E D I B L E

LET THY FOOD BE THY MEDICINE

VA C C I N E S

Food Biotechnology
Submitted by-
• Deedarul Hyder Sani 2014431001
• Md. Abdul Kader 2014431003

Submitted to-
Dr.Md. Kamrul Islam
Associate Professor
Dept. of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnolgy.
VACCINE

• A biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

• contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is
often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe
• stimulate the body's immune system to recognize the agent, destroy it, and
keep a record of it for later encounters
• reduced mortality rate caused by various organisms.
• one of the safe and effective measure to control various infectious
diseases.
• A protein which acts as the vaccine, present in food and consumed as the
internal composition of food is known as EDIBLE VACCINE
EDIBLE VACCINE- WHY?

• Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive

approach
• Edible vaccine gives cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store and
socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines for their delivery systems.
• Oral vaccines provide “mucosal immunity” at various sites by secreting
antibodies.
• Don’t need to worry about re-use, misuse and lack of sterilization. Thus,
low risk of infection.
 History of Edible vaccines

Hepatitis
E. Coli
Hepatitis B
surface antigen Diarrhea Rabies virus
(HBsAg) Norwalk virus
Heat labile Rabies (NV)
Tobacco/leaf toxin B subunit V. Cholerae
(LTB) Rabies virus Gastroenteritis
glycoprotein Cholera
Potato/tuber, (RVG) Norwalk virus
tobacco/
capsid protein Cholera toxin
leaf Tomato/leaf, (NVCP) B subunit
fruit (CTB)
Potato/tuber
tobacco/leaf Tobacco/leaf
Mason et al 1992 Haq et al 1995 McGarvey et al 1995 Mason et al 1996 Hein et al 1996 ….
5
 IDEAL PROPERTIES
Sould be
effective in Nontoxic or
affordable Nonpathogenic

Vaccination very low levels of

should be EDIBLE side effects
Simple VACCINES
Not cause
problems in
Not individuals with
contaminate impaired
the Long lasting humoral immune system
Environment and cellular immunities
Plants used for edible vaccine
• Tobacco
• Potato
• Banana
• Tomato
• Rice
• Lettuce
• Soybean
• Alfalfa
• Carrot
• Peanuts
• Wheat
• corn
Plant species
Banana
Potato : Advantages
Advantage Do not need cooking.
Protein not destroyed even after cooking.
Easily transformed. Inexpensive .
Easily propagated. Grown widely in developing countries.
Stored for long periods without
refrigeration. Disadvantages
Trees take 2-3 to mature years.
Disadvantage Spoils rapidly after ripening.
Need cooking which denature antigen.

Rice Tomato
Advantages Advantage
Commonly used in baby food. Grow quickly.
High expression of antigen. Cultivate broadly.
High content Vitamin-A may boost
Disadvantages immune response.
Grows slowly. Disadvantages
Requires glasshouse condition. Spoils readily.
TARGET PATHOGENS
Enterotoxigenic Ecoli (humans)
Vibrio cholera(humans)
Hepatitis B virus
(humans)
Hepatitis B virus
(humans)
Norwalk virus(humans)
Rabies virus (humans)
Foot and mouth disease
(agricultural domestic
animals)
Foot and mouth disease
(agricultural domestic
animals)
Transmissible
gastroenteritis corona virus
EXPRESSED IN MODE OF ADMINESTRATION
Potato, tobacco Immunogenic and protective when
administered orally.
Potato Immunogenic and protective when
administered orally.
Tobacco Extracted proteins is Immunogenic
when administered by injection
Potato Immunogenic and protective when
administered orally.
Potato Virus like particles form and
Immunogenic when administered orally.
Tomato Intact glycoproteins
Arabidopsis Immunogenic and protective
when administered orally
Alfalfa Immunogenic and protective
when administered by
injection or orally
Maize Protective when administered
oral
CONCEPT OF EDIBLE VACCINE
Developed by Arntzen in the 1990s.
Introduce genes of interest into plants (Transformation)

Genes expressed in the plant tissues edible parts (Transgenic

plants)

Genes encode putatively protective vaccine antigens from viral,

bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that cause disease in humans
and animals

Ingestion of the edible part of the transgenic plant

(Oral delivery of vaccine)
 Antigen selection

Efficacy in model systems

Choice of plant species
FACTORS
AFFECTING Delivery and dosing issues
EDIBLE
Safety issues
VACCINES
Public perceptions and attitudes
to genetic modification

Quality control and licensing

1. MALARIA
Three antigens are currently being investigated for the
development of a plant-based malaria vaccine,
merozoite surface protein (MSP) 4 and MSP 5 from
Plasmodium falciparum, and MSP 4/5 from P. yoelli.
Wang et al have demonstrated that oral immunization
of mice with recombinant MSP 4, MSP 4/5 and MSP1,
co-administered with CTB as a mucosal adjuvant,
induced antibody responses effective against blood-
stage parasite.

2. MEASLES
Mice fed with tobacco expressing MV-H (measles virus
haemagglutinin from Edmonston strain) could attain
antibody titers five times the level considered protective for
humans and they also demonstrated secretory IgA in their
faeces.

Carrot, banana and rice are the potential candidates

3. HEPATITIS B
significantly exceeded the protective level of 10 mIU/mL in
humans..
potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported The
amount of HBsAg needed for one dose could be achieved in a
single potato.

4. STOPPING AUTOIMMUNITY
The transgenic potato and tobacco plants when
fed to nonobese diabetic mice showed increased
levels of IgG, an antibody associated with
cytokines that suppress harmful immune
response.
5. CHOLERA
plants were transformed with the gene
encoding B subunit of the E. coli heat liable
enterotoxin (LT-B). Transgenic potatoes
expressing LT-B were found to induce both
serum and secretory antibodies when fed to
mice; these antibodies were protective in
bacterial toxin assay in vitro. This is the first
“proof of concept” for the edible vaccine.
 Advantages of Edible vaccines

 DO not require administration by injection.

 Possible production of vaccines with low costs.
 Do not require separation and purification of
vaccines from plant materials.
 Necessary syringe & needles not required.
 Economical in mass production and
transportation.
 Heat stable, eliminating the need for
refrigeration.
 DISADVANTAGE OF EDIBLE VACCINE

Development of immunotolerance to vaccine peptide or protein.

Consistency of dosage form fruit to fruit, plant-to-plant, and generation-
to-generation is not similar.
Stability of vaccine in fruit is not known.
Dosage of vaccines would be variable.
Selection of best plant is difficult.
Certain foods like potato are not eaten raw, and cooking the food might
weakens the medicine present in it.
Not convenient for infants.
Safety aspects
• contamination through cross pollination.
• vaccine antigen may affect browsing animals.
• vaccine contamination via plant debris spreading on surfaces and
ground waters.
• Affect on humans living in the area drinking vaccine polluted water or
breathing vaccine polluted dust.
• cultivation and production of pharmaceutical crops should be limited to
control the production facilities like greenhouse, or in plant tissue
culture, that prevent the environmental release of biopharmaceuticals.
Edible vaccine creating inexpensive vaccines that might be
particularly useful in immunizing people in developing countries,
where high cost, transportation and the need for certain vaccines to
be refrigerated, can hamper effective vaccination programs.

Edible vaccine might be solution to get rid of various ailments as it

has more advantages compared to traditional vaccine.

Edible plant-derived vaccine may lead to a future of safer and

more effective immunization.
References
1)P Lal et al, edible vaccines: current status and future, Indian journal of medical
microbiology, (2007) 25 (2):93-102.
2)Mason HS, et al. (2002). Edible plant vaccines: applications for prophylactic and
therapeutic molecular medicine. Trends Mol. Med. 8:324-329.
3)Ruf S, et al. (2001). Stable genetic transformation of tomato plastids and
expression of a foreign protein in fruit. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:870-875.
4)Ongoing Project- Development of edible vaccine using transgenic plants (HIV
antigen into Tomatoes) funded by Agriculture research service of the U.S
department of Agriculture which is ISTC partner project #2176 http://www.istc.ru
5)Mason H. S. et al. (1992). Expression of Hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic
plants, Proct Natl Acad Sci USA, pp- 11745-11749
6)Mason H. S. et al. (1996). Expression of Norwalk virus capsid protein in
transgenic potato and tomato plants and its oral immunogenicity in mice, Proct Natl
Acad Sci USA, pp- 5335-5340
7)Yusibev V. et al.(2002) Expression implants and immunogenicity of plant virus
based experimental rabies vaccine, vaccine, 20, pp-3155-3164