Science Department

UNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9: KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER

ANSWERS

NAME:______________________( ) CLASS: ________ DATE: _________

Exercise 9A: States of Matter

1. Distinguish between the three states of matter – solid, liquid and gases
– (in terms of shape, volume, compressibility and surface) by completing the
table below.

Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Shape FIXED NOT FIXED NOT FIXED

Volume FIXED FIXED NOT FIXED

Surface DEFINITE NO DEFINITE NO

Compressibility INCOMPRESSIBLE INCOMPRESSIBLE COMPRESSIBLE

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2. Distinguish between the three states of matter – solid, liquid and gases
– (in terms of molecular structure) by completing the table below.

Molecular
Solid Liquid Gas
structure
-NEGLIBIBLE
SLIGHTLY LESS FORCES.
Forces VERY STRONG STRONG THAN -ONLY AT
SOLID MOMENT OF
COLLISION

SLIGHTLY
Spaces VERY LITTLE FURTHER THAN VERY FAR APART
SOLID

REGULAR IRREGULAR IRREGULAR

Arrangement PATTERN PATTERN PATTERN

VIBRATE AT SLIDE ON ONE

Motion FIXED POSITION ANOTHER
MOVE FREELY

3. How do the strength of molecular forces and motion of molecules affect the
shapes of solids, liquids and gases?

Molecular forces are very strong such that the molecules cannot move around.
Solids: ________________________________________________________

Therefore solids shape is fixed and cannot change.

______________________________________________________________

Molecular forces are not as strong as in solid such that the molecules can slide and
Liquids:________________________________________________________

move around. Therefore liquid shape is not fixed but takes the shape of the container.
______________________________________________________________

Molecular forces are negligible such that the molecules can move around freely.
Gas: _________________________________________________________

Therefore gas shape is not fixed but takes the shape of the container.
______________________________________________________________

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4. How does the strength of molecular forces affect the volume of solids, liquids
and gases?

Molecular forces are very strong such that there is very little space between the
Solids: ________________________________________________________

molecules. Therefore solids volume is fixed and cannot change.

______________________________________________________________

Molecular forces are slightly less strong as in solid such there is very little space
Liquids:________________________________________________________

between the molecules Therefore liquid volume is fixed.

______________________________________________________________

Molecular forces are negligible such that the molecules are very far apart.
Gas: _________________________________________________________

Therefore gas volume is not fixed as it can be compressed.

______________________________________________________________

5. With reference to molecules, explain why the density of a gas is lower than
that of the solid.

______________________________________________________________
Molecular forces in gas is negligible such that gas particles very far apart.

______________________________________________________________
Molecular forces in solid is very strong such that solid particles very closely packed.

______________________________________________________________
In a unit volume, gas has less particles compare to solid. Therefore, density of gas is

______________________________________________________________
lower than that of the solid.

6. With reference to molecules, explain how solid ice is change into water.

When ice is heated, the molecules vibrate faster and they move further apart.
______________________________________________________________

When the temperature rises further, the molecules vibrate so fast that it breaks the
______________________________________________________________

forces of attraction and move further apart. Now, the molecules are able to slide
______________________________________________________________

over one another. It has become water.

______________________________________________________________

7. With reference to molecules, explain how why a metal rod grows longer when
heated.

When a metal rod is heated, the atoms vibrate faster and they move further apart.
______________________________________________________________

As the atoms move further apart from one another, the metal rod expands.
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Chapter 9: Kinetic Model of Matter

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Science Department

UNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9: KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER

ANSWERS

NAME:______________________( ) CLASS: ________ DATE: _________

Exercise 9B: Brownian Motion

1. With the aid of a labeled diagram showing the necessary apparatus, describe
how you would demonstrate Brownian motion of smoke particles in the air.

microscope
Glass cell

lens smoke
Light source

1. Set up the apparatus as shown above.

_______________________________________________________________
2. It is observed that the smoke particles in the glass cells are moving
_______________________________________________________________
continuously and randomly.
_______________________________________________________________
3. It is because the smoke particles are constantly bombarded by the fast and
_______________________________________________________________
continually moving air molecules.
_______________________________________________________________
4. This demonstrates Brownian motion of smoke particles in the air.
_______________________________________________________________

2. State why a microscope is needed to the smoke particles.

The smoke particles are too small to be seen using naked or unaided eye.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. Draw a typical path of a smoke particle in the glass cell.

Random, No pattern, unpredictable

Smoke
particle
Glass cell

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4. Explain why the smoke particles appear as spots of light.

The smoke particles reflect some light form the lamp towards the microscope.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

5. Explain why the smoke particle moves in a random motion.

The smoke particle is constantly bombarded by the fast moving air molecules
_______________________________________________________________

and other smoke particles around it.

_______________________________________________________________

6. What would you observe if the temperature in the glass cell is raised?

The smoke particle moves faster.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

7. Explain your observation in Q6.

The air molecules gain kinetic energy and moves faster. Therefore they
_______________________________________________________________

bombard the smoke particle more often causing it to move faster.

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

8. Explain how Brownian motion provides evidence for the kinetic molecular model
of matter.

In Brownian motion of smoke particles, we see that the smoke particles are
_______________________________________________________________

moving constantly and randomly. This is due to the bombardment by fast

_______________________________________________________________

moving air molecules. This provides evidence for kinetic molecular model
_______________________________________________________________

of matter which states that atoms or molecules are constantly moving.

_______________________________________________________________

Chapter 9: Kinetic Model of Matter

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Science Department

UNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9: KINETIC MODEL OF MATTER

ANSWERS

NAME:______________________( ) CLASS: ________ DATE: _________

Exercise 9C: Effects of Temperature and Pressure

1. Using kinetic model of gases, explain why the pressure exerted by a fixed mass
of gas increases when its volume is reduced at constant temperature.
Volume decreases, number of molecules per unit volume increases.
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2. A gas enclosed in a container exerts pressure on the walls of the container.

Using kinetic model of gases, explain why this pressure increases when the
temperature of the gas is raised. Assuming that the volume and mass of gas
remain constant.

_______________________________________________________________
Temperature increases, molecules move faster. Molecules hit wall more often

_______________________________________________________________
and pressure increases.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The volume of a fixed mass of gas at 760 mmHg is 1500 cm3. What is the
pressure if the volume is reduced to 1000 cm3 at constant temperature?
Using Boyle’s Law, PV  PV 1 1 2 2

P1V1
P2 
V2
760  1500
  1140 mmHg
1000
Pressure of 1000 cm3 gas = ____________________
1140 mmHg

4. A vessel contains a fixed mass of air of 100 cm3 has at a temperature of 10 °C.
To what temperature must the vessel be heated so that the volume will be
220 cm3 if its pressure remains constant?
Using Charle’s Law, T2 T1

V 2 V1
T1V 2 283  220
T2    622.6 K  349.6C
V1 100
349.6 °C
Temperature = _____________
Chapter 9: Kinetic Model of Matter
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5. A fixed mass of gas is enclosed in a vessel with a movable piston. The volume
occupied by the gas is 1000 cm3 and the pressure it exerts is 2.5 x 105 Pa. The
gas is then compressed using the piston.

piston

gas

(a)What is the new volume of the gas if the pressure it exerts increases to
5.0 x 106 Pa? Assuming temperature is constant.
Using Boyle’s Law, P V  P V
1 1 2 2

P1V1
V2 
P2
2.5  10 5  1000
  50 cm 3
5  10 6
50 cm3
New volume of the gas = _________

(b) The vessel is now heated and the temperature of the gas rises. The
piston is observed to move up. Using kinetic model of gases, account for
the increase in volume of the gas.

Temperature increases, molecules move faster. They hit the wall more and
__________________________________________________________

push the wall. The volume increases till the pressure inside and outside
__________________________________________________________

equalize.
__________________________________________________________

6. A piston of negligible weight encloses air in a cylinder as shown. The air

expands and the piston moves 4 cm upwards. What is the initial pressure of
the air inside? (Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa).
Using Boyle’s Law
P1V1  P2V2
8 cm
PV
P1  2 2
V1
Air
100  16 12 cm
  133 kPa
12

133 kPa
Pressure of the air inside = ____________
Chapter 9: Kinetic Model of Matter
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7. Water of depth 10 m exerts a pressure equal to atmospheric pressure. An air

bubble rises to the surface of a lake which is 30 m deep. When the bubble is at
the bottom of the lake, its volume is 12 cm3.
atmosphere

Bubble, volume = ?

30 m water

Bubble rising, volume = 12 cm3

What is the volume of the air bubble at the surface of the lake?
Using Boyle’s Law, P V  P V
1 1 2 2

P1V1
V2 
P2
( 30  10 )  12
  48 cm 3
10

48 cm3
Volume of air bubble at lake surface = __________

8. A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume of 2.50 m3 at a pressure of 1

atmosphere. The volume of the gas is decreased to 0.50 m3 by increasing the
pressure upon it, the temperature being kept constant.

Calculate

(a) the ratio of the density of the compressed gas to the density at a pressure
of 1 atmosphere,
m
2 V2

1 m
V1
V1 2.50
  5
V2 0.5
5
Ratio = _____________

(b) the pressure exerted by the gas when compressed to 0.50 m3.
Using Boyle’s Law, P1V1  P2V2
P1V1
P2 
V2
1  2.50
  5 atm
0 .5

Pressure exerted by 0.50 m3 gas = ______________

5 atm

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9. A car tyre is inflated to a pressure of 4 x 105 Pa. The temperature of the tyre
and air inside is initially 29 °C. The inflated car tyre is considered to have a
constant volume, regardless of any changes in the temperature or pressure.
Use the kinetic theory of gases to answer the following questions.

(a) How does the air in the tyre exert a pressure on the walls of the tyre?
___________________________________________________________
The air molecules move constantly and they hit the internal wall of the tire

___________________________________________________________
continuously.

(b) Why is the pressure the same at all points on the inside wall of the tyre?
The air molecules move constantly at the same speed. The number of air molecules
___________________________________________________________

per unit volume is the same. Therefore, they hit the wall with the same frequency.
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

(c) What happens to the pressure on the inside walls of the tyre if the
temperature of the air increases? Explain your answer.
Temperature increases, molecules move faster. They bombard the wall more often.
___________________________________________________________

Therefore, pressure increases.

___________________________________________________________

(d) What happens when more air is pumped into the tyre while the
temperature is kept constant?
Pressure increases. More molecules per unit volume. Therefore, more collision
___________________________________________________________

with wall.
___________________________________________________________

(e) After a long journey, the temperature rises to 41 °C. Assuming the volume
of air remains constant, what is the new pressure of air in the tyre?
Using Pressure Law,
P2 P1

T2 T1
T2 P1 ( 273  41 )  4  10 5
P2    4.2  10 5 Pa
T1 ( 273  29 )

5
4.2 x 10 Pa
New pressure of air in the tyre = _____________

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Science Department

10. For the following figure, calculate the pressure of gas in Pa given that the
atmospheric pressure is 76 cmHg.

Gas Patm  Pgas  PHg

Pgas  Patm  PHg
 76 cmHg  5 cmHg
 71cmHg
Mercury 5 cm
 0.71  13600  10
 96 ,560 Pa

96,560 Pa
Pressure of gas in Pa = _________________

11. A uniform capillary tube, closed at one end, contained air trapped by a thread of
mercury 85 mm long. When the tube was held horizontally, the length of the air
column was 50 mm. When it was held vertically with the closed end
downwards, the length was 45 mm. Find the atmospheric pressure in N m-2.
Using Boyle’s Law,
P1  Patm V1  50 P1V1  P2V2 765mmHg
P2  Patm  PHg V2  45 50 Patm  45 ( Patm  85 )
=( 0.765)(13600)(10)
5 Patm  45  85
45  85 =104,040 Pa
Patm   765 mmHg
5
104,040 Pa
Atmospheric pressure in N m-2 = ______________

12. State Boyle’s Law.

The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the
______________________________________________________________
gas when the temperature is constant.
______________________________________________________________

13. A certain gas obeys Boyle’s Law. Sketch the following graphs to show the
relationship between

(a) pressure, p and volume, V,

(b) pressure, p and the reciprocal of volume 1/V
(c) product of pressure and volume, pV and volume V.

P P PV

V 1/V V

Chapter 9: Kinetic Model of Matter

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