QAB2033 - Topic 11 - Sequence Stratigraphy PDF

Carbonate
S di
Sedimentology
t l
& Petrography
on
graphy/Dr. Bernard Pierso
QAB2033
e Sedimentology & Petrog
11. Carbonate Sequence

Stratigraphy
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With contributions by Gregor Eberli, U. of Miami and Valerie Vedrenne, IFP

Definition of Sequence Stratigraphy
• That branch of stratigraphy which

subdivides the rock record using a
succession of depositional sequences
composed
p of g
genetically
y related strata
on
as regional and interregional

correlative units.
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by Haq et al. 1988

Definitions
• Sequence
q Stratigraphy:
g p y Studyy of rock relationshipsp
within a chronostratigraphic framework of repetitive,
genetically related strata, bounded by surfaces of
p
erosion or non-deposition, or their correlative
conformities (Van Wagoner et al., 1990).
• Sequence Stratigraphy allows the delineation of
time bounded stratigraphic sequences
sequences, commonly
on
carried out at a seismic scale (Homewood et al.,

2000)
• Genetic Stratigraphy: Sequence stratigraphy

building up from smaller units such as from cores and
g ((Homewood et al., 2000).
logs )
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Strength of Sequence
St ti
Stratigraphy
h
1. Correlation of time-equivalent
sedimentary units
2. Prediction of age
on
3. Prediction of facies within the geometries

displayed by seismic data
4. Prediction of continuity of sedimentary

units
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Most important assumption of
seismic
i i stratigraphy:
i h
Chronostratigraphic significance of
seismic reflections
on
• Reflection are time lines

• Unconformities do not cross-cut timelines

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Most important assumptions of
sequence stratigraphy:
i h
Eustatic signal recorded in sedimentary

strata
Sedimentary response to relative sea
on
l
levell change
h iis predictable
di t bl
• Sequences are stratigraphic units

• Facies distribution is related to sea level

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Time on Seismic Sections
= Principle
P i i l off Ph
Physical
i lS Stratigraphy
i h
Seismic sequence
stratigraphy was based
on recognition of
unconformity bounded
on
sequences using
geometry and
termination patterns to
place chronology into
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succession of strata
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on
Surface Terminology
Subsequent Definition to Include
S
Systems Tracts
T
Vail et al. (1984; 1987), Posamentier & Vail (1988)
A depositional sequence is a relatively

conformable succession of g genetically
y related
on
strata bounded at its top and base by

unconformities and their correlative conformities.
It is composed of a succession of systems tracts

and it is interpreted to be deposited between
eustatic fall inflection points
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Van Wagoner et al
al., 1988
• Follow definition of Vail et al
al. 1977 but
add... An important genetic qualification to
the definition of unconformity as a a…
on
…a surface
f along
l which
hi h th
there iis evidence
id off
subaerial exposure truncation (and in

some cases correlative
l ti submarine
b i
erosion) or subaerial exposure

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on
and
Conformities
Unconformities
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on
Eustatic vs.
vs Relative Sea Level
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on
L
LevellC
Curve
Eustatic Sea
Different Surfaces Recorded in
Sediments
• Erosional: hydrodynamic origin
• Ravinement: hydrodynamic
• Bioturbated: biological
on
• Hard-Ground: biological + chemical

• Condensed: hydrodynamic
y y + chemical +
biological
• Karstified (Exposure): chemical + physical
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on
Erosional surface
Courtesy V. Vedrenne
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on
Bioturbated surface
Ravinement surface
Oolitic Calcarenite Paris Basin,
(Barrier) Mid Jurassic
on
Downward Shift of Facies

Erosional surface cut by wave action
d i regression
during i ((with
ith starvation)
t ti )
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Pelagic Mudstone
(Basin)
(Homewood et al., 2002)
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on
Hardground (Perforated surface)

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on
Condensed surface
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on
3 Main Factors
Sedimentation is Controlled byy
Homewood et al. (2000)

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on
Sediment Supply
Accommodation Space

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on
Exercise
2
5
3
4
Accommodation - Supply
Systems tracts
tracts,
accommodation and
sediment supply
A’ = dA/dt = rate of
accommodation creation
on
S’ = dS/dt = rate of
sediment supply
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Schlager, 1992
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on
A d ti
Accommodation, G
Growth
th
Carbonate Systems Tracts,
Sequence Components
Key surfaces
• SB - sequence boundary
• MFS - maximum flooding surface
• Cycle boundaries
Systems tracts
• LST - lowstand systems tract
on
• TST - transgressive
t i systems
t tract
t t
• HST - highstand systems tract
Cycles and Hemicycles

• Regressive Hemicycle
• Transgressive Hemicycle
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Sequence Boundary (SB)
• The unconformity or correlative conformity
that bounds a sequence
• Not always a major physical feature
• Not every exposure surface is a sequence
b
boundary!
d !
on
• Commonly (but not always) represents a

significant change in stratal arrangements

and therefore reservoir properties
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Sequence Boundary Types
TYPE 1 LOWSTAND TRACT
TYPE 2 SHELF MARGIN WEDGE

on
TYPE 3 DROWNING UNCONFORMITY

elevation
Relative sea level

Subsidence
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Eustacy
Exposure surface
time Marine erosion surface
Type 3 Sequence Boundaries -
D
Drowning
i Unconformities
U f ii
on
Seismic Profile NW-SE

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ODP Leg 194 Site Survey FR 03/99 - AGSO 209 Courtesy G. Eberli
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on
Sequence
Boundaries
Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS)
• Surface that marks the turn-around
turn around from
landward-stepping to seaward stepping strata
• Farther out on platform coincides with the
downlap surface
• Recognition of the MFS is important for
on
separating TST and HST, which in turn is

important
po ta t for
o ot
other
e st
stratigraphic
at g ap c aanalysis,
a ys s, a
and
d
separating petrophysical units but can be difficult

to pin down precisely.
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on
Systems Tracts
on Carbonate Platforms
ager, 1992
Schla
Lowstand Systems Tract
• Strata deposited below the shelf break of
the previous sequence
• Commonly flat
flat-topped,
topped and slighlty
progradational
on
• Represents
R t areall extent
t t off sediment
di t
production
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Transgressive Systems Tracts
• Bounded below by underlying sequence
boundary and above by maximum flooding
surface
• Back-stepping of platform margin common
• Sets of high-frequency
high frequency cycles show
on
upward thickening and upward deepening

trend
• Typically less grainstone prone, more

g
diverse skeletal assemblages
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Highstand Systems Tracts
• Bounded below by maximum flooding
surface and above by overlying sequence
boundary
• Generally shingled or offlapping
(clinoformal) stratal geometry
on
• Sets of high-frequency cycles show

upward d thi
thinning
i and d upward
d shallowing
h ll i
trends
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on
Quaternary Systems Tracts
ager, 2006
Schla
Tracts, Florida
Carbonate Margin Progradation
Progradation during
a cycle of sea level
fall and rise
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on
Different Geometries

Systems Tracts
Systems Tracts in prograding
reef sequences of Mallorca
on
L.S.T.
T.S.T.
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Pomar, 2002 H.S.T.

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on
Driven Progradation
High-Frequency Sea Level
Pomar, 2002
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on
Different Orders of
Depositional Sequences
Vail ett al. (1991)

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on
Sequence
The Classical 3rd Order
ner et al., 1988

Van Wagon
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on
3rd-order
Genetic Unit (Parasequence)

Different Orders of Sequences
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on
Geometry
y of a Genetic Unit
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on
GS
PS
SB
SB
MFS
MFS
1D Sequence Definition
A/S fall
A/S rise
3rd order depositional sequence and related
surfaces in carbonates
Sequence Boundary
on
Courtesy V
V. Vedrenne
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on
100m
Sequence Boundary
Sequence Boundary
MFS
The MFS = Downlap Surface
Courtesy V. Vedrenne
3rd Order Carbonate Depositional Sequence:
Falling Stage Systems Tract
on
Coe & al., 2003

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Lowstand
L t dS Systems
t T
Tractt
on
Coe & al., 2003

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Transgressive Systems Tract
on
Coe & al., 2003

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on
Highstand Systems Tract

al., 2003
Coe & a
Lowstand Settings
• Because most shelves have shallow water depths
(<10m), most sea-level falls are below the offlap
break: mainly type 1 Sequence Boundaries.
• During low sea-level, the area of carbonate
production is reduced to the slope area: Lowstand
on
S t
System T
Tracts
t are generally
ll nott extensively
t i l
developed.
• The subaerially exposed shelf is the site of erosion
and sediment by-pass, and may be karstified.

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Transgressive Settings
• A relative sea-level
sea level rise doesn't
doesn t always
produce retrogradation, because
carbonate production rate can be higher
than the rate of sea level rise. Thus,
aggradation or even progradation are
on
common in carbonate Transgressive

System Tracts
Tracts.
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Highstand Settings
• Duringg the late ppart of a eustatic sea level

rise (stillstand) and the early part of the
eustatic fall, carbonate p production rate are
generally > than subsidence or eustatic
rise, aggradation
gg and pprogradation
g are
on
common.
• Highstand Systems Tracts are generally
extensively developed; the platform is

flooded leading to a maximum production
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rate of carbonates.
Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy
Fi l R
Final Remarks
k
• C
Carbonate
b t production
d ti b being
i mainly
i l bi
biogenic,
i ththe rate
t
of sediment supply is highly variable through time,
thus:
• Geometries recorded are not only linked with sea level
variations, carbonate production has to be taken into
on
account
• Necessity to study carefully the faunal associations, as

lithology
gy interpretation
p in terms of bathymetric
y changes
g
is not straight forward in carbonate environments.

• Stratigraphic modeling can help predicting the
geometries.
ti
QAB2033 Carbonate

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Carbonate

11. Carbonate Sequence

With contributions by Gregor Eberli, U. of Miami and Valerie Vedrenne, IFP

• That branch of stratigraphy which

as regional and interregional

by Haq et al. 1988

carried out at a seismic scale (Homewood et al.,

• Genetic Stratigraphy: Sequence stratigraphy

3. Prediction of facies within the geometries

4. Prediction of continuity of sedimentary

• Reflection are time lines

• Unconformities do not cross-cut timelines

Eustatic signal recorded in sedimentary

• Sequences are stratigraphic units

• Facies distribution is related to sea level

Vail et al. (1984; 1987), Posamentier & Vail (1988)

A depositional sequence is a relatively

strata bounded at its top and base by

It is composed of a succession of systems tracts

subaerial exposure truncation (and in

erosion) or subaerial exposure

• Hard-Ground: biological + chemical

Downward Shift of Facies

Hardground (Perforated surface)

Homewood et al. (2000)

Homewood et al. (2000)

• HST - highstand systems tract

Cycles and Hemicycles

• Commonly (but not always) represents a

significant change in stratal arrangements

TYPE 2 SHELF MARGIN WEDGE

TYPE 3 DROWNING UNCONFORMITY

Relative sea level

Seismic Profile NW-SE

separating TST and HST, which in turn is

separating petrophysical units but can be difficult

upward thickening and upward deepening

• Typically less grainstone prone, more

• Sets of high-frequency cycles show

Quaternary Systems Tracts

Homewood et al. (2000)

Pomar, 2002 H.S.T.

Vail ett al. (1991)

ner et al., 1988

Genetic Unit (Parasequence)

Coe & al., 2003

Coe & al., 2003

Coe & al., 2003

Highstand Systems Tract

and sediment by-pass, and may be karstified.

common in carbonate Transgressive

• Duringg the late ppart of a eustatic sea level

extensively developed; the platform is

• Necessity to study carefully the faunal associations, as

is not straight forward in carbonate environments.

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