DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES(Short Notes)

1. Limit state of collapse and limit state serviceability

Ans- (i) Limit state of collapse deals with the strength and stability of structures subjected to the maximum
design
loads out of the possible combinations of several types of loads. Therefore, this limit state ensures that neither
any
part nor the whole structure should collapse or become unstable under any combination of expected overloads.
(ii) Limit state of serviceability deals with deflection and cracking of structures under service loads, durability
under working environment during their anticipated exposure conditions during service, stability of structures
as a whole, fire resistance etc.
2. Name four parameters which determine the effective widths of T and L-beams.
Ans- The four parameters are:
(i) isolated or continuous beams,
(ii) the distance between points of zero moments in the beam,
(iii) the breadth of the web,
(iv) the thickness of the flange
3. Differentiate between one-way and two-way slabs.
Ans- One-way slab spans in one direction and two-way slab spans in both the directions. Slabs whose ratio of
longer span (ly) to shorter span (lx) is more than 2 are called one-way. Slabs of this ratio up to 2 are called two-
way slabs.
4. State and explain the significance of the six assumptions of design of flexural members employing limit
state of collapse.
(i) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
This assumption ensures that the cross-section of the member does not warp due to the loads applied. It further
means that the strain at any point on the cross-section is directly proportional to its distance from the neutral
axis.
(ii) The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending..
This is a clearly defined limiting strain of concrete in bending compression beyond which the concrete will be
taken as reaching the state of collapse. It is very clear that the specified limiting strain of 0.0035 does not depend
on the strength of concrete.
(iii) The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is assumed to be parabolic as
(iv) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
(v) The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-strain curves .
(vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than fy/(1.15 Es)
+ 0.002, where fy is the characteristic strength of steel and Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
5. When do we go for doubly reinforced beams ?
Ans- The depth of the beams may be restricted for architectural and/or functional requirements. Doubly
reinforced beams are designed if such beams of restricted depth are required to resist moment more that its Mu,

lim
.
6. Differentiate between working stress method and limit state method.
 In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well as plastic theories used and
hence suitable for concrete structures.
 The structure designed by limit state method is safe and serviceable under design loads and at the same
time it is ensured that the structure does not collapse even under the worst possible loading
conditions.The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are considered in the analysis
and more realistic factor of safety values are used in the design.
 Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more economical.
 The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit state method are less and
hence they provide better appearance to the structure.

Prepared By –A.K.Pradhan 9040640809 Page 1

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES(Short Notes)
Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive strains in concrete and steel, the
design of compressive reinforcement for double reinforced beams and eccentrically loaded columns by limit
state method gives realistic valued which is not so in other methods.

SLAB
1. Explain the check for deflection control in the design of slabs?
The deflection of a structure or part thereof shall not adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the
structure or finishes or partitions. The deflection shall generally be limited to the following:
a) The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage measured from
the as-cast level of the , supports of floors, roofs and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed
span/250.
b) The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after erection of partitions
and the application of finishes should not normally exceed span/350 or 20 mm whichever is less.
2. list the advantages of limit state design.
 In this method the structure shall be designed to withstand the safety all loads liable to act on it
throughout its life.
 The aim of design is is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the
use for which it is indented that is, that will be not reaching a limit state.
 The structure will be designed for safe against durability and serviceability requirements.

3. Write about anchorage bars in tension.

 Deformed bars may be used without end anchorages provided the development length required is
satisfied. Hook should normally be provided for plain bars in tension.
 The anchorage value of a band shall be taken as 4times the diameter of the bar for each 450 bend subjected
to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar.
 The anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16 times the diameter of the bar.

4. What are the various types of shear reinforcement?

 Vertical stirrups
 Bent up bars with stirrups
 Inclined stirrups
5. What are the types of shear failure in reinforced concrete beam?
 Shear tension
 Flexure shear
 Shear compression
 Shear bond
6. Define bond stress.
The tangential or shear stress developed along the contact surface of the reinforcing bar and the
surrounding concrete if generally termed as bond stress and is expressed in terms of the tangential force
per unit nominal surface of the reinforcing bar.
7. Define development length.
It is the additional length of rebar where anchorage is necessary. It is usually at the end of the reinforcement.
Development also depends on the angle of anchorage.
8. What is mean by end anchorage?

Prepared By –A.K.Pradhan 9040640809 Page 2

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES(Short Notes)
Mild steel bars embedded in concrete sometimes hooked so as to have proy per anchorage with concrete. If bars
are provided with hooks, the necessary grip or bond length can be reduced. The anchorage value of the hook
alone is considered as 16d where d is the diameter of the bar.
9. What is the importance of slenderness ratio in columns?
Is 456-2000 code clause 25.1.2 classifies a rectangular compression member as short. When both slenderness
ration’s lex/D and lex/b are less than 12. If any of these values are more 12, then it is termed as slender or long
column.

DESIGN OF FOOTING AND DETAILING

1. Define safe bearing capacity of soil?
Bearing capacity of soil after allowing a certain factor of safety over the ultimate bearing capacity against failure
(collapse) is termed as safe bearing capacity of soil.
2. What are the governing factors to decide the depth of location R.C footings?
Footing should be carried well below the top soil, miscellaneous fill, abandoned foundation, debris or muck.

Footing should be carried below the depth of weathering.

Footing in sloping ground should have sufficient edge distance as protection against erosion.

Difference in elevation off foundation, should not be ss great as to introduce undesirable overlapping of stresses
in soil.

3. What are the sections at which moments are to be computed for the design of a footing?
As per (IS:456-2000)the bending moment to be taken for design of footing is the moment of the reaction forces
due to be applied(excluding the self weight of the footing) at the following sections.
At the face of the column, pedestal ort wall, for footing supporting a concrete column, pedestal or wall.
Half way between the centre line and the edge of the wall, for footing under masonry wall, and
Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted base for the footings under
gusseted base.
4. What are the factors govern the depth of footing?
Depth should be adequate in one way and two way shear without shear reinforcement.
Depth should be adequate for bending moment without compression reinforcement.
Depth should be adequate to transfer bond length by the main bars of dowel bars.
5. How is the main steel distributed in wall footings and two way rectangular footing?
In one way reinforced footing as in wall footing the main steel is distributed uniformly over the full width of the
footing.
In two way reinforced footings as in rectangular footings the main steel in the long direction is distributed
uniformly across the full width of the footing.
6. What is mean by eccentrically loading on a footing?
A footing subjected to a concentric loading with a moment or a load applied off the centre, causes the loading to
be eccentric and such a footing is called eccentrically loaded footing.
The analysis of an eccentrically loaded footing involves the evaluation of contact pressure beneath the footing
and the ultimate bearing capacity.
7. What are the situations in which combined footings are preferred to isolated footings?
A combined footing is preferred when equal or unequal columns are positioned so close4ly that the individual
footing are not practicable. These footing are usually rectangular in shape.
In order to accommodate unequal column loads or columns close to property lines the rectangular shape is
modified to a trapezoidal shape.sometimes, a strap is provided to combine two columns which have a wide
spacing or if one of them is close to property line.
8. What are the causes of failure of foundation?
Prepared By –A.K.Pradhan 9040640809 Page 3
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES(Short Notes)
Unequal settlement of the subsoil.
Horizontal movement of the soil adjoining the structure.
Shrinkage due to withdrawel of moisture from the soil below the foundation.
Lateral pressure tending to overturn the structure.
Action of atmosphere.
9. What are assumptions made in the design of footing?
Foundation is rigid.
The distribution of pressure from soil on the base is uniform.
10. Name the common types of foundation?
Spread footings
Combined footings
Raft or mat footing
Pile foundation
11. Under what circumstances combined footing are provided?
When the columns are very near to each other so that their footing overlap.
When the bearing capacity of soil is less requiring more area under individual bars.
When the end column is near a property line, so that its footing cannot be spread in that direction.
12. Define combined footing.
A footing consists of a common footing provided to two columns. These footings are formed by combining two
or more equally or unequally loaded columns into one footing. This arrangements average out and provides a
more or less uniform load distribution in the supporting soil. These footings are usually rectangular in shape.
13. What are the common shapes of reinforcement?
Reinforcements used in structural concrete members may be in different shapes as straight or cranked bars,
single or double legged stirrups or bundled bars.
Design of columns
1. Write about percentage of reinforcement for columns
As per is 456 a reinforced concrete column shall have longitudinal steel reinforcement and the cross-sectional
area of such reinforcement shall be not be less than 0.8% nor more than 6% of the cross-sectional area of the
column required to transmit all the loading.
Refer clause
2. Define short and long columns
A column will be considered as short when the ratio of the effective length to its lateral dimension is less than or
equal to 12 .when this ratio is exceeds the column will be considered as a long column
Refer clause
3. What are the braced columns?
The columns occurring in the braced buildings or braced frames are called braced columns. In braced frames the
lateral loads like wind, earthquake ,etc, are resisted by some special arrangements like shear walls ,bracing or
other arrangement. in other wards ,the sideway or joint translation is not possible in such column.
4. What is stability index?
The stability index Q ,is calculated from the following equation
∑𝑃 △
𝑄 = 𝐻 𝑢ℎ 𝑢 where ∑𝑃𝑢 =sum of axial loads on all columns in the storey
𝑢 𝑠
△𝑢 = elastically computed first order lateral deflection
Hu= total lateral force acting within the storey,and
Hs=height of the storey
5. What is an interaction diagram for column?
Due to the assumptions made by the code of design of RCC column subjected to eccentric loads,the direct design
is not possible.therefore the design chart are prepared called interaction curve.
refer code book page no.-
6. What are three methods of analyzing the slab?

Prepared By –A.K.Pradhan 9040640809 Page 4

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES(Short Notes)
Ans- the three methods are
I. Elastic analysis
II. Using coefficients
III. Yield line method
7. What are the function of distribution bars in the slab
The function of distribution bars in slabs are
I. To distribute uniformly the concentrated loads on the slab
II. To resists stress due to shrinkage and temperature
III. To tie and keep the main reinforcement in position
8. What are the function of bent bars in the simple supported slab?
The bent bars help in shear also resists some negative moment induced at support. In fact, the slab is considered
as capable of free rotation at support and thus negative moment is assumed to occur at the support. However
,some negative moment is always induced due to monolithic nature of the structure. The bent bars resist this
moment.

Prepared By –A.K.Pradhan 9040640809 Page 5