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Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Holy Angel University


School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering

Working Stress
Design - Flexure
Module 1 – Reinforced Concrete Design

Objective Upon completing this section, students should be able to know the
concept of Working Stress Design and apply the theories in investigating
and designing a singly reinforced beam

Content 

Cracking Moment
Flexural Investigation of Beams
 Uncracked Beam
 Cracked Beam : Classical Flexural Formula
 Cracked Beam : Transformed Area Method
 Flexural Design of Beams
 Transformed Area Method

Activities During the module, students will perform graded activities to measure
their progress during the course; Quiz, class discussion, practice
problems.

Readings Design of Reinforced Concrete 10th Edition by J.C Mccormac


Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. I.R Bonzon
National Structural Code of the Philippines 7th Edition

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 1 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

The vast majority of reinforced concrete structures have been proportioned based on a straight-line theory which
is called “Working Stress Design”. Although ultimate strength design techniques are rapidly supplanting working
stress design, the designer should be proficient in both.

When using working stress design technique, members are proportioned so that the members may sustained the
anticipated real loads induced (working or design loads) without stresses in the concrete or reinforcements
exceeding the proportional limits of the individual material.

Basic assumptions in working stress design:

 a plane section before bending remains a plane section after bending.


 stress is proportional to strain. Hooke’s law applies to the non-homogenous material of concrete and
steel
 strain in proportional to the distance from the neutral axis
 the tensile strength of concrete is negligible, and tensile forces are carried completely by steel
reinforcements
 the concrete and steel bond together perfectly so that no slip occurs
 the basic assumption concerning deformations and flexure of homogenous members are valid

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 2 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Notation used in Working Stress Design:

Effect of Reinforcements in Concrete:

 The tensile strength of concrete is assumed in structural design as almost nil, it necessary to strengthen
or reinforce concrete members where they are subjected to tensile stresses.

 This reinforcement is usually accomplished by the embedment of steel bars or rods which must then
resist almost 100% of the tensile forces
 Obviously, when the concrete is cracked, it is no longer capable in resisting tensile forces.
 The tensile forces in the bottom is resisted by the reinforcement and the compression forces at the top
are resisted by the concrete.

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 3 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete:

 The maximum compressive strain occurs at the top surface of the beam, and the maximum tensile
strain occurs at the bottom surface.
 The assumption of a linear strain distribution is fundamental in analysing the behaviour of a reinforced
concrete beam as the bending moment is increased up to the ultimate strength of the beam.
 In Design, it is often assumed that concrete fails in compression when it reaches a compressive strain
of 0.003.
 With the above assumptions, it is now possible to follow the progression of flexural cracking as the
bending moment on a RC beam is increased.

Three Principal Stages of behaviour of RC Beams to consider:


 The beam is uncracked
 The beam is cracked, but stresses are within the elastic range
 The beam reaches its ultimate strength

Uncracked Section

Cracked Section

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 4 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

WHAT CAUSES THE CONCRETE BEAM TO CRACK DUE TO FLEXURE??

Cracking Moment, 𝑴𝒄𝒓

The cracking moment is the moment required to first cause the beam to crack.

This point is important because:

 this is the point at which the steel reinforcement in the beam is exposed to the environment, a possible
cause of corrosion in the steel.

 any further increase in the moment in the beam causes drastically increases the curvature of the beam,
and may not be completely reversible when the load is removed.

The equation for getting the cracking moment is:

(NSCP, 424.2.3.5b)

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡


fr = modulus of rupture
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝑦𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

The modulus of rupture can be obtained by:

(NSCP, 419.2.3.1)

𝝀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝝀 = 1.00 − 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝝀 = 0.85 − 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝝀 = 0.75 − 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

If average splitting tensile strength of lightweight concrete, 𝑓𝑐𝑡 , is specified;

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 5 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

(NSCP, 419.2.4.3)

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, 𝑬𝒄

The modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be computed as;

a.) for values of 𝑤𝐶 between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m3

(NSCP, 419.2.2.1a)

b.) for normal weight concrete

(NSCP, 419.2.2.1b)

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 6 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 1

A rectangular beam, having dimensions as shown, is


reinforced with 8 – 20mm  bars. Determine the moment
that will cause the beam to crack.

Given:

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
𝜆= 1.0

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 7 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 2

Calculate the uniform load which will cause the section to


crack if they are used for an 8.0-m simple span
Given:

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
𝜔𝑐 = 24.00 kN/m
𝜆= 1.0

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 8 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Principal Stages of behaviour of RC Beams to consider:

At section 1: Uncrack stage

 Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr


 No cracking occurs
 The gross section resists bending
 The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture

At Section 2: Boundary between crack and uncrack stages


 Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr
 Crack begins to form
 The gross section resists bending
 The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture point

At Section 3: Crack concrete stage


 Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
 Elastic stress stage
 Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis
 The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the rupture strength
 Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 9 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Flexural Analysis : Uncracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 > 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 )

Investigation Analysis

1.) Determine the Flexural Moment

2.) Determine the area of the steel; 𝐴𝑠

3.) Determine the location of the N.A; (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡 )

4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia; (𝐼)

5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of tension
𝑀𝑐
and compression; 𝑓 = 𝐼

Flexural Analysis : Cracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 < 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 ) USING CLASSICAL BENDING STRESS FORMULA

Investigation Analysis
1.) Determine the Flexural Moment

2.) Determine the area of the steel; 𝐴𝑠

3.) Determine the location of the N.A; (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡 )

4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia; (𝐼)

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 10 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of tension
𝑀𝑐
and compression; 𝑓 =
𝐼

Flexural Analysis : Cracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 < 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 ) USING TRANSFORMED AREA METHOD

Investigation Analysis: Transformed Area / Internal Couple Method


1.) Determine the value of 𝑘d & jd

𝑘=√2𝜌𝑛 + (𝜌𝑛)2 − 𝜌𝑛

2.) Using the internal forces, refer to the summation of moment Σ𝑀=0
Therefore:
𝑴=𝑪𝒋𝒅=𝑻𝒋𝒅

3.) Using the following given we can solve for the,


𝒇𝒄, 𝒇𝒔, 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒄𝒂𝒑

Design: Transformed Area / Internal Couple Method

1.) Determine the value of 𝑘d & jd


𝑓𝑐
𝑘=
𝑓𝑠
+ 𝑓𝑐
𝑛
2.) Using the internal forces, refer to the summation of moment Σ𝑀=0

𝑴=𝑪𝒋𝒅=𝑻𝒋𝒅

3.) Design the beam


For the dimension of section:

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 11 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

get the expression of the section modulus (𝑏𝑑2 )

For the number of steel bars:

get the value of required area of steel (𝐴𝑠 )


Example 1
A rectangular beam, having dimensions as shown, is
reinforced with 8 – 20mm ∅ bars. Given:
𝑓’𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
n = 10
Determine:
a.) The stresses caused by a bending moment of 75 kN-m
b.) The stresses caused by a bending moment of 120 kN-m

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 12 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 2
A beam has a length of 5 meters and is fixed on both sides. It carries a uniform
load of 36 kN/m which includes its own weight. The modulus of elasticity of
concrete is 𝐸_𝑐=20,000𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine if the flexural stresses in the concrete
and steel exceeds the allowable stresses given below by: Transformed Area
Method and Classic Flexural Formula

𝑓𝑠 = 125.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐 = 10.00 Mpa

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 13 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 3
A beam has a length of 5 meters and is fixed on both sides. It
carries a uniform load of 36 kN/m which includes its own weight.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is 𝐸_𝑐=20,000𝑀𝑃𝑎, if you
were asked to design the section of the beam using the allowable
stresses given below. Design the dimension of the beam if the
required ratio is d = 2b. Also, compute the number of 25mm
bars required.
𝑓𝑠 = 125 MPa 𝐶𝑐 = 50.00mm
𝑓𝑐 = 10.00 MPa

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 14 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

A beam that has compression steel as well as tension steel. Compression steel is thought generally be
uneconomical, but there are occasional situations where its use is quite advantageous. Compression steel will
permit the use of appreciably smaller beams than those that make use of tensile steel only. Reduced sizes can
be very important where space or architectural requirements limits the sizes of beams and compression steel is
also quite helpful in reducing long-term deflections.

Investigation Analysis: Stress Analysis

1.) Determine if 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 <𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡

2.) Determine the area of the steel 𝐴𝑠 & 𝐴𝑠′

3.) Determine the location of the N.A (𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝=𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡)

4.) Determine the Moment of Inertia (𝐼)

5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of
compression, compression steel bars and tension steel bars
𝑀𝑐
𝑓=
𝐼

Investigation Analysis: Moment Capacity

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 15 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

1.) Determine the value of "𝑘" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 "𝑗“


𝒇𝒄
𝒌=
𝒇𝒔
𝒏 + 𝒇𝒄

2.) Determine the “balanced” moment capacity


𝟏
𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝒇𝒄 𝒌𝒋𝒃𝒅𝟐 & 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒋𝒅 (choose lower value)
𝟐

3.) Determine the value of 𝑓𝑠 ′


(see if it will exceed the value of the given 𝑓𝑠 )

4.) Determine the “excess” moment


𝑴𝒆𝒙𝒄 = 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 (𝐝 − 𝐝′ )

5.) Determine the moment capacity


𝑴𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 + 𝑴𝒆𝒙𝒄

Design: Reinforcing Steel Bars

1.) Determine the value of "𝑘" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 "𝑗“


𝒇𝒄
𝒌=
𝒇𝒔
+ 𝒇𝒄
𝒏

2.) Determine the “balanced” moment capacity


𝟏
𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒄 𝒌𝒋𝒃𝒅𝟐

3.) Determine the value of 𝑓𝑠 ′ (see if it will exceed the value of the given 𝑓𝑠 )

4.) Determine the “excess” moment


𝑴𝒆𝒙𝒄 = 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 − 𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒍

5.) Determine the area of reinforcements


𝑨𝒔 & 𝑨𝒔 ′

6.) Investigate if the beam is adequate

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 16 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 1
A doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam, 250-mm
x 450-mm, has centers of steel reinforcements, 50 mm
above the bottom and 50 mm below the top of the
section. The steel reinforcements consist of 4 25-mm ϕ
bars for tension and 2 20-mm ϕ bars for compression. Is
the beam adequate?
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 140.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 10
𝜔𝑐 = 24 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 17 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 2
Calculate the strength moment capacity of the doubly
reinforced section shown. Assume that the concrete
covering is 50 𝑚𝑚.
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 130.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 9

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 18 of 19


Module 1 – Working Stress Design – Flexural Analysis

Example 3
A rectangular concrete beam, 350-mm x 500-mm simply
supported with a span length of 8 meters, is to carry a
uniform load of 25 kN/m, including its own weight.
Assuming concrete cover is 50 mm, design the beam.
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 120.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 8

Engr. Bryan Dale P. Yu RECONDESIGN Page 19 of 19

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