2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE 2014), 16-18 October, Iasi, Romania
On-line Overhead Transmission Line And
Transformer Parameters Identification Based On
PMU Measurements
Bogdan Vicol
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi
Power Systems Department
Iasi, Romania
bvicol@ee.tuiasi.ro
Abstract—Knowledge of the actual values of power system
components parameters represents essential input for real time
applications. In this regard, this paper presents a method for
estimating transmission line and transformer parameters based
on phasor measurement units (PMU) installed at both ends of the
network components. Transmission line parameters are essential
inputs for various applications such as state estimation of power
systems and protective relaying applications. Furthermore, the
line length, temperature and sag can be used in dynamic thermal
line rating algorithms for increased power transfer capacity. In
addition, this paper presents an algorithm for estimating the
actual values of electric and catalog parameters for power
transformers, since it is known that they are changing in time.
Numerical examples and preliminary results are presented.
Keywords-phasor measurement unit (PMU); overhead transmission
lines; non-linear estimation theory
I. INTRODUCTION
Many power system applications used in the industry
require the knowledge of precise values for the electric line
parameters such as resistance, reactance, conductance and
susceptance, and also of the exact line length. Some of these
global parameters, such as the resistance, vary with the line
length and with the change of conductor temperature, while
others, such as the reactance and the susceptance, are
dependent only on the line length. Also, the length of the
conductors of an overhead line is directly influenced by the
weather conditions (environmental temperature, wind speed
and strength, frost precipitations) and current flows, through
the Joule-Lenz effect.
Furthermore, the exact knowledge of the values of
overhead transmission line (OHL) parameters adds
performance to other power systems applications, such as
adaptive transmission system relaying, dynamic line rating or
state estimation [1].
This is well known problem widely addressed by extensive
studies. Various algorithms and methods for line parameters
estimation are known in the literature.
The authors of [1] proposed an algorithm for power line
parameters identification based on a weighted least square
method and phasor measurement units disposed at both ends of
the studied transmission line. This approach considers only the
positive sequence of the series and shunt transmission line
978-1-4799-5849-8/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 1045
parameters and neglects mutual admittances between the line
phases which can be an important issue in the cases of
incomplete phase transposition of transmission line or
unbalanced load conditions.
Paper [2] proposed a method for estimating transmission
line parameters and temperature based on the lumped
parameters π model of the line and a recursive algorithm using
the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).
This paper presents a method for estimating the three phase
transmission line series and shunt parameters, based on non-
linear regression and measurements provided by PMUs
installed at both ends of the studied power line. In addition, an
algorithm to estimate the electric and catalog parameters of
power transformers using synchrophasor measurements is also
discussed.
II. TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL
By using PMUs placed at both ends of an OHL, voltage
and current synchrophasors can be obtained and used to
compute the real values of the line’s electrical parameters,
which can differ at one given moment from the rated
parameters, from various causes. The dynamic power rating
and length of a line can vary because of electrical or non-
electrical factors such as environment temperature, wind speed
and strength, sag due to self-weight of the conductor or frost
precipitations.
The standard model for the representation of an electric line
is the lumped parameter π model, represented in Figure 1. The
following equations can be written:
1 1 1 2 1 2
I RST − ⋅ U RST ⋅ Y RST + I RST − ⋅ U RST ⋅ Y RST = 0
2 2
(1)
1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 2
U RST − Z RST ⎜ I RST − ⋅ U RST ⋅ YRST ⎟ − U RST = 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
where:
I 1RST , I 2RST , U 1RST , U 2RST - three phase current and voltage
vectors at the both ends of the transmission line
Z RST , Y RST - three phase impedance and shunt admittance
matrix of the transmission line.
 values. Thus, accurate values of the OHL parameters can be
obtained in real time, and used in various studies.
Rewriting equations (1) as matrices:

⎡ I 1R ⎤ ⎡Y Y RS Y RT ⎤ ⎡U 1 ⎤
R

⎢ S⎥ 1⎢ R ⎢ ⎥
Y ST ⎥⎥ ⋅ ⎢U 1 ⎥ +
S
Figure 1. Transmission line PI model ⎢ I 1 ⎥ − ⎢Y RS YS
⎢ T ⎥ 2 ⎢Y Y ST Y T ⎥⎦ ⎢⎢U 1T ⎥⎥
Equations (1) describe a three phase model of the ⎣⎢ I 1 ⎦⎥ ⎣ RT ⎣ ⎦
transmission line which considers self and mutual coupling ⎡ I 2R ⎤ Y RS Y RT ⎤ ⎡U 2 ⎤
R
admittances between the line phases. ⎡Y
⎢ S⎥ 1⎢ R ⎥ ⎢ S
⎥
In order to estimate the electric parameters of overhead ⎢ I 2 ⎥ − ⎢Y RS Y S Y ST ⎥ ⋅ ⎢U 2 ⎥ = 0
⎢ T ⎥ 2 ⎢Y ⎢ T⎥
lines (resistance, reactance and susceptance), using ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣ RT Y ST Y T ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣U 2 ⎥⎦
measurements from PMUs installed at both ends of the line, it (3)
is enough to rewrite (1) as twelve equations, for the real and ⎡U 1R ⎤ ⎡ Z Z RS Z RT ⎤
imaginary parts of the state variables, and to solve the resulting ⎢ S⎥ ⎢ R ⎥
system of non-linear equations, built using measurement ⎢U 1 ⎥ − ⎢ Z RS Z S Z ST ⎥ ⋅
⎢ T ⎥ ⎢Z Z ST Z T ⎦⎥
samples from PMUs, with a least squares approach.
⎣⎢U 1 ⎦⎥ ⎣ RT
For the fully transposed transmission line, the three ⎛ ⎡ I 1R ⎤ Y RS Y RT ⎤ ⎡U 1 ⎤ ⎞ ⎡U 2 ⎤
R R

⎜⎢ S ⎥ 1 ⎡ R
sequence networks are completely decoupled and the positive Y
⎟
⎢ S⎥ ⎢ S⎥
sequence impedance parameters are determined based only on ⋅ ⎜ ⎢ I 1 ⎥ − ⎢⎢Y RS Y S Y ST ⎥⎥ ⋅ ⎢U 1 ⎥ ⎟ − ⎢U 2 ⎥ = 0
⎜⎢ T ⎥ 2 ⎟
positive sequence voltages and currents [2]. However, for an
⎜ ⎢I1 ⎥ ⎢⎣Y RT Y ST Y T ⎥⎦ ⎢U T ⎥ ⎟ ⎢U T ⎥
untransposed OHL or OHLs that are not fully transposed, the ⎝⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 ⎦⎥ ⎠ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
three sequence networks will be mutually coupled and, in these In order, to compute RLC parameters of an overhead
cases, using only positive sequence measurements to estimate transmission line from its conductor characteristics and tower
OHL parameters will generate inaccurate parameter geometry we used the Matlab function power_lineparam. The
identification results. power_lineparam function computes the resistance, inductance,
The voltage and current variables in the equations above and capacitance matrices of an arbitrary arrangement of
are phase quantities values. In order to transform these conductors of an overhead transmission line. For a three-phase
quantities to sequence quantities, we need to apply the phase to line, the symmetrical component RLC values are also
sequence transformation matrix which is defined as follows: computed.

1⎤ Using the measured values and the estimated values for the
⎡1 1
voltage and current phasors at the both ends of an OHL, the
A = ⎢⎢1 a 2 a ⎥⎥ line parameters can be estimated with the Levenberg-
⎢⎣1 a a 2 ⎥⎦ Marquardt algorithm. Once the phase quantities values are
known, applying the sequence transformation matrix will yield
j120 o the sequence impedance parameters.
where: a = e .
The following relationship then holds between the phase III. TRANSFORMER CATALOG PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION
quantities and sequence quantities:
The approach used for OHL parameters identification
described above, can be used for the calculation of power
1(2) 1(2)
U RST = A ⋅ U ZPN ;
1(2) 1(2)
I RST = A ⋅ I ZPN transformer parameters, too. It is a known fact that the catalog
(2) parameters of transformers are changing in time during the
Z ZPN = A−1 ⋅ Z RST ⋅ A; Y ZPN = A−1 ⋅ Y RST ⋅ A operation lifespan of the equipment, in the sense that no load
power losses, copper losses, short-circuit voltage and no load
In order to estimate the electric parameters of overhead current of the transformer change their values.
lines, resistance, reactance and susceptance, using
measurements from PMUs installed at both ends of the line, it
is enough to rewrite (1) as twelve equations, for the real and
imaginary parts of the state variables, and to solve the resulting
equations system with a least squares approach.
The equations system (1) is rewritten for its real and
imaginary components and it is solved using the Levenberg-
Marquardt method, obtaining the real values for the line self
and mutual impedances, which will likely differ from the rated Figure 2. Transformer model

1046
 A power transformer can be modeled as an ideal
transformer with complex turns ratio N ki in series with the
leakage reactance and winding resistance and in parallel with
the core losses and magnetizing reactance respectively. Using a
similar approach as for transmission lines, a model can be
derived for the voltage-current equations of the transformer
which considers the series short-circuit impedance
y ik = RT + jX T and its magnetizing shunt admittance Figure 3. Winding schema and phasor diagram of Y0D11 transformer
y ik 0 = GT − jBT as shown in Figure 2. In the following it is
the system representation both, actual values or symmetrical
assumed that the tap changer is located on the HV side i and components representation of three phase transformer
the turns ratio is known. From Figure 2, the following parameters can be used to form the primitive matrix [6].
equations can be written:
In Figure 3 it is presented winding connection and phasor
diagram for a common type Y0D11 transformer used in

⎨
( ik )
⎧⎪ I ik = y + y ⋅ N ki2 ⋅ U i − y ⋅ N ki* ⋅ U k
ik 0 ik
(4)
Romanian distribution network and the ideal transformer in
symmetrical components for this connection type is given by
⎪⎩ I ki = − y ik ⋅ N ki ⋅ U i + y ik ⋅ U k (7).
From (4) the three phase transformer equations model looks
By separating the real and imaginary parts in (4), we can as follows:
obtain four real equations. With these equations, we can
estimate the power transformer electrical parameters, which are
the short-circuit resistance (RT) and reactance (XT) along with ⎡U RST ⎤ ⎡ I RST ⎤
shunt conductance (GT) and susceptance (BT). W ⋅ ⎢ 1RST ⎥ = ⎢ 1RST ⎥
Then, the following equations are used to calculate the ⎣U 2 ⎦ ⎣ I2 ⎦
updated catalog parameters of the transformer ⎡ RST Ymag ⎤ (6)
Y + YpsRST
⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎢ pp 2
⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤ −1
W =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
t
⎣ 0 TRST ⎦ ⎢ RST
Ymag ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 TRST
t ⎥
⎦
ΔP0 [kW ] = U n2 ⋅ GT ⋅103 ⎢ Ysp YssRST + ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
S n2 ⋅ RT
ΔPsc [kW ] = ⋅103 where p and s indicate the primary and secondary side of the
U n2 transformer;

usc [%] =
(R 2
T + X T2 ) ⋅ (100 ⋅ Sn )
2
(5) U iRST , Ii RST - three phase voltage an current at node i;
4
U n
YppRST , YpsRST , YspRST , YssRST - four block matrices which form the

i0 [%] =
(G 2
T + BT2 ) ⋅ (100 ⋅U n)
2 2
admittance matrix of the transformer as follows:
2
S n YppRST - Admittance matrix which describe the primary side of
transformer;
where: ΔP0 are no load losses; ΔPsc are copper losses; usc is the
short-circuit voltage; i0 is the no load current. YpsRST , YspRST sub-matrices which contain admittances between
These parameters are expected to be different from their primary and secondary coils of the transformer;
rated values and their use should increase the precision of the
real time power system analysis. YssRST - Secondary side transformer admittance matrix;

The transformer model presented above is accurate enough TRST - The voltage ratio matrix dependent on the windings
in the hypothesis of a transformer with perfect symmetry of connection of the transformer;
windings and a balanced network. However, in transmission
and distribution networks the load is not fully balanced and Ymag - magnetizing admittance matrix modeling no load losses,
hence the model should consider unsymmetrical components this matrix being defined in the same way as YppRST ;
[6]. Another issue to be considered is transformer windings
connections which may be Wye, Delta or Zigzag and, usually,
they are not the same at both ends of the transformer.
In this regard, the algorithm proposed in this paper for
(
Tα012 = diag ⎡⎣t t ⋅ e jα )
t ⋅ e− jα ⎤⎦ , α = − n ⋅ 30o (7)

representing three phase transformer with unbalanced

conditions use a primitive matrix which can be determined By defining the following sub-matrices [7], [8]:
based on the transformer windings connections. According to

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 ⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ Y0 Y1 Y2 0 −Y 1 −Y 2 ⎤
−Y 0
1
YI = YRST ⎢⎢0 1 0 ⎥⎥ ; YII = YRST ⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ ; ⎢ 2 0 1
0 −Y 0
−Y 1
−Y
⎥
2
3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢Y Y Y ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 −1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢ Y1 Y 2
Y 0
0 −Y 2
−Y 0 −Y 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ −1 1 0 ⎤ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
1 Y 012 =⎢ 2 (9)
YIII = YRST ⎢⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥⎥ −Y −Y 0 −Y 1 0 Y0 Y1 Y2 ⎥
3 ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ −Y −Y 2 −Y 0 0 Y2 Y0 Y1 ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥⎥
the admittance sub-matrices used in forming the three phase ⎢ −Y 0 −Y 1 −Y 2 0 Y1 Y2 Y0 +
transformer admittance matrix for the most typical connection ⎢⎣ 3Z g ⎥⎦
are given in Table I [6], [7].
where Z g is grounding impedance and Y0, Y1, Y2 are zero,
TABLE I. SUBMATRICES FOR COMMON TYPE TRANSFORMER direct and inverse sequence parameters, respectively.
CONNECTIONS
The internal node of the symmetrical components
Primary Secondary Ypp Yps Ysp Yss admittance matrix (9) must be eliminated to obtain the final
Y0 Y0 YI -YI -YI YI form of the admittance network of the three phase transformer.
Y0 Y YII -YII -YII YII This elimination consists only by ignoring the last row and
Y0 Δ YI YIII YIIIT YII
column from the matrix if the internal neutral node of the
Y Y0 YII -YII -YII YII
Y Y YII -YII -YII YII transformer is directly connected to ground. In all other cases
Y Δ YII YIII YIIIT YII presented in Table I, the internal neutral node can be eliminated
Δ Y0 YII YIIIT YIII YI by applying the well-known Kron reduction defined by [6,9]:
Δ Y YII YIIIT YIII YII
Δ Δ YII -YII -YII YII
YiN012YNj012
Yg012 012
− ij = Yij − 012
(10)
The transformer model configuration shown in Figure 3 YNN
with different impedance per phases in phase coordinates
system is firstly transformed to symmetrical components which The final form of the transformer admittance matrix is the
are done using (8). Because of the fact that the matrix obtained following form:
has a cyclic symmetry there are only 3 elements of the matrix
to be computed.
⎡ Y 012 012
Yps012 Ti α ⎤
Y 012 = ⎢ (012)* ⎥
pp
(11)
⎢Ti 012 (012)*
Ti α Yss012 Ti α
(012)
⎥
⎡YR 0 0⎤ ⎣ α Ysp ⎦
YRST = ⎢⎢ 0 YS 0 ⎥⎥
where Ti α = (Tα012 ) .
012 −1
⎢⎣ 0 0 YT ⎥⎦
(8)
⎡Y 0 Y1 Y2⎤ The steps for calculation the admittance matrix presented in
⎢ ⎥
Yij012 = Tp ⋅ YRST ⋅ Tp−1 = ⎢Y 2 Y0 Y1 ⎥ this paper requires only that the angle of phase shifting in
⎢Y 1 secondary side of the transformer is correctly defined and the
⎣ Y2 Y 0 ⎥⎦
internal neutral node is correctly eliminated.
where
⎡U1012 ⎤ ⎡Ypp012 Yps012 ⎤ ⎡ I1012 ⎤
⎢ 012 ⎥ ⎢ 012 ⎥=⎢ ⎥ (12)
⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎣U 2 ⎦ ⎣⎢Ysp Yss012 ⎦⎥ ⎣ I2012 ⎦
1⎢
a 2 ⎥⎥ , a = e j120
o
Tp = ⎢1 a
3 In order to estimate the symmetrical components
⎢⎣1 a 2 a ⎥⎦
parameters of transformer, using measurements from PMUs, it
is enough to rewrite (12) as twelve equations, for the real and
For equal admittances per phases, the symmetrical imaginary parts of the state variables, and to solve the resulting
components admittance matrix of the transformer obtained in system of non-linear equations with a least squares approach.
(8) becomes a diagonal one. The complete admittance matrix in On the other hand, if the phase parameters are needed it is
symmetrical components is defined by [8]: enough to use the second equation from (8) with all estimated
symmetrical components sub-matrices which form the
admittance matrix of the transformer.

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 IV. RESULTS model, at the other end. These data are needed to simulate real
The overhead line parameters estimation algorithm was measurements taken by a PMU placed at the other end of the
tested using load flow calculation results on the IEEE 14 bus line. Then, using the voltage and current measurements, the
test system and the line 2-3 was chosen for simulation. Since, line parameters are estimated with the Levenberg-Marquardt
the per unit length parameters of the IEEE 14 bus test system algorithm and compared with the values used earlier in the PI
are unavailable the simulation was performed only for model. Estimation results, including three phase transmission
estimating the global parameters of transmission line. Table II line parameters based on PMU measurements are summarized
shows the simulation results of the transmission line in Table IV.
parameters estimation with free-noise measurements. The algorithm for estimating the catalog parameters of the
power transformer was tested on a 110/22 kV transformer
TABLE II. PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION WITH FREE-NOISE
chosen from a Romanian standard. Table V presents a
MEASUREMENTS summary of the estimated catalog parameters of the power
transformer. Using the same approach as for transmission line
Parameters R (p.u) X (p.u) B (p.u) simulation measurement errors were performed by adding a
Real values 0.046990 0.197970 0.043800 random variable with a uniform distribution between ±1% to
Estimated values 0.046994 0.197974 0.043816 the measurement exact values obtained by performing load
Deviations (%)
flow calculation.
0.008 0.002 0.036

Measurement errors were simulated by adding a random TABLE V. TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION RESULTS
variable with a uniform distribution between ±1% to the
measurement exact values obtained by performing load flow Electrical parameters
calculation. Table II shows the results of the estimation of the Parameter R (Ω) X (Ω) G (S) B (S)
transmission line parameters with measurement errors. Estimated value 0.1833 3.3224 4.96E-05 0.000394
Catalog parameters
TABLE III. PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION WITH SIMULATION ΔP0 ΔPsc
Parameter usc (%) i0 (%)
MEASUREMENT ERRORS (kW) (kW)
Estimated value 23.867 97.006 10.982 1.203
Parameters R (p.u) X (p.u) B (p.u) Real value 24.000 97.000 11.000 1.200
Real values 0.046990 0.197970 0.04380 Deviations (%) 0.554 0.006 0.164 0.250
Estimated values 0.047450 0.197918 0.04389
Deviations (%) 0.979 0.026 0.205 Using the transformer catalog parameters presented in
Table V a three phase 110/22 kV transformer with unbalanced
Results presented in Table II shows that the most sensible load was modelled in Digsilent software. Results obtained by
parameter of the transmission line at measurement errors is performing load flow calculations were used to simulate the
resistance since it is known that it’s value can varying in time PMU measurements at both ends of the transformer. Estimated
in presence of load and environmental conditions. three phase admittance matrix is presented in Table VI.
In the second case the parameters of the transmission line
were estimated using a single set of measurements. This aims TABLE VI. PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION FOR THREE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
to simulate real time estimation of the transmission line
parameters. Phase Ypp [Ω] Yps [Ω] Ysp [Ω] Yss [Ω]
0.0176 - -0.0114 + -0.0114 + 0.0117 -
R
TABLE IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BENCHMARK AND ESTIMATED 0.3087i 0.2060i 0.2060i 0.2069i
VALUES OF LINE PARAMETERS FOR A TEST OHL 0.0172 - -0.0114 + -0.0114 + 0.0114 -
S
0.3091i 0.2060i 0.2060i 0.2059i
Param. Z [Ω] B [µS] 0.0179 - -0.0114 + -0.0114 + 0.0114 -
T
Real Estimated Real Estimated 0.3094i 0.2060i 0.2060i 0.2060i
Phase Value Value Value Value 0.0057 - 0.0057 - -0.0057 +
R-S 0
23.6400 + 23.6403 + 0.1030i 0.1030i 0.1025i
R 460.6831 460.6851 0.0057 - 0.0057 - -0.0057 +
144.5132i 144.5135i R-T 0
23.6400 + 23.6399 + 0.1030i 0.1030i 0.1031i
S 469.1654 469.1674 0.0057 - 0.0057 - -0.0057 +
144.5133i 144.5132i S-T 0
23.6400 + 23.6402 + 0.1030i 0.1030i 0.1030i
T 460.6831 460.6851
144.5133i 144.5130i
9.4800 + 9.4804 + Another test that was performed is to compare the obtained
R-S 68.2353 68.2334 load flow primary and secondary currents with those obtained
56.5487i 56.5484i
9.4800 + 9.4798 + using the proposed model based on the same primary and
R-T 27.6460 27.6441
50.2655i 50.2654i secondary voltages. Results are summarized in Table VII.
9.4800 + 9.4800 +
S-T 68.2353 68.2334 Results presented in Table VII shows that the phase
56.5487i 56.5488i
currents computed by proposed algorithm and DigSilent are
For a simulated 220 kV not fully transposed transmission very close and it is attributed to the fact that DigSilent three
OHL, the phase voltages and currents from (1) are obtained via phase transformer model contains additional equations which
PMU measurements at one end and estimated, using the PI line follows the transient response of the transformer.

1049
 TABLE VII. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DIGSILENT PHASE CURRENTS for estimating the actual catalog parameters for the power
AND PROPOSED ALGORITHM
transformers and describes a model to identify three phase
Proposed algorithm Digsilent software transformer admittance matrix.
Phases
I (kA) Angle(deg) I (kA) Angle(deg)
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V. CONCLUSIONS
[7] S. Chimklai, J. R. Marti, “Simplified three-phase transformer model for
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[9] Peng Xiao, David C. Yu, Wei Yan, “A unified three-phase transformer
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average line temperature can be computed and utilized in
dynamic thermal rating. Also, this paper presents an algorithm

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