Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (Doxiadis)

 Nature – the natural physical environment

 Man – an individual, Homo Sapiens - biological needs (oxygen, nutrition),
sensation and perception (five senses), emotional needs (satisfaction,
security, sense of belonging), moral values
 Society – a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms, moral,
and tradition
 Shells – buildings, the built component – housing, hospitals, schools, town halls,
commercial establishments, recreational facilities, industrial buildings, etc.
 Networks – links within the settlement and with other settlements: transportation
systems, communication systems, water supply systems, power and electrical
systems, etc.
Hierarchy of Settlements
A Hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village
A community, a town
A city, an urban area
A metropolis
Conurbation
(a composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas)
Megapolis
(merging of two or more metropolises with a population of
10 million or more, a 20th century phenomenon)

CITY vs. URBAN

City – as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P 20 million, at least 10,000 hectares in land
area, with minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal status granted by the
government

Highly Urbanized City – at least 200,000 people and income of P 50 million or more

Component City – population and income below those of highly urbanized city
Independent Component City – a chartered city with a population and income below those
required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province

Urban Area – as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities and municipalities with a density of at
least 1000/sq km.; central districts (poblaciones) of municipalities and cities with a density of
500/sq km; central districts, regardless of population size, exhibiting a street pattern or street
network with at least 6 establishments, a town hall, church/chapel, public plaza, park,
cemetery, market; and barangays having at least 1000 people and meeting the previous
conditions.

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Image of a City – a collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of
what people extract from the physical reality of a city.

5 Basic Elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:

 Pathways – major and minor routes of circulation to move about. The city has a
network of major routes, a building has several minor routes, which
people use to get to it or from it. An urban highway network is a network
of pathways for the whole city

 Districts – a city is composed of component neighborhoods of districts: its center,

uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, trainyards, factory areas,
suburbs, college campuses, etc. Sometimes they are considerably
mixed in character and do not have distinct limits like the midtown in
Manhattan.

 Edges – the termination of a district is its edge. Some districts have no distinct edges
at all but gradually taper off and blend into another district. When two
districts are joined at an edge they form a seam. A narrow park may be
a joining seam for two urban neighborhoods

 Landmarks – the prominent visual features of the city; some are very large and are
seen at great distances; some are very small and can only be seen up
close (street clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park). Landmarks
help in orienting people in the city and help identify an area

 Nodes – a center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its active

function; it is a distinct hub of activity. Times Square in new York City is
both a landmark and a node

These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the form of
a city. They are the skeletal elements of city form.

INTERNAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES

Concentric Zone Theory (Monocentric) – by E.W. Burgess, a University of Chicago sociologist, 1925.
The city grows in a radial expansion from the center to form a series of concentric zones or
circles such as in Chicago.

Compositions:
 Central Business Districts
 Zone of Transition
 Homes of Factory Workers
 Residential Zones of High Class, Apartment Bldgs, or Single-family
 Commuters Zone

The process of invasion and succession explains the successive rings

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Sector Theory – by Homer Hoyt, an economist, 1939. Hoyt examined the spatial variations in
household rent in 142 American cities

Rent pattern are not in the form of successive circles but appear as sectors. High rent
residential sectors are most important in explaining city growth as it pulls the growth
of the entire city in the same direction, usually outward along transport routes

Multiple-nuclei Theory (Polycentric) – developed by two geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow around not one but several distinct nuclei

The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities, certain unrelated
functions which repel each other, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Physical Planning - shall mean the rational use of land for development purposes.

Factors to Study:

 Land Use Planning

 Planning Principles
 Ecological Balance
 Preservation/Conservation
 Urban Land Use Planning
 Physical Infrastructure Development

Social Planning - refers to those activities concerned with planning, development and
management of social services, facilities required by specific
population groups, community, town, city, province, region, or
nation.

Factors to Study:

 Demography
 Education
 Housing
 Health Services
 Social Welfare Services
 Protective Services
 Sports and Recreation

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Economic Planning - refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the quality of life and
income levels of the population through assessment of advantages
from economic activities in agriculture, industry, tourism, services,
etc.
Factors to Study:

 Commerce
 Industry
 Tourism
 Agriculture

Environmental Planning – refers to activities concerned with the management and

development of land, as well as, the preservation, conservation, and
rehabilitation of the human environment.

Scope of Practice:

 Development of a community, town, city, or region.

 Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, education, etc.
 Land Use and zoning plans for the management and development,
preservation, conservation, control, and rehabilitation of the
environment.
 Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.

PD1308 ENVIRONMENT PLANNING PRACTICE (March 2, 1977)RA 10587 May 27 2013

THEORIES IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

Planning Definition

- In general is a thinking and social process.

- Intellectual thought processes (thinking aspect) as well as policies and actions

(social aspect) are needed to bridge the gap between what is likely and
what is desired.

Other specific definitions of planning include:

- A process for determining appropriate future action through a sequence of

choices (Davidoff & Reiner, 1962)

- A process of preparing a set of decisions for action in the future directed at

achieving goals by preferable means (Dron, 1963)

- An orderly sequence of actions which is designed to achieve a stated goal (Hall,

19??)

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

- A sequence of actions which are designed to solve problems in the future

(Glasson, 1974)

- Foresight in formulating and implementing programs and policies (Hudson, 1979)

PLANNING PROCESS
Whatever the purpose may be, the planning process generally includes a set of activities
that remain invariant across different planning philosophies – a sort of general format to follow.

To Illustrate, several examples are presented:

Example 1
Problem Structuring

Identification & Evaluation of

Alternative Responses

Implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation

From Thomas Saaty, 198

Example 2

Identification of a Problem
↓
Formulation of Goals
↓
Determination of Constraints and Opportunities
↓
Projection for Future Situation
↓
Generation and Evaluation of Alternative
Courses of Action
↓
Implementation
From of Preferred Plan
John Glasson,

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Example 3

Data

Description

Desires

Decision

Deed

From Britton Harris,

System Planning – derived from the science of cybernetics. Cybernetics was identified by
Norman Weiner in 1948, an American mathematician and thinker.

 Concerned with urban and regional systems viewing them as complex

interacting systems.

 The planning or controlling system and the system which it seeks to control.

3 leading British exponents of cybernetics-based planning:

 George Chadwick
 Alan Wilson
 Brian Mcloughlin

Comprehensive Planning – evolved from a physical planning model from the 1920’s to
1930’s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Gedde’s S-A-P and Ebenezer
Howard’s Garden City.

 Ceased to be the universal planning standard by 1970.

Growth Pole Theory

 Francis Perroux – Growth Pole

 Boudeville (1966) – Growth Center
 Concept of Leading Industries
 Concept of Populsive Firms
 Albert Hirsman –Polarization
 Gunnar Myrdal –Backwash and Spread Effects
 Scale Economies
 Agglomeration Economies

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Central Place Theory – by Walter Christaller, 1933. Explains the size and function of
settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands

 Hierarchy of Services – hierarchal arrangement of centers and functions based

on service activities from low order to high order services found only in major
urban centers

 Market Range – maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to avail of a

good or service beyond which people will look to another center

 Threshold Population – minimum population necessary to support a service

Core Periphery – by John Freidmann. Unbalanced growth results to dualism – North and
South, growing points and lagging regions

 Dualistic economies
 Toffler – technical apartheid

Dependency Theory

 Development of First World derived from underdevelopment of Third World, neo-

colonialism

 Advocated by Latin American economists and planners like Cesar Furtado

Industrial Location Theory – generally, an economic theory that attempts to incorporate the
location factor into the “theory of the firm” and tries to explain the existing
structure of industrial location and changes in that structure

 Least Cost Approach – minimization of total costs (transport and production

costs) in site selection. Supply-oriented

 Market Area Analysis – optimum location is the site of maximum profit, one that
affords greatest access to market and serve greatest demand. Demand-
oriented

 Profit Maximizing Approach – cost and demand factors of location combined.

Cost reducing and revenue increasing

Stages of Specific Growth – by Walt W. Rostow, 1960 A neoclassic theory on economic

growth and development. A take-off theory, wherein there are five stages of
economic development:

 Traditional – basically an agricultural society characterized by low productivity,

low technology. Power is concentrated in the hands of the landed elite, and
value system is oriented towards fatalism

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

 Precondition for take-off – transitional period when a society prepares itself for
take-off, new and modern functions due to science. Investments are used for
social overhead capital and infrastructures

 Take-off – development of one or more leading manufacturing sectors. Start of

self-sustaining growth. Profits are reinvested

 Drive to Maturity – the “automobile age,” modern technology and techniques,

growth of urban population, white-collar workers

 Age of High Mass Consumption – increasing purchasing power of the consumer,

service/tertiary sector become dominant. Welfare state

MEDIEVAL CITY:

- Compact, its size related to the distance are could travel by the main forms of
transport: walking & house-drawn traffic.
- Small in terms of population
- There was little in the way of land-use patterning. The reason is that most houses
were also places of work, with the ground-floor rooms acting no shops, workshops,
stables, & slaughterhouses.

18th & 19th CENTURY CITY

- Have a great explosion of urban areas due to an increased rate of technology &
economic development & a lighter level of population growth.
- Expansion of population began the process of sorting which produced our present
zonation patterns.
- The rich escape from urban centre due to overcrowding & unhealthy conditions thru
“suburbs” because the only “respectable” place to live.
- The cause of relocation of housing from the centre was the provision of cheaper
transport.
- Unhealthy slums became a dominant feature in the inner areas.

GARDEN CITY by Ebenezer Howard

- Proposed that urban area should be clustered together, with small units related to a
Central City

- Major Divisions:
- Central City – a city that would provide a full range of services for the entire group.
- Smaller City – a unit that would keep a sense of community
- His organization tried to deal with the problem of the size of many urban growths.
- Satellite towns are a modern version of this ideas.
- This concept is intended as a model for all localities & intended to be tailored to
local conditions.

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Organizations:

- Each of Howard’s model town was arranged around central core of public buildings, set within public
parkland.
- The core will be ringed by the shops which would served as the residential
community.
- The housing is planned in a medium-density & even house was to have its own
garden.
- Within the housing area there was to be a ring of parkway (Grand Avenue),
providing land for schools, churches and public open space.
- The perimeter would be for industrial use, which would be closely linked with the
railway system.
- Communication routes include radial boulevards (36 m wide) and concentric routes.
- The satellite towns were divided into wards with a suitable range of employment &
services.

First Garden City – Letch worth, Hampstead Garden Suburb

Neighborhood Unit by Clarence Perry – conceptualized from the Garden City

NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT by Clarence Perry, 1920

- A community for 5,000 people which has a sensible assortment and location of all
facilities primarily community centre, shops & flets.
- The primary consideration is a school at the centre.
- The limit of every community is set at 1 km from the centre..
- The arterial roads at its perimeter is intended for heavy traffic while the distributor
road located within the community is intended for local traffic.
- Pedestrians are also segregated from the traffic in this concept.

Radburn, New Jersey – first community that was planned according to the neighborhood
concept.

EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE PLANNING, THOUGHT AND PRACTICE

By Commissioner Roque Arrieta Magno

I. Pre-Spanish Period

EDUCATION : No planning school

PRACTICE : Chinese-Malay Settlers/Filipino natives
DESIGN : Coastal communities/Near-coastal
(lowlands of islands) communities/
riverine communities
ORGANIZATION : Barangay heads

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

II. Spanish Period (1565-1898)

EDUCATION : Still no planning school

PRACTICE : Missionaries
DESIGN : Plaza Complex
ORGANIZATION : Pueblos

III. American Era (1898-1935)

EDUCATION : Still no planning school; Planners educated

abroad
PRACTICE : American planners: Daniel Burnham,
Anderson (Independent practice)
DESIGN : Gridlron; Circumferential/radical; parks
design
Design/planning objective ---→ City Beautiful:
pleasant vistas, landscape parts, civic
center, wide radial boulevards; etc
ORGANIZATION : Governor-General

IV. Commonwealth Period (1935-1941)

EDUCATION : Planners still educated abroad:

Kayanan, Concio etc.
PRACTICE : American planners (independent/team
practice)
DESIGN : Gridiron, etc. design for cars
ORGANIZATION : Presidency; NUPC; CCPC; RBP

EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE, THOUGHT AND EXPERIENCE

By Roque Arrieta Magno

I. Pre-Spanish

 Barangay Communities; Coastal Communities; Chinese/Malay residents; Fortification;

Trade and Commerce

II. Spanish Era

 Plaza Complex; colonization; fortification; Christianization; establishment of Forts

through-out the Philippines: Fort Santiago, Fort Del Pilar, Fort San Pedro, etc.;
Galleon trade; Design of churches and establishment of Catholic schools and
colleges.

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

III. American Regime

 Infrastructure development: roads and bridges; inspired by the parks development in

the USA; Emphasis on education; Daniel Burnham, Louis Croft, Anderson; socio-
economic planning; trade relations with USA; water supply and drainage;
sanitation; Plan for Manila-Luneta; Baguio-Burnham Park; Tagaytay; Quezon City as
Capital of the Philippines; Radial and Circumferential road design.

 National Urban Planning Commission

 Capital City Planning Commission
 Real Property Board

 Massive reconstruction of Metro Manila as a result of the damage brought about by

the Second World War

 Antonio Kayanan – First Filipino Planner

IV. Philippine Republic

Continued the massive reconstruction; Housing Projects 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8; Road


building program; School building program; Generation of employment
opportunities; Plan for the City of Manila; Quezon City and other cities
throughout the Philippines.
 National Planning Commission (NPC)
Peoples’ Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC)
Central Institute for the Transfer/ Relocation of Urban Systems – CITRUS
Home Financing Commission (HFC)
National Economic Council (NEC)
Program Implementation Agency (PIA)
 Concio, Mañosa, Capili, Gaite, Gomez – Filipino Planners
V. Marcos Regime

 In terms of economic development, the Philippines was no. 2 in Southeast Asia.

Massive infrastructure projects nationwide; Introduction of national socio-
economic planning; regional planning and local planning; linear development;
resettlement projects; new towns; industrial estates; human settlements
concepts; physical planning at the national – regional – local planning levels.
 Establishment of the UP Institute of Planning, now the School of Urban and Regional
Planning.
 Establishment of the Philippine Institute of Environment Planners.
 PD 1305 professionalizing the field of Environment Planning.
 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 1972
Presidential Economic Staff (PES)
Ministry of Human Settlements (MHS)
Human Settlements Commission (HSC)
Metro Manila Commission (MMC)
National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC)
National Housing Corporation (NHC)
PHHC ----→ NHA

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

HFC ----→ Home Financing Corporation

 National Coordinating Council for Town Planning, Zoning and Housing

Human Settlements Development Corporation
Technology Resource Center
Lungsod Silangan Project
Urban and Rural Bliss Program
Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran

 Physical Planning Strategy for the Philippines } W. G. Faithfull

 Metro Manila Bay Strategic Plan } UNDP-UPIP-DPWTC
 Mindanao Regional Development Strategy } Project

 Task Force on Human Settlements/ PPDO Merger

 Framework Plan for the Philippines

Metro Manila Strategic Plan
Tondo Foreshore Project

 Development Academy of the Philippines

 Regional Development Councils/ RDS

 BLISS Development Corporation

DPWTC

 Teddy Encarnacion, Joe Valdecañes, Pete Prado, Paul Jucaban, Mabini Pablo,
Castor Surla, Jess Camayo, Romy del Rosario

UPIEP

 Leonardo Viloria, Asteya Santiago, Fred Silao, Cesar Marquez, Gerry Calabia, Tito
Firmalino, Roque Mango, Jimmy Nierras

Private

 Manny Mañosa, Dean Cesar Concio, Ronnie Manahan, Nestor David, Froilan Hong,
Dinly Eiensiadel, Rene Santiago, Mauro Simpliciano, Ignacio Capili, Lydia de Villa

DAP/ TFHS

 Christine Reyes, Jolly Benitez, Sonny Estacio, Dr. Carlos Fernandez, Yoyong
Magdarang, Beato Sason, Joebert Vasquez, Boy Morales, Teodoro Rey, Alfred
Tong, Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz

 Integrated, comprehensive approach to planning; human settlements planning;

IADP; River Basin Project; Provincial Planning; Physical Land Use Planning; Metro
Transport and Land Use

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

VI. Aquino Regime

 Restoration of democracy

 Only the HSC ---→ HSRC ---→ Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

 Created the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council

 Same programs; economy affected by the Ninoy assassination;

 MMC ----→ MMDA

 HFC ----→ HIGC

 HSRC ----→ HLURB

 Abolished all offices related to human settlements

 TRC ----→ TLRC

 Local Planning ----→ LGC of 1991

 National Land Use Planning ----→ NLU Committee

 CARP ----→ land conversion

 Information technology

 Environmental consideration

 No continuity in programs/ projects

VII. Ramos Administration

 Activation of Environmental Planning Board under the PRC

 Economic Development program

 Rural electrification

 Setting-up of economic zones

 Major infrastructure projects: power plant, telecom, LRT, MRT, fly-overs, ports and
airport

 Real estate boom

 Devolution planning functions

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

 Private sectors active in planning

 Jun Palafox, Tony/Tina Turalba, Ayala, Filinvest, Fort Bonifacio Priject, Filinvest Centre,
Manila Boulevard 2000 (Maravillas), Lungsod Silangan – Marilaque; Calabarzan;
Minnaropa; Red Bernardo, Mandaluyong Center, Ortigas Center, Filinvest City

 Mushrooming of shopping malls throughout the country;

 Mixed use development – New Bilibid; Welfareville Development Project; National

Government Center; Smokey Mountain Redevelopment Project

WORLD PLANNING HISTORY

Historical Development, Figures, and Contributions

DATE FIGURES HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS/DEVELOPMENT

ANCIENT WORLD Rectilinear plotting with the use of the plow

ANCIENT GREECE Hippodamus of Miletus Greek Architect who planned Priene and Piraeus emphasized
(Father of Town Planning) geometric designs grid pattern of streets

Significant Development:

 The Acropolis – visible relationship between buildings and

nature, sacred places

 The Agora – building served as facades to form an enclosed

urban space. These buildings groups around the central
open space

 Gridiron Pattern – credited to lawyer named Hippodamus

ANCIENT ROME Romans motivated by political power and organization in their towns
and buildings.

Roman Empire was a vast city-building enterprise; Rome was the first
city with a million population (3 AD)

Significant Development:

 Town – a system of gridiron streets enclosed by a wall;

theater, arena and market were common places for
Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

public assembly

 Basic Street Pattern Useful for military Government

 Perfected enclosed urban architectural space – colonnaded

plazas with a temple or basilica at the end of the space

Vitruvius Roman Architect and author of the 10-volume treatise “De Arkitectura”

He lay down foundation of theoretical design thinking

De Arkitectura – relates experience of Roman architectural and town

design; treats architecture and town design as a single theme;
suggested location of streets in relation to prevailing wind; the
sitting of public buildings; the testing of drinking water; design of
plazas.

MEDIEVAL TIMES Norman Empire Growth of towns around either a monastery or castle; assumed a
William the Conqueror radiocept pattern; relied on protective town walls or fortification
(1066) for security.

Edward I Generally, towns were unplanned, organically evolving with irregular

street pattern predominance of abbeys and cathedrals indicating
church influence and control.

RENAISSANCE Rebirth of classical traditions e.g. Rome.

1440 – Beginning of Era Piazza planning such as in Venice
The spa in the town of Bath
Grandeur in civic structure and public places in sharp contrast to
narrow streets of medieval settlements
Streets were wide regular radial and circumferential with the
piazza at the center, as in Italy

Leon Battista Alberti Foremost early theoretician

Remembered for his “Ideal Cities” – star-shaped plans with street

radiating from a central point, usually proposed for a church,
palace or castle

Designs usually included curved streets that conformed to the

Pierre Charles L’enfant topography.

French-American Engineer; prepared plan for Washington D.C.

Braggio Rosetti Architect and Town Planner

1791
Regarded as one of the Western world’s earliest modern urban
designers

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

Repaired an existing city and planned for its future expansion: Ferrara
– considered the first modern city in Europe in 1860

ROME (1500s) Rome – confronted with problems of circulation, defense, water

supply and sanitation prompting the popes to undertake civic
improvement projects.

Popes saw the importance of connections between churches, shrines

and secular buildings

Domenico Fontana Architect

Commissioned by pope Sixtus V to prepare and establish a street

plan or framework for the growth of Rome; marked out key points
in the city with tall obelisks which served as visual accents of the
new streets.

Leonardo da Vinci As Town Planner – thought of a way to cure symptoms of urban

disease manifested by squalor and unhealthful crowding

In his “Codex Attanticus,” he described a new concept of urban

planning that was suited for Milan – sketched a city straddling a
river where upstream, the river was directed into 6 or 7 branches,
all parallel to the main stream and rejoining it below the city

LONDON (1600s) Sir Christopher Wren English Architect

1666 – Great Fire of Prepared plan for London, i.e. St. Peter’s and St. Paul Cathedral
London
Proposed a network of avenues connecting the main features of
London

1766 John Gwinn Produced a remarkable plan called “London and Westminster
Improved,” for

London’s growth and re-development; plan heralded a Golden Age of

building in London

1767 James Craig Scottish Architect; planned linear new towns for Edinburg

Idea of interconnected plazas was deftly used for the enlargement of

Edinburg, and proposed a grid of houses and open spaces
combined on a high plateau overlooking the city

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP
Planning 2 | Lecture Notes 1

1799 Robert Owen English social reformer

Constructed and operated an industrial village at New Lanark as an

enlightened social and manufacturing community

Conceptualized “Village of Unity and Mutual Cooperation”

1811 John Nash Architect

Attempted to introduce a more ambitious concept in London – wanted

to create a fine group of buildings around a park, all at the edge of
the city, connected to the center of the city by a grand avenue

Planned and carried out work for Regent Street, Regent Park and
Park Crescent

PARIS (1800s) Baron George Eugene Made in charge by Napoleon III in 1853 to re-build Paris
Haussman
Plan for the Reconstruction of Paris (1850-1874). French
administrator who continued ideals of public grandeur. The
building entailed the tearing down of many houses in Paris
thereby considered as the history’s largest public works project.

Paris became known as the “City of Lights.” The uses of boulevards

were replicated elsewhere. Became the model for the American
“City Beautiful Era,” adopted by
Daniel Burnham in American cities.

Before turn of the century Claude Nicolas Ledoux Architect; theorist

Brought intense analysis and rationale to the design process: urban

design attending to workers as well as members of the ruling class

Principal work was design of Chaux, a town for salt workers in France

Advocated informal groupings of houses as part of the overall design

Ideal plan “where everything is motivated by necessity” where

workers can grow their own food; self-sufficiency of the workers town.

Published a book “Architecture in 1804”

1900 Theories strove toward one objective – the design of cities as a place
to live for and with particular emphasis on the needs of the working
class

Class | Ar-EnP. Leiron Mark S. De Guzman, uap, piep, earoph Excerpt: Prof. Rosario Jimenez, UP SURP