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Received 27 May 2013; accepted 30 September 2013; available on line 30 September 2013
Abstract
In this paper state of art on known and potential biomass sources is reviewed. The review will
consider energy dedicated crops and waste types that are already applied for clean energy purposes as
well as potential ones. The resources can be applied for biofuels, bioethanol, methane, hydrogen
production by means of various processes (methane fermentation, pyrolysys etc). The environmental
and economical benefits of biomass application as a renewable energy source are also described.
Introduction
supply for humans and animals (SHUIT et al. 2009). In order to decrease the
above climactic problems, consumption of fossil fuels and increase energy
efficiency two types of actions were undertaken – development of energy
saving programs, and research on renewable energy sources. Energy from
renewable sources although more expensive in production then conventional
energy has many advantages. It leads to reduction of carbon emission to
atmosphere, it is compatible with rules of balanced development, it reduces the
dependence on fossil fuels and is not as dangerous as atomic energy (BANOS et
al. 2011). According to SAYNIGH (2012) we distinguish following renewable
energy sources: solar radiation, wind, water and ocean currents, biomass,
biofuels, geothermal sources and hydrogen.
Poland as a member of European Union is obligated to adjust to European
energy policy. Currently the use of renewable energy in relation to other
countries is insufficient. In Energy from renewable sources 2011
(http://www.stat.gov.pl) report the predictions are that energy produced from
renewable sources should be 15% of overall energy consumption until 2020. On
Figure 1 the percentage of renewable sources energy consumption to overall
usage in UE and in Poland in 2002-2010 period. It visualizes how far Poland is
in comparison to UE countries considering renewable energy development.
Fig. 1. Percent of energy obtained from renewable sources in UE and Poland in 2002–2010 period
Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Portal Informacyjny, on line: http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus
Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy 213
Fig. 2. The contribution of solid biomass, wind and water to electric energy in Poland in 2006–2010
Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Portal Informacyjny, on line: http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus.
214 Paulina Drożyner et al.
One of the more and more popular biomass types is energy dedicated
willow. Two types are present in nature: tree type and bush type (more often
used for energy production). It is characterized by high resistance to soil
contaminations and quick growth (STOLARSKI 2003). Growth cycle of energy
dedicated willow is 3 to 5 years, thanks to which it is considered a fast
renewable source (TAHVANAINEN, RYTKONEN 1999). Its wood (unlike coal) does
not emit green house gasses in burning process and is characterized by low
emission of nitrogen, chlorine and sulfur to atmosphere. It has low accumula-
tion of heavy metals from soil, which makes it ideal for energetic purposes
(JAMA, NOWAK 2012). Application of energy dedicated willow for soil purifica-
tion purposes is not an ideal solution. Though the elimination of excess
nitrogen is satisfactory, the low soil purification in case of excess chlorine still
remains a problem, especially in dry climate where concentration of this
element may exceed toxic values (MARMIROLI et al. 2012).
Willow may find application in waste purification from small household
waste water disposal facilities. Water purification is achieved through usage of
nutrients from sewer sludge and simultaneous biomass for bioenergy produc-
tion. Household wastewater is almost ideal nutrient for willow plantation
fertilization. Part of the differences between plants need for nutrients and
content of substances in wastes is neutralized by the soil. Household waste-
water are more effective for fertilization because of lower concentration of
heavy metals than in industrial wastewater, which can inhibit plant and soil
microorganisms growth. Both of these processes lead to decrease of waste
Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy 215
MED et al. 2011). The palm fruit contains of a seed surrounded by oily mass. Oil
is obtained in extraction process from cellulose mass of the fruit. Such oil can
be used for edible purposes, but seed oil is used for soap production (SHUIT et
al. 2009).
Agricultural wastes
Conclusions
With growing industrial development the need for energy increases. How-
ever because of growing environmental awareness in the society emphasis is
being put on acquiring more amounts of energy from renewable resources then
from not renewable ones. Biomass is an example of such energy sources. In
light of presented studies a large variety of biomass and potential for its
application for energy production purposes. It is possible to select energy
dedicated crop for given climate and soil type as well as proper waste
utilization. Considering this energy sources obtained during food – agricultural
production processes are perspective for clean energy production. Because of
Poland geographical location and need for energy sources diversification
Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy 219
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