Notes for Oral Communication in Context Summative Exam:

1. What is Communication?
a. The word “communication” derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to
impart, to participate, to share or to make common.
b. Carl Rogers- Communication occurs when we listen with understanding to see from the
perspective of the other person’s point of view.
c. American Management Association defines, ‘Communication is any behavior that results
in an exchange of meaning’.
d. Newman and Summer Jr. state that, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas,
opinions or emotions by two or more people.
2. According to Camp and Satterwhite, there are 4 main purpose of communication:
a. To inquire – obtain information
b. To inform- disseminate information
c. To persuade- influence others
d. To develop goodwill
3. What English for Oral Communication in Context?
a. It is the use of English effectively in the execution of oral communication within social,
academic, and professional setting.
4. What is the nature of communication?
a. Communication is a process.
b. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
c. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal),
or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

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6. Elements of communication process:
a. Speaker – the source of information or message
b. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in
actions
c. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms
that the speaker understands
d. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
e. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver
f. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
g. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
h. Context – the environment where communication takes place
i. Physical Context
ii. Social Context
iii. Psychological Context
iv. Cultural Context
v. Historical Context
 i. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
Kinds of Noise:
i. Physical/channel noise
ii. Physiological noise
iii. Psychological noise
iv. Semantic noise
7. Explain the Process of communication:
The process of communication begins when one person (the sender) wants to
transmit a fact, idea, opinion or other information to someone else (the receiver). This
facts, idea or opinion has meaning to the sender. The next step is translating or
converting the message into a language which reflects the idea. That is the message
must be encoded. The encoding process is influenced by content of the message, the
familiarity of sender and receiver and other situation of factors.
After the message has been encoded, it is transmitted through the appropriate
channel or medium. Common channel in organization includes meetings, reports,
memorandums, letters, e-mail, fax and telephone calls. When the message is received, it
is decoded, by the receiver and gives feedback to the sender as the conformation about
the particular message has been carefully understand or not.
8. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION in the context of Business:
a. Wrong Choice of Medium
b. Physical Barriers
c. Semantic Barriers
d. Socio-Psychological Barriers

9. Seven Cs Strategy to Avoid Oral Communication Breakdown- According to Francis J. Bergin, a

person engaged in oral communication must remember seven Cs. And these are as follows:
a. Clear: An oral communication become effective when the message is clear for the
audience or receiver as the sender wants to convey.
b. Concise: keep the message as brief as possible without changing the real message.
REMEMBER: K.I.S.S (Keep the message short and simple)
c. Complete: Like written communication in oral communication also, completeness
required. While communicating with other makes it sure that you have paid attention
on below questions. Checking for the five w’s questions. Who, What, When, Where, and
Why?
d. Correct: In oral communication correctness means the source of information or from
where you get information is right or trustworthy source.
 e. Concrete: For making oral communication effectively speakers should use specific fact
and ideas and also avoid exaggerating of any information.
f. Courtesy: Courtesy involves you-attitude. Use polite words for oral communication.
Tries to avoid irritating expression, sincerely apologize for any mistake.
g. Candid: When the speaker chooses the candid approaches, its mean that their message
should be straight, open, frank, outspoken. But not hurting particular individual.
10. Points of difference between communication process and communication model:
a. Nature
b. Understandability
c. Complicacy
d. Time involvement
e. Requirement of expert
11. Models of Communication:
a. Linear model illustrates communication in a one-way activity where message or
information flows from the speaker to the listener.
b. Interactive Model- shows a two-way exchange which features the element of feedback.

c. The transactional model- a communicator simultaneously receives information by

interpreting the nonverbal gestures of the one listening to the message. Both
communicators are responsible for the outcome of the communication.
12. What is communication breakdown?
It refers to lack of communication or a failure to exchange information. A
communication breakdown occurs when communication is incomprehensible to one
party or entirely absent between two people.
13. What is meant by communication barrier?
“Communication barriers are the problems that arise at every stage of the
communication process and have the potential to create misunderstanding and
confusion.”
14. The communication style refers to the choices we tend to make when communicating to others.

15. What are the five key aspects of becoming an active listener?
a. Pay close attention
b. Demonstrate physically that you are listening.
c. Check for understanding by asking clarifications.
d. Don’t interrupt!
e. Respond appropriately.
16. What is culture? Cultural backgrounds? Co-culture?
a. Culture refers to learned and shared values, beliefs, and behavior common to a
particular group of people. Culture may also include common artifacts, music, customs,
food, language, dress, and celebrations.
b. Cultural background on the other hand, includes your ethnicity, age, nationality, gender,
family structure, spirituality, and sexual orientation.
c. Co-culture is a group of people who are bonded through a system of values, beliefs and
behavior associated with a common group identity.
17. Intercultural communication:
This occurs when members of two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in
a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems,
both verbal and non-verbal. Whenever two people communicate, both similarities and
differences exist.

18. Two distinct ways that members of various cultures deliver messages:
a. A low-context culture uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas
as directly as possible. To low-context communicators, the meaning of a statement lies
in the words spoken.
b. By contrast, a high-context culture relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to
maintain social harmony. Rather than upsetting others by speaking directly,
communicators in these societies learn to discover meaning from the context in which
a message is delivered: the nonverbal behavior of the speaker, the history of the
relationship, and the general social rules that govern interaction between people.

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