UNIT 9

Time contrast
Past (Used to)
A few years ago, not many people, lived here.
People used to rent videotapes.
Fifty years ago, people walked everywhere.

Present (present continuous, simple present, phrases like today, nowadays)

These days, the population is growing so fast.
Today, people download movies online.
Nowadays, people drive their cars instead.

Future (will, going to, may and might)

Soon, there will be apartment blocks everywhere.
In a few years, movie theaters might not exist.
People are going to have self-driven cars in the future.

Conditional sentences with if clause

1rst conditional

Possible situation Possible consequence

If you get a high paying job, you will have more cash to spend.

*We can change the order of our conditional sentence

You will have more cash to spend if you get a high paying job

If + simple present, subject willwon’t

If I study, I will finish the program.
If I eat healthy, I won’t get fat.

If + simple present, subject may/might

If I study, I might finish the program.
If I eat healthy, I may be in shape.

If + simple present, will + be able to / will + have to

If I study, I will be able to finish the program. (Possibility)
If I travel, I will have to organize my documents. (Necessity)

UNIT 10
Gerunds; short responses
Affirmative statements with gerunds Agree Disagree
I love traveling. So do I / I do too I don’t
I hate working on weekends. So do I / I do too Really? I like it

Negative statements with gerunds

I’m not good at selling. Neither am I / I’m not either Well, I am
I don’t mind working long hours. Neather do I / I don’t either I do
 Clauses with because
Because can connect two independient clauses into one sentence.
I could be a teacher because i am very creative.
I would be...
I couldn’t be a stockbroker because I can’t make decision
quickly. I wouldn’t be...

I d’ make a good journalist because I’m good at writing. I would never be...

UNIT 11
Passive with by (simple past)
The passive is the best way to express an idea when:
-We don’t know who did the action.
-There’s no “doer” of the action.
-The fact is more important than the action.

Passive (Simple past)

Was/were + past participle
Active: The president opened the building in 1931.
Passive: It was opened by the president in 1931.
Active: J.K Rowling wrote he first Harry Potter book on an old manual
typewriter.
Passive: The first Harry Potter book was written on an old manual
typewriter.
 Passive without by (simple present)
Passive (Simple present)
Is/are + past participle
Active: They use the euro in most of Europe.
Passive: The Euro is used in most of Europe.
Active: They speak english in many European countries.
Passive: English is spoken in many European countries.

UNIT 12
Past continuous vs simple past
Subject + was/were + verb ing (past continuous)
We use the past continuous for an action in progress in the past and use de
simple past for an action that interrupts it.
I was watching a good movie, but I fell asleep before the end. While = past continuos
I was talking with my friend when my cell phone died. When = both

While I was teaching, Mr Sanchez opened the door.

Present perfect continuous

Use the present perfect continuous for action that started into the past and
continuous into the present. It can be without time expressions.
Subject + have/has (not) + been + verb ing + complement
She has been working in the park.
I haven’t been getting any job lately.
Question
-What have you been doing lately?
I have been studying english.
Yes/no question
-Have you been doing aerobics?
Yes, I have / No, I haven’t.

UNIT 13
Participles as adjectives
Present participles
Stephen King’s books are fascinating.
The last Star Trek film was boring.
Past participles
I’m fascinated by Stephen King’s books.
I’m was bored by the last Star Trek film.

Relative pronouns for people and things

Use who or that for people
He’s an actor who/that is great in comedies.
Use which or that for things
It’s a book which/that wass written by Gabriel Garcia M.
UNIT 14
Modals and adverbs
Modals
It might/may mean he doesn’t understand you.
It could mean he doesn’t agree with you.
That must mean he agrees with you. (STRONG POSSIBILITY)

Adverbs
Maybe/Perhaps it means he doesn’t understand you.
It possibly/ probably means he doesn’t agree with you.
That definitely means he agrees with you.

Permission, obligation and prohibition

Permissions
You can go to the restroom.
You are allowed to drink water in the classroom.

Obligation
You have to be early in the classroom.
You have got to dress properly.

Prohibition
You can’t speak spanish during class.
You aren’t allowed to use the cellphone.
UNIT 15
Unreal conditional sentences with if clauses
We use two types of verbs: simple past and modal verbs Might = possibility
(Would, could, might)
Could = ability

Imaginary situation (simple past) Possible consequence

(Would, could, or might + verb)
If I found $750,000 I would spend it.
I wouldn’t return it so fast.
What would you do if you found $750,000?

Past modals
Use would have or should have+ past participle to give opinions about
actions in the past.
What should I have done? You should have told them about it.
What would you have done? I would have called him.

UNIT 16
Reported speech: request.
We use reported speech to report what a person said.
Said (for information to everyone)
-Clean the room The teacher said to clean your room.
-Don’t listen to loud music He said not to listen to loud music.
Tell (for information to specific person)
-Stay inside the house She told me to stay inside the house
-Don’t eat candies She told me not to eat candies.
Ask (for questions)
-Can you cook dinner tonight? She asked me to cook dinner tonight.

Reported speech; statements

Direct statements Reported statements
Simple present = Simple past
(Be) I’m a good student ------------She told me (that) she was a good student
(Have/go) I have a party------------She told me (that) she had a party

Present continuous = Simple past

I’m cooking-----------------------------She said (that) she was cooking

Simple past = Past perfect

(Any verb in past)
I did all my homework--------------He said (that) he had done all his homework
I didn’t go to samana---------------She said (that) she hadn’t gone to samana

Present perfect = Past perfect

I have done exercise---------------He said (that) he had done exercise
I have cut cucumber---------------She said (that) she had cut cucumber
Modals = Modals
Can I can fly -------------------------Could: She said (that) she could fly
Will I will go to the gym---------Would: He said (that) he would go to the gym
May Jeuris may eat pizza--------Might: She said (that) Jeuris might eat pasta