SY CIVIL Fourth Sem

Second Year
Diploma in
Civil Engineering
Fourth Semester
Chapter wise Notes
HYDRAULICS

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Subject Title : Hydraulics Subject Code : 17421

Topic 1: Properties of fluid

Contents :
Definition of fluid, Fluid mechanics and Hydraulics, Hydrostatics, Hydrodynamics.
Difference in behavior of liquid with solids,
Application of hydraulics with respect to irrigation and environmental engineering.
Physical properties of fluid and standard values of Mass density, Weight density,
Specific volume, Specific gravity, Surface tension and Capillarity, Compressibility,
Viscosity, Ideal and Real fluids. Newton’s law of viscosity, simple numerical problems.

Que.1 Define Surface Tension. State its units.

Ans: Definition-
The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction
of the particles (cohesion) in the surface layer by the bulk of the
liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
Surface tension is denoted by Greek letter „σ‟.
Unit:-surface tension= force/length
„σ‟ = N/m

Que.2 Define mass density & state its SI unit.

Ans: Mass Density:- The mass density of a liquid may be defined as the
mass per unit volume at standard temperature.
SI unit :- kg/m3

Que.3 Define capillarity.

Ans: Capillarity: It is defined as the phenomena of rise or fall of liquid
surface in small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when
the tube is held vertically in the liquid.

Que.4 Define real fluid and give one example

Ans: Real Fluid:-A fluid, which posses viscosity, is known as real fluid.
Practical Example:- All Fluids are Real Fluid

Ideal Fluid:-A fluid, which does not possess viscosity, Surface tension
and compressibility is known as ideal fluid.

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Que.5 Define pressure &. State its SI unit.

Ans: Pressure at a point due to a liquid is defined as the force acting per
unit area.
SI unit :- N/m2

Que.6 State Pascal’s law of fluid pressure

Ans:- Pascal’s Law:-Pascal’s Law states that the pressure or intensity of
pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions.

Que.7 State Pascal's law & its practical application

Ans: Pascal’s Law: - Pascal’s aw states that the pressure or intensity of
pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions
Application: - Law is applied in the construction of machines used
for multiplying forces e.g.
hydraulic jack, hydraulic pressure, hydraulic lift, hydraulic crane,
hydraulic river, etc.
Applications of Pascal law:- It is applied in the construction of
machines used for multiplying forces e.g.
I. Hydraulic Jacks,
II. Hydraulic Press,
III. Hydraulic Lifts,
IV. Hydraulic Crane
V. Braking system of motor
VI. Artesian well
VII. Dam

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Que.8 State any two applications of hydraulics with respect to Irrigation.

Ans: Applications of hydraulics with respect to Irrigation are as follows-
I. To calculate discharge flowing through canal.
II. For distribution of equal water for city or agriculture purpose using
water meter.
III. To determine velocity of flow at a point in open channel.
IV. The total pressure and Centre of pressure acting on dam face at
the point the resultant cuts the base of the can be determined.
V. Spillway can also designed to pass off water on D/S of a dam

Que.9 State the Newton‘s law of viscosity and give example of its
application.
Ans: Statement:-
Newton’s law states that “shear stress in fluid layers is directly
proportional to velocity gradient”.
Mathematically,

Where,
τ = Shear stress.
μ = dynamic viscosity.

= velocity gradient.
Example of Application:-
1. To design pipe.
OR
Newton’s law of viscosity- it states that, shear stress on a fluid layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.

Unit of dynamic viscosity (μ) = Ns/m2

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Que.10 State any four practical application of hydrostatics

Ans: Following are the practical application of hydrostatics:
I) To calculate hydrostatic pressure on dam, wall,& tank
ii) To design dam
iii) To design gate of dam
iv) To design bridge component
v) To design forces on submarine
vi) To calculate the forces on submerged surfaces
vii) To calculate the forces on retaining wall

Que.11 b) State four application of Hydraulics in environmental

engineering.
Ans: Four applications of Hydraulics in environmental engineering.
I) To design water distribution system from reservoir.
ii) To determine the pressure head of water supply system.
iii) To determine the power required for pumps.
iv) To measure the pressure at a point.
v) To design the pipe diameter of water supply line as well as
sewer system.

Que.12 Draw a neat sketch showing various types of fluids

according to newton’s low of viscosity.

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Topic 2: Hydrostatic Pressure

Contents :
Definition of pressure and its SI Unit. Hydrostatic pressure at a point in fluid, Pascal’s law
of fluid pressure. Variation of pressure in static liquid, Pressure diagram –concept and
use.
Total hydrostatic pressure and center of pressure-Determination of total pressure and
center of pressure on vertical, inclined and horizontal plane surfaces in contact with
liquid and horizontal plane surfaces in contact with liquid faces of dams, sides and
bottom of water tanks sides and bottom of tanks containing two liquids. Vertical surface
in contact with liquid on either side. Numerical Problems on all cases above.

Que.1 State ‘Pascal Law’ of liquid pressure

Ans: Statement-“Pascal‟s law state that at a point in a fluid at rest I
ntensity pressure acts equally in all direction”.
Explanation: - consider one particle of a liquid on a jar the pressure
exerted on that point all direction is same.

Que.2 What is the principle of manometer?

Ans: Manometer measure the pressure at a point in fluid by balancing

the column of fluid by same or another column of fluid.

Que.3 Define total pressure.

Total Pressure:-Total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static

fluid on a surface either plane or curved when the fluid in contact with
the surfaces

Que.4 Define total hydrostatic pressure and Centre of pressure. Draw

diagram to describe it.

Ans: Total hydrostatic pressure – It is the force exerted by a static fluid on

a surface plane or curved. This force is always perpendicular to the
surface.

Centre of pressure- It is the point at which total pressure acts on the

surface.

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Diagram-

Total pressure P = 1/ 2 wH
Centre of pressure = H/3 from bottom
Pressure intensity at top of wall = zero
Pressure intensity at bottom of wall = wH

Que.5 How will you measure negative pressure?

Ans: By using U Tube manometer: it is an instrument that measure
negative pressure.

Pressure head on lift limb = pressure head on right limb above z-z
dat
hA + h1 s1 + h2 s2 = 0
hA = - (h1 s1 + h2 s2)

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Que.6 How will you measure negative pressure?

Ans: Mercury in the U-tube is deflected by h2 due pressure at point A,as
deflection occurs in the left limb indicates that, pressure at A is
negative (vacuum), pressure above the horizontal datum x-x in the
left and right limb of the manometer should be same

Pressure above x-x in the left limb = S1h2 + S1h1 + PA--------------------

Pressure above x-x in the right limb = 0
PA = - ( S1h2 + S1h1 )------------------------------------------------------------------

Que.7 State any four different between simple and different manometers
U- tube differential manometer U- tube inverted differential
manometer
1) It is a device used for measuring 1) It is a device used for measuring the
the difference of pressure difference of pressure between two
between two points in a pipe points in a pipe
2) A differential U-tube 2) A differential U-tube manometer
manometer consists of regular U- consists of inverted U- tube
tube
3) It contains heavy measuring 3) It contains lighter measuring liquid
liquid than flowing liquid. than flowing liquid
4) This type of monometer 4) This type of monometer measures
measures positive pressure Negative pressure difference
difference
5) Less sensitive comparative to U- 5) More sensitive comparative to U-
tube inverted differential tube differential manometer
manometer

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Que.8 Explain the concept and use of pressure diagram with neat
sketches

Ans: Concept: - Consider a wall subjected to water pressure as shown in

fig. (a), pressure at base is (γ h ) and at the water surface its zero.

Hence the pressure diagram is a triangle.

The total pressure on the wall = Area of triangle

Use:-

1) To calculate pressure by liquid on the side of surface.

2) To Calculate of pressure of liquid on both side of the

surface.

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For Details contact:

Mr. V.S. kumbhar

HOD

Civil Department,

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre.

Mob. No.: 7798306363

Ph. No.: 0230 -246312

Email ID: vikas.kumbhar@sgplytechnic.in

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