Stresses on Thin-Walled Vessels 3-Reservoir Problem

1. Assume location of G; above pipe junction.

𝑃∅𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 2. Draw EGL from fluid surface up to location of G.
𝜎ℎ = 3. Label headloss, ℎ𝑓 , vertical distance from surface of fluid to
2𝑡(𝑒𝑓𝑓)
G.
𝑃∅𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 4. Indicate direction of Q where if vertical position of
𝜎𝑎 = reservoir R > vertical position of G, R supplies the junction,
4𝑡(𝑒𝑓𝑓)
else, junction supplies R.
Dam Design Steps
1. Vertical Forces Orifice Steady Flow (Constant Head)
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄 𝑄
 Weight of dam concrete 𝐶𝑑 = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑄 𝑄𝑡
 Weight of water above dam
 Hydrostatic uplift (u) 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣 𝑣
𝐶𝑣 = =
2. Horizontal Forces - due to pressure from water 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣 𝑣𝑡
3. Resultant Forces per Axis (∑ 𝐹𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑎
4. RM & OM 𝐶𝑐 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
=
𝐴𝑜
 RM is moment of weights with respect to toe.
 OM is moment of hydrostatic forces with respect 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣
to toe.
Theoretical Velocity, 𝑉𝑡 = √2𝑔𝐻
5. Locate 𝑥̅ & e where:
𝑅𝑀−𝑂𝑀 𝐵 Actual Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜 𝑣𝑡
𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝐹𝑦
𝑒 = | − 𝑥̅ |
2
6. Foundation pressure, q JET PROJECTILE
If 𝑒 <
𝐵
then 𝑞 =
∑ 𝐹𝑦
[1 ±
6𝑒
] If jet angle = 0
6 𝐵 𝐵 𝑔𝑡 2
𝐵 2 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 Fall Height, 𝑦 =
If 𝑒 > then 𝑞 = 2
6 𝑥̅
Horizontal Distance, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡
7. Factor of Safety
𝑅𝑀
𝐹𝑂 =
𝑂𝑀 If jet angle <> 0
𝜇 ∑ 𝐹𝑦
𝑔𝑥 2
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −
∑ 𝐹𝑥 2𝑣𝑜 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 𝟐𝒂𝒅 = 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐

𝟏
𝒅 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 𝟐

Headloss in Pipes
Unsteady Flow
1. Darcy-Weisbach
𝑓𝐿 𝑣 2 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2 Volume = Qt
ℎ𝑓 = ( ) ℎ𝑓 =
∅ 2𝑔 ∅5
ℎ2 𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
2. Manning’s 𝑡 = ∫ℎ1 , thus
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
1 2 1 ℎ𝑓 6.35𝑛2 𝑣 2 𝐿
𝑣 = 𝑅3𝑆2 𝑆= ℎ𝑓 = 4
𝑛 𝐿
∅3 If Qin = 0 then,
𝐴
𝑅= 2𝐴𝑠
𝑃 𝑡= (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2)
3. Hazen-Williams 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
10.64𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
𝐶 ∅ If liquid flows through submerge orifice between tanks then,
𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2 2
FLOW IN PIPES 𝑡= ( ) (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2)
𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔

Water Hammer
𝐸𝐵 𝐸𝐶
𝐶𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 = √ 𝐶𝑁𝑜𝑛−𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 = √
𝜌 𝜌

1 1 𝑑 2𝐿
= − 𝑇=
𝐸𝐶 𝐸𝐵 200𝐺𝑃𝐴(𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 ) 𝐶

If t < T then 𝑃ℎ = 𝜌𝐶𝑣

𝑃′ℎ 𝑇
If t > T then =
𝑃ℎ 𝑡
OPEN CHANNELS – UNIFORM FLOW 𝟑 𝒒𝟐
- Where slope of EGL, S is parallel to slope of channel bed, So
𝒅𝒄 = √ , critical depth means Froude Number, F = 1. This is
𝒈
- d1 = d2 where the minimum specific energy is located.
𝑸
𝑣2
HL Q is different from q where 𝒒 = .
2𝑔 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉

𝑣2
𝒗
Froude Number, 𝑭 =
2𝑔 √𝒈𝒅

d1 F < 1, sub-critical
Q F = 1, critical
d2 F > 1, super-critical
y
SHORTCUT FORMULAS (WEIRS)
3
RECTANGLE 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿′ 𝐻2
CHEZY MANNING DOUBLY CONTRACTED 𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.2𝐻
1
8𝑔 𝑅6 SINGLY CONTRACTED 𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.1𝐻
𝑣 = 𝑐√𝑅𝑆 𝑐=√ 𝑐=
𝑓 𝑛 3
SUPPRESSED 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿𝐻2
KUTTER 𝟖 𝜽 𝟓 𝟓
TRIANGLE 𝑸 = 𝑪√𝟐𝒈𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑯𝟐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 90° 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝑯𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝟐
1 1.55𝐸 − 3
+ 23 + TRAPEZOID 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑐 + 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑖
𝑐= 𝑛 𝑆
1+
𝑛
(23 +
1.55𝐸 − 3
)
𝑉2 8𝑄 2
√𝑅 𝑆 3
CIPOLLETTI 𝑄 = 1.859𝐿𝐻 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 =
1 =
2
4 2𝑔 𝑔𝜋 2 ∅4
BAZIN
87
𝑐= 𝑚
1+
√𝑅

OPEN CHANNELS – NON-UNIFORM FLOW

- Retarded flow: d1<d2; v1>v2
- Accelerated flow: d1>d2; v1<v2
- Use Rave and Aave
- Specific energy upstream = velocity head + depth +
distance of channel bed from reference

MOST EFFICIENT SECTION

𝑑
Rectangle 𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝑅= Triangle 𝑏 = 2𝑑
2

𝑟 𝐷 𝑑
Semicircle 𝑅 = = Trapezoid 𝑅 = 𝑥 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2 4 2

WEIRS

𝑣𝑡 = √2𝑔𝐻 ′ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐻 ′ = 𝐻 + ℎ𝑣
→ 𝐻 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

Consider dh as height of water from base of weir.

H dh
h

𝑯
𝑨 = 𝑳𝒅𝒉 → 𝑸 = 𝑪𝑫 𝑨𝒗𝒕 → 𝑸 = ∫ 𝑪𝑫 𝑳√𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒅𝒉
𝟎

HYDRAULIC JUMP v2

v1

F2
F1 d1 d2

𝑸𝜸
𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 = (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 )
𝒈

DON’T FORGET BERNOULLI’S EQUATION