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Subject: RE: Maxwell

Date: Tue, 7 Mar 2006 19:02:11 -0600

David,

Maxwell's real "primary theory" was published as James Clerk

Maxwell, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field,"
Royal Society Transactions, Vol. CLV, 1865, p 459. The paper was
read before the Society on Dec. 8, 1864. It is included in The
Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, 2 vols. bound as one,
edited by W. D. Niven, Dover, New York, 1952, Vol. 1, p. 526-597.
Two errata are given on the unnumbered page prior to page 1 of
Vol. 1.

In this 1865 paper Maxwell presents his seminal theory of

electromagnetism, containing 20 equations in 20 unknowns. His
general equations of the electromagnetic field are given in Part III,
General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field, p. 554-564. On p.
561, he lists his 20 variables. On p. 562, he summarizes the
different subjects of the 20 equations, being three equations each
for magnetic force, electric currents, electromotive force, electric
elasticity, electric resistance, total currents; and one equation each
for free electricity and continuity. In the paper, Maxwell adopts the
approach of first arriving at the laws of induction and then
deducing the mechanical attractions and repulsions.

Maxwell himself was pressured intensely to change from his

"horrid" quaternion-like mathematics theory (20 equations in 20
unknowns). Hamilton's quaternions were advanced and backed by
a gruff, quarrelsome fellow, Tate, who almost no one could get
along with. The math of the day was quite simplified. Vector
algebra, e.g., had not yet been born, and in fact it got born because
of the work (by Heaviside, Gibbs, Hertz and others) to simplify
Maxwell's work.

There were less than three dozen "electrodynamicists" in the entire

world in the 1880s, even after Maxwell's death in 1879. The
electron had not been discovered, and the "atom" was still just a
theory. Everyone still believed in the material ether, and also
believed that only force fields were real and that potentials were
just mathematical conveniences having no physical reality.

Maxwell's own previous electromagnetic theorizing had been very

"mechanical" and generally followed Faraday's belief in "lines of
force" in space around conductors etc. To Maxwell, these were
very material things -- in short, the material ether was a very firm
part of his thinking, and also was a firm part of the thinking of
Faraday and most others. See Maxwell, James Clerk, "On
Faraday's Lines of Force," Transactions of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society, Vol. X, Part I., p. TBD, 1855-56. Read Dec.
10, 1855 and Feb. 11, 1856. Also see Maxwell, James Clerk, "On
Physical Lines of Force," Philosophical Magazine, Vol. XXI, Mar.,
Apr., and May 1861; Jan. and Feb. 1862.

In 1868, Maxwell used an electrical derivation of his theory instead

of the previous dynamical derivation. See Maxwell, James Clerk,
"On a Method of Making a Direct Comparison of Electrostatic with
Electromagnetic Force; with a Note on the Electromagnetic Theory
of Light," Philosophical Magazine, Vol. CLVIII, 1868.

Eventually Maxwell retired to his estate, and after some years of

hard work he produced the first edition of his famous Treatise. See
Maxwell, James Clerk, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1873. This was just six years
before his death.

During this time, the Maxwell theory had not really made very
much progress, and though considered of importance, it was not
considered anything very spectacular -- much of this being because
of its "considered too difficult" mathematics and the residues of the
"terrible quaternions". Even Maxwell's own publisher strongly
criticized to Maxwell his use of this horrid mathematical style
which was so much opposed, as the publisher considered that was
cause of the theory meeting with such opposition.

Taken aback, Maxwell himself set upon greatly simplifying his

own mathematics, by going back through his Treatise and re-doing
it. He had finished doing this for about 80% of the book (the first
nine chapters or so) when he died of stomach cancer in 1879.

After his death, a modified second edition was published in 1881.

Foreword to the second edition was by Niven, who finished the
work past where Maxwell had dramatically rewritten the first nine
chapter. Some new matter was added and the former contents
rearranged and simplified. The rest of the second edition is
therefore largely a reprint from the first edition.

The third edition was published in 1891, volumes 1 and 2. This

third edition was then edited by J. J. Thomson and a new third
edition was published in 1892, by Oxford University Press (much
later this one was published unabridged, Dover Publications, New
York, 1954). J. J. Thomson finished the publication of the third
edition, and wrote a "Supplementary Volume" with his notes. A
summary of Maxwell's equations are given in Vol. II, Chapter IX of
the third edition.

However, Maxwell had gone (in his work for the second edition) to
some pains to reduce the quaternion expressions himself, so as not
to require the students to know the calculus of quaternions (so
stated on p. 257). We note that Maxwell did not finish the second
edition, but died before that. He actually had no hand at all in the
third edition as to any changes. The Second edition was later
finished by Niven by simply adding the remaining material from
the previous first edition approved by Maxwell. The printing of the
first nine chapters of the third edition was already underway when
J. J. Thomson was assigned to finish the editing of the manuscript.

Quoting Paul Nahin, "Oliver Heaviside," Scientific American,

262(6), June 1990, p. 124:

"Maxwell had predicted that an oscillating electric

field in space would generate a magnetic field
oscillating at the same frequency, which, in turn,
would induce an electric field and so on. This
"electromagnetic" wave would necessarily propagate
at the speed of light, itself a species of electromagnetic
radiation."

Quote p. 124: "Maxwell died at 48 in 1879, nine years before the

German genius Heinrich Hertz verified his prediction by detecting
electromagnetic waves in space. Almost immediately thereafter
Oliver J. Lodge (later Sir Oliver) - who was to be one of
Heaviside's most ardent supporters - detected electromagnetic
waves in metal wire. Only then did Maxwell's theory become
widely accepted as the standard."

Quote p. 124: "Heaviside vastly simplified Maxwell's 20 equations

in 20 variables by squeezing their essence into two equations
written in two variables (the variables described the magnetic and
electric field vectors). Much of the theoretical work was done in
parallel with Hertz, who graciously noted in his book on electric
waves that "Mr. Heaviside has the priority." ... "For some years the
reformulated equations were called the Hertz-Heaviside equations,
and later the young Einstein referred to them as the Maxwell-Hertz
equations. Today only Maxwell's name is mentioned." ..."Together
with Josiah Williard Gibbs of Yale University, Heaviside taught
vectors to the world's physicists."

Summarizing on p. 124: "Heaviside vastly simplified Maxwell's 20

equations in 20 variables by squeezing their essence into two
equations written in two variables (the variables described the
magnetic and electric field vectors)."

We also point out that Heaviside never attended university, and was
self-taught. He was brilliant, but hated quaternions and potentials.
For potentials, he stated that they should "be murdered from the
theory". Today, in modern quantum theory we know that it is the
potentials that have the primary reality, and the force fields are
merely constructed from them (by their interaction in and with
charged matter).

So, as one can see, Maxwell had been dead quite a few years prior
to the dramatic reduction of his equations and theory and the
emergence of vector analysis. Maxwell's theory did not gain
prominence until Hertz and Lodge had experimentally detected
electromagnetic waves.

The much-reduced Heaviside-Gibbs-Hertz limited version of

Maxwell's theory, with the added Lorentz symmetrization and
arbitrary discarding of all asymmetrical Maxwellian systems, has
since been taught as "Maxwell's theory". It is Heaviside's equations
and Heaviside's notations, as further limited by Lorentz.

In 1892 Lorentz added the coup de grace to even this much-

reduced Heaviside vector theory with simple equations and much
fewer potentials. Lorentz arbitrarily symmetrized the equations to
make them simpler yet, so that closed algebraic solutions could
usually be found and one would not have to use numerical methods
so widely. He did it merely to simplify the equations to NEW
equations having much easier solutions! That he changed the
potentials was considered of no consequence, so long as no NET
translation force field emerged (even though two new force fields
were arbitrarily introduced).

Contrast this to the "argument" that a man standing between two

elephants pushing against each other and against him, is no
different than the man standing between two fleas pushing against
each other and against him. To anyone who believes that, he can
stand between the elephants and we will stand between the fleas --
and then we will compare notes on whether or not our systems are
"the same". Opposing forces equal and opposite comprise a stress
potential, and two systems with differing stress potentials are most
certainly not "the same thing".

Indeed, the two free fields that symmetrization introduced,

represent free "EM energy from the vacuum" introduced into the
system, and then "locked up" in it as stress potential. It deliberately
is not allowed to translate electrons, but only to change the physical
stress of the system. In short, it is a very convenient way to "lock
up" and not use that extra EM field energy from the vacuum that
was generated and used in the two equal and opposite new fields.

At the time, by his symmetrization of the Heaviside-Maxwell

equations, Lorentz had just (unknowingly and unrecognized to
anyone else) discarded all nature's permissible asymmetrical
Maxwellian systems -- the very ones that contained the entire class
of Maxwellian systems capable of freely receiving energy from the
vacuum, creating a NET translation force field in its charged matter
system, and using it to push current through loads and power them
freely.
None of this was originally done "diabolically" but only in a
desperate attempt to get something developed that would be simple
and also useful. Most of particle physics had not been discovered,
there was no special and general relativity, no quantum mechanics
or quantum electrodynamics, no quantum field theory, no Yang-
Mills theory, etc. The electron had not been discovered, and most
of those early scientists believed firmly in the thin material ether
assumed in the various versions of the theory by Maxwell,
Heaviside, Hertz, Gibbs, Lodge, and others.

In that period, also there were less than three dozen

"electrodynamicists" in the entire world.

In 1887 the material ether was falsified experimentally. Not a

single Maxwell-Heaviside-Lorentz equation has ever been changed
to correct the theory accordingly and eliminate its continued
assumption of a material ether and therefore force fields in mass-
free space. After all, space was thought to be filled with a thin
material fluid, and so -- to them -- there was no single point in all
the universe where mass was absent.

Force was considered the only reality; the potentials were not even
considered physically real, but just considered to be mathematical
conveniences. Hence the electrodynamicists believed that they
could change the potentials any way they wished (regauge at will),
so long as the two new free force fields that emerged were equal
and opposite, so that no NET translation force field emerged (even
though two new ones did including with their field energies). In
short, that was Lorentz symmetrization.

The conventional EEs were and are trained in a symmetrical theory

which only prescribes Lorentz-symmetrical circuits. They were and
are taught to build circuits where the source dipole inside the
generator is left wired into the source generator's own external
circuit as a load while current is flowing. The result is to equalize
the back emf (translation force field that must be opposed by all
current pumped back through the generator) and the forward emf
(translation force field that pushes the current to flow through the
external circuit and thus enables powering the external circuit's
loads and losses.

This inane practice thus produces only circuits and electrical power
systems that use precisely half their freely collected potential
energy from the vacuum, to do naught but destroy the source
dipolarity that is furnishing the energy flow from the vacuum in the
first place, quite freely.

Electrical engineers and electrical engineering do not calculate the

EM field in space, though all purport to do so, and they are not
even taught what powers the electrical circuit itself. They are
erroneously taught that cranking the shaft of the generator produces
mechanical energy that eventually gets transduced into the
Poynting energy flowing along the conductors of the external
circuit, through surrounding space, and getting diverged into the
circuit to potentialize the charges q.
Electrical engineers falsely assume an inert vacuum and a flat
spacetime. When the Lorentz condition is violated, or the energy
density in the circuit changes, this is not true. Rigorous proof that
eliminating the arbitrary Lorentz condition provides systems
having free additional energy currents from the vacuum is given by
M. W. Evans et al., "Classical Electrodynamics without the Lorentz
Condition: Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta,
Vol. 61, 2000, p. 513-517.

After the rise of particle physics, special and general relativity,

quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, quantum field
theory, gauge field theory etc., most of modern physics was born.
Along the way the errors in CEM/EE were noted now and then by
various scientists, including some Nobelists and other eminent
scientists. In 1957, the prediction and proof of broken symmetry in
physics electrified all physics and resulted in the prompt award of
the Nobel Prize to Lee and Yang for predicting it.

One of those proven broken symmetries that so revolutionized

modern physics is that of the separation of opposite charges -- the
common dipole. Broken symmetry -- in Lee's words -- means
"something virtual has become observable". For the source dipole,
it means that the charges of the dipolarity continuously absorb
virtual photon energy from the seething vacuum, transduce it
coherently and integrate it to the next quantum level of excitation,
then abruptly the quantum excitation decays and the dipole emits a
real, observable photon. The process iterates continually, so that
any common little charge or dipole is actually (1) a true
Maxwellian demon, absorbing ordered virtual energy from the
seething virtual state vacuum and (2) a real physical system
continually producing negative entropy in total violation of the
hoary old second law of thermodynamics (in accord with the
theoretical proof that such systems are permitted, as shown by D. J.
Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of
Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002,
p. 895-920).

Here the knowledge in thermodynamics that disordered statistical

systems are comprised of parts that continually violate the second
hoary old law of thermodynamics is of importance. Maxwell -- also
a thermodynamicist -- realized this in the latter 1800s. Quoting:

"The truth of the second law is a statistical, not a

mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the
bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules.
Hence the second law of thermodynamics is
continually being violated, and that to a considerable
extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules
belonging to a real body." [Maxwell, J. C., "Tait's
Thermodynamics II," Nature 17, 278-280 (7 February
1878)].

I crudely solved the "source charge problem" (how the source

charge sits there and pours out real EM energy continuously,
without any OBSERVABLE EM energy input) in 1999 and
published it in 2000 and subsequently, gradually improving it as
time passed. We finally realized that, in conceiving and modeling
the virtual particles themselves that continually appear and
disappear in the seething virtual state vacuum, physicists have
actually conceived each virtual particle (during its momentary
existence) as an already-perfectly ordered entity! In short, the
entire statistical vacuum is of course disordered, but each virtual
particle WHILE IT MOMENTARILY EXISTS is totally ordered!

Thus in continually absorbing virtual photons from the statistically

disordered vacuum, the charge is absorbing ORDERED entities
serially that have momentarily already violated the second law of
thermodynamics. The absorbing charge changes each virtual
increment of photon energy to a virtual increment of mass-energy,
thereby coherently summing (integrating) the mass-energy of the
charge which continually increases. When the next quantal level of
excitation is reached by this increasing virtual state excitation, the
zitterbewegung of the vacuum violently "kicks out" a real,
observable photon, so that the excitation abruptly decays back to
the starting level by that emission. This repeats continually -- hence
every charge and dipole is both a Maxwell's demon (selecting only
ordered particles to absorb and integrate) and a Feynman ratchet
(coherently integrating these ordered virtual increments to the next
full quantized photon).

So nature has been most kind. The universe is filled with absolutely
free energy sources -- every charge and dipole in the entire
universe. Every one is continually extracting energy from the
vacuum in virtual state but coherent form, integrating it to
observable magnitude, and thus emitting a continual outflow of real
observable photons -- real EM energy -- in all directions.

And every charge and dipole in the universe is continually

violating the present hoary old flawed second law of
thermodynamics.

Every EM field and its energy, and every EM potential and its
energy, are thus continuous outflows of real photons and real EM
energy from the source charges. Every observable joule of EM
energy in the universe is and has been extracted directly from the
seething virtual state vacuum by its associated source charges.
Cranking the shaft of the generator has nothing to do with inputting
the energy used to generate the Poynting energy flow in a system!
It only has to do with physically forcing the internal opposite
charges inside the generator apart, thereby producing the source
dipole that does the extracting of that real Poynting energy from the
virtual state vacuum. It is the proven broken symmetry of this
source dipolarity that produces all EM energy flowing out of the
generator terminals and onto the power line. And all its energy
input comes directly from the seething vacuum.

Indeed, when we go back and account for the long-neglected,

mind-boggling extra curled Heaviside energy flow that also gets
extracted and poured out, but does not usually diverge and so does
not interact with anything -- every generator and battery and dipole
actually outputs something like a trillion times as much EM energy
as our electrical engineers account and are aware of. Obviously the
mechanical energy input into the shaft of the generator is nothing
even remotely resembling the magnitude of that enormous but long
ignored and arbitrarily discarded curled component of the energy
flow.

Also, in modern physics the classical so-called "isolated charge" is

quite a different creature from how we are taught to envision it
classically. It is in fact an infinite bare charge in the middle, having
infinite energy, and it polarizes its surrounding virtual state
vacuum. The surrounding polarized vacuum has an infinite charge
of the opposite sense, also having infinite energy. But the
difference between these two infinite quantities is FINITE.
Consequently, our instruments -- peering through the outside screen
of the surrounding vacuum -- sees that finite difference as the so-
called "isolated charge".

But any charge -- even a single electron -- involves infinite

energies and infinite charges. So it is not accidental that the lowly
"charge" can continually output real EM energy at a finite rate, for
any finite time. Infinite energies and charges can do that.

Here's how Nobelist Weinberg puts it:

"[The total energy of the atom] depends on the bare

mass and bare charge of the electron, the mass and
charge that appear in the equations of the theory before
we start worrying about photon emissions and
reabsorptions. But free electrons as well as electrons in
atoms are always emitting and reabsorbing photons
that affect the electron's mass and electric charge, and
so the bare mass and charge are not the same as the
measured electron mass and charge that are listed in
tables of elementary particles. In fact, in order to
account for the observed values (which of course are
finite) of the mass and charge of the electron, the bare
mass and charge must themselves be infinite. The total
energy of the atom is thus the sum of two terms, both
infinite: the bare energy that is infinite because it
depends on the infinite bare mass and charge, and the
energy shift . that is infinite because it receives
contributions from virtual photons of unlimited
energy." [Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory,
Vintage Books, Random House, 1993, p. 109-110.].

So every EM system we ever built has and did and does extract all
its EM energy directly from the seething vacuum. There is no
observable EM energy, field, or potential in the entire universe that
has come from anywhere BUT being extracted from the seething
virtual state vacuum.

We have never had a problem of the AVAILABILITY of energy --

all we wish, anywhere, anytime. Just make a little charge (and
consider its dipolarity). Once made and the work to make it is paid
for, then it will sit there and freely pour out real, observable EM
energy from now till the end of time, if we just let it alone and do
not "symmetrize" the circuit and have to pump all the return current
back up through the back emf inside the generator.

Similarly with a magnetic motor, using the back mmf. A permanent

magnet dipole is just a magnetic charge dipolarity, and it too
continually extracts EM energy from the vacuum and pours it out
continuously.

For the major errors in the present electrical engineering model (as
mostly pointed out by eminent scientists, to no avail), see my
paper"Errors and Omissions in the CEM/EE Model". Included in
that paper is information on the magnetic Wankel engine, which
easily kills its own back mmf at very little cost. The result is an
engine that can continually and freely develop torque, so it can
power a load at COP>1.0. The engine is also easily closed looped
for self-powering (all its input energy being furnished freely from
the vacuum). Any competent EE department and physics
department can build one and test it if they wish. This engine and
several other "free energy" Japanese engines have been ruthlessly
suppressed by the Japanese Yakuza, worldwide.

So the bottom line is this: Whenever our scientific community will

fund and permit some sharp young doctoral candidates and post
doctoral scientists to do research and work in this area, then within
two years there will never again be an energy problem anywhere on
earth -- or in our space capsules and space stations in orbit around
the earth or in deep space.

The sad part is that the scientific community's funding is largely

controlled by huge cartels that do not wish (and will not permit)
such work to be seriously done in our universities and great
national labs. Indeed, the "big nuclear power" cartel of both
industry and science is one of the most powerful -- and part of it is
one of the most ruthless. It is absolutely no accident that cold
fusion is being suppressed, overunity and self-powering electrical
systems are being suppressed, and that the horribly flawed old
CEM/EE model continues to be paramount in all our electrical
power engineering, EM analysis, etc.

So long as that is enforced, just so long will we continue to despoil

the planet and the biosphere, keep the energy crisis escalating,
spawn energy wars that may become more fierce than was WW II,
and keep down much of the peoples of the world in the poor
nations where they are starving, being killed by warlords and
dictators, etc.

And the direct cause of it is our own scientific community, for

ignoring what has long been pointed out by scientists such as
Feynman, Wheeler, Margenau, Bunge, and many others.

One can forgive the scientific community for the first 50 years of
the suppression of energy from the vacuum and asymmetrical
Maxwellian system suppression -- say, until the discovery and
proof of broken symmetry in 1957.

Since then, the ethics of the entire organized scientific community

itself are called ever more seriously into question. Hundreds of
millions of people worldwide are impoverished, starving, disease-
wracked, with hopeless lives. Hundreds of millions have died as a
result of this eerie situation. The fragile biosphere is being steadily
polluted on a grand scale. The world is already struggling to
control access to the known oil and gas supplies of the world.

Isn't it about time that the scientific community -- if it is to have

any ethics remaining at all -- does face these facts and does fund
such "energy from the vacuum" work on asymmetric power
systems? And isn't it about time that this terribly flawed old
CEM/EE model is sharply corrected in all our universities and in
our electrical engineering departments and texts?

We have only a nation and a planet and a biosphere and a humanity

to save.

Best wishes,

Tom Bearden

Subject: Maxwell

Dr. Bearden Just a simple question out of curiosity, not that it will
change anything. Do you think those who destroyed Maxwell's
work and altered the course of history in doing so did so out of
ignorance or so you believe they knew or suspected the potential
and altered them with intent?
David