
method [15] using the relationship between the gas velocity (U) 0.398 m2 s/kg.
and the reciprocal of the entrainment rate, so-called emptying time  
 
(1/K*+ s
in kg=m 2 ) of their model. However, the transport velocity
dð1=K þ 
i Þ
i    ¼ 0:398 ½m2 s=kg ð1Þ
 
resulting from the simulation appeared too sensitive to the applied  d UU 
t U¼U tr
range of gas velocity so that they introduced a different criterion to
the method to locate the transport velocity. In addition, their sim- Their model was better in agreement with the measured result
ulation indicated that the trend of the relationship between U and [1,2,4,7,8,10,11,13–18,21–27] than any other correlations com-
1/K*+
i varied with particle characteristics. To reduce the variation, it pared. However, similar to other correlations, the accuracy of the
finally employed the relationship between the dimensionless model changed considerably depending on the particle
3072 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078

characteristics. It pointed out that their model should consider the
effect of particle properties in the process of determining the trans-
port velocity.
This study aimed at modifying the model of Won et al. [19] to
consider the effects of particle properties in the process to deter-
mine the transport velocity. It made sure that the criterion of the
model for finding the transport velocity should be changed accord-
ing to the properties of the fluidized particles. A new model as an
improved model of Won et al. [19] was proposed by upgrading the
criterion to decide the transport velocity.
2. Model
This model basically followed the model of Won et al. [19] but
upgraded the criterion to determine the transport velocity accord-
ing to the properties of fluidized particles. Won et al. [19] modified
the emptying time method that used the relationship between the
gas velocity and emptying time, a time taken for carrying com-
pletely a certain batch of bed particles over out of the fluidized
bed. They replaced both the gas velocity and the emptying time
with the dimensionless velocity, gas velocity divided by terminal
velocity, and the reciprocal of the particle entrainment rate calcu-
lated by a correlation, respectively. As the correlation of particle
entrainment rate, they employed the correlation of Choi et al.
[20,28] that considered the effects of temperature, pressure, parti-
cle characteristics, and size of the fluidized bed in relatively wide
ranges [29,30].
K i ¼ K ih þ K i1
In Eq. (2b), the Hb is the bed height of the dense phase and the
term (Ht-Hb) has the meaning of freeboard height. In the experi-
mental condition of the emptying time method, the Hb was
regarded as zero and then the riser height became the freeboard
height. The minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) was determined
from the correlation of Wen and Yu [31]. The data used for corre-
lation of Choi et al. [20] were in following ranges: particle diameter
of 21–710 lm, particle density of 2400–6158 kg/m3, gas velocity of
0.15–2.8 m/s, temperature of 12–600 °C, pressure of 101–
3200 kPa, column diameter of 0.1–0.91 m, and column height of
1.97–9.1 m. However, the correlation excluded the effect of the
interparticle forces.
In case of the particle size so small that the interparticle forces
was not negligible, the correlation of Choi at al. [20] was modified
to cover the effect of them by replacing the particle diameter with
the effective particle diameter [19]. Baeyens et al. [32], Ma and
Kato [33] and Li and Kato [34] investigated the entrainment of
adhesion particles from a fluidized bed of fine-coarse particle mix-
ture at the atmospheric pressure and temperature with air as the
fluidizing gas. Correlations on the critical particle diameter (dcrit
in meter), i.e., the maximum particle diameter at which the sum
of the interparticle adhesion forces gave a dominant influence to
the particle entrainment rate, were proposed by Baeyens et al.
[32] and Ma and Kato [33], respectively. The following correlation
of Ma and Kato [33] were used in this model.
0:101
dcrit ¼ ð8Þ
g q0:731
ð2aÞ p

where In Eq. (8), g is the gravitational acceleration [m/s2] and qp the

apparent particle density [kg/m3]. It is not appropriate to apply
K ih dp Eq. (8) for conditions with different temperatures and pressures.
¼ C d Repc eð9:120:0153aðHt Hb ÞÞ ð2bÞ
l However, among the data covered in this study, only the data
  obtained at room temperature and pressure were included in the
range to which this correlation applies. The proper correlation that
K i1 dp 6:922:39F 0:303  13:1
g
F 0:902
¼ Ar0:5 ð2cÞ takes into account temperature and pressure should be presented
c e
d
l in the future.
with The group of particles smaller than dcrit in mean diameter was
classified as the adhesive particles. Li and Kato [34] also investi-
   !0:492
dp dp qg U  U mf gated the effect of the size of bed particles on the entrainment rate
adp ¼ exp 11:2 þ 210
Dt  dp l of adhesive particles. In case that both bed and entrained particles
!0:725 !0:731 were same and smaller than 60 lm in mean diameter dp,mean, the
qp gdp qp  qg entrainment rate of particles at a gas velocity turned out to be con-
   C d1:47 ð3Þ
qg U  U mf 2 qg stant as the entrainment rate of particles at the mean diameter of
60 lm. The 60 lm meant virtually the critical particle diameter
  because it was very close to the size given as 53.1 lm by Eq. (8).
gdp qg qp  qg
3
In the modified correlation of Choi at al. [20] with reference to
Arc ¼ ð4Þ
l2 the findings of Li and Kato [34], the particle size was considered
as follows.
 
2gdp qp  qg dp ¼ dcrit for dp;mean < dcrit ð9aÞ
Fg ¼ ðSI units throughoutÞ ð5aÞ
3
dp ¼ dp;mean for dp;mean > dcrit ð9bÞ
C d qg U 2
Fd ¼ ðSI units throughoutÞ ð5bÞ Li and Kato [34] also found that when the mean size (dpm) of the
2
bed particles was greater than dcrit and that of the entrained parti-
24 cles (dp,mean) was smaller than dcrit, the entrained particles adhered
Cd ¼ for Repc 6 5:8 ð6aÞ to the bed particles and thus the entrainment rate decreased. The
Repc
entrainment rate decreased with size of the entrained particles
10 due to enhanced adhesion. However, the bed particle size had no
Cd ¼ for 5:8 < Repc 6 540 ð6bÞ effect on the entrainment rate in case that either dp,mean > dcrit or
Re0:5
pc
dpm < dcrit. The bed and the entrained particles were the same ones
(dp,mean = dpm) under the condition of measuring the transport
C d ¼ 0:43 for 540 < Repc ð6cÞ
velocity. Therefore, there was no additional need to consider the
influence of fine particles adhering to coarse particles in calculat-
d p U qg
Repc ¼ ð7Þ ing the particle entrainment rate [35]. The particle entrainment
l rate according to the particle size was expressed as follows.
 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078 3073

(1/K*+
i ) calculated by Eq. (10). The non-dimensional velocity, the
gas velocity divided by the terminal velocity, was also tested in
the figure.

hþ ¼ 1=Kþ
i ð11Þ

( )1=2
4gdp ðqp  qg Þ
Ut ¼ ð12Þ
3qg C d

The 1/K*+
i decreases with increasing the velocity. The descend-
ing slope is steep initially but keeps mitigating as the velocity
increases. The transport velocity was determined as the gas veloc-
ity at the intersection of both tangential lines built for ranges low
and high in gas velocity respectively. Transport velocities that
resulted from the method using both velocity scales individually
were same at all. However, it was somewhat troubling that the
Fig. 1. h+ versus U or U/Ut.
transport velocity would vary appreciably depending on the lowest
velocity employed. It was because the descending slope of the tan-
gential line in the low velocity range was influenced remarkably by
the lowest velocity. The slope became steeper, resulting in the
K þ   
i ¼ ðK ih þ K i1 Þ ¼ K i for dp;mean > dcrit ð10aÞ decrease of transport velocity, as the lowest velocity decreased.
As a different criterion to avoid the trouble, Won et al. [19]
searched the optimal local slope at which the velocity best agreed
with the measured transport velocity. The gas velocity at the abso-
K þ   lute value of the local slope |d(1/K*+ 2
i )/d(U/Ut)| of 0.398 m s/kg was
i ¼ ðK ih þ K i1 Þat dp ¼dcrit for dp;mean < dcrit ð10bÞ
set up as the transport velocity (Eq. (1)) for their model. The model
Fig. 1 illustrates the process of determining the transport veloc- was better than other correlations in agreement with the measured
ity by the emptying time method that adopted the relationship transport velocities. However, the accuracy of the model appeared
between the gas velocity and the reciprocal of the entrainment rate to considerably depend on the properties of fluidized particles. In

Table 2
Comparison of Utr between measured and calculated by models (Kong’s group C particles [41]).

Experimental data Calculated Utr

Sources P T qp dp,mean dcrit Dt Ht Utr,mea Arc Geldart’s Won et al. [19] Emptying time method [15] This study
group [36]
[atm] [oC] [kg/m3] [lm] [lm] [m] [m] [m/s] [-] [-] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
Khurram et al. [11] 1 25 2364 21 35 0.050 1.0 0.80 3.8 A 0.46 0.22 0.83
1 25 1272 50 55 0.050 1.0 0.80 8.0 A 0.80 0.34 1.10
Avidan and Yerushalmi [13] 1 25 1670 33 45 0.152 8.5 1.10 5.8 A 0.62 0.27 0.97
1 25 1070 49 63 0.152 8.5 1.40 9.9 A 0.86 0.36 1.19
1 25 1450 49 50 0.152 8.5 1.95 6.9 A 0.75 0.29 1.03
Horio et al. [26] 1 25 1000 60 66 0.050 2.4 0.92 10.7 A 0.95 0.39 1.23
Lee and Kim [1] 1 25 2500 24 34 0.078 6.0 1.80 3.6 A 0.47 0.21 0.81
Hirama et al. [25] 1 25 750 54 82 0.100 5.5 1.50 15.1 A 1.09 0.47 1.38
ARD 0.363 0.724 0.265

Table 3
Comparison of Utr between measured and calculated by models (Kong’s group A particles [41]).

Experimental data Calculated Utr

Sources P T qp dp,mean dcrit Dt Ht Utr,mea Arc Geldart’s group [36] Won et al. [19] Emptying time method [15] This study
[atm] [oC] [kg/m3] [lm] [lm] [m] [m] [m/s] [-] [-] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
Khurram et al. [11] 1 25 2440 40 34 0.050 1.0 1.00 5.8 A 0.64 0.25 0.90
1 25 2591 79 33 0.050 1.0 1.40 47.3 A 1.43 0.66 1.50
1 25 1470 93 50 0.050 1.0 1.16 43.8 A 1.43 0.52 1.51
Li and Kwauk [22] 1 25 3160 54 28 0.090 8.0 2.45 18.4 A 0.97 0.35 1.15
Perales et al. [2] 1 25 1715 80 45 0.092 2.9 1.60 32.5 A 1.34 0.46 1.45
Ishii and Horio [24] 1 25 1780 61 43 0.200 1.6 1.10 15.0 A 0.99 0.36 1.20
Namkung et al. [27] 1 25 1720 65 44 0.100 5.3 1.40 17.5 A 1.06 0.37 1.26
Smolders and Baeyens [7] 1 25 2700 70 32 0.100 8.0 2.20 34.3 A 1.34 0.51 1.44
1 25 2600 90 33 0.100 8.0 3.25 70.2 B 1.55 0.83 1.60
Balasubramanian et al. [16] 1 25 900 81 71 0.052 1.2 1.35 17.7 A 1.23 0.46 1.39
1 25 676 385 88 0.052 1.2 1.86 1426.0 B 2.61 1.57 2.51
ARD 0.285 0.649 0.229
Table 4

3074
Comparison of Utr between measured and calculated by models (Kong’s group B particles [41]).

Experimental data Calculated Utr

Sources P T qp dp,mean dcrit Dt Ht Utr,mea Arc Geldart’s group [36] Won et al. [19] Emptying time method [15] This study
[atm] [oC] [kg/m3] [lm] [lm] [m] [m] [m/s] [-] [-] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
Khurram et al. [11] 1 25 4503 75 22 0.050 1.0 2.78 70.4 B 1.55 1.08 1.59
1 25 2374 167 35 0.050 1.0 2.00 409.3 B 2.12 1.74 2.06
1 25 2416 295 35 0.050 1.0 2.60 2296.0 B 2.90 3.69 2.77
Yerushalmi and Cankurt [21] 1 25 2460 103 34 0.076 8.5 3.85 99.5 B 1.67 0.97 1.69
Shin et al. [14] 1 25 1720 205 44 0.078 2.5 1.58 548.5 B 2.22 1.65 2.15
1 25 1720 395 44 0.078 2.5 2.28 3924.0 B 3.16 3.69 3.02
Han et al. [15] 1 25 1400 730 52 0.078 2.6 1.78 20160.0 B 4.31 7.10 4.09
Horio et al. [26] 1 25 2600 106 33 0.050 2.4 4.50 114.6 B 1.71 1.05 1.72
Chesonis et al. [23] 1 25 3460 120 27 0.100 6.2 2.80 221.4 B 1.92 1.57 1.88
Perales et al. [2] 1 25 2650 212 32 0.092 2.9 1.98 934.8 B 2.46 2.46 2.37
Adanez et al. [4] 1 25 2600 170 33 0.100 3.9 3.15 472.9 B 2.18 1.91 2.11
1 25 1400 315 52 0.100 3.9 3.00 1619.0 B 2.68 2.30 2.57
1 25 2600 344 33 0.100 3.9 4.30 3919.0 B 3.24 4.97 3.08
1 25 2600 387 33 0.100 3.9 4.40 5579.0 B 3.47 5.56 3.30

D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078

1 25 1400 561 52 0.100 3.9 3.60 9148.0 B 3.68 4.38 3.51
1 25 1400 710 52 0.100 3.9 4.00 18540.0 B 4.24 6.67 4.02
Namkung et al. [27] 1 25 3055 125 29 0.100 5.3 2.40 220.9 B 1.91 1.47 1.88
Balasubramanian et al. [16] 1 25 2650 177 32 0.052 1.2 2.56 544.1 B 2.23 1.99 2.16
1 25 1480 385 50 0.052 1.2 2.47 3126.0 B 3.02 3.04 2.88
1 25 2650 412 32 0.052 1.2 3.47 6862.0 B 3.63 6.06 3.45
1 25 1480 530 50 0.052 1.2 3.19 8155.0 B 3.61 4.77 3.44
Ryu et al. [8] 1 25 4080 181 24 0.020 2.0 2.05 857.8 B 2.49 3.08 2.39
1 250 4080 181 24 0.020 2.0 2.46 214.4 B 2.77 3.26 2.71
1 400 4080 181 24 0.020 2.0 2.67 118.6 B 2.91 3.26 2.92
1 600 4080 181 24 0.020 2.0 2.84 65.2 B 2.68 3.38 2.83
Kim et al. [18] 1 25 3753 91 25 0.013 6.8 2.08 110.3 B 1.71 1.19 1.73
4.9 25 3753 91 25 0.013 6.8 1.65 549.0 B 0.89 0.71 0.86
9.9 25 3753 91 25 0.013 6.8 1.45 1089.0 B 0.67 0.56 0.65
14.8 25 3753 91 25 0.013 6.8 1.32 1619.0 B 0.57 0.50 0.55
Bae et al. [17] 1 15 2617 256 33 0.020 2.0 2.72 1699.0 B 2.72 3.29 2.60
1 200 2617 256 33 0.020 2.0 2.80 494.8 B 2.97 3.33 2.87
1 400 2617 256 33 0.020 2.0 3.07 215.1 B 3.19 3.52 3.13
1 600 2617 256 33 0.020 2.0 3.25 118.3 B 3.37 3.73 3.38
Seo et al. [10] 1 25 2500 135 34 0.078 8.5 1.42 218.1 B 1.93 1.33 1.89
1 200 2500 135 34 0.078 8.5 1.56 69.3 B 2.04 1.28 2.10
1 400 2500 135 34 0.078 8.5 1.69 30.1 B 1.74 1.00 1.98
1 600 2500 135 34 0.078 8.5 1.75 16.6 B 1.51 0.85 1.89
1 800 2500 135 34 0.078 8.5 1.95 10.4 B 1.36 0.77 1.86
1 25 2500 210 34 0.078 8.5 2.15 820.8 B 2.43 2.32 2.34
1 200 2500 210 34 0.078 8.5 2.68 260.9 B 2.63 2.38 2.57
1 400 2500 210 34 0.078 8.5 3.11 113.4 B 2.82 2.54 2.84
1 600 2500 210 34 0.078 8.5 3.60 62.4 B 2.89 2.45 3.01
1 800 2500 210 34 0.078 8.5 4.05 39.1 B 2.45 2.17 2.73
1 25 2500 270 34 0.078 8.5 2.55 1744.0 B 2.79 3.24 2.67
1 200 2500 270 34 0.078 8.5 3.10 554.5 B 3.03 3.34 2.92
1 400 2500 270 34 0.078 8.5 3.85 241.1 B 3.25 3.60 3.18
1 600 2500 270 34 0.078 8.5 4.47 132.6 B 3.44 3.61 3.43
1 800 2500 270 34 0.078 8.5 5.10 83.1 B 3.54 3.56 3.63
1 25 2500 380 34 0.078 8.5 3.23 4863.0 B 3.41 5.27 3.24
1 200 2500 380 34 0.078 8.5 3.90 1546.0 B 3.71 5.10 3.54
1 400 2500 380 34 0.078 8.5 4.92 672.2 B 3.99 5.50 3.82
1 600 2500 380 34 0.078 8.5 5.90 369.7 B 4.23 5.67 4.08
1 800 2500 380 34 0.078 8.5 6.85 231.7 B 4.43 6.03 4.32
ARD 0.233 0.382 0.220
 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078 3075

Table 5
Comparison of Utr between measured and calculated by models (Kong’s group D particles [41]).

Experimental data Calculated Utr

Sources P T qp dp,mean dcrit Dt Ht Utr,mea Arc Geldart’s Won et al. [19] Emptying time This
group [36] method [15] study
[atm] o
[ C] [kg/m ]3
[lm] [lm] [m] [m] [m/s] [-] [-] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
Khurram et al. [11] 1 25 2418 646 35 0.050 1.0 4.45 24130.0 B 4.73 9.08 4.47
1 25 2418 730 35 0.024 1.0 5.53 34820.0 D 5.15 11.10 4.85
1 25 2523 925 34 0.050 1.0 5.80 73930.0 D 6.22 13.11 5.84
1 25 2523 1090 34 0.024 1.0 7.92 121000.0 D 7.00 15.87 6.56
Han et al. [15] 1 25 1400 1030 52 0.078 2.6 2.09 56620.0 D 5.38 9.97 5.08
Adanez et al. [4] 1 25 2600 561 33 0.100 3.9 5.05 17000.0 B 4.41 7.72 4.17
1 25 2600 710 33 0.100 3.9 5.60 34450.0 D 5.19 9.83 4.88
1 25 1400 894 52 0.100 3.9 4.50 37020.0 D 4.90 8.45 4.64
1 25 2600 894 33 0.100 3.9 6.15 68780.0 D 6.14 12.62 5.76
ARD 0.243 1.255 0.237
ARD for all groups 0.254 0.549 0.227

Table 6
Summary of optimal absolute slope at U = Utr in the plot U/Ut - h+ for the data in Tables 2–5.

Particle class C AC A B D
Goossens’ class [39] Ar < 0.97 0.97 < Ar < 9.8 9.8 < Ar < 88.5 88.5 < Ar < 176,900 176,900 < Ar
Class of Shaul et al. [40] Ar < 1 1 < Ar < 80 80 < Ar < 30,000 30,000 < Ar
Range of data in Ar [-] 0.811–6.31 4.37–83.1 99.5–18,500
Range of data in Arc [-] 3.59–8.04 9.88–83.1 99.5–18,500
Average Arc [-] 5.431 29.50 761.5
0 1
  0.0400 0.206 0.480
 dhþ 
Optimized absolute slope at U = Utr, @  A in the range of Arc [s m2/kg]
 d UUt 

order to achieve good accuracy in the wide range of particle prop-
erty, the model should be improved to consider the effect of parti-
cle properties in determining the transport velocity.
There have been several studies on the classification of particles
by Geldart [36], Molerus [37], Grace [38], Goossens [39], Shaul
et al. [40] and Kong et al. [41]. The classifications of Goossens
[39], Grace [38] and Shaul et al. [40] used Archimedes number as
the parameter describing the characteristics of fluidized particles.
Kong et al. [41] updated the classification as follows, and this study
used it to divide the literature data by the group of fluidized
particles.
 0:725
Group C=A boundary : dp;mean ¼ 0:010325= qp  qg
 1:17
Group A=B boundary : dp;mean ¼ 0:9072= qp  qg
 0:807
Group B=D boundary : dp;mean ¼ 0:2663= qp  qg
 
PN jUtr;mea Utr;cal j
i¼1 U tr;mea
ARD ¼ i
ð15Þ
N
The emptying time method illustrated in Fig. 1 came up with
the transport velocity significantly different from the measured
value (Tables 2–5). Tables 2–5 also show the transport velocity
predicted by the model of Won et al. [19]. Their model was suitable
for group B and D particles. However, the relative deviation of the
model turned out big for group C and A particles. It resulted in that
the criterion to determine the transport velocity in their model
should be changed according to properties of fluidized particles.
Particle classifications of Goossens [39], Grace [38] and Shaul
ð13aÞ
et al. [40] were convenient to imply the effects of properties of flu-
idized particles including effects of temperature and pressure
because their classifications used Archimedes number as the
ð13bÞ
parameter describing the characteristics of fluidized particles. In
addition, the data considered in this study included transport
ð13cÞ

In Eq. (13), dp,mean is the mean particle diameter of entrained

particles in m.

3. Results and discussion

The data of the transport velocity (Tables 2–5) employed by

Won et al. [19] was used as the measured values for comparison
with the calculated values. Of the test data, the range of the Ar
by Eq. (14) using the mean particle diameter was 0.811–
1.21  105, and the range of Arc by Eqs. (4), (8) and (9) considering
the critical particle diameter 3.59 to 1.21  105.
 
Ar ¼ qg dp qp  qg g=l2
3
with dp ¼ dp;mean ð14Þ

The data were divided according to criteria of Kong et al. (Eq.

(13)) [41]. All (C, A, B and D) groups of particles were involved in
the data. The average relative deviation (ARD) was used as a mea-
sure of accuracy in comparing the predicted transport velocity
with the measured one. Fig. 2. Arc versus absolute slope at U = Utr.
3076 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078

Table 7
Average relative deviation of correlation on Utr for the data in Tables 2–5.

Kong’s ARD [-] of correlations

group [41]
Lee & Perales Bi & Adanez Bi & Chehbouni Smolders & Ryu Monazam & Seo Khurram Zhang Won This
Kim [1] et al. [2] Fan [3] et al. [4] Grace et al. [6] Baeyens [7] et al. [8] Shadle [9] et al. et al. [11] et al. [12] et al. [19] study
[5] [10]
C 0.498 0.287 0.378 0.358 0.291 0.239 0.303 0.509 0.287 0.604 0.195 0.544 0.363 0.265
A 0.355 0.210 0.296 0.343 0.234 0.259 0.241 0.558 0.229 0.414 0.136 0.851 0.285 0.229
B 0.452 0.344 0.470 0.621 0.507 0.280 0.461 0.378 0.540 0.233 0.897 5.794 0.233 0.220
D 0.509 0.258 0.348 0.194 0.249 0.329 0.229 0.299 0.476 0.245 0.192 39.5 0.243 0.237
All groups 0.450 0.311 0.424 0.510 0.420 0.279 0.390 0.407 0.466 0.296 0.646 8.354 0.254 0.227

velocities measured at different pressures and temperatures. [19] to the measured transport velocities by the range of Arc. As
Therefore, this study employed the Archimedes number Arc calcu- the Arc decreased, the absolute value of the new optimal slope
lated by Eqs. (4), (8) and (9), as the parameter representing the approached zero. It changed most steeply between 10 and 102 in
properties of fluidized particles. Arc. In the range of Arc > 103, it approached the 0.525 m2s/kg. The
Table 6 summarizes the new criteria, absolute slopes criterion upgraded for the model of Won et al. [19] to locate the
0  1
  transport velocity was expressed (r2 = 0.971) by the following

B dhþ C
@ A optimized for each group of particles by Goossens’ correlation.

d UUt   
U¼U tr
 þ 
classification in fitting the model of Won et al. [19] to measured  dh 
   ¼ 0:525 Arc =ð41:3 þ Arc Þ ½m2 s=kg ð17Þ
transport velocities in Tables 2–5. As the sequence of groups listed  U 
d U 
t
in the order of AC, A, and B – the Arc increased, the absolute value U¼U tr

of the new optimal slope at U = Utr increased. The average Arc in
each group was determined as follows.
! as the model of Won et al. [19] modified with Eq. (17). In agree-
PN
i¼1 ðln Ar c Þi
Average Arc ¼ exp
N
The measured transport velocity less than the terminal velocity
was removed from the consideration because the transport veloc-
ity had to be greater than the terminal velocity [42]. According to
the classification of Shaul et al. [40], data for the Group D particles
belonged to this case and the rest of the data were only for Group B
and D particles.
The data were subdivided again into several ranges in Arc. Fig. 2
shows the relationship between the average Arc and the absolute
value of the new optimal slope in fitting the model of Won et al.
Fig. 3. Comparison of Utr between measured and calculated.
Tables 2–5 also indicate a comparison between the measured
transport velocity and the value calculated by the present model
ment of the transport velocity between calculated and measured
ð16Þ for all data, the present model was better than the original model
of Won et al. [19] and other correlations (Table 7 and Fig. 3). The
agreement was also uniformly well for all groups of particles. How-
ever, no correlations in Table 1 were evenly good for all groups of
particles, as shown in Table 7. The simple regression between Ar
and Retr appeared to be insufficient to describe the effect of particle
properties on the transport velocity.
The effects of temperature and pressure on the transport veloc-
ity [8,10,17,18] predicted by the present model were similar with
those calculated by the model of Won et al. [19]. As the tempera-
ture increased, the transport velocity was predicted to increase
indicating its maximum value and then decrease (dp,mean = 0.135,
0.210 mm in Fig. 4(a) and dp,mean = 0.181 mm in Fig. 4(c)). The tem-
perature showing the maximum transport velocity increased with
the particle size (dp,mean = 0.135, 0.210 mm in Fig. 4(a)). As the
temperature increased, the drag force applied to the particles
decreased indicating a minimum value and then increased because
gas density decreased but gas viscosity increased. The temperature
indicating the minimum entrainment rate increased with the par-
ticle size [20]. The effect of temperature on the transport velocity
predicted by the present model was associated with the reciprocal
of such trend of the entrainment rate. However, the predicted ten-
dency of the transport velocity deviated from the measured one at
the moment. Meanwhile, this result also needed to be checked
again with further experimental data in the future when we looked
at the trend that the influence of the temperature on the measured
transport velocity decreased in case that the particle diameter was
small (dp,mean = 0.135 mm in Fig. 4(a) and dp,mean = 0.181 mm in
Fig. 4 (c)). The correlation of Chehbouni et al. [6] was based on
the data measured at room temperature. That might be why the
correlation was poor to reflect the effect of temperature (Fig. 4(b,
c)). In case that the particle diameter was greater than 0.270 mm
and the temperature was higher than 600 °C, the transport velocity
of Seo et al. [10] appeared to be measured somewhat larger, as dis-
cussed in the study of Won et al. [19]. That seemed to result in that
the correlation of Seo et al. [10] overestimated the transport veloc-
ity for experimental conditions of Bae et al. [17] and Ryu et al. [8].
 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078 3077

Table 8
Comparison of correlations with measured data.

Exp. data Chehbouni et al. [6] Monazam et al. [9]

Dt (Ht)[m] 0.082 0.2 0.305 (15.3)
Material FCC Sable FCC Sable GB GB Cork PPE
qp [kg/m ]3
1450 2650 1450 2650 2500 2500 189 863
dp [lm] 78 130 78 130 60 180 812 750
Ar [-] 26 216 26 216 29.6 500 3593 12,676
Utr,mea [m/s] 1.1 2.2 2.24 3.05 1.83 2.11 2.23 4.33
Utr,cal [m/s]:
Chehbouni et al. [6] 1.51 2.48 1.97 3.24 2.75 3.98 1.61 3.59
Seo et al. [10] 0.771 1.62 0.771 1.62 0.869 2.00 1.37 3.16
Won et al. [19] 1.29 1.90 1.29 1.90 1.04 2.23 3.10 3.87
This study 1.41 1.87 1.41 1.87 1.23 2.16 2.99 3.69

GB: glass beads.

FCC: fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particles.
PPE: phosphorescent polyethylene beads.

their experimental conditions as similar with the model of Won

et al. [19]. However, reconsideration with further data might be
valuable because all compared correlations underestimated the
transport velocity considerably [19] for the condition of Kim
et al. [18].
Table 8 compares correlations with the transport velocity mea-
sured by Chehbouni et al. [6] and Monazam et al. [9]. Monazam
et al. [9] measured the transport velocity in a fluidized bed of large
diameter (0.305 m). For the similar Archimedes numbers (26,
29.6), the influence of the fluidized-bed diameter on the measured
transport velocity was unclear. Correlations of this study and Won
et al. [19] predicted that the effect of the diameter of the fluidized-
bed on transport velocity was negligible. The correlation of Seo
et al. [10] predicted the transport velocity to be smaller than the
measured value and the same for the correlation of Perales et al.
[2] as shown in the study of Monazam et al. [9]. The correlation
of Chehbouni et al [6] estimated the transport velocity opposite
in trend to that measured by Monazam et al. [9]. Despite the
increase in Ar, the predicted transport velocity decreased signifi-
cantly. The present model showed reasonable agreement with
the measured transport velocities and was better than the model
of Won et al. [19] in average relative deviation by Eq. (15).
Covering the effect of particle properties for groups C to D par-
ticles in classification of Kong et al. [41], the present model incor-
porating Eq. (17) with the model of Won et al. [19] was good in
predicting the transport velocity. The data used for the present
model were in following experimental ranges: 21 < dp,mean [lm]
< 1090, 189 < qp [kg/m3] < 4503, 0.332 < qg [kg/m3] < 18.1,
1.72  105 < l [Pa s] < 4.39  105, 0.0127 < Dt [m] < 0.305,
1 < Ht [m] < 15.3. The variations in column diameter and gas vis-
cosity were still too narrow for this correlation to be widely
applicable.

4. Conclusions

In the model of Won et al. [19] that predicted the transport

Fig. 4. Effect of temperature on Utr.
For the same comparison, the present model was better than the
model of Won et al. [19]. The present model gave the transport
velocity decreasing with increasing pressure as the trend measured
by Kim et al. [18] but underestimated the transport velocity for
velocity by using the correlation of the particle entrainment rate,
the absolute value of local slope as the criterion for locating the
transport velocity in the relationship between U/Ut and 1/K*+ i var-
ied according to the properties of fluidized particles. It increased
with Arc, the Archemedes number (Ar) modified for particle diam-
eter with critical diameter in case that the mean diameter of par-
ticles was smaller than the critical particle diameter. A
correlation was proposed to predict the new absolute value of local
slope at the transport velocity. The present model incorporating
the correlation with the model of Won et al. [19] was successful
covering the effect of particle properties in predicting the transport
velocity.
3078 D. Kim et al. / Advanced Powder Technology 29 (2018) 3070–3078
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Energy Efficiency & Resources
Programs of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation
and Planning (KETEP), granted financial resources from the
Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea
(20152010201840). This paper was written as part of Konkuk
University’s research support program for its faculty on sabbatical
leave in 2017.
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