SECTION 01

DESIGN OF STEEL BRIDGE SUPER STRUCTURE

 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Geometric and material data

This section contains the structural analysis and design calculations for the bridge super
structure. Due to long span of the double angle section is proposed for the top chord and
the bottom chord, remain structural elements are designed with Equal angle sections.
General geometric and material data of the structure is tabulated in table no1.

1.1.1 Section properties of the top chord

Section name Double Angle

Section dimensions 2/ 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
A 3840 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 45 mm
rvv 19.5
4
Ixx 3540000 mm

1.1.2 Section properties of the bottom chord

Section name Double Angle

Section dimensions 2/ 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
A 3840 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 45 mm
rvv 19.5
Ixx 3540000 mm4

Fig 1.1: shematic diagram of Fig 1.1: shematic diagram of

Double angle Single angle

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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1.1.3 Section properties of the vertical transverse member ( Square frame)

Section name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
A 1920 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 30.4 mm
rvv 19.5
4
Ixx 1770000 mm
Iyy 1770000 mm4

1.1.4 Section properties of the bottom transverese member ( Square frame)

Section name single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
A 1920 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 30.4 mm
rvv 19.5
Ixx 1770000 mm4
Iyy 1770000 mm4

1.1.5 Section properties of the top transverese member ( Square frame)

Section name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
A 1920 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 30.4 mm
rvv 19.5 mm
Ixx 1770000 mm4
Iyy 1770000 mm4

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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1.1.6 Section properties of the bottom lattice member (bracing member)

Section name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x8 mm x mm x mm
A 1550 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 8 mm
rxx 30.6 mm
ryy 30.6 mm
rvv 38.5 mm
Ixx 1450000 mm4
Iyy 1450000 mm4

1.1.6 Section properties of the top lattice member (Bracing member)

Section name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x8 mm x mm x mm
A 1550 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 8 mm
rxx 30.6 mm
ryy 30.6 mm
rvv 38.5 mm
Ixx 1450000 mm4
4
Iyy 1450000 mm

1.1.7 Section properties of gusset plates

Thicknes : 10 mm
Steel grade : S 275

1.1.8 Water pipe properties

External diameter : 245 mm

Iternal diameter : 225 mm
Pipe material unit weight : 1.22 kN/m

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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1.2 Material propoerties

Modulus of elasticity E : 205000 N/mm2

Shear modulus : 78846.15 N/mm2
Poisson's ratio : 0.3
Thermal expansion coeff. : 12x10-6 per 0C

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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2.0 Load Calculations

The following load patterns will be cosidered with different load cases and load
combinations.

Dead load of the superstructure

Pipe dead load
Pipe water load
Service load
Wind load

2.1 Dead load of the superstructure

Dead load of the super structure will be assessed by the finite element software itself.

2.2 Pipe dead load

Pipe dead load will be idealizied as a line load and applied as and point loads on the
structure considering influence length of the pipe on a particular member.

Pipe diameter = 0.245 m

Pipe weight per meter = 1.22 kN/m

2.3 pipe water load

Pipe water load will be idealizied as a line load and load is calculated in full service
condition, applied as and point loads on the structure considering influence length of the
pipe on a particular member.

Pipe inner diameter = 0.225 mm

Water unit load = 10 kN/m3
Pipe water load = 0.4 kN/m

2.4 Service load

Pipe service load will be idealizied as a line load and applied as and point loads on the
structure considering influence length of the pipe on a particular member.

Service load = 4 kN/m

2.5 Wind load

Due to very low cress sectional area the effect of wind is neglected.

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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3.0 Structural analysis

Structure is idealized as a truss, though it’s a space truss, its joint are modeled as pin
joints. The 3 dimensional global structure will be analysed using finite element software
package. Since there have no significat local responses of the element, global 3
dimensional finite element model will be utilized to collect the structural responses of
the relevant structural element. For the analysis two finite element models are developed
considering two different structural behaviours of the elements. Those are, 1.truss
model with loads at nodes only, 2.truss model with pipe dead and water load on the
center of bottom sqaure member.

3.1 Boundary conditions

For the global analysis of the superstructure, the boundry conditions are defined as pin
and roller ate two ends of the span.

For the individual elements pin joint condition is defined as the boundary conditions.

3.2 Application of loads

3.2.1 Dead load

Dead load of the structure will be assessed by the software it self.

3.2.2 Pipe dead load

Pipe dead load will be assigned to the end nodes of the sqaure frame bottom member for
the model no1. For the model no 2 the pipe dead load is assigned to bottom member of
the square frame.

3.2.3 Pipe water load

For the pipe water load, same criteia is adopted mention in 3.2.2

3.2.4 Service load

Service load will be assigned to the center of bottom transverse and lattice members.

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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4.0 Results of the analysis

4.1 Axial forces of the members

Superstructure is idealized as a truss, due to the pin connections the axial forces become
critilal structural response of the analysis. In addition to that bending moment values of
structural members are important to the design of relevant structural elements. Due to
the pin joint end, the bending moment and shear forces are low in members. Due to the
geometrical is symmetry of superstructure about ------ only half of the results are
presented here.

Axial forces (kN)

Element name
Dead Pipe Pipe Service
load dead water load

A3-B3 10.36 5.08 1.67 16.67

B3-C3 19.68 9.66 3.17 31.67

C3-D3 27.97 13.73 4.5 45

T
o
D3-E3 35.22 17.28 5.67 56.67
p
E3-F3 41.44 20.33 6.67 66.67
c
h
F3-G3 46.62 22.88 7.5 75
o
r
d G3-H3 50.77 24.91 8.17 81.67

H3-I3 53.87 26.43 8.67 86.67

I3-J3 55.95 27.45 9 90

J3-K3 56.98 27.96 9.17 91.67

Note: It can be identified in mirror elements that same value of compression and tensile
forces. Please refer the finite element model & the annexture.

( + ) Tensile forces
Sign convention:
( - ) Compression forces

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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Bending Moment
Axial forces (kN)
(kNm)
Element name Pipe Servi
Dead Pipe Pipe Service Dead Pipe
wate ce
load dead water load load dead
r load

A1-B1 10.36 5.08 1.67 16.67 0.16 0.05

B1-C1 19.68 9.66 3.17 31.67 0.31 0.1

B
o C1-D1 27.97 13.73 4.5 45 0.31 0.1
t
t D1-E1 35.22 17.28 5.67 56.67 0.31 0.1
o
m E1-F1 41.44 20.33 6.67 66.67 0.31 0.1

c F1-G1 46.62 22.88 7.5 75 0.31 0.1

h
o G1-H1 50.77 24.91 8.17 81.67 0.31 0.1
r
d H1-I1 53.87 26.43 8.67 86.67 0.31 0.1

I1-J1 55.95 27.45 9 90 0.31 0.1

J1-K1 56.98 27.96 9.17 91.67 0.31 0.1

Note: It can be identified in mirror elements that same value of compression and tensile
forces. Please refer the finite element model & the annexture.

( + ) Tensile forces
Sign convention:
( - ) Compression forces

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

Axial forces (kN)

Element name
Dead Pipe Pipe Service
load dead water load

S A1-A2 12.92 6.1 2 20

q
u B1-B2 11.6 5.49 1.8 18
a
r C1-C2 10.66 4.88 1.6 16
e
D1-D2 9.41 4.27 1.4 14
F
r E1-E2 8.17 3.66 1.2 12
a
m F1-F2 6.93 3.05 1 10
e
G1-G2 5.68 2.44 0.8 8
M
e H1-H2 4.44 1.83 0.6 6
m
b I1-I2 3.2 1.22 0.4 4
e
r J1-J2 1.95 0.61 0.2 2
s
K1-K2 0.71 0 0 0

Note: It can be identified in mirror elements that same value of compression and tensile
forces. Please refer the finite element model & the annexture.

( + ) Tensile forces
Sign convention:
( - ) Compression forces

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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Axial forces (kN)

Element name
Dead Pipe Pipe Service
load dead water load

A1-B2 16.25 7.94 2.6 26.03

B1-C2 14.64 7.15 2.34 23.43

B
r C1-D2 13.02 6.35 2.08 20.83
a
c D1-E2 11.4 5.56 1.82 18.22
i
n
E1-F2 9.78 4.76 1.56 15.62
g
F1-G2 8.6 3.97 1.3 13.02
m
e
m G1-H2 6.54 3.18 1.04 10.41
b
e H1-I2 4.93 2.38 0.78 7.81
r
s I1-J2 3.31 1.59 0.52 5.21

J1-K2 1.69 0.79 0.26 2.6

K1-L2 0 0 0 0

Note: It can be identified in mirror elements that same value of compression and tensile
forces. Please refer the finite element model & the annexture.

( + ) Tensile forces
Sign convention:
( - ) Compression forces

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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4.2 Load combinations

Since primary live load ( water load) and the dead loads are affect to the structure, the
load combination 01 is only considered for the super structure design. It is important to
consider the stage construction. Therefore a load case is defined for the construction
stage along with the other load cases of the load combination 01.

4.2.1 Partial load factors for different load patterns of load combination 01

ULS SLS
Load type
γfl γf3 γde γfl γf3 γde
Dead load 1.15 1.1 1.27 1 1 1.00
Pipe dead load 1.15 1.1 1.27 1 1 1.00
Water weight 1.5 1.1 1.65 1 1 1.00
Service load 1.2 1.1 1.32 1 1 1.00

4.2.2 Design load cases with their values

Load case 01 : Permanent loads and service

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 56.98 72.08 56.98 0
Top chord Pipe dead load 27.96 35.369 27.96 0
Service load 91.67 121 91.67 0
228.45 176.61 0

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 56.98 72.08 56.98 0
Bottom chord Pipe dead load 27.96 35.369 27.96 0
Service load 91.67 121 91.67 0
228.45 176.61 0

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 12.92 16.344 12.92 0
Square frame Pipe dead load 6.1 7.7165 6.1 0.3922
Service load 20 26.4 20 0
50.46 39.02 0

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 16.25 20.556 16.25 0
Brace
Pipe dead load 7.94 10.044 7.94 0
members
Service load 26.03 34.36 26.03 0
64.96 50.22 0

Load case 02 : Permanent loads + service + water weight

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 56.98 72.08 56.98 0
Pipe dead load 27.96 35.369 27.96 0
Top chord
Service load 91.67 121 91.67 0
Water weight 9.17 15.131 9.17 0
243.58 185.78 0

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 56.98 72.08 56.98 0
Pipe dead load 27.96 35.369 27.96 0
Bottom chord
Service load 91.67 121 91.67 0
Water weight 9.17 15.131 9.17 0
243.58 185.78 0

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 12.92 16.344 12.92 0
Pipe dead load 6.1 7.7165 6.1 0.3922
Square frame
Service load 20 26.4 20 0
Water weight 2 3.3 2 0.165
53.76 41.02 0.5572

ULS
Element Load Type Nomianal ULS axial SLS axial Moment
Axial (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm)
Dead load 16.25 20.556 16.25 0
Brace Pipe dead load 7.94 10.044 7.94 0
members Service load 26.03 34.36 26.03 0
Water weight 2.6 4.29 2.6 0
69.25 52.82 0

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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4.3 Summary of design forces

Design Axial Design BM

Location
Force (kN) (kNm)
Top chord 243.58 0.00

Bottom chord 243.58 0.00

Sqaure Frame 53.76 0.56

Bracing Member 69.25 0.00

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5.Design of Strut for top chord

Use 2/ 100x100x10 Double Angle spaced 10 mm apart to allow for

gusset plates with spacing washers at half points i.e 0.5m centers. Note that y'-y' axis is
for the single angle section and the y-y axis is for the combined section.

Name Double Angle

Section dimensions 2/ 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
Ag 3840 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 45 mm
rvv 19.5 mm
Ixx 3540000 mm4
Zxx 49200 mm3
Lxx 1000 mm
Lyy 1000 mm
Lvv 500 mm ( See note 1)
Steel grade S 275
Thickness 10 < 16 mm
BS 5950-1-2000
Design Strength Py 2
Cl 3.1.1 Table 9 275 N / mm
Design compression force 243.58 kN
Design moment 0.00 kNm

Fig 5.1: shematic diagram of Double angle

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BS 5950-1-2000
Segment Length L = 1000 mm
Cl 4.7.1.1

Non-sway mode, partially restrained in direction at both ends

BS 5950-1-2000 Effective length LE = 0.85 L mm
Cl 4.7.3 C Table
22 LE = 850 mm

Slenderness ratio λ = 0.85Lxx / rxx

BS 5950-1-2000 = 27.96
Cl 4.7.10.3 λ = 0.7 Lxx / rxx + 30
= 53.03
λ = [ (Lyy/ryy)2 + λc2]0.5
= 33.93
λ = 1.4 λc
= 35.90
λmax = 53.03

λc = Lv /rv
= 25.64

Note 1 : For the connections at mid points, where λc is based on the minimum r of the
component ( rvv for single angle ) as the angle can fail as a component between fasteners.

BS 5950-1-2000
Classification of cross sections
Cl 3.5 Table 11

ε = (275/Py)0.5
= 1

b/t = 100 / 10 < 15ε

= 10 < 15

d/t = 100 / 10 < 15ε

= 10 < 15

( b + d) / t = 200 / 10 < 24ε

= 20 < 24

There fore, section is Class 3, semi-compact

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5.1 Determination of compressive strength

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 3.5 Table 23 Appropriate strut curve = Curve C

λ = 53.03 Py = 275 Strut curve C

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.7 Table 24 Compressive strength pc = 213 N/mm2 ( Conservatively)

Compressive resistance

Compressive resistance Pc = Agpc N

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.7.4 = 3840 x 213 N
= 817.92 kN

Design compressive force = 243.58 kN

Design compressive force < Compressive resistance

5.2 Determination of bending capacity

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.2.5 Axial forces are predominant in the truss design the shear forces are very low, therefore
the low shear bending capacity method is adopted.

Bending capacity Mc = pyZ

= 275 x 49200
= 13530000 Nmm
= 13.53 kNm

DesignBending Moment = 0 kNm

Design bending Moment < Bending capacity

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5.3 Cross section capacity check for compression members with moments

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.8.3.2 Classification of cross section = Class 3, semi-compact
Section is doubly symmetric

Parameter value Unit

Fc
243.584 kN
AgPy
1056 kN
Mx
0 kNm
Mcx
13.53 kNm
My
0 kNm
Mcy
0 kNm

0.23

Section is satisfactory

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6.0 Design of ties for bottom chord

Use 2/ 100x100x10 Double Angle spaced 10 mm apart to allow for

gusset plates with spacing washers at half points i.e 0.5m centers. Note that y'-y' axis is
for the single angle section and the y-y axis is for the combined section.

Name Double Angle

Section dimensions 2/ 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
Ag 3840 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 45 mm
rvv 19.5 mm
Ixx 3540000 mm4
Zxx 3
49200 mm
Lxx 1000 mm
Lyy 1000 mm
Lvv 500 mm ( See note 1)
Steel grade S 275
Thickness 10 < 16 mm
Design Strength Py 2
275 N / mm
Design tensile force 500 kN
Design moment 0 kNm
Bolt dia. 20 mm

Fig 6.1: shematic diagram of Double angle

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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Gross area a1 = tb
BS 5950-1-2000
2
Cl 4.6.3.1 connected element a1 = 1000 mm
t = 10 b = 100 D = 22 Ke = 1.2

a2 = Ag-a1
a2 = 2840 mm2

Net area An = (Ag- tD)

= 3620 mm2

BS 5950-1-2000
Effective area Ae = KeAn but <= Ag
Cl 3.4.3 = 4344
Ae = 3840

Tension capacity Pt = py(Ae-0.5a2)

BS 5950-1-2000 = 275 x ( 3840 - 0.5 x 2840 )
Cl 4.6.3.1 = 665500 N
Pt = 665.5 kN

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7.Design of Strut for square frame

Use 100x100x10 Single Angle for the square section.

Name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
Ag 1920 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 30.4 mm
rvv 19.5 mm
Ixx 1770000 mm4
3
Zxx 24600 mm
Lxx 1200 mm
Lyy 1200 mm
Lvv 1200 mm ( See note 1)
Steel grade S 275
Thickness 10 < 16 mm
BS 5950-1-2000 2
Cl 3.1.1 Table 9 Design Strength Py 275 N / mm
Design compression force 53.76 kN
Design moment 0.56 kNm

Fig 7.1: shematic diagram of Single angle

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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BS 5950-1-2000
Segment Length L = 1200 mm
Cl 4.7.1.1

Non-sway mode, partially restrained in direction at both ends

BS 5950-1-2000 Effective length LE = 0.85 L mm
Cl 4.7.3 C Table
22 LE = 1020 mm

Slenderness ratio λ = 0.85Lxx / rxx

BS 5950-1-2000 = 33.55
Cl 4.7.10.3 λ = 0.7 Lxx / rxx + 30
= 57.63
2 2 0.5
λ = [ (Lyy/ryy) + λc ]
= 73.11
λ = 1.4 λc
= 86.15
λmax = 86.15

λc = Lv /rv
= 61.54

Note 1 : For the connections at mid points, where λc is based on the minimum r of the
component ( rvv for single angle ) as the angle can fail as a component between
fasteners.

BS 5950-1-2000
Classification of cross sections
Cl 3.5 Table 11

ε = (275/Py)0.5
= 1

b/t = 100 / 10 < 15ε

= 10 < 15

d/t = 100 / 10 < 15ε

= 10 < 15

( b + d) / t = 200 / 10 < 24ε

= 20 < 24

There fore, section is Class 3, semi-compact

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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7.1 Determination of compressive strength

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 3.5 Table 23 Appropriate strut curve = Curve C

λ = 86.15 Py = 275 Strut curve C

BS 5950-1-2000 2
Cl 4.7 Table 24 Compressive strength pc = 150 N/mm ( Conservatively)

Compressive resistance

Compressive resistance Pc = Agpc N

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.7.4 = 1920 x 150 N
= 288 kN

Design compressive force = 53.76 kN

Design compressive force < Compressive resistance

7.2 Determination of bending capacity

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.2.5 Axial forces are predominant in the truss design the shear forces are very low, therefore
the low shear bending capacity method is adopted.

Bending capacity Mc = pyZ

= 275 x 24600
= 6765000 Nmm
= 6.765 kNm

DesignBending Moment = 0.5572 kNm

Design bending Moment < Bending capacity

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7.3 Cross section capacity check for compression members with moments

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.8.3.2 Classification of cross section = Class 3, semi-compact
Section is doubly symmetric

Parameter value Unit

Fc
53.7603 kN
AgPy
528 kN
Mx
0.55715 kNm
Mcx
6.765 kNm
My
0 kNm
Mcy
0 kNm

0.18

Section is satisfactory

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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8.0 Design of ties for square frame

Use 100x100x10 Single Angle for the square section.

Name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x10 mm x mm x mm
Ag 1920 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 10 mm
rxx 30.4 mm
ryy 30.4 mm
rvv 19.5 mm
Ixx 1770000 mm4
Zxx 24600 mm3
Lxx 1200 mm
Lyy 1200 mm
Lvv 1200 mm ( See note 1)
Steel grade S 275
Thickness 10 < 16 mm
Design Strength Py 2
275 N / mm
Design tensile force 53.76 kN
Design moment 0 kNm
Bolt dia. 20 mm

Fig 8.1: shematic diagram of Single angle

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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Gross area a1 = tb
BS 5950-1-2000
2
Cl 4.6.3.2 connected element a1 = 1000 mm
t = 10 b = 100 D = 22 Ke = 1.2

a2 = Ag-a1
a2 = 920 mm2

Net area An = (Ag- tD)

= 1700 mm2

BS 5950-1-2000
Effective area Ae = KeAn but <= Ag
Cl 3.4.3 = 2040
Ae = 1920

Tension capacity Pt = py(Ae-0.5a2)

= 275 x ( 1920 - 0.5 x 920 )
= 401500 N
Pt = 401.5 kN

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

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9.Design of Strut for bracing members

Use 100x100x8 Single Angle for the bracing section.

Name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x8 mm x mm x mm
Ag 1550 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 8 mm
rxx 30.6 mm
ryy 30.6 mm
rvv 38.5 mm
Ixx 1450000 mm4
3
Zxx 19972 mm
Lxx 1562 mm
Lyy 1562 mm
Lvv 1562 mm ( See note 1)
Steel grade S 275
Thickness 10 < 16 mm
BS 5950-1-2000 2
Cl 3.1.1 Table 9 Design Strength Py 275 N / mm
Design compression force 69.25 kN
Design moment 0 kNm

Fig 9.1: shematic diagram of Single angle

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 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

BS 5950-1-2000
Segment Length L = 1562 mm
Cl 4.7.1.1

Non-sway mode, partially restrained in direction at both ends

BS 5950-1-2000 Effective length LE = 0.85 L mm
Cl 4.7.3 C Table
22 LE = 1327.7 mm

Slenderness ratio λ = 0.85Lxx / rxx

BS 5950-1-2000 = 43.39
Cl 4.7.10.3 λ = 0.7 Lxx / rxx + 30
= 65.73
2 2 0.5
λ = [ (Lyy/ryy) + λc ]
= 65.21
λ = 1.4 λc
= 56.80
λmax = 65.73

λc = Lv /rv
= 40.57

Note 1 : For the connections at mid points, where λc is based on the minimum r of the
component ( rvv for single angle ) as the angle can fail as a component between
fasteners.

BS 5950-1-2000
Classification of cross sections
Cl 3.5 Table 11

ε = (275/Py)0.5
= 1

b/t = 100 / 8 < 15ε

= 12.5 < 15

d/t = 100 / 8 < 15ε

= 12.5 < 15

( b + d) / t = 200 / 8 > 24ε

= 25 > 24

There fore, section is Class 3, semi-compact

27
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

9.1 Determination of compressive strength

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 3.5 Table 23 Appropriate strut curve = Curve C

λ = 65.73 Py = 275 Strut curve C

BS 5950-1-2000 2
Cl 4.7 Table 24 Compressive strength pc = 189 N/mm ( Conservatively)

Compressive resistance

Compressive resistance Pc = Agpc N

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.7.4 = 1550 x 189 N
= 292.95 kN

Design compressive force = 69.25 kN

Design compressive force < Compressive resistance

9.2 Determination of bending capacity

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.2.5 Axial forces are predominant in the truss design the shear forces are very low, therefore
the low shear bending capacity method is adopted.

Bending capacity Mc = pyZ

= 275 x 19972
= 5492300 Nmm
= 5.4923 kNm

DesignBending Moment = 0 kNm

Design bending Moment < Bending capacity

28
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

9.3 Cross section capacity check for compression members with moments

BS 5950-1-2000
Cl 4.8.3.2 Classification of cross section = Class 3, semi-compact
Section is doubly symmetric

Parameter value Unit

Fc
69.24995 kN
AgPy
426.25 kN
Mx
0 kNm
Mcx
5.4923 kNm
My
0 kNm
Mcy
0 kNm

0.16

Section is satisfactory

29
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

10.0 Design of ties for bracing members

Use 100x100x8 Single Angle for the bracing section.

Name Single Angle

Section dimensions 100x100x8 mm x mm x mm
Ag 1550 mm2
b 100 mm
d 100 mm
t 8 mm
rxx 30.6 mm
ryy 30.6 mm
rvv 38.5 mm
Ixx 1450000 mm4
Zxx 19972 mm3
Lxx 1562 mm
Lyy 1562 mm
Lvv 1562 mm
Steel grade S 275
Thickness 10 < 16 mm
Design Strength Py 2
275 N / mm
Design tensile force 69.25 kN
Design moment 0 kNm
Bolt dia. 20 mm

Fig 10.1: shematic diagram of Single angle

30
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

Gross area a1 = tb
BS 5950-1-2000
2
Cl 4.6.3.2 connected element a1 = 1000 mm
t = 10 b = 100 D = 22 Ke = 1.2

a2 = Ag-a1
a2 = 550 mm2

Net area An = (Ag- tD)

= 1330 mm2

BS 5950-1-2000
Effective area Ae = KeAn but <= Ag
Cl 3.4.3 = 1596
Ae = 1550

Tension capacity Pt = py(Ae-0.5a2)

= 275 x ( 1550 - 0.5 x 550 )
= 350625 N
Pt = 350.63 kN

31
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

11. Design of connection for bottom chord

BS 5950-1-2000
Bolt dia. d 20 mm
Cl Table 33 Hole dia. D 22 mm
Bolt tensile area At 245 mm2
Bolt Grade 8.8
BS 5950-1-2000
Cl Table 30,31 Shear strength - bolt Ps 375 N/mm2
Bearing strength- bolt Pbb 1000 N/mm2
Number of bolts 3
Number of shear planes 6

Gusset thickness 10 mm
Gusset steel grade S 275
BS 5950-1-2000
Cl Table 32 Bearing strength- gusset Pbs 460 N/mm2
Truss member thickness 10 mm
Design axial force 243.58 kN
Truss member steel grade 275 N/mm2

Edge distance e1 50 mm
e2 50 mm
Bolt spacing s 75 mm

Figure 11.1: shematic diagram of bolt connection

32
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

11.1 Check for minimum edge distance

Assume a rolled section, machine flame cut

BS 5950-1-2000
Minimum edge distance = 1.25D
Cl Table 29 = 1.25 x 22
= 27.5 mm

e1 = 50 mm
e2 = 50 mm

e1 & e2 > 1.25D

11.2 Check for maximum edge distance

BS 5950-1-2000 Maximum edge distance = 11tε , ε = 1

Cl 6.2.2.5
= 11 x 10 x 1
= 110 mm

e1 = 50 mm
e2 = 50 mm
e1 & e2 < 11tε

11.3 Check for minimum bolt spacing

BS 5950-1-2000
Minimum spacing of bolts = 2.5d
Cl 6.2.1.1 = 2.5 x 20
= 50 mm

s = 75 mm
s > 2.5d

11.4 check for maximum bolt spacing

BS 5950-1-2000
Assume non corrosive influence situation
Cl 6.2.1.2

Maximum spacing of bolts = 14t

= 14 x 10
= 140 mm

s = 75 mm
s > 14t

33
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

11.5 Check for bolt shear

Shear strength of a single shear plane Ps = psAs

= 375 x 245
= 91875 N
= 91.875 kN

Design shear force for a shear plane = 40.597 kN

Bolt shear capacity is Adequate

11.6 Bolt Bearing capacity

BS 5950-1-2000
Bolt bearing capacity Pbb = d tp pbb
Cl 6.2.1.2 = 20 x 10 x 1000
= 200000 N
= 200 kN

Design force on the bolt = 81.195 kN

Bolt bearing is Adequate

11.7 Check for plate bearing capacity

Bearing capacity of gusset Pbs = kbsdtp pbs < 0.5kbsetppbs

= 1 x 20 x 10 x 460
= 92000 N
= 92 kN < 115 kN

Plate bearing force = 81.195 kN

Plate bearing is Adequate

34
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

11.8 Check for plate block shear

Block shear capacity Pr = 0.6pyt[ Lv + Ke(Lt-kDt)]

BS 5400-1:2000
Consider single line of bolts & standards size of bolt holes
Cl 6.2.4

Parameter Value unit

py 275 N/mm2

t 10 mm

Lv 200 mm
BS 5400-1:2000
Cl 3.4.3 Ke 1.2 -

Lt 50 mm

k 0.5

Dt 22 mm
Pr 407.22 kN

Design force on gusset plate = 243.58 kN

Plate block shear capacity is Adequate

35
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

12. Design of connection for Square frame

BS 5950-1-2000
Bolt dia. d 20 mm
Cl Table 33 Hole dia. D 22 mm
Bolt tensile area At 245 mm2
Bolt Grade 8.8
BS 5950-1-2000
Cl Table 30,31 Shear strength - bolt Ps 375 N/mm2
Bearing strength- bolt Pbb 1000 N/mm2
Number of bolts 2
Number of shear planes 4

Gusset thickness 10 mm
Gusset steel grade S 275
BS 5950-1-2000
Cl Table 32 Bearing strength- gusset Pbs 460 N/mm2
Truss member thickness 10 mm
Design axial force 53.76 kN
Truss member steel grade 275 N/mm2

Edge distance e1 50 mm
e2 50 mm
Bolt spacing s 75

Figure 12.1: shematic diagram of bolt connection

36
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

12.1 Check for minimum edge distance

Assume a rolled section, machine flame cut

BS 5950-1-2000
Minimum edge distance = 1.25D
Cl Table 29 = 1.25 x 22
= 27.5 mm

e1 = 50 mm
e2 = 50 mm

e1 & e2 > 1.25D

12.2 Check for maximum edge distance

BS 5950-1-2000 Maximum edge distance = 11tε , ε = 1

Cl 6.2.2.5
= 11 x 10 x 1
= 110 mm

e1 = 50 mm
e2 = 50 mm
e1 & e2 < 11tε

12.3 Check for minimum bolt spacing

BS 5950-1-2000
Minimum spacing of bolts = 2.5d
Cl 6.2.1.1 = 2.5 x 20
= 50 mm

s = 75 mm
s > 2.5d

12.4 check for maximum bolt spacing

BS 5950-1-2000
Assume non corrosive influence situation
Cl 6.2.1.2

Maximum spacing of bolts = 14t

= 14 x 10
= 140 mm

s = 75 mm
s > 14t

37
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

12.5 Check for bolt shear

Shear strength of a single shear plane Ps = psAs

= 375 x 245
= 91875 N
= 91.875 kN

Design shear force for a shear plane = 13.44 kN

Bolt shear capacity is Adequate

12.6 Bolt Bearing capacity

BS 5950-1-2000
Bolt bearing capacity Pbb = d tp pbb
Cl 6.2.1.2 = 20 x 10 x 1000
= 200000 N
= 200 kN

Design force on the bolt = 26.88 kN

Bolt bearing is Adequate

12.7 Check for plate bearing capacity

Bearing capacity of gusset Pbs = kbsdtp pbs < 0.5kbsetppbs

= 1 x 20 x 10 x 460
= 92000 N
= 92 kN < 115 kN

Plate bearing force = 26.88 kN

Plate bearing is Adequate

38
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

12.8 Check for plate block shear

Block shear capacity Pr = 0.6pyt[ Lv + Ke(Lt-kDt)]

BS 5400-1:2000
Consider single line of bolts & standards size of bolt holes
Cl 6.2.4

Parameter Value unit

py 275 N/mm2

t 10 mm

Lv 125 mm
BS 5400-1:2000
Cl 3.4.3 Ke 1.2 -

Lt 50 mm

k 0.5

Dt 22 mm
Pr 283.47 kN

Design force on gusset plate = 53.76 kN

Plate block shear capacity is Adequate

39
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

13. Design of connection for brace elements

BS 5950-1-2000
Bolt dia. d 20 mm
Cl Table 33 Hole dia. D 22 mm
Bolt tensile area At 245 mm2
Bolt Grade 8.8
BS 5950-1-2000
Cl Table 30,31 Shear strength - bolt Ps 375 N/mm2
Bearing strength- bolt Pbb 1000 N/mm2
Number of bolts 2
Number of shear planes 4

Gusset thickness 10 mm
Gusset steel grade S 275
BS 5950-1-2000
Cl Table 32 Bearing strength- gusset Pbs 460 N/mm2
Truss member thickness 10 mm
Design axial force 69.25 kN
Truss member steel grade 275 N/mm2

Edge distance e1 50 mm
e2 50 mm
Bolt spacing s 75

Figure 13.1: shematic diagram of bolt connection

40
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

13.1 Check for minimum edge distance

Assume a rolled section, machine flame cut

BS 5950-1-2000
Minimum edge distance = 1.25D
Cl Table 29 = 1.25 x 22
= 27.5 mm

e1 = 50 mm
e2 = 50 mm

e1 & e2 > 1.25D

13.2 Check for maximum edge distance

BS 5950-1-2000 Maximum edge distance = 11tε , ε = 1

Cl 6.2.2.5
= 11 x 10 x 1
= 110 mm

e1 = 50 mm
e2 = 50 mm
e1 & e2 < 11tε

13.3 Check for minimum bolt spacing

BS 5950-1-2000
Minimum spacing of bolts = 2.5d
Cl 6.2.1.1 = 2.5 x 20
= 50 mm

s = 75 mm
s > 2.5d

13.4 check for maximum bolt spacing

BS 5950-1-2000
Assume non corrosive influence situation
Cl 6.2.1.2

Maximum spacing of bolts = 14t

= 14 x 10
= 140 mm

s = 75 mm
s > 14t

41
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

13.5 Check for bolt shear

Shear strength of a single shear plane Ps = psAs

= 375 x 245
= 91875 N
= 91.875 kN

Design shear force for a shear plane = 17.312 kN

Bolt shear capacity is Adequate

13.6 Bolt Bearing capacity

BS 5950-1-2000
Bolt bearing capacity Pbb = d tp pbb
Cl 6.2.1.2 = 20 x 10 x 1000
= 200000 N
= 200 kN

Design force on the bolt = 34.625 kN

Bolt bearing is Adequate

13.7 Check for plate bearing capacity

Bearing capacity of gusset Pbs = kbsdtp pbs < 0.5kbsetppbs

= 1 x 20 x 10 x 460
= 92000 N
= 92 kN < 115 kN

Plate bearing force = 34.625 kN

Plate bearing is Adequate

42
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

13.8 Check for plate block shear

Block shear capacity Pr = 0.6pyt[ Lv + Ke(Lt-kDt)]

BS 5400-1:2000
Consider single line of bolts & standards size of bolt holes
Cl 6.2.4

Parameter Value unit

py 275 N/mm2

t 10 mm

Lv 125 mm
BS 5400-1:2000
Cl 3.4.3 Ke 1.2 -

Lt 50 mm

k 0.5

Dt 22 mm
Pr 283.47 kN

Design force on gusset plate = 69.25 kN

Plate block shear capacity is Adequate

43
 Designed by:

Reference Description Output

ANNEXTURE

1
 Schematic view & Notation of Steel Super Structure

L
3 K
J
2 I Global Model of The Steel Super Structure
H
G
F
E
D
4 C
1
B
A

Local A
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

Global Finite Element Model Bridge Super Structure

1
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

Application of Pipe Dead load at nodes-Axial Load Behaviour case

Application of Water load at nodes-Axial Load Behaviour case

2
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

Application of service load at nodes-Axial Load Behaviour case

3
 Design of Cross Bridge-Steel Super Structure Designed by:

Reference Description Output

Photo of Axial load of analysis