SOIL LIQUEFACTION

A project Report
Submitted by
S.Guravaiah (R141147)
B.Madhu Naik (R141600)

B.Tech
Civil Engineering
IIIT-RK Valley, RGUKT-AP

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE
MINI PROJECT-1
Under the Esteemed guidance of

Mr. K.HemlaNaik sir

Department of Civil Engineering

IIIT-RK Valley Campus

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES

RK VALLEY, KADAPA(DIST),
ANDHRA PRADESH- 516330,
2018-2019
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled "SOIL LIQUEFACTION" submitted by
S.Guravaiah(R141147), B.Madhu naik(R141600), as the record of the work carried out
by them, is accepted as the Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment for the
completion of Mini project 1 (2018-2019) in civil engineering under supervision at IIIT-RK
Valley, RGUKT- AP.

Mr. HEMLA NAIK,

Department of Civil Engineering,
IIIT-RK Valley, RGUKT-AP.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we would like to express our deep gratitude to our respond advisor, Mr. Hemla Naik,
Department of Civil Engineering, IIIT-RK Valley, RGUKT-AP, for his valuable
suggestions,guidance and encouragement, which made our B.Tech Mini Project -1
successful. We consider it is a great opportunity to do our B.Tech Mini Project under his
guidance.

Finally, we explore our thanks to our parents, brothers, sisters for their love, suport and
encouragement in every stage of our life.

S.Guravaiah
B.Madhu naik
ABSTRACT

The specialized literature concerning the Geotechnical Engineering

Field indicates the problems due to soil liquefaction and the aggravating consequences
that liquefaction phenomenon may cause to buildings.
Some procedures of foundation soil improvement for both existing and future foundations
are presented.
The paper also presents three soil remediation methods involving a low level of vibration
generated in the process of foundation soil improvement and two case studies
nrepresenting the usual method in Romania.

Key words: liquefaction; improving methods; compacting grouting; permeation grouting; jet
grouting.
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Types of liquefaction

3. Effects of liquefaction

4. Identification of liquefaction

5. Methods to reduce liquefaction

 1. Introduction

Liquefaction and soil deformation risk mitigation are based on the

following improvement methods: densification, solidification, drainage,
dewatering and consolidation.
Densification is a standard procedure for liquefaction reparation
consisting in soil porosity mitigation, which reduces the volume deformation potential that
cause liquefaction. Deformation resistance caused by shear forces increases with density.
Solidification as viable measure of soil remediation against liquefaction
is also considered. Solidification prevents soils subsidence and gives it a high cohesive
force.
Drainage method tests show that the layers’ drainage can accelerate
interstitial water pressure dissipation limiting the loss of cohesion and reducing pressures
on underground construction.
Declining groundwater by dewatering reduces the degree of saturation
preventing the formation of the interstitial water pressure in excess that could cause
liquefaction.
The most available techniques applied for soil liquefaction correction
are: vibro-compaction, dynamic compaction and sand sealing. These techniques improve
the soil mainly by densification and are usually less expensive than other techniques.
However, they can cause unwanted vibration levels during work performance.
The soil improvement techniques are effective for each of the allowed
or required disturbance of existing structures.
Compaction grouting (compacting by injection) represents a
densification technique of liquefied soil that involves a low level of vibration.
The following methods, which imply a low level of vibration, are useful
to improve liquefiable ground by solidification:
a) compacting grouting;
b) jet grouting.
Jet grouting and in situ soil mixing are high-cost methods when are
used for consolidation or for earth dams. Dewatering is not an alternative
because the construction of earth dams, wells of dewatering and maintenance of pumps
are more expensive than other methods.
 Types of Liquefaction

Flow liquefaction: is a phenomenon in which the static equilibrium is destroyed by

static or dynamic loads in a soil deposit with low residual strength. It occurs when the static
shear stresses in the soil exceed the shear strength of the liquefied soil.

Cyclic mobility:- Cyclic mobility is aliquefaction phenomenon, triggered by

cyclicloading, occurring in soil deposits with staticshear stresses lower than the soil
strength.
 Deformation due to cyclic mobility developincrementally because of static and dynamic
stresses that exist during an earthquake.
 Effects of liquefaction
Loss of bearing strength:- The groundcan liquefy and lose its ability to support
structure.

Lateral spreading:- It is mainly caused by cyclic mobility. Lateral spreading causes

damage to foundations of buildings,pipelines, railway lines and cause shaking at pile due
to increased lateral loads.
Sand boil:- Sand-laden water can be ejected from a buried liquefied layer and erupt at
the surface to form sand volcanoes. The surrounding ground often fractures and settles.

Flow failures:-These failures commonly displace large masses of soil laterally.

Flotation:- Light structure that are buried in the ground(like pipeline sewers and nearly
empty fuel tanks) can float to the surface when they are surrounded by liquefied soil

Identification of Soil Liquefaction

1. Historical Criteria

2. Geological Criteria

3. Compositional Criteria

1.Historical criteria: investigation of previous earthquakes to see if they caused

liquefaction at that particular site.and by seeing them as of areas where liquefaction has
occurred in the past.

2.Geological criteria: The type of geologic process that created a soil deposit has a
strong influence its liquefactionsusceptibility.Saturated soild deeposits that have been
created by sedimentation in rivers and lakes, deposition of debris or eroded material
(colluvial deposits), or deposits formed by wind action (aeolian deposits) can be very
liquefaction susceptible .

Compositional Criteria: In a soil with many different size particles, the small particles
tend to fill in the voids between the bigger particles there by reducing the tendency for
densification and pore water pressure development whenshaken.

Methods to Reduce Liquefaction

Avoid liquefaction :- susceptible soil:- The first possibility is to avoid construction on

liquefaction susceptible soil.

Build liquefaction-resistant structures:- make the structure liquefaction resistant

by designing the foundation elements to resist the effects of liquefaction . Structure that
possesses ductility, has the ability to accommodate large deformations, adjustable
supports for correction of differential settlements.

Shallow foundation aspects:- It is important that all foundation elements in a

shallow foundation are tied together to make the foundation move or settle uniformly thus
decreases the amount of shear force induced in the structural elements resting upon the
foundation
Deep foundation aspect:- Liquefaction can cause large lateral loads on pile
foundations. Piles driventhrough a weak, potentially Soil layer to a stronger layer not only
have to carry vertical loads form the superstructure, but must also be able to resist
horizontal loads and bending moments induced by lateral movements if the weak layer
liquefies. Piles of larger dimensions and/or more reinforcement can achieve sufficient
resistance.

Vibro-compaction :- Vibro-compaction involves the use of a vibrating prone that can

penetrate granular soil to depths of over 100 feet. The vibration of the probe cause the
grain structure to collapse thereby densifying the soil surrounding the probe.
Dynamic compaction:- Densification by dynamic compaction is performed by
dropping a heavy weight of steel or concrete in a grid pattern form heights of 30 to 100
feet.

Compaction grouting:- Compaction grouting is a technique whereby a

water/sand/cement mix is injected into loose sand under high pressure. Grout does not
enter soil but forms a bulb that compact and densify the soil by forcing it to occupy less
space.
 Jet
grouting:-The method consists of soil injection of a mixed fluid at high pressure forming
jets that erode and replace the existing soil with the injection mixture. In general this
method begins by drilling small-diameter holes (90...150mm) up to the final injection depth.
Ceme nt mixture is injected into the soil with a metal rod
This technology is useful to underp innings of existing foundations to control the
groundwater migration and to improve the strength of liquefiable soil.

Conclusions
In Romania, current norms do not include these new improvement
methods for the foundation soils; they only briefly remind jet grouting process
and present the procedures employed running this new method [5].
The modern methods analysed above used for the improvement of the
foundation soil have the advantage of not inducing ground vibrations that would disturb the
stability of soil mass and especially of soils with liquefaction
potential.
Advantages of the jet grounting system are: availability for nearly all
soil types, in situ workability, designable strength and permeability, no harmful
vibrations, implementation in limited working spaces, free maintenance,
reliability, rapidity, the most effective method of underpinning constructions
and ability to work under buried active utilities. A major disadvantage of these
methods is that they are costly in economic terms
 References
1. Chernyakov A.V., Evaluation of Dynamic Loads on Underground Structures
DuringHorizontal Jet Grouting of a Saturated Soil. Soil Mech. New York (2009).

2.Arulanandan, K. and Scott, R. F., Eds. (1993). "Verification of Numerical Procedures for
the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems," Proc. of the Intl. Conference on theVerification
of Numerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction.