FEASIBILITY OF EGG SHELLS AS A BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in Research I

By:

JONAS GIAN MIGUEL MOLINA MADARANG

MARC OLIVER JOHN GARCIA MANINGDING

KAYE CEE QUIMADO NALZARO

JOSE CARLO CELEBRADOS RAZALAN

PRELY-ANN BACHINI SEBASTIAN

April 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research I, this thesis entitled

“FEASIBILITY OF EGG SHELLS AS A BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC” prepared
and submitted by JONAS GIAN MIGUEL MOLINA MADARANG, MARC
OLIVER JOHN GARCIA MANINGDING, KAYE CEE QUIMADO NALZARO,
JOSE CARLO CELEBRADOS RAZALAN, PRELY-ANN BACHINI SEBASTIAN
has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance.

MILANI C. PETERO MARY ELAINE P. BUMACLAY

Thesis Adviser English Critic

JOHN PAUL C. DEMAPENDAN

Statistician

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research I by the

Examining Committee.

Noted :

JENNEFER B. AQUINO
Subject Teacher

Approved:

ARLENE V. TOMAS, Ph. D.

Principal, Laboratory School

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES PAGE

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Table of Contents iii

Table of Contents iv

INTRODUCTION 1

Statement of the Problem 2

Objectives of the Problem 3

Research Hypothesis 3

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Delimitation 4

Definition of Terms 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 6

Related Literature 6

Related Studies 9

METHODOLOGY 11

Research Design 11
 Materials 11

Ingredients 12

Procedure 12

Data Gathering 13

Data Analysis 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

LIST OF APPENDICES 15
 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

As the population of the human race increases rapidly, so does the plastic we use.

Plastic is composed of major toxic pollutants, it has the potential to cause great harm to

the environment in the form of air, water and land pollution. It has begun to negatively

impact the natural environment and create problems for plants, animals and even human

population. Plastic is very useful but it is made from toxic materials that causes illnesses.

Biodegradable plastic is a plastic that decomposes naturally in the environment.

It is made from natural ingredients or eggshells. Regular plastic is known to be a mix of

chemicals that can be harmful to the environment, but biodegradable plastic based on the

word “biodegradable” instead of hurting the environment, it biodegrades and helps in

fertilizing the soil . Microorganisms in the environment metabolize and break down the

structure of biodegradable plastic. The end result is less harmful to the environment than

traditional plastics.

Although it is a very useful product it still has its downsides. For instance, they do

not decompose unless they are disposed properly, meaning that biodegradable plastics

must be treated similarly to compost. The natural breakdown of the plastic will not occur

if it is simply tossed in a landfill with other trash. The benefits would seem to outweigh

any potential drawbacks, but the question of whether or not biodegradable plastics will

someday replace traditional plastic is still a matter of debate.

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In this study, we hope to develop a new biodegradable with different amounts of

eggshells plastic to minimize the pollution and death of plants and animals using

eggshells.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the feasibility of biodegradable plastic with different

amounts of eggshells as main ingredient.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How may the biodegradable plastic with different amounts of eggshells be described in

terms of:

1.1 appearance;

1.2 texture;

1.3 durability; and

1.4 general acceptability

2. Is there a significant difference between the treatments with different amounts of

eggshells in terms of:

2.1 appearance;

2.2 texture;

2.3 durability; and

2.4 general acceptability

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2

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to reduce the use of non-biodegradable plastic, prevent the

environment from getting polluted, and change the views of people by using

biodegradable plastic instead of non-biodegradable plastic.

1. To describe the biodegradable plastic with different amounts of eggshells in terms of

the:

1.1 appearance;

1.2 texture;

1.3 durability; and

1.4 general acceptability

2. To determine if there is a significant difference between the treatments in terms of:

2.1 appearance;

2.2 texture;

2.3 durability; and

2.4 general acceptability

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the biodegradable plastic with different

amounts of eggshells in terms of the:

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1.1 appearance;

1.2 texture;

1.3 durability; and

1.4 general acceptability

Significance of the Study

To the Environment. The findings of the study may help the environment to

prevent plastic pollution and other environmental problems. It will serve as a beacon of

hope to lessen global warming, prevent the melting of the polar ice caps.

To the People. The result of the study can help people realize their wrong doings

and change their ways of using plastic. The findings of the study may help encourage

them to use biodegradable plastic instead of regular plastic. This would motivate them to

teach the next generation and generations to come to help the environment.

To Future Researchers. This will serve as a guide for more research to perfect

the recipe of making biodegradable plastic.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study aims to reduce the use of non-biodegradable plastic, prevent the

environment from getting polluted, and change the views of people by using

biodegradable plastic instead of non-biodegradable plastic.

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Definition of Terms

This study uses the following words in the stated context:

Biodegradable. Substance or object capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other

living things.

Compost. Decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer.

Decompose. To destroy something by breaking it into smaller parts.

Egg Shell. Use as a main ingredient in making a biodegradable plasti.

Environment. The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives

or operates.

Landfill. A place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering

it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.

Microorganism. Use to break down the general structure of the biodegradable plastic.

Pollution. The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing

that has harmful or poisonous effects.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The related literature and studies cited in this chapter tackle the different concept,

understanding, generalization, and different development which serve as the researchers

guide in conducting the study. Those that are included in this chapter helps in

familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

A. Local

Oxo-biodegradable plastic bags are almost the same as the non-biodegradable

plastic bags. It is made from the same raw material using the same machine and labor.

The only difference is that it contains a prodegradant additive that makes them

biodegradable in soil. The use of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags complements and even

adds value to solid waste management efforts of the government as well as the private

sector. It gives a finite life to plastics, particularly polyethylene which is the main raw

material in making plastic bags and a low-cost insurance against accidental or deliberate

litter. (Jimenez, 2012)

Filipino scientists have found a way to reduce the decay period of plastic: by

developing them from coconut oil. “Scientists at the University of the Philippines Natural

Science Research Institute (UP-NSRI) and the UP Institute of Chemistry have developed

a biodegradable plastic from coconut oil,” said Filipino physicist Dr. Nathaniel Hermosa

II in an email. He was referring to UP scientists Marlon Conato and Florentino Sumera’s

research. Conato and Florentino used a major fatty acid from coconut oil to prepare
 7

biodegradable polymers like clay, plastic and rubber. They found that the plastic they

made is more biodegradable than plastic derived from petroleum. (Panela, 2013)

In article created by Jimenez and Panela, it is different in the present study

because the article of Jimenez stated that it contains a prodegradant additive that makes

them biodegradable in soil. While in the article of Panela the Filipino scientists used

coconut oil. On the other hand the researchers of the present study will use an egg shell to

develop biodegradable plastic.

B. Foreign

Plastics are the most popular item that people used nowadays it becomes a serious

threat to the environment. If not disposed properly, plastics can lie or float around for

decades Plastic became the government’s biggest problem. This led the government to

ban the use of plastic in many countries. Despite the best efforts of well-intentioned

lawmakers and nongovernment organizations, thousands of plastic wastes are still

entering the environment, especially oceans. Some governments have been persuaded

that “bioplastics” are the solution. But since bioplastics are expensive these suggestions

have been flawed. However, the oxo-biodegradable plastic, unlike other plastics,

including bioplastics, OBP biodegrades anywhere in the environment and can be

recycled. And when it comes to OBP decomposition doesn’t mean breakdown into plastic

fragments. (Stephen, 2010)

Scientist found that adding tiny shards of eggshell to bioplastic can create a

packaging material that do not break easily. About 300 million tons of plastic were

produce annually. 99 percent of it are made from crude oil and other fossil fuels. If

burned, these plastics release carbon dioxide that causes threat to the environment. As a
 8

alternative, some manufacturers are producing biodegradable plastic or bioplastic that is

easy to decompose anywhere. Eventually, this materials lack the strength and flexibility

that is needed to work well. To find a solution, Rangari, a graduate student experimented

with various plastic polymers. This mixture had many of the traits that many researchers

were looking for but they still want to further enhance its flexibility. That’s why they

created nanoparticles made of eggshells because they are lightweight and mainly

composed of calcium that is a natural compound that is easy to decompose. (Cottingham,

2016)

Turkish scientist named “Duygu Yilmaz” discovered that olive pit’s chemical

makeup has similarities with that of a normal plastic’s. This study then has since sprouted

into the Biolive startup, a group that converts the discarded pits from olive oil

manufacturers into bioplastic. Another benefit of using biodegradable plastic is its small

carbon footprint replacing 2 pounds of traditional plastic with the same amount of

Biolive’s plastic reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 13 pounds (6 kilograms). Yilmaz,

who has received several awards and grants for her groundbreaking work, hopes that

Biolive will continue partnering with more and more shipping companies so that their

olive-based material can one day replace wasteful plastic packaging entirely. (Morris,

2019)

With the above mention works of literature, articles of Stephen and Morris are

similar to the present study since it mainly focused in making biodegradable plastics.

Article of Cottingham stated that a scientist found that adding tiny shards of eggshell to

bioplastic can create a packaging material that do not break easily. The present study is
 9

similar to those studies in the way that the researchers want to develop a biodegradable

plastic.

Related Studies

A. Local

As stated by De Jesus (2008) she found out that oven-dried Chitosan from shrimp

shells are biodegradable but cannot substitute commercial plastics in physical terms and

its resistance. The study aimed to produce biodegradable plastic out of oven-dried shrimp

shells and be a part of solving the country’s problems on waste disposal by decreasing the

rate of pollution on land, air, and water where non-biodegradable plastics are the main

causes of pollution.

Acoording to Gamotea (2010), in her study, it aimed to be a livelihood project which

can serve as tentative solution to the problem of our country’s waste disposal. There were

three treatments; treatment 0-control; treatment 1- 50 g mongo starch + 20 g polyvinyl

alcohol + 3 tablenspoon glycerin; treatment 2- 75 g mongo starch + 20 g polyvinyl

alcohol + 3 tablenspoon glycerin; treatment 3- 100 g mongo starch + 20 g polyvinyl

alcohol + 3 tablenspoon glycerin.

As claimed by Lucas (2011) he found out that corn starch and cassava are better

ingredients in making biodegradable plastic. This study aimed to make better

biodegradable plastic made from different biodegradable materials other than using a

commercialize plastic that do not decompose and to realize that bioplastics may help in

segregation problem.
 1010

According to Surigao (2013) she found out that eggshell, peanut shell, and snail

shell can be good material in making biodegradable plastic. This study aimed to lessen

the world’s non-biodegradable waste and help the community with the solid waste

management problem.

Studies of Surigao, De Jesus, Lucas, and Gamotea are quite similar to the present

study in the way of solving the country’s waste disposal and segregation problem. In the

other hand the two researchers, Lucas and Gamotea, uses a starch instead of egg shells.

B. Foreign

According Kasmuri (2018), in her study, it aims to use the eggshells and chitosan

as fillers in potato starch to overcome the inherent drawbacks of bioplastic. It concluded

that eggshells as fillers performed much better than chitosan in potato-starch-based-

bioplastic. It also can be deduced that adding fillers in starch based bioplastic can

improve the bioplastic performance.

Kasmuri’s study focuses on how to overcome the inherent drawbacks of

bioplastic and improve the bioplastics performance by adding eggshells and chitosan as

potato starch fillers. It is similar to the present study in a way that he used eggshells as an

ingredient. But he also uses a chitosan as an ingredient. But based on his study eggshells

as fillers performed much better than chitosan.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, materials, ingredients, procedure data

gathering, and data analysis to determine the feasibility of egg shells as a biodegradable

plastic.

Research Design

This study will use Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

The treatments used in this study were as follows:

Treatment 1 – 30 g eggshells + 5 tbsp. water + 1 tbsp. of glycerin +1 tbsp. vinegar

+ food coloring (optional)

Treatment 2 – 40 g eggshells + 5 tbsp. water + 1 tbsp. of glycerin +1 tbsp. vinegar

+ food coloring (optional)

Treatment 3 –50 g eggshells + 5 tbsp. water + 1 tbsp. of glycerin +1 tbsp. vinegar

+ food coloring (optional)

Materials

The materials that will be used in the preparation of biodegradable plastics out of

eggshells are as follows:

Measuring spoons

Parchment paper or nonstick cooking paper

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Blender

Cooking Pot

Gas Stove

Spoon

Ingredients

1 tbsp. glycerin

1 tbsp. vinegar

5 tbsp. water

Eggshells

Food coloring (optional)

Procedure

Step 1. Grind eggshells in blender until smooth and powdery.

Step 2. Measure the ingredients and place in cooking pot.

Step 3. Put the cooking pot on the top of the stove in low heat then mix until it

turns into a jelly-like substance.

Step 4. Transfer to nonstick cooking paper then let sit for 24 hours.
 1313

Data Gathering Procedure

The following data on appearance, texture, durability, and general acceptability

will be gathered. The evaluator will use five-point Likert Scale in scoring the product.

The means of the data to be gathered will be rated using the description based on

the following scale (Five-Point Likert Scale).

Scale Range Verbal Description

5 4.21 – 5.00 Liked Extremely

4 3.41 - 4.20 Liked Moderately

3 2.61 – 3.40 Neither Liked nor Disliked

2 1.81 – 2.60 Disliked Moderately

1 1.00 – 1.80 Disliked Extremely

Data Analysis

For Objective Number 1: Arithmetic Means will be used to test the different

treatments in terms of Appearance, Texture, Durability, and general acceptability.

For Objective Number 2: The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to

determine significant differences between the treatments in terms of their mean.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.pepctplastics.com/resources/connecticut-plastics-learning-

center/biodegradable-plastics/

https://opinion.inquirer.net/30815/biodegradable-plastic-bags

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/290453/pinoy-scientists-develop-

biodegradable-plastic-from-coconut-oil/story/

https://opinion.inquirer.net/110101/better-plastics-healthier-oceans

https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/scientist-makes-bioplastic-out-of-discarded-olive-

pits/?fbclid=IwAR3SseLu8-

nbZyGK4qFP02OA7Z8m8LQ2HGbf5H1nrMCGxVdd7LR2TseoXw8

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2016/march/egshell-

nanoparticles.html?fbclid=IwAR1vc1xbMZM4BDigF1p5L2dS-

v5DGqSExXZr2T4zqeyyHPcFI4DoEXRJCd8
 15

APPENDIX A

SCORE CARD

“FEASIBILITY OF EGG SHELLS AS A BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC”

Name (optional): ___________________________ Date:____________

Dear Respondents,

You are requested to be part of this clarity test of appearance, texture, durability,

and general acceptability of egg shells as a biodegradable plastic. Kindly grade the

treatments according to the scale given.

5- Liked Extremely 4-Liked Moderately 3-Neither Liked nor Disliked

2-Disliked Moderately 1-Disliked Extremely

Appearance Texture Durability General Acceptability

Treatment 1

Treatment 2

Treatment 3

Comments and Suggestions:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
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APPENDIX B

LETTER TO THE ADVISER

Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Camiling, Tarlac

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION- LABORATORY SCHOOL

March 27, 2019

MILANI C. PETERO, PH. D.

Adviser, College of Education
Tarlac Agricultural University

Ma’am:

Greeting!

We are conducting a research entitled “FEASIBLITY OF EGG SHELLS AS

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC”. We are writing a humbly request your service and
expertise to serve as an adviser. We would appreciate your assistance and support in this
particular research.
We are looking forward for your positive response. Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

JONAS GIAN MIGUEL M. MADARANG JOSE CARLO C. RAZALAN

KAYE CEE Q. NALZARO PRELY-ANN B. SEBASTIAN

MARC OLIVER JOHN G. MANINGDING

Noted by:

MS. JENNEFER B. AQUINO

Subject Teacher

Approved:

MILANI C. PETERO, PH. D.

Adviser, College of Education
 17

APPENDIX C

LETTER TO THE ENGLISH CRITIC

Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Camiling, Tarlac

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION- LABORATORY SCHOOL

March 27, 2019

MS. MARY ELAINE P. BUMACLAY

Instructor, College of Education
Tarlac Agricultural University

Ma’am:

Greeting!

We are conducting a research entitled “FEASIBLITY OF EGG SHELLS AS

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC”, and we sincerely ask your service and expertise to
serve as our English Critic. We would appreciate your assistance and support in this
particular research.

We are looking forward for your positive response. Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

JONAS GIAN MIGUEL M. MADARANG JOSE CARLO C. RAZALAN

KAYE CEE Q. NALZARO PRELY-ANN B. SEBASTIAN

MARC OLIVER JOHN G. MANINGDING

Noted by:

MS. JENNEFER B. AQUINO

Subject Teacher

Approved:

MS. MARY ELAINE P. BUMACLAY

Instructor, College of Education
 18

APPENDIX D

LETTER TO THE STATISTICIAN

Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Camiling, Tarlac

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION- LABORATORY SCHOOL

March 27, 2019

MR. JOHN PAUL C. DEMAPENDAN

Instructor, College of Education
Tarlac Agricultural University

Sir:

Greeting!

We are conducting a research entitled “FEASIBLITY OF EGG SHELLS AS

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC”, and we sincerely ask your service and expertise to
serve as our Statistician. We would appreciate your assistance and support in this
particular research.

We are looking forward for your positive response. Thank you very much and God bless.

Respectfully yours,

JONAS GIAN MIGUEL M. MADARANG JOSE CARLO C. RAZALAN

KAYE CEE Q. NALZARO PRELY-ANN B. SEBASTIAN

MARC OLIVER JOHN G. MANINGDING

Noted by:

MS. JENNEFER B. AQUINO

Subject Teacher

Approved:

MR. JOHN PAUL C. DEMAPENDAN

Instructor, College of Education