HOA

History of Architecture
MODULE 2
Classical Architecture and the
Western Succession
Early Christian
Early Christian (200-1025)
▪ The final phase of Roman architecture.
▪ Christianity became the state religion.
▪ House-churches, early venue for religious practices.
▪ Roman basilica form was adopted as the ground plan
for most churches: rectangular plan and a nave with
two side aisles.
▪ Basilican churches were constructed over the burial
place of a saint.
▪ Facades faced west.
BASILICA
Basilica Papale San Paolo fuori le Mura.

An early Christian church, characterized

by a long, rectangular plan, a high
colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and
covered by a timbered gable roof.
Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th century AD. (Opus Grecanicum, glass mosaic decorations)
Main Parts of an Early
Christian Basilica

▪ Apse, sanctuary.
▪ Bema, stage for clergy
▪ Altar, under the
baldacchino
▪ Nave, central aisle
▪ Atrium, forecourt
▪ Narthex, for the
penitents
▪ Choir, enclosed by a
cancelli
▪ Ambo, pulpit
 1 apse
15 northern aisle, gospel side,
2 cathedra, bishop’s throne
women’s side
3 synthronos, synthronon
16 southern aisle, epistle side,
(podium or benches)
men’s side
5 bema, altar platform
17 side chapel
6 solea (raised floor, used by
18 sacristy, vestry, revestry, vestiary
the clergy)
20 exonarthex
7 choir screen
21 belltower
8 apsidiole (secondary apse)
22 cloister
10 choir, schola cantorum
23 atrium, atrium paradisus,
11 cancelli
paradise
12 gospel ambo
24 prothyron (space in front of the
13 epistle ambo
entrance)
14 nave

Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th century AD.

 Byzantine
Architecture
Byzantine (300-1450)
▪ Circular or polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and
baptisteries.
▪ Characterized by masonry construction, round arches,
shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the
extensive use of rich frescoes, and colored glass
mosaics to cover whole interiors.
19 basket capital; 20 dosseret and basket capital; 21 dosseret and trapezoidal capital.

Dosseret. A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch;
also called a pulvin, impost block or supercapital.

Byzantine capitals.
Basilica di San
Vitale
Ravenna, Italy.

A Byzantine centralized church.

Prime example of Byzantine architecture
in the West.
Basilica di San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy.
 1 apse
3 synthronos, synthronon
5 bema, altar platform
25 prothesis, pastophorium (niche
reserved for objects used in worship)
26 diaconicon, pastophorium (for the
keeping of garments and vessels)
27 ambulatory (ground floor)
28 gallery (upper level)
29 narthex

San Vitale, Ravenna, 526–547.

St. Mark’s Basilica; Venice, Italy. (Greek cross plan.)
St. Mark’s
Basilica
Venice, Italy.

■ Greek cross plan

■ Golden mosaics (Church of Gold)
■ It lies at the eastern end of the
Piazza San Marco, adjacent and
connected to the Doge's Palace.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, 532–537 AD, architect Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus.
Hagia Sophia
▪ “Sacred wisdom” in Greek.
▪ Constructed by Emperor Justinian;
designed by Anthemios of Tralles
and Isidorus of Miletus.
▪ The interiors were beautified by
richly colored marble pavements in
opus sectile or opus Alexandrinum.
▪ Used as a church, mosque, and
presently a museum.
Hagia Sophia
Spatial configuration.

A 30-meter square forms the center. At

the corners, piers rise up to support four
arches, between which are pendentives
that hold a dome scalloped with forty
ribs. Windows line the base of the dome,
making it seem to float.
 12 high altar
13 apse
2 arcade, cloister
15 parecclesion: side chapel
3 atrium paradisus: forecourt
16 pastophorium: clerical
4 cantharus, piscina:
chamber
fountain, font
17 prothesis: table/niche
5 exonarthex: outer vestibule
18 diaconicon: garments and
6 esonarthex: inner vestibule
vessels
10 navis media: nave
19 aisle
11 bema: altar platform
21 campanile: belltower
22 baptistery

Hagia Sophia (prior to addition of minarets), Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537 AD, architect
Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus.
St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia. Designed by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Barma.
Romanesque
Architecture
Romanesque (800-1180)
▪ "Roman-like”
▪ Heavy articulated masonry construction with narrow
openings, round arches, barrel vaults, introduction of
central and western towers, and sparse ornament.
▪ Churches gradually changed to cross-shaped plans
formed by wings called transepts and the choir.
▪ known in England as Norman architecture.
Towers at the east and west ends and the crossing of nave
and trancepts

England - Norman Architecture

The cathedral complex of Pisa; Tuscany, Italy.
 The cathedral complex of Pisa

▪ Cathedral
▪ Baptistery

A space, area or separate building

of a church or cathedral,
containing a font where baptism
takes place.

▪ Campanile

Bell tower, freestanding or

attached to a building.

▪ Camposanto

A cemetery surrounded by a
colonnade.
Plan, Cathedral of Pisa.
 Characterized by the used of inlaid
decoration formed of different colored
lavas ( UNESCO)

SOUTH FRANCE. Notre Dame du Port.

 signifcance: castle like

claimed to be the representative

cathedral of the period

CENTRAL EUROPE. Worms Cathedral; castle-like.

 Romaseque and Baroque;
Religious pilgrimage site

SPAIN. Santiago de Compostela.

 representative example of defensive architecture in the romanesque style

SPAIN. Loarre Castle.

 Largest and finest example of Norman
Architecture in England

ENGLAND. Durham Cathedral.

 It has 2 trasepts crossing the nave (as with Salisbury and
Lincoln)

ENGLAND. Worcester Cathedral.

Romasque and Perpendicular Gothic Elements

ENGLAND. Canterbury Cathedral.

 1 apse
17 atrium, atrium paradisus,
2 choir bay
paradise
3 presbytery
18 cloister
6 crossing (crypt of Virgin
20 baptistery (chapel of John
Mary)
the Baptist)
7 transept
21 singers' gallery, minstrel
9 altar screen
gallery
11 nave
23 imperial choir, capella
12 aisle
imperialis
13 narthex

GERMANY. Benedictine Abbey of Corvey on the Weser.

Benedictine
Abbey of Corvey
Carolingian
Pertaining to the pre- and early
Romanesque art and Byzantine-
influenced architecture in France.

Abbey
A community of monks overseen by an
abbot, or of nuns by an abbess; also the
main buildings of this community.
ENGLAND. Fountains Abbey; monastery.
ENGLAND. Windsor Castle.
 Gothic
Architecture
Gothic (1050-1530)
▪ “Style Ogivale”
▪ Progressive lightening and heightening of structure
(made possible by the flying buttress)
▪ Use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault.
▪ Richly decorated fenestration.
Cathedral
A large and principal church of a diocese, the seat of
a bishop. Chathedral- Cathedra: Seat
of the B-Shop
verticallity and lightness of weight

During the gothic period -

churches is their educational
institution
Stain Glass Fenestration shows
biblical images to teach elite
childrens
clerestory

arcaded nave
Amiens Cathedral
Amiens, France.
 1 arcade
3 triforium
3b triforium, blind arcade
4 clerestory, clearstory
6 flying buttress
7 finial, pinnacle
8 gargoyle, water spout
9 buttress, pier
10 aisle
11 nave

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens, France, c.1220–69, Robert of Luzarches, Thomas and Renault of Cormont (prior to
addition of chapels in 16th century)
 9 buttress, pier
21 choir stalls
10 aisle
22 chapel, radiating chapel
11 nave
23 high altar
12 west end
24 chancel aisle, apse aisle,
13 body
ambulatory, deambulatory
14 transept
25 parclose, perclose (a
15 chancel
screen in a church to
16 chevet, radiating chapels
seclude a chapel from the
17 arm, projecting transept
main space)
18 porch
26 Lady Chapel (chapel
19 crossing
dedicated to the Virgin
20 choir screen, rood
Mary)
screen

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens, France, c.1220–69, Robert of Luzarches, Thomas and Renault of Cormont (prior to
addition of chapels in 16th century)
Rib or Ribbed vault
A vault constructed of structural arched stone
members or ribs with an infill of masonry.
 A bay
B haunch, hanche, rib
C cell, web, severy
D groin
E transverse rib
F wall rib, forcement
G diagonal rib, groin rib, ogive
H tierceron, secondary rib
K lierne, tertiary rib
L transverse ridge-rib
M longitudinal ridge-rib, ridge
rib
N boss, pendant
O compound pier

Anatomy of a ribbed vault.

Parts of a Rib Vault
▪ Diagonal Rib (G)

A rib crossing a compartment of a rib vault on a diagonal.

▪ Ridge Rib (L,M)

A horizontal rib marking the crown of a vaulting

compartment.
▪ Boss (N)

An ornamental, knob-like projection at the intersection of

ogives.
Parts of a Rib Vault
▪ Lierne (K)

A tertiary rib in a vault often for decorative rather than

structural purposes.
▪ Tierceron (H)

A subsidiary rib which connects a point on the ridge rib or

central boss with one of the main springers or supports.
English Gothic
English Gothic
1] Early English
2) Decorated Style
3) Perpendicular
Early English
▪ Also known as Lancet, First Pointed or Early
Plantagenet.
▪ Use of lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery
(tracery using masonry into which shapes has been
cut).
Simple looking gothic churches
Worcester Cathedral. (Early English)
Decorated Style
▪ Also Geometrical and Curvilinear, Middle Pointed,
Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet.
▪ Rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, and
refined stone-cutting techniques.
Westminster Abbey. (Decorated)
Perpendicular
▪ Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian.
▪ Perpendicular tracery (use of a lacework of vertical
glazing bars), fine intricate stonework, and elaborate
fan vaults.
Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England. (Perpendicular Gothic)
Bath Abbey; Somerset, England; King's College Chapel; Cambridge, England.
French Gothic
French Gothic

1) A Lancettes
2) Rayonant
3) Flamboyant
Three Phases of French Gothic
▪ Primarie: a lancettes, pointed arches and geometric
traceried windows.
▪ Secondaire: rayonnant, circular windows, wheel
tracery.
▪ Tertiaire: flamboyant, flowing and flamelike tracery.
 A Lancette / Plate tracery Rayonant / Geometric
Three Phases of French Gothic: A lancette, rayonnant, and flamboyant.
Notable Structures
England
Salisbury Cathedral
Wells Cathedral
Windsor Castle
France
Notre Dame Cathedral
FIGURES OF MARRY IS FOUND IN EVERY PARTS OF THE
CHURCH. THE RELIC OF TUNIC OF MARRY

Rheims Cathedral
Chartres Cathedral
Germany
Ulm Cathedral (Regarded as the tallest cathedral in the world.)
Cologne Cathedral
Spain
Seville Cathedral (Tallest cathedral in Spain.)
Burgos Cathedral
Barcelona Cathedral
Italy
Siena Cathedral (Use of striped marbles)
Milan Cathedral
Other Building Types
CASTLES. Chateau D’Amboise, France. (Built on mounds above rivers, with thick walls and small windows.)
PALAIS DE JUSTICE. Palais de Justice de Rouen, France.
MANOR HOUSE. Ightham Mote, England. (A moated merchant’s house)
Renaissance
Architecture
Renaissance (1420-1550)
▪ Developed during the rebirth of classical art and
learning in Europe.
▪ Initially characterized by the use of the classical
orders, round arches, and symmetrical proportions.
▪ Pure Renaissance architecture was based on regular
order, symmetry, and a central axis with grandiose
plans and impressive facades.
Personality of the architect has increased in importance
Renaissance (1420-1550)
▪ Silhouettes were clean and simple, with flat roofs.
▪ Walls of large dressed masonry blocks gave buildings
an imposing sense of dignity and strength.
▪ Emphasis on horizontality.
▪ Ornamentation was based on pagan or classical
mythological subjects.
Sgraffito , scratched and colored plaster
 Phases
Early, High and Late Renaissance

St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City.

St. Peter’s Cathedral
▪ Officially the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano;
▪ Bramante was the first commissioned to design the
cathedral; Antonio da Sangallo the Younger;
Michelangelo (dome and colonnades)
▪ Bernini (baldacchino)
Plan of the Vatican in Rome.
 Late Rennaissance

Architect is free to use any

classical elements.

Architects Andrea Palladio

The Four Books of

High Renaissance : Architecture
Donato Bramante - Giacomo Barozzi da
Tempietto of San Pietro. Vignola
Site where St. Peter is - Gesu Church
said to be crucified. - Cupola

Michelangelo Buonarotti
Sta Maria Novella is
one of the first
churches in which
consoles were placed Leon Battista
in the facade over the
side Alberti
Helped promote architecture from an
artisan’s trade to a profession by calling
for such intellectual requirements as
mathematics, geometry, and philosophy.
Wrote the book, "De Re Aedificatoria,"
which largely influenced men's minds in
favour of the revived Roman style.
Other works are Santa Maria Novella in
Florence and Sant'andrea in Mantua.

San Andrea Mantua -

Single Nave
Andrea Palladio
The Four Books of Architecture
Villa Rotonda, transforming a house into
a classical temple.
Brunelleschi
The Dome of Florence Cathedral was
Brunelleschi's principal work.
Other works are the Riccardi Palace and
San Lorenzo church in Florence.

These are examples of the

massive rusticated buildings with
heavy crowing cornice for which
the Flourentine Style noted.

Formulated the pictorial device of

Linear Perspective.
da Vignola
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola
Author of "The Five Orders of
Architecture."
Works include the Sant’andrea in Rome
and the two small cupolas at St. Peter.
Michelangelo
Buonarotti
A famous Florentine sculptor, and
painter of the roof of the Sistine Chapel
in Vatican.
He finished the Farnese Palace, and
carried out the Dome of St. Peter.

piazza and baldochino- bernini

Mannerism
A reaction against the classical perfection of the High
Renaissance; it either responded with a rigorous
application of classical rules, or flaunted classical
convention, in terms of scale and shape.
 proportion

Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. Giorgio Vasari.

Baroque
French word meaning bizarre, fantastic, or irregular. It
was deliberate in its attempt to impress, and was
most lavish of all styles, both in its use of materials
and in the effects it achieves.
Highly ornamented facade - highly nature ornaments
sensual - use of curve
symbolical - ex. piazza of st. peters cathedral.
rhobust - Borromini
Use earth toned color
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, England. Christopher Wren.
Rococo
Baroco; Final phase of the Baroque; characterized by
a profuse, semi-abstract ornamentation. It was
associated with lightness, swirling forms, flowing
lines, ornate stucco work, and arabesque ornament.
Lighter proportions , Lightrr colors ( white with
gold trim)
Sant'Agnese, Rome, Italy. Francesco Borromini.
End of Module 2
Part 2