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Working Stress
Design - Flexure
Module 1 – Reinforced Concrete Design
Objective Upon completing this section, students should be able to know the
concept of Working Stress Design and apply the theories in investigating
and designing a singly reinforced beam
Content
Cracking Moment
Flexural Investigation of Beams
Uncracked Beam
Cracked Beam : Classical Flexural Formula
Cracked Beam : Transformed Area Method
Flexural Design of Beams
Transformed Area Method
Activities During the module, students will perform graded activities to measure
their progress during the course; Quiz, class discussion, practice
problems.
The vast majority of reinforced concrete structures have been proportioned based on a straight-line theory which
is called “Working Stress Design”. Although ultimate strength design techniques are rapidly supplanting working
stress design, the designer should be proficient in both.
When using working stress design technique, members are proportioned so that the members may sustained the
anticipated real loads induced (working or design loads) without stresses in the concrete or reinforcements
exceeding the proportional limits of the individual material.
The tensile strength of concrete is assumed in structural design as almost nil, it necessary to strengthen
or reinforce concrete members where they are subjected to tensile stresses.
This reinforcement is usually accomplished by the embedment of steel bars or rods which must then
resist almost 100% of the tensile forces
Obviously, when the concrete is cracked, it is no longer capable in resisting tensile forces.
The tensile forces in the bottom is resisted by the reinforcement and the compression forces at the top
are resisted by the concrete.
The maximum compressive strain occurs at the top surface of the beam, and the maximum tensile
strain occurs at the bottom surface.
The assumption of a linear strain distribution is fundamental in analysing the behaviour of a reinforced
concrete beam as the bending moment is increased up to the ultimate strength of the beam.
In Design, it is often assumed that concrete fails in compression when it reaches a compressive strain
of 0.003.
With the above assumptions, it is now possible to follow the progression of flexural cracking as the
bending moment on a RC beam is increased.
Uncracked Section
Cracked Section
The cracking moment is the moment required to first cause the beam to crack.
this is the point at which the steel reinforcement in the beam is exposed to the environment, a possible
cause of corrosion in the steel.
any further increase in the moment in the beam causes drastically increases the curvature of the beam,
and may not be completely reversible when the load is removed.
(NSCP, 424.2.3.5b)
(NSCP, 419.2.3.1)
𝝀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝝀 = 1.00 − 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝝀 = 0.85 − 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝝀 = 0.75 − 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
(NSCP, 419.2.4.3)
(NSCP, 419.2.2.1a)
(NSCP, 419.2.2.1b)
Example 1
Given:
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
𝜆= 1.0
Example 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 30.0 Mpa
𝜔𝑐 = 24.00 kN/m
𝜆= 1.0
Investigation Analysis
5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of tension
𝑀𝑐
and compression; 𝑓 = 𝐼
Flexural Analysis : Cracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 < 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 ) USING CLASSICAL BENDING STRESS FORMULA
Investigation Analysis
1.) Determine the Flexural Moment
5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of tension
𝑀𝑐
and compression; 𝑓 =
𝐼
Flexural Analysis : Cracked Stage (𝑴𝒄𝒓 < 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒕 ) USING TRANSFORMED AREA METHOD
𝑘=√2𝜌𝑛 + (𝜌𝑛)2 − 𝜌𝑛
2.) Using the internal forces, refer to the summation of moment Σ𝑀=0
Therefore:
𝑴=𝑪𝒋𝒅=𝑻𝒋𝒅
𝑴=𝑪𝒋𝒅=𝑻𝒋𝒅
Example 2
A beam has a length of 5 meters and is fixed on both sides. It carries a uniform
load of 36 kN/m which includes its own weight. The modulus of elasticity of
concrete is 𝐸_𝑐=20,000𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine if the flexural stresses in the concrete
and steel exceeds the allowable stresses given below by: Transformed Area
Method and Classic Flexural Formula
𝑓𝑠 = 125.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐 = 10.00 Mpa
Example 3
A beam has a length of 5 meters and is fixed on both sides. It
carries a uniform load of 36 kN/m which includes its own weight.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is 𝐸_𝑐=20,000𝑀𝑃𝑎, if you
were asked to design the section of the beam using the allowable
stresses given below. Design the dimension of the beam if the
required ratio is d = 2b. Also, compute the number of 25mm
bars required.
𝑓𝑠 = 125 MPa 𝐶𝑐 = 50.00mm
𝑓𝑐 = 10.00 MPa
A beam that has compression steel as well as tension steel. Compression steel is thought generally be
uneconomical, but there are occasional situations where its use is quite advantageous. Compression steel will
permit the use of appreciably smaller beams than those that make use of tensile steel only. Reduced sizes can
be very important where space or architectural requirements limits the sizes of beams and compression steel is
also quite helpful in reducing long-term deflections.
5.) Using the conventional Bending Stress Formula, compute the stresses in the upper most fiber of
compression, compression steel bars and tension steel bars
𝑀𝑐
𝑓=
𝐼
3.) Determine the value of 𝑓𝑠 ′ (see if it will exceed the value of the given 𝑓𝑠 )
Example 1
A doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam, 250-mm
x 450-mm, has centers of steel reinforcements, 50 mm
above the bottom and 50 mm below the top of the
section. The steel reinforcements consist of 4 25-mm ϕ
bars for tension and 2 20-mm ϕ bars for compression. Is
the beam adequate?
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 140.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 10
𝜔𝑐 = 24 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
Example 2
Calculate the strength moment capacity of the doubly
reinforced section shown. Assume that the concrete
covering is 50 𝑚𝑚.
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 130.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 9
Example 3
A rectangular concrete beam, 350-mm x 500-mm simply
supported with a span length of 8 meters, is to carry a
uniform load of 25 kN/m, including its own weight.
Assuming concrete cover is 50 mm, design the beam.
𝑓𝑠(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 120.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑐(𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 10.00 Mpa
𝑛 = 8