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Vincent Etter
Classical Conditioning
The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to
evoke the response initially evoked by another stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov (1927)
Pavlov was interested in how creatures made associations between
events. He produced salivation from dogs as a response to the
sound of a bell.
Before conditioning (Part 1)
2. Delay Conditioning
The CS is presented before the US and it (CS) stays on until the US is CS US
presented.
This is generally the best, especially when the delay is short. Time
Delay Conditioning
3. Simultaneous Conditioning CS
The CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.
CS and US presented together. Not very good. US
Time
Simultaneous Conditioning
4. Backward Conditioning
Backward conditioning occurs when a CS immediately follows a US. CS
US
US occurs before CS.
Time
Backward Conditioning
Extinction
Stimulus Generalisation
Stimulus can be varied and still elicit the response.
Significance of Stimulus
If highly significant for safety of individual - very long time to
extinguish.
Primary reinforcement
Using a reward which satisfies a primary need
such as food or sex.
Secondary reinforcement
Using a reward that doesn’t satisfy a primary need e.g. money.
Token Economy Programme (Ayllon and Azrin, 1968)
Positive Reinforcement
getting a reward such as food or praise
Negative Reinforcement
avoiding something unpleasant such as pain
Punishment
getting something unpleasant such as a smack
Cost Response
removing something pleasant such as a fine
Discriminative Stimulus
Amount of change a stimulus can undergo and still elicit the response.
Learned Helplessness
Control is important in conditioning.
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)
• A reinforcer follows every response.
• Best used for shaping or maintaining difficult behavior.
Reinforcement Schedules
Partial Reinforcement
FR
1. Fixed-Interval Schedules (FI) 3. Fixed-Ratio Schedules (FR)
A single response after the passage Reinforcement occurs after a fixed VR
of a fixed period of time yields number of responses.
reinforcement. FI
Number
2. Variable-Interval Schedules (VI) 4. Variable-Ratio Schedules (VR) of VI
A single response after a varied Number of responses required for responses
passage of time. reinforcement vary from trial to trial.
Time