The Relationship Between Vo2max, Resting Heart Rate and Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing of The College Students

P O LY T E C H N I C U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
It has numerous names: "maximal oxygen use," "maximal oxygen take-up," "peak
oxygen take-up," "maximal high-sway limit." Simply put, VO2 speaks to the body's capacity
to utilize oxygen, which characterizes how vigorously fit one is. Implies that VO2 max is
unquestionably the most elevated measure of oxygen the body can use in a set measure of
time. VO2 relies upon various variables like that number of red platelets you have, you are
adjustment to exercises, and how much blood the heart can pump. Therefore, VO2 max is
a proportion of how fit one is (Smith, 2018).
"While hereditary qualities is a colossal factor in max potential, the vast majority of
us can enhance our current VO2 max through preparing," says NYC-based running mentor
Elizabeth Corkum Opens a New Window. "The better you are at utilizing oxygen, the
quicker or potentially longer you'll have the capacity to run". To get an exact measure, one
must get on a treadmill or bicycle in a lab. "The 'basic conditions' coasting around out there
are generally extremely obscure, however numerous active recuperations focuses or
execution focuses are prepared to test competitors," Corkum includes. Fundamentally, one
gets on a treadmill and runs while the speed and grade are efficiently escalated, all while
wearing a veil that measures breathing technique. To enhance VO2 max, one can complete
two things: prepare to enhance it, and shed pounds—VO2 is scored with respect to body
weight. Beneath, Corkum has mapped out two exercises that will build VO2 max. There's
one that can be done slopes and another implied for the track. Note that one can do either
on a treadmill inasmuch as he/she alters the slope as shown (Smith, 2018).

The human heart can pulsate just 220 times each moment, and that most extreme
must be accomplished by a youthful tyke. The most extreme number of times the heart can
thump decreases with age for reasons that are not unmistakably comprehended. The
reduction in the quantity of beats every moment with age has nothing to do with stamina or
wellness. Marathon sprinters regularly crest in their late 30s in spite of their souls beating
less times each moment than a 10-year-old or a 20-year-old. On the off chance that one
needs to decide the most extreme pulse, or the greatest number of times the heart can
pulsate every moment, subtract the age from 220. For instance, for a 40 year old
subtracting 40 from 220 leaves 180; the greatest number of heart thumps every moment for
that age. (Kravetz, D., 2014)
The most extreme pulse causes one to figure out what kind of an exercise is best
from a vigorous stance. If individuals somehow happened to push their pulse to the
greatest for their age, they would rapidly tire and need to stop and rest. Many trusts that the
perfect greatest pulse for an exercise ought to be around 80 percent of the most extreme
for their age. As such, the most extreme pulse can be increased by 80 and to get the
perfect pulse for an exercise, otherwise called the objective greatest pulse so for the
previously mentioned 40-year-old, his objective greatest pulse would be 144 beats for
every moment, or 180 x .80 (Kravetz, 2014).
On the off chance that a 40-year-old is completing a genuine exercise —, for
example, running at a decent pace — he should need to drift around 144 beats for every
moment for a great part of the exercise and backing off or accelerating as required.
Nonetheless, numerous individuals lean toward exercises that are not this extreme, but
rather still successful. They should need to target 60-70 percent of the most extreme beats
for their age as a perfect number. Still, others jump at the chance to differ their exercise
power from every day or even inside a similar exercise, for example, strolling somewhat, at
that point running somewhat, at that point strolling and the like. Whatever works for a
person is ideal. Be that as it may, exercises under 60 percent of the greatest for ones age
may not be sufficiently exceptional to advance great cardiovascular wellness (Kravetz,
2014).
Concentrating on breathing while practicing can totally change preparation. Honing
diaphragmatic breathing can support resistant framework, facilitate circulatory strain,
enhance pulse, battle feelings of anxiety, and help with asthma. People are found to be
naturals at profound relaxing. It's mostly found in infants and kids—and could be taken in
the some things from them. As people age, a considerable lot of invest the vast majority of
their energy at a work area and move toward becoming "chest breathers." People are for
the most part breathing through abdominal area, which doesn't utilize oxygen in a manner
in which bodies expect. People should be mean to be "midsection breathers" by utilizing
stomach, a muscle situated at the base of the lungs. Attempt to at first inhale from the
stomach region, enabling tummy and ribcage to ascend as one breathes in. As one
breathes out through the mouth, the tummy collapses and returns to its beginning stage
(Castro, 2018).
This study was conceptualized on account of leisure activities which are singing and
moving. At that point, researchers are dependent on the technique for estimation of the
factors that are Vo2max, Resting Heart Rate, and Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing.
This requires finding out the relationship among the three factors since this examination
may benefit future researchers.
The primary goal of this investigation is to identify the connection of VO2max,
Resting pulse, and Abdominal diaphragmatic breathing among students.
Theoretical Framework
The 20meter multistage wellness test (MSFT) is a generally-utilized maximal
running high-impact wellness test. It is otherwise called the 20-meter transport run test,
signal or bleep test among different names. Hardware required include flat, non-slip
surface, checking cones, 20m estimating tape, blare test sound, music player, and
recording sheets. This test includes constant running between two lines 20m separated so
as to recorded signals. Hence, the test is likewise frequently called the 'signal' or 'bleep'
test. The members remain behind one of the lines confronting the second line, and start
running when taught by the account. The speed toward the beginning is very moderate.
The subject keeps running between the two lines, turning when motioned by the recorded
blares. After around one moment, a sound demonstrates an expansion in speed, and the
signals will be nearer together. This proceeds with every moment (level). On the off chance
that the line is come to before the signal sounds, the subject must hold up until the blare
sounds before proceeding. In the event that the line isn't come to before the blare sounds,
the subject is given a notice and should keep on hurrying to the line, at that point turn and
endeavor to make up for lost time with the pace inside two additional 'signals'. The test is
halted if the subject neglects to achieve the line (inside 2 meters) for two back to back
finishes after a notice. (Wood, 2008)
Figure 1: Demonstration of 20-meter shuttle run test
https://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/20mshuttle.htm
The score is the dimension and number of transports (20m) came to before they
were not able stay aware of the chronicle. Record the last dimension finished (not really the
dimension halted at). This standard table underneath depends on close to home
involvement, and gives you an extremely unpleasant thought of what level score would be
normal for grown-ups, utilizing the standard Australian signal test rendition. There is a
progressively point by point table of standards for the signal test. This dimension score can
be changed over to a VO2max proportional score utilizing this adding machine. Wood,
2008).
Figure 2: The level of 20-meter shuttle run test
Excellent > 13 > 12
very good 11 – 13 10 – 12
Good 9 – 11 8 – 10
Average 7–9 6–8
Poor 5–7 4-6

very poor <5 <4

The estimation of resting pulse or heartbeat rate (the quantity of heart pulsates
every moment) ought to be taken following a couple of minutes after waking while as yet
lying in bed. Give your body some an opportunity to acclimate to the change from resting
before gauging your heartbeat (2-5 minutes). On the off chance that one is not ready to
take an estimation before anything else, ensure rest for something like 10 minutes before
taking an estimation. Taking a spiral or carotid heartbeat estimation (at the wrist or neck) is
normally the most straightforward technique (Wood, 2008). Outspread Pulse (wrist) - place
the file and center fingers together on the contrary wrist, around 1/2 inch within the joint, in
accordance with the forefinger. When the heartbeat is discovered, tally the quantity of
thumps felt inside a one-minute time span. Carotid Pulse (neck) - to gauge your pulse at
the neck, place your initial two fingers on either side of the neck until you can feel the
beats. Be watchful not very press to hard, at that point tally the quantity of beats for a
moment.
Every moment rate can be gauged by checking more than 10 seconds and
increasing this figure by six, or tally more than 15 seconds and duplicate by four, or more
than 30 seconds and multiplying the outcome. There are evident potential blunders by
utilizing this shorthand strategy. The more one can quantify for a more precise outcome. On
the off chance that some kindness rate screen is shown, this will ordinarily give a precise
perusing (Wood, 2008).

The procedure for the Heart Rate is, to measure pulse by putting finger tenderly
over the camera of cell phone. The camera gets the adjustments in blood stream by
following shading changes in the light that goes through the finger, relating to each thump
of the heart. After just a couple of moments it can decided the present pulse that appear on
the telephone's showcase. This strategy is equivalent by utilized in the therapeutic field with
heartbeat oximeters. This application works best on gadgets with a camera streak, as the
light source is utilized to sparkle the light through the finger tissue and can be used it in
great lighting conditions. It additionally works best when hands are warm (Wood, 2013).
The fast change in cell phone innovation has created numerous restorative
applications. Phones currently offer a few preferences over work area or PCs tele-checking
applications like person's wellness, moment diagnosing and frameworks for observing a
person's restorative conditions. Pulse is a standout amongst the most vital imperative
indications of human body. Albeit PDAs in blend with other detecting gadgets (like ECG
meters) can catch pulses, there exist a horde of uses that utilization just advanced mobile
phone and its related embellishments, (for example, on-board camera) to distinguish pulses
inside satisfactory exactness restrain. Hypothetically, anyone part can be utilized to gauge
pulse, despite the fact that fingertips are ordinarily utilized. The key method of estimating
pulse through cell phone applications depends on picture or video handling. In this short
overview, people talk about the fundamental instrument of pulse estimation utilizing just cell
phone cameras to analyze the execution of some outstanding cutting-edge cell phone
applications accessible for such reason. (Ahmad, I., 2015). Breathing is a standout
amongst the most essential and crucial act people do. Breathing modifies in example and
beat at various occasions of the day and in various passionate states, for instance,
murmuring in despondency, gasping with depletion, holding breath in dread and fear.
Breathing is one of only a handful couple of real procedures that can either be deliberate or
automatic. Breathing can occur naturally without considering it, or it can be modified
deliberately and freely. In light of this extraordinary connection between reasoning and real
procedures, breathing example can assume a choosing job in the amount people are
influenced by pressure.
There are two principle sorts of relaxing: chest relaxing, and abdominal (or
diaphragmatic) relaxing.
Chest relaxing is breathing described by an upward and outward development of
the chest and is discovered most usually amid incredible exercise, or crisis circumstances.
If people always use chest breathing, it can make the body tense, as though it is under
pressure. This is on the grounds that the actuated upper chest muscles increment
sentiments of nervousness. Stomach (or diaphragmatic) relaxing the stomach which is an
arch molded muscle that isolates chest and mid-region takes in the stomach fixes,
straightens and moves down, sucking air into the lungs. As the stomach moves down, it
drives the stomach substance down, which powers the stomach divider out. When inhaling
out, the stomach unwinds, air goes out of the lungs and the stomach divider straightens.
This sort of breathing has two vital impacts on the body: a) it is in itself is unwindingly
contrasted with the 'crisis mode' breathing of the upper chest, which is a basic piece of
'battle or flight' reaction to a distressing circumstance. b) it is average among recovering

procedures, for example, when one is sleeping, processing sustenance or the body finds a
sense of contentment. One can see it in the manner in which infants and kids relax.
Stomach (diaphragmatic) breathing is the most productive and loosened up method
for getting enough air into your lungs. Breathing too rapidly, too profoundly or unpredictably
can result in unsavory manifestations, for example, discombobulation, faintness, migraine,
visual unsettling influence, shivering, chest torment, palpitations, murmuring, yawning and
over the top sniffing. It can usually turn into a reason for uneasiness. (Guy’s and St
Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, 2016)
Conceptual Framework
Figure 3. The relationship between three variables

Vo2ma
x
Breathing
Restin
g
Heart
Rate
This Conceptual Framework shows that there is relationship between of Breathing
to VO2max, resting heart rate to Breathing, and VO2max to Resting heart rate. This figure
3 aiming to know the relationship of three variables.
Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the relationship of VO2 max, resting heart
rate, and proper breathing of the college students.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the relationship of VO2max on breathing?
2. How is way of breathing related to resting heart rate?
3. What is the correlation of breathing, VO2max, and resting heart rate?
Hypotheses
H1: There is no strong connection between Proper Breathing and Vo2max.
H0: There is no strong connection between Proper Breathing and Vo2max.
Ha: There is no a strong connection between Vo2max, Proper Breathing, and Resting HR.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focused only on the relationships between Vo2max, Resting HR, and
abdominal diaphragmatic breathing among college athletes and non-athletes. The
researcher’s purpose is to know the relationship of three variables using the subjects, by
assigning them to follow the testing and protocols.
The respondents of this study were athlete and non-athlete students of the
Polytechnic University of the Philippines. The research testing conducted at the grandstand
and oval track of the PUP.

Significance of the Study
The main motivation of this study are to established data to help predict levels of
VO2max through breathing. This also hope to contribute to the following. The coaches can
assess the athlete if the way of breathing is proper by simply looking their chest and
diaphragm. Faculty Members, They can use the details and findings discovered in this
study. Through this research, they would also be able to improve their teaching methods
and strategies in physical education. Future researchers. This research paper would be
beneficial for those who study the same field of specialization. They will also gain
knowledge on which these techniques can be helpful for their students.
Definition of Terms
Vo2max- By and large called maximal oxygen take-up, this is the estimation of the
most ridiculous extent of oxygen an individual can use amidst momentous exercise. It is a
common estimation used to set up the vivacious constancy of a contender already or over
the scope of arranging. It is one of two or three tests used to pick a contender's
cardiovascular wellbeing and execution limit.
Resting Heart Rate- Resting beat (RHR) is the events the heart pounds each
minute (bpm) while at complete rest. It is a pointer of physical wellbeing as your resting
heartbeat will reduce as the heart winds up more grounded with oxygen expending action
getting ready. A low resting heartbeat indicates better wellbeing in people who are in
athletic planning or an activity program yet it may have different giganticness for people
who are not physically fit.
Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing- It is a kind of breathing activity that patients
are instructed to advance logically sensible air spread of the lungs, containing moving the
stomach dropping amidst inward breath and upward with exhalation.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Vo2 max
Individuals with a higher high-affect control (VO2max) keep up lower resting beats
(Kenny, 1985). Standard exercise planning decreases resting beat rate, heartbeat and
addition VO 2 max, beat assortments in the midst of significant breathing, PFI (Gupta,
2015). The technique for fated diagrams is better balanced for folks and people more
energetic than 30 years. There has been a moderate connection between VO2max
explicitly assessed and assessed by 20-m carry run test (SRT) (Sto Janovic, 2016).
Swimming, cycling, and running execution times in the midst of the Muncie
Endurathon we're not on a very basic level related to the event express VO2 max
independently (Dengel, 2013). Data exhibit that HIIT generally updated VVo2max and O2
heartbeat and power yield in unique individuals (Astorino, 2012). The VO2max was out and
out higher in the slant tradition appeared differently in relation to the Bruce tradition (Cunha,
2010). Change in VO2max among the three social affairs are critical only for get-togethers
with quality getting ready traditions (Cobar, 2016). There is a positive association among's
heartbeat and oxygen use—the closer one is maximal heartbeat, the closer is to his/her
VO2max (Tri, 2018).
Resting Heart Rate

HR was in a general sense associated with the closeness of the MetS, free of BMI.
This examination suggests that high HR may be a basic factor for the desire for MetS
among Korean adults (Lee, 2013). The effect of getting ready on HR still, in the midst of
activity and recovery was logically enunciated with higher power (Cornelissen, 2010). High
resting HR is self-sufficiently associated with ventricular arrhythmogenesis, the critical
explanation behind SCD. These disclosures could to some extent clear up the nitty gritty
connection between extended HR and SCD (Soliman, 2010).
Low RHR was a peril factor for Atrial Fibrillation (AF). Results support the
hypothesis that moderate and vivacious physical activity may impact AF chance by
methods for different pathophysiological segments (Morseth, 2016). Raised RHR can
recognize subjects at an extended risk of atherosclerosis progression (Freitas, 2012).
Results from multivariate lose the faith models demonstrate that low resting heartbeat has
a quantifiable monstrous association with absurd single lead and solid direct in models
controlling for relationship with guardians, confinement, peer sad conduct, and
physiological tangles (Armstrong, 2009).
Diaphragmatic Breathing
At the point when suitable Breathing models are set up, clients will have a solid
foundation to furthermore make focus limit. In case we consider the possibility that
breathing is a key competency of focus soundness, it ought to be certain that breathing
precedents are strong before propelling our clients to additionally created focus exercises
(Nelson, 2012). The present examination demonstrates the potential for diaphragmatic
breathing practice to improve scholarly execution and decrease negative enthusiastic and
physiological results of stress in sound adults. Notwithstanding the assurance of
diaphragmatic breathing practice in supporting limit and prosperity, further examination is
relied upon to depict instruments that underlie these favorable circumstances (Ma, 2017).
Diaphragmatic breathing social occasion were inside and out higher differentiated
and the significant breathing get-together (Subbalakshmi, 2013). Loosening up breathing is
an essential and sensible framework restorative guardian can use to help devour patients
regulate torment and uneasiness in the midst of dressing changes (Park, 2013). Loosening
up affected by diaphragmatic breathing forms the cell support monitor status in contenders
after intensive exercise (Martarelli, 2009). The possible framework is that moderate
stomach breathing joined with EMG biofeedback could diminish attentive development and,
in the meantime, could enhance vagal activity (Wang, 2010). There was less stomach
advancement in females than in folks, beside in the midst of quiet taking in the supine
position (Kaneko, 2012). Breathing exercises alone will have an inconsequential, if any
effect on a person's VO2 max. (Larievy, (2018).
Synthesis
The technique for fated diagrams is better balanced for folks and people more
energetic than 30 years. The effect of getting ready on HR still, in the midst of activity and
recovery was logically enunciated with higher power (Cornelissen, V. A., 2010). At the point
when suitable Breathing models are set up, clients will have a solid foundation to
furthermore make focus limit. In case we consider the possibility that breathing is a key
competency of focus soundness, we ought to make certain that breathing precedents are
strong before propelling our clients to additionally created focus exercises (Nelson, N.,
2012). There was a moderate connection between VO2max explicitly assessed and
assessed by 20-m carry run test (SRT) (Sto Janovic, M. D., 2016).
HR was in a general sense associated with the closeness of the MetS, free of BMI.
This examination suggests that high HR may be a basic factor for the desire for MetS
among Korean adults (Lee, C., 2013). The present examination demonstrates the potential
for diaphragmatic breathing practice to improve scholarly execution and decrease negative
enthusiastic and physiological results of stress in sound adults. Notwithstanding the
assurance of diaphragmatic breathing practice in supporting limit and prosperity, further
examination is relied upon to depict instruments that underlie these favorable
circumstances (Ma, X., 2017). Swimming, cycling, and running execution times in the midst
of the Muncie Endurathon we're not on a very basic level related to the event express VO2
max independently (Dengel, D.R., 2013). High resting HR is self-sufficiently associated with
ventricular arrhythmogenesis, the critical explanation behind SCD. These disclosures could
to some extent clear up the nitty gritty connection between extended HR and SCD
(Soliman, E. Z., 2010). Diaphragmatic breathing social occasion were inside and out higher
differentiated and the significant breathing get-together (Subbalakshmi, N. K., 2013).

Swimming, cycling, and running execution times in the midst of the Muncie Endurathon
we're not on a very basic level related to the event express VO2 max independently
(Dengel, D.R., 2013). Low RHR was a peril factor for Atrial Fibrillation (AF). Our results
support the hypothesis that moderate and vivacious physical activity may impact AF chance
by methods for different pathophysiological segments (Morseth, B., 2016).
Loosening up breathing is an essential and sensible framework restorative guardian
can use to help devour patients regulate torment and uneasiness in the midst of dressing
changes (Park, E., 2013). Data exhibit that HIIT generally updated VVo2max and O2
heartbeat and power yield in unique individuals (Astorino, T. A., 2012). Raised RHR can
recognize subjects at an extended risk of atherosclerosis progression (Freitas, I. F., 2012).
Loosening up affected by diaphragmatic breathing forms the cell support monitor status in
contenders after intensive exercise (Martarelli, D., 2009). The VO2max was out and out
higher in the slant tradition appeared differently in relation to the Bruce tradition (Cunha, F.
A., 2010). Results from multivariate lose the faith models demonstrate that low resting
heartbeat has a quantifiable monstrous association with absurd single lead and solid direct
in models controlling for relationship with guardians, confinement, peer sad conduct, and
physiological tangles (Armstrong, T. A., 2009). The possible framework is that moderate
stomach breathing joined with EMG biofeedback could diminish attentive development and,
in the meantime, could enhance vagal activity (Wang, S., 2010). Change in VO2max
among the three social affairs are critical only for get-togethers with quality getting ready
traditions (Cobar, A.G.C., 2016). There was less stomach advancement in females than in
folks, beside in the midst of quiet taking in the supine position (Kaneko, H., 2012).
Breathing exercises alone will have an inconsequential, if any effect on a person's VO2
max. (Larievy, J., (2018). There is a positive association among's heartbeat and oxygen
use—the closer you are to your maximal heartbeat, the closer you are to your VO2max
(Tri,2018). Individuals with a higher high-affect control (VO2max) keep up lower resting
beats (Kenny W.L., 1985). Standard exercise planning decreases resting beat rate,
heartbeat and addition VO 2 max, beat assortments in the midst of significant breathing,
PFI (Gupta, R.,2015).

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the method used in the study including the subjects, participants,
instrumentation, and statistical analysis applied after gathering data.
Method of Research
This research investigated connections among factors and that occasionally
includes expectation of a basis variable. Correlational research is a kind of non-exploratory
research technique, in which a scientist estimates two factors, comprehends and survey
the factual connection between them with no impact from any superfluous variable.
Kinds of Correlational Research
Positive connection: A positive relationship between two factors is the point at which
an expansion in one variable prompts an increment in the other variable and a decline in
one variable will see an abatement in the other variable. For instance, the measure of cash
an individual has may decidedly correspond with the quantity of vehicles he has. Negative
relationship: A negative connection is actually the inverse of positive relationship. This
implies, if there is an expansion in one variable, the second factor will demonstrate an
abatement and the other way around. No relationship: In this third kind, two factors are not
connected. This implies an adjustment in one variable may not really observe an
adjustment in the other variable. For instance, being a mogul and bliss isn't connected. This
implies an expansion in cash doesn't prompt joy.
Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique
This study used convenience sampling technique by sending invitation letter to
more than fifty college students of PUP asking them to be the subjects for testing. They
were shown a test which is Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire and Subject Profile
Questionnaire. This test identifies their health condition if they are fit to be a part of the
study.
Description of Participants
Researchers gathered eighty-four college students (N= 84) with the mean age of
18.78313. Twenty-six (N=26) young female and Fifty-eight (N=58) young male. This graph
shows the distribution of sex among participants, 31% represent of the range of frequency
of female and 69% represent of represent of the frequency count of male.
Figure 4. Distribution of Participants in terms of Sex

This figure 4 on the following page shows the distribution of age among the
participants. As can be seen on the color green of the diagram, a 40% of respondents are
already 18 years old. On left side of color green, the percentage of 19-year-old that our
participants are 48%, confer to the first percentage of our subjects that there have more 19-
year-old respondents aside from the left side of color blue, that the percentage of the 20-
year-old respondents is 7%. On the left side again of color yellow is 4% who are already 21
years old. Lastly the percentage of 22-year-old respondents is 1%. The age of the
participants is between 18-22 years old.
Figure 5. Distribution of Participants in terms of Age
AGE
22; 1.20%
20; 7.23%
21; 3.61%
18; 39.76%
19; 48.19%
Research Instrument
The instrument that was utilized in this research are flat, non-slip surface, stamping
cones, 20m estimating tape (Sokkia-Eslon), signal test sound (blue sprinter 08 db sound),
music player (20-meter multistage test.mp3), recording sheets, and resting HR applications
(Instant Heart Rate Application controlled by azumio). In taking note of the results of test
using. This App works best on gadgets with a camera streak, as the light source is utilized
to sparkle the light however the finger tissue. Which, can be used in great lighting
conditions. It likewise works best when hands are warm. (Wood, 2013).
Data-Gathering Procedure
The 20m multistage wellness test (MSFT) is an ordinarily utilized maximal running
vigorous wellness test. It is otherwise called the 20-meter transport run test, blare or bleep
test among different names.
This test includes persistent running between two lines 20m separated so as to
recorded blares. Consequently, the test is likewise frequently called the 'signal' or 'bleep'
test. The members remain behind one of the lines confronting the second line, and start
running when taught by the account. The speed toward the begin is very moderate. The
subject keeps running between the two lines, turning when motioned by the recorded
signals. After around one moment, a sound demonstrates an expansion in speed, and the
signals will be nearer together. This proceeds with every moment (level). On the off chance
that the line is come to before the signal sounds, the subject must hold up until the blare
sounds before proceeding. In the event that the line isn't come to before the blare sounds,
the subject is given a notice and should keep on hurrying to the line, at that point turn and
endeavor to make up for lost time with the pace inside two additional 'signals. The test is
ceased if the subject neglects to achieve the line (inside 2 meters) for two continuous
finishes after a notice.
The score is the dimension and number of transports (20m) came to before they
were not able stay aware of the chronicle. Record the last dimension finished (not really the
dimension halted at). These standards table beneath depends on close to home
understanding, and gives you an unpleasant thought of what level score would be normal
for grown-ups, utilizing the standard Australian signal test rendition. There is a
progressively point by point table of standards for the blare test. This dimension score can
be changed over to a VO2max equal score utilizing number cruncher.
The estimation of resting pulse or heartbeat rate (the quantity of heart pulsates
every moment) ought to be taken following a couple of minutes after waking while as yet
lying in bed. Give your body some an opportunity to conform to the change from resting
before gauging your heartbeat (2-5 minutes). On the off chance that you are not ready to
take an estimation before anything else, ensure you rests for no less than 10 minutes
before taking an estimation. Taking a spiral or carotid heartbeat estimation (at the wrist or
neck) is normally the most straightforward strategy.

Manual Method
Spiral Pulse (wrist) - place your record and center fingers together on the contrary
wrist, around 1/2 inch within the joint, in accordance with the pointer. When you discover a
heartbeat, check the quantity of pulsates you feel inside a one-minute time span.
Carotid Pulse (neck) - to gauge your pulse at the neck, place your initial two fingers
on either side of the neck until you can feel the beats. Be watchful not very press to hard, at
that point tally the quantity of beats for a moment.
You can assess every moment rate by checking more than 10 seconds and
duplicating this figure by six, or tally more than 15 seconds and increase by four, or more
than 30 seconds and multiplying the outcome. There are evident potential blunders by
utilizing this shorthand strategy. The more you can gauge for the more precise your
outcome. On the off chance that you show at least a bit of kindness rate screen, this will
ordinarily give you an exact perusing.
You measure your pulse by setting your finger tenderly over the camera of your cell
phone. The camera grabs the adjustments in blood stream by following shading changes in
the light that goes through your finger, comparing to each pulsate of the heart. After just a
couple of moments it can decide your present pulse, appeared on the telephone's
showcase. This strategy is equivalent to utilized in the therapeutic field with heartbeat
oximeters. This App works best on gadgets with a camera streak, as the light source is
utilized to sparkle the light however the finger tissue. Else, you can even now use it in great
lighting conditions. It additionally works best when your hands are warm.
The testing procedure of abdominal diaphragmatic Breathing, they must need to lie
in supine position in the flat surface by putting a middle line of ruler in their xiphoid process
between chest and diaphragm. So, before they breath they must close their mouth and
relax their body in supine position and if they all follow these instructions they must inhale
in their nose and start to decide base on what we saw, if the ruler was move on chest or
diaphragm.
On the month of October, we are looking for subjects and sending letters. On the
first week, is sending an invitation letters to the college students. Second week follow up
the letters, making group chat and group page on Facebook, and getting their schedules.
On the last week, looking and adding the participants if we cannot reach the 50+ subjects.
On the month of November, we are going to conduct orientation at CHK building,
preparing for budget, and testing. On the first week, getting the attendance (Name, Age,
Category, and signature), presenting a PowerPoint presentation, explaining the procedures,
protocols, and preparation for testing. Signing the letter of agreement (Health Condition).
Second week, budgeting, preparing the venue, buying/looking for measuring tools and
devices, and collecting the letter of agreement. And on the last week, is the first day of
testing, the proper breathing and resting heart rate. Second day is the testing of vo2max.
On the month of December, presenting and consulting the data gathered to Mr. Cobar.
Ethical Considerations
The researchers sought permission from the office of College of Human Kinetics to
make use of the facilities for conducting and testing of the research. We will send invitation
letter to the College students to become the subject two weeks prior to the orientation.
In the orientation proper, we will have a PowerPoint presentation discussing and
explaining the procedures, protocols, and preparation before testing. They must sign the
waiver containing the agreement that they are willing to participate and physically fit and no
medical problems. The subject will be given snacks after the orientation and testing.
Statistical Treatment of Data
A Pearson connection is a number between - 1 and 1 that shows the degree to
which two factors are directly related.
The Pearson connection is otherwise called the "item minute relationship
coefficient" (PMCC) or basically "relationship". Pearson relationships are appropriate just
for metric factors (which incorporate dichotomous factors).
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. The relationship of VO2max on breathing?
Table 1.
Results of Vo2max and Breathing Test among Participants
This table 1 shows the result of Vo2max and breathing. This table 1 categorized
from lowest to highest of Vo2max. On the first column of Vo2max the second column is the
quantity of participants and its aligned in the row of diaphragm breather, and the third
column is aligned in the row of chest breather. In level 1-2, the diaphragm breathers are 25
participants which the chest breathers are 5. In level of 3-4, the diaphragm breathers are 26
while the chest breather are 18. In the level of 5-6, the diaphragm breathers are 5 while the
chest breathers are 4. And lastly, the level of 7-8, there is no diaphragm breather and have
1 chest breather. This table show the list order from lowest to highest level of vo2max and
the way of breathing our 84 participants have during the test.

2. Relationship of breathing related to Resting Heart Rate?
Table 2.
Results of breathing and Resting Heart Rate test among participants
HR Diaphragmati
Resting c Chest
49 0 1
50 1 0
52 1 0
53 0 1
56 0 1
57 0 1
58 1 1
59 1 0
61 1 0
63 1 0
64 1 0
65 3 2
67 2 1
68 0 2
69 3 3
70 2 1
71 5 0
72 1 0
73 0 2
74 2 1
75 1 1
77 2 1
78 1 1
79 3 1
80 2 0
81 4 0
82 2 1
83 0 1
84 1 0
85 2 0
90 3 0
91 1 0
92 0 1
93 2 0
94 1 1
95 1 2
96 3 0
97 1 0
102 1 0
This table 2 shows the result of 84 participants by categorized the outcomes of their
test. On the first column start with the result from lowest to highest of their resting heart
rate, and on the second to third column is line of their breathing technique. This table
shows if some participant has a same resting heart rate but have a different way of
breathing.
Figure 5. Relationship of Resting Heart Rate and Vo2max
HR Resting vs 20 MST
120
100
80
HR Resting
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
20 MST
This figure 4 shows the result of resting heart rate and 20 MST (Vo2max), which
shows that there’s no correlation between these two variables. Shown on the graph, the
lateral line is represent as level of 20 MST (Vo2max) from 0 to 9 and on the horizontal line
represent as range of resting heart rate from 0 to 120. Based on the result, shows the color
blue dots represents the 84 participants. The chart you shows that all dots lies between 40
to 100 of resting heart rate and in 20 MST (Vo2max) it lies between level 1 to 6. In this
result says that there is no significant relationship between these two variables because the
result of resting heart rate is high and in the result of 20MST is low. Based on the theory
according to the study of Kenny there is strong negative correlation between these two
variables. However, based on the result calculated through Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Calculator that, there’s a weak negative correlation of these two variables.
3. Correlation of Breathing, VO2max, and Resting Heart Rate?
Table 3
Test of Correlation of Breathing, Vo2max and Resting Heart Rate
20 MST Breathing Resting HR

(VO2max)
20 MST ____ 0.1752 -0.1609
(VO2max)
Breathing ____ ____ -0.188
Data treated by Pearson Correlation Coefficient Calculator

Breathing and 20MST (VO2max)
Table 3 shows that the breathing and VO2max result is technically a positive
correlation, the relationship between two variables is weak with the R value of 0.1752. This
result stated that there is no significant relationship between Breathing and VO2max.
According to Larievy, J. Breathing exercise is worthless to predict a person’s VO2max the
abdominal diaphragmatic breathing is a type of a breathing exercise. So, abdominal
breathing can’t see the students’ performance if she/he has a higher VO2max because as
we saw the result there’s no relationship at all. Based on the study of Kaneko, male is likely
to use abdominal breathing technique than female, but when on supine position female
uses abdominal movement in quiet breathing. Relaxation breathing is suitable technique
was used by nurses to help their patients to relieve pain and stressed as stated by Park,
For Ma, practicing the diaphragmatic breathing can enhance cognitive exercise and
reducing negative feeling in healthy adults. This exercise can be applicable in different
aspects regarding breathing technique not only among healthy adults but with non-healthy
adults. Martarelli was found out that the diaphragmatic breathing helps to increase
antioxidants defense to the athletes after exhaustive exercise. In Wang study, subjects with
prehypertension are more effective in lowering the blood pressure by using slow abdominal
breathing with EMG biofeedback. Subbalakshmi reveals that when they analyzed the type-
2 diabetics and healthy subjects, the result shows that abdominal breathing is more
important than deep breathing. As for Nelson diaphragmatic breathing can enhance a solid
foundation of core stability, if it is connected with singing and it stablish the posture of the
body, when sustaining the voice. It is also observe able that the position in rendition is
stable and the voice is consistent with the pitch. This is the example that the diaphragmatic
breathing is effective for established a strong core stability not only in singing but in
different tasks.
Resting Heart Rate and 20 MST (VO2max)
Table 3 also shows that the R value of Resting Heart Rate and Vo2max is -0.1609.
According to Kenny people with a higher VO2max remain low resting heart rate. The study
shows that there is strong negative correlation between VO2max and Resting Heart Rate.
However, based on the data collected there is negative correlation as well, and the
relationship is weak probably because of the following factors; a) the subjects are not
motivated to maximized the Vo2max test; b) the changes in weather; c) they did not follow
the protocol some of them are not wearing sports attire, did not follow the sleep hours and
some of them are late; d) and, the researcher had a short time to prepare the equipment’s
in 20 MST. Also since the last time of testing that set is before lunch. It is observed that they
are all hungry during testing of 20 MST. These factors affect the result of our research
testing.
Based on a study by Gupta, the regular physical exercise drill can raise VO2max,
changing heart rate during profound breathing, PFI, and can reduce resting wrist rate, and
blood pressure. According to Tri the more one is near to maximal heart rate, he/she is also
near VO2max and there’s a positive relationship between heartbeat and maximal oxygen
uptake. According to Astorino high-intensity interval training raise oxygen pulse and
VO2max in attentive in males and females. Base on the study by Sto Janovic that there’s a
mild correlation of VO2max to test and rate the 20-m shuttle run test. This test is not a
suitable analysis to examine the oxygen consumption of young basketball players. This
article reveals that in different sports event, it may not be assured that the 20-meter shuttle
run test is accurate to know the exact maximal oxygen uptake (V02max) of an athlete. This
could be done to in some sports event having an appropriate field test that surely find out
the real maximum rate of oxygen consumption of an athlete. There’s a higher important in
ramp official procedure than Bruce protocol in VO2max this is based on the article of
Cunha.
According to Dengel there is no important connection to rate the Vo2max alone to
cycling, swimming, and running exercise through the Muncie Endurathon. Based on the
study by Rexhepi that the three independent variables may possible to predict the power
stability of athletes (Vo2max). To know the VO2max one does not need to commit in high
extreme exercise because by using a manual method or application of resting heart rate
one will find out that if the resting heart rate is low that means that the VO2max is above
average or in the average standard of measuring VO2max also age and body mass could
significant predict the Vo2max. This indicates total commitment you are totally committed in
heavy physical exercise because resting heart rate can tells that your maximal uptake of
oxygen was high than normal individuals. Also, for Cobar that the strength training can
improve Vo2max.
Breathing and Resting Heart Rate
The table 3 shows the result of the two variables has a weak relationship with the R
value of 0.0353. This study reveals that breathing and resting heart rate has a weak
negative correlation.
According to Cornelissen during exercise and recovery, the effect on initiating
Resting Heart Rate has a higher intensity.
In the study by Soliman (2010) a high resting heart rate was connected with
Ventricular Arhythmogenesis the main cause of SCD. These studies could be clarifying the
relationship between expanded Heart Rate and SCD.
For Lee (2013) Hear Rate is basically connected with the existence of the Mets and
individual of BMI. This study proposed that the high Heart Rate can be crucial factor for the
expectation among korean adults.
Also Freitas (2012) states that increase in resting heart rate has a prospective to
identify the subjects at an expand risk of atheros clerosis development.
These cited studies focused on physical activity while in our study, focused on
concious breathing that increase your Heart Rate in a higher level while relax breathing
tells that this technique can be a proper way to normalized your Heart Rate without a
severe pain.
According to study by Morseth, (2016) low resting heart rate would jeopardize atrial
fibrillation (AF). The results strengthen the hypothesis that moderate and vigous physical
activity may affect AF into pathophysiological mechanisms.
The study of Armstrong (2010) claims that the outcomes from multivariate backslide
models demonstrate that low Resting Heart Rate has a solid association with intense
standoffish conduct and forceful conduct in models that oversee for fitting to guardians,
discretion, peer misconduct, and physiological jumbles. All reference of this investigation
demonstrates a no solid connection between breathing system and resting pulse.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings noted down together, the
conclusions drawn, and the recommendations made for the study. The aim of this study is
to know the relationship of VO2max, resting heart rate, and abdominal diaphragmatic
breathing of College Students.
Summary of Findings
This study focuses on the relationship between Vo2max, resting heart rate, and
Abdominal diaphragmatic breathing of College students. Aiming to know that the AD
breathing, HR resting, and Vo2max had a relationship in terms of sports and can apply it, in
different kinds of situation when it comes in observation and measuring equipment’s.
Based on the results they found out that there was no relationship between
Vo2max, resting heart rate, and abdominal diaphragmatic breathing, because the result of
Vo2max and breathing shows, that the person’s ability to intake the oxygen by observing if
the way of breathing is proper cannot be determined. Resting heart rate and breathing
result showed if the kind of breathing is chest or diaphragm, there was no significant effect
of resting heart rate to way of breathing. Lastly, the result of Vo2max and resting heart rate
showed that oxygen consumption had no significant relationship if resting heart rate is low
or high, but the theory stated that there was relationship between the two variables and
some of the researcher proved that case. The researchers have many factors that they
made before the research testing and it affect the results of all data.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers arrived at the following conclusions:
 This is study found out that there is no relationship between three variables.
It shows that the respondents did the tests and they know their maximum
level of their Vo2max, resting heart rate with 5 minutes rest, and way of their
breathing in supine and relax position.
 Tests we made considered that the improvement the ability of a human, in
terms of enhancing its use in any type of activities and training, Even when it
comes to sports.
 Some sports they use this type of test to know the level of their athletes like
20m shuttle run test, to know the maximum level of Vo2max. Resting heart
rate can apply in meditation to maintain the normal heart rate, and breathing
can utilize in singing and also in different sports.
Recommendations
After we carefully analyzed and discussed the results, we came up with the following
recommendations:
1.The participants must be well-motivated before the 20mst.

2. Before testing, researchers must be aware of the weather.

3. Subjects must need to follow the protocols.
4. Before conducting the test the subjects must be relax and in good condition.
5. Subjects should be aware of their schedules so they can focus on research testing.
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Appendix 1
Instrument: Heart Rate App
The researchers used this app to measure the pulse rate by putting index finger on
a cam to read their heart rate.

Instrument: Tape Measure
The researcher also used Measuring tape to measure the 20-meter shuttle run test
from starting line to finish line.

Instrument: Ruler
Researchers use ruler to identify the subjects if their way of breathing is

abdominal or chest.
Instrument: Speaker
Researchers used speaker for audio in the 20-meter shuttle run test
Marking Cones
Researchers used Marking Cones to take place on starting line to finish line.
Appendix 2
BIOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT
Joy Cristian D. Adorable, He took up his primary at San Gabriel Elementary School. He
finished his secondary studies at Sta. Lucia High School by the year 2015. He is now taking
up his bachelor degree at Polytechnic University of the Philippines with the course of
Bachelor in Physical Education in College of Human Kinetics. He is a dance artist of
resident dance troupe of Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PUP Maharlika Dance
Artists. He is also joining the Philippine Association of State University and Colleges for
Culture and the Art (PASUC). He is currently a member of Daloy Dance Company.
Ralph Ryel D. Beldad, He took up his primary at San Geronimo Emilliani School.
He finished his secondary at Rex Dei Academy and a former athlete in taekwondo.
He competes at STCAA, Palarong Pambansa, Smart Best of the Best, and National
Taekwondo Championship and winning a spot that leads on giving an honor before
he graduates in 2010.
And as he enters college in Polytechnic University of the Philippines, he took
up Bachelor in Physical Education in College of Human Kinetics and a former
athlete for two years. He attends seminars and organizing colloquium and exhibit.
Marty Dominic M. Fabia is a student, taking up Bachelor in Physical Education at
Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She is graduated at Novaliches high School by
the year 2015 with the award of Top 4 in class. When she was elementary, she played shot
put and has a champion on the first game that she competed. In primary she graduated at
Doña Rosario Elementary School and discovered the sports of volleyball after a while she
played and try out in sports of volleyball and continuous this event when she starts in high
school. But currently now she is belonging on the organization which is singing and
continuous to serve to God.

Appendix 3
Consents for Research Testing

Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Testing of resting heart rate using divice such as phone.

Testing of way of breathing by placing a ruler in the xiphoid process of our subjects.
Preparation for testing of 20-meter shuttle run test by lead them to Stretched they’re body
before the testing begin.

Testing of 20-meter shuttle run test at the PUP Oval.

Vo2max- By and large called maximal oxygen take-up,
this is the estimation of the most ridiculous extent of oxygen an individual can use amidst
momentous exercise. It is a common estimation used to set up the vivacious constancy of a
contender already or over the scope of arranging. It is one of two or three tests used to pick
a contender's cardiovascular wellbeing and execution limit.
Resting Heart Rate- Resting beat (RHR) is the events the heart pounds each minute
(bpm) while at complete rest. It is a pointer of physical wellbeing as your resting heartbeat
will reduce as the heart winds up more grounded with oxygen expending action getting
ready. A low resting heartbeat indicates better wellbeing in people who are in athletic
planning or an activity program yet it may have different giganticness for people who are
not physically fit.
Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing- It is a kind of breathing activity that patients are
instructed to advance logically sensible air spread of the lungs, containing moving the
stomach dropping amidst inward breath and upward with exhalation.

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P O LY T E C H N I C U N I V E R S I T Y O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S 1

a proportion of how fit one is (Smith, 2018).

are generally extremely obscure, however numerous active recuperations focuses or

on a treadmill inasmuch as he/she alters the slope as shown (Smith, 2018).

that age. (Kravetz, D., 2014)

every moment, or 180 x .80 (Kravetz, 2014).

On the off chance that a 40-year-old is completing a genuine exercise —, for

may not be sufficiently exceptional to advance great cardiovascular wellness (Kravetz,

Concentrating on breathing while practicing can totally change preparation. Honing

diaphragmatic breathing can support resistant framework, facilitate circulatory strain,

in which bodies expect. People should be mean to be "midsection breathers" by utilizing

may benefit future researchers.

The primary goal of this investigation is to identify the connection of VO2max,

Resting pulse, and Abdominal diaphragmatic breathing among students.

The 20meter multistage wellness test (MSFT) is a generally-utilized maximal

finishes after a notice. (Wood, 2008)

Figure 1: Demonstration of 20-meter shuttle run test

Figure 2: The level of 20-meter shuttle run test

Excellent > 13 > 12

Average 7–9 6–8

Poor 5–7 4-6

very poor <5 <4

perusing (Wood, 2008).

Chest relaxing is breathing described by an upward and outward development of

sentiments of nervousness. Stomach (or diaphragmatic) relaxing the stomach which is an

'battle or flight' reaction to a distressing circumstance. b) it is average among recovering

Stomach (diaphragmatic) breathing is the most productive and loosened up method

can result in unsavory manifestations, for example, discombobulation, faintness, migraine,

Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, 2016)

Figure 3. The relationship between three variables

This Conceptual Framework shows that there is relationship between of Breathing

3 aiming to know the relationship of three variables.

Statement of the Problem

rate, and proper breathing of the college students.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the relationship of VO2max on breathing?

2. How is way of breathing related to resting heart rate?

3. What is the correlation of breathing, VO2max, and resting heart rate?

H1: There is no strong connection between Proper Breathing and Vo2max.

H0: There is no strong connection between Proper Breathing and Vo2max.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

abdominal diaphragmatic breathing among college athletes and non-athletes. The

assigning them to follow the testing and protocols.

and oval track of the PUP.

Significance of the Study

knowledge on which these techniques can be helpful for their students.

cardiovascular wellbeing and execution limit.

who are not physically fit.

Abdominal Diaphragmatic Breathing- It is a kind of breathing activity that patients

stomach dropping amidst inward breath and upward with exhalation.

REVIEW OF LITERATURES AND STUDIES

VO2max (Tri, 2018).

Resting Heart Rate

resting HR is self-sufficiently associated with ventricular arrhythmogenesis, the critical

connection between extended HR and SCD (Soliman, 2010).

recognize subjects at an extended risk of atherosclerosis progression (Freitas, 2012).

physiological tangles (Armstrong, 2009).

breathing is a key competency of focus soundness, it ought to be certain that breathing

physiological results of stress in sound adults. Notwithstanding the assurance of

diaphragmatic breathing practice in supporting limit and prosperity, further examination is

and the significant breathing get-together (Subbalakshmi, 2013). Loosening up breathing is

effect on a person's VO2 max. (Larievy, (2018).

enthusiastic and physiological results of stress in sound adults. Notwithstanding the