PRESIDENCY SCHOOL

Bangalore South
CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS (043)

SALT ANALYSIS

LIST OF SALTS:

1. Ammonium Carbonate - (NH4)2CO3

2. Lead Acetate - (CH3COOH)2Pb

3. Ammonium Bromide - NH4Br

4. Strontium Chloride - SrCl2

5. Barium Chloride - BaCl2

6. Magnesium Sulphate - MgSO4

7. Aluminium Sulphate - Al2(SO4)3

8. Magnesium Nitrate - Mg(NO3)2

9. Ammonium Acetate - CH3COONH4

NOTE: ALL THE ABOVE SALTS ARE CRYSTALLINE SALTS

 Salt: Magnesium Nitrate Mg(NO3)2
Aim: To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Experiment Observation Inference

I. Physical Examination White in colour Shows the absence of Cu2+,
1. Colour: Noted the colour of Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, etc
the given salt

2. State: Noted the state of the Crystalline in nature -

PO43 may be absent
given salt

3. Odour: Pinch of salt with No specific odour -

few drops of water rubbed NH4+, CH3COO may be
between the fingers absent

4. Dry heating Test: Heated a Reddish brown gas evolved

pinch of the salt in a dry test - -
NO3 or Br may be present
tube

5. Solubility: Dissolve pinch Salt is soluble in cold water Soluble salts of NH4+, Na+, K+
of salt in small quantity of may be present
water.

6. Flame Test: Prepare a paste No Characteristic flame colour Shows absence of Ba2+, Ca2+,
of the salt with conc. HCl and observed Sr2+, Pb2+
perform the flame test.

II Analysis of acidic radicals

1. dil. H2SO4 test: No brisk effervescences - - -
Treated a pinch of salt with evolved. CO32 , S2 , NO2 etc are
dil. H2SO4 absent.

2. Conc. H2SO4 test: Reddish brown gas evolved - -

Br or NO3 may be present
Heated a pinch of salt with
Conc. H2SO4 and added to it a
paper pellet -
Pass the evolved gas through FeSO4 solution turns black NO3 may be present
FeSO4 solution.

Confirmatory test for

nitrate: Reddish brown gas evolved -
NO3 confirmed
1. Copper chips test: Heated
a pinch of the salt with conc.
sulphuric acid and few copper
chips
2. Ring Test: To 2-3 ml of the A dark brown ring formed at -
NO3 confirmed
salt solution, added freshly the junction of the two liquids
prepared FeSO4 solution. Then
added conc. Sulphuric acid
along the sides of the test
tubes.

III Analysis of basic radicals

Group 0 (NH4+) is absent
1. Test from group ‘0’ or No ammonia gas evolved
NH4+: Heated a pinch of salt
with conc. NaOH solution.

Preparation of Original
Labelled it as Original solution
solution (OS)
(OS)
Dissolve a pinch of salt with Solution obtained
water

2. Test for group ‘I’: +

To a part of the O.S. added 1-2 No ppt formed Group I (Pb2 ) absent
ml of dilute hydrochloric acid.

3. Test for group ‘II’:

Through a part of the above No ppt formed Group II (Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+)
solution passed H2S gas. absent

4. Test for group ‘III’:

To a part of the original
solution, added a pinch of No gelatinous white ppt Group III (Fe3+, Al+3) absent
solid ammonium chloride. formed
Boiled the solution, cooled it
and added excess of
ammonium hydroxide
solution.

5. Test for group ‘IV’:

Through the part of the above No dull white ppt formed Group IV (Zn2+, Mn+2,Co2+,
solution, passed H2S gas. Ni2+) absent

6. Test for group ‘V’:

To the original solution add
solid ammonium chloride, No ppt formed Group V (Ba2+, Sr+2,Ca2+)
ammonium hydroxide and absent
ammonium carbonate
solution.
6. Test from group ‘VI’:
To the original solution add a
pinch of ammonium chloride,
few drops of NH4OH and White ppt observed Mg2+ present
excess of ammonium
phosphate solution.

RESULT:

-
The acidic radical present in the given salt is NO3 The
basic radical present in the given salt is Mg2+
The given salt is Magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2]

SALT ANALYSIS SALT NO: 1 MgSO4

AIM: TO ANALYSE THE GIVEN SALT FOR ACIDIC AND BASIC RADICALS.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(I) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+ etc
1. Colour: White in colour May Be Absent
Note The Colour Of The Given Salt
2.State: Crystalline in nature CO32-,PO43- May Be Absent.

3. Odour:
Add 2-3 Drops Of Water To The Salt No Specific Odour NH4+, CH3COO- etc. May Be Absent.
(Pinch) In The Watch Glass

4. Dry Heating Test:

To The Boiling Test Tube Add Pinch Of Salt No Characteristic Gas With Odour NH4+ ,CH3COO-, Cl-, Br-, NO3-, etc.
And Heat. Was Liberated. May Be Absent.

5.Solubility: Salt Is Soluble In Cold Water O.S Is Prepared

To The Test Add Pinch Of Salt And Water.
No Characteristic Flame
6.Flame Test: Observed.
Add 2-3 Drops Of Conc. HCl To The Salt Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+, etc May Be
In The Watch Glass And Show To The Flame. Absent.
 (II)ANION ANALYSIS

1. Dilute H2so4 Test: No Evolution Of Colourless,

Add 2-3 Drops Of Dil H2SO4 To The Salt In Odourless Gas. CO32- ,NO2- etc. Is Absent
The Test Tube.

2. Conc. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic Gas With Odour

To The Given Salt Add 2-3 Drops Of Conc. And Colour Was Evolued. NO3-,Cl-,Br-, CH3COO-, C2O42-,etc Is
HCl In A Boiling Test Tube And Heat. Absent

3. Independent Group test Confirmatory Test

For SO42- :
1.Add BaCl2 Solution To The Salt Solution In
The Test Tube
2. Lead Acetate Test
Add Pb(CH3COO)2 Solution To A Part Of
The Salt Solution In The Test Tube.
White Ppt Is Formed Which Is SO42- Is Present
Insoluble In Dil HCl
A White Ppt. Is Formed Which Is
Soluble In Excess Of Hot SO42- Is Confirmed.
Ammonium Acetate Solution

(III) CATION ANALYSIS

Original Solution Is Prepared By
Preparation Of O.Sà Adding Cold Water To Salt.

Group ‘0’ Test : No Ammonical Smell Observed NH4+ Is Absent

To The O.S Add Conc. NaOH And Heat (Group 0 Is Absent).

Group ‘I’ Test: No White Ppt Pb2+ , Ag+, Hg2+ Is Absent

To The O.S Add 2-3 Drops Of Dil HCl (Group I Is Absent)

Group ‘II’ Test : No White Ppt Pb2+, Cu2+, AS3+ Is Absent

To The O.S Add 2-3 Drops Of Dil HCl And (Group Ii Is Absent)
Na2S Solution
Group ‘III’ Test:
To The O.S Add NH4Cl(s) NH4OH (aq) In Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+ Is Absent
Excess No Gelatinous White Ppt (Group Iii Is Absent)

GROUP ‘IV’ Test:

To The O.S Add NH4Cl(s), NH4OH(aq) And No Dull White Ppt Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ Is Absent
Na2S Solution (Group IV Is Absent).

Group ‘V’ Test:

To The O.S Add NH4Cl(s), NH4OH (ag) And No White Ppt Ba2+,Sr2+, Ca2+Absent
(NH4)2CO3 Solution (Group V Is Absent)

Group ‘VI’ Test :

To The O.S Add NH4Cl(s), NH4OH IN Slight
Excess And Ammonium Phosphate Mg2+ Is Confirmed (Group VI Is
[(NH4)3PO4] Solution And Rub The Sides Of Presence Of White Ppt Present)
The Test Tube With A Glass Rod.

Result:
 1. Acidic Radical à SO42-

2. Basic Radical à Mg2+

The Given Salt Is MgSO4.

SALT ANALYSIS EQUATIONS

I. NH4Br (Ammonium Bromide)
Test for NH4+

NH4Br + NaOH  NaBr + NH3↑ + H2O
Dil. HCl Test:
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

White fumes

Nesslers Reagent Test

2K2 [HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

Nessler’s Reagent or 3NaOH (Brown ppt) or 7NaI

Test for Br-

Conc. H2SO4 test:

2NH4Br + H2SO4 → (NH4)2 SO4 + 2HBr

H2SO4 + 2HBr → SO2 + Br2↑ + 2H2O

Confirmatory test :

1. Silver nitrate test

NH4Br + AgNO3 → NH4NO3 + AgBr ↓

(Pale yellow ppt)

2. MnO2 test

2 NH4Br + MnO2 + 2H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2

II. (NH4)2CO3 (Ammonium Carbonate)

Test for NH4+
 
(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH  Na2CO3 + 2NH3 ↑ + 2H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

Nesslers Reagent Test :

2K2 [HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH → H2N . HgO. HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

(Brown ppt)

Test for CO3-2

Dil. HCl Test:

(NH4)2CO3 + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O + CO2 ↑

Lime water test:

Ca(OH2) + CO2 → Ca CO3 ↓ + H2O

Milkiness

2. Magnesium Sulphate test :

(NH4)2 CO3 + MgSO4 → MgCO3 ↓ + (NH4)2 SO4 ↑

III. Al2(SO4)3 Aluminium Sulphate

Test for SO4-2
1. Barium chloride Test :

Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaCl2 → 3 BaSO4↓ + 2 AlCl3

White ppt

2. Lead acetate test :

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Pb (CH3COO)2 → 3PbSO4 ↓ + 2Al(CH3COO)3

Test for Al+3

Al2(SO4)3 +6 NH4OH → 3(NH4)2 SO4 + 2Al(OH3) ↓

White ppt

Lake test:

Al(OH3) + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → 3 NH4Cl + Al(OH3) ↓

Blue colour adsorbed on this ppt.

IV. MgSO4 (Magnesium Sulphate)

Test for SO4-2
1. Barium Chloride test

MgSO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 ↓ + MgCl2

White ppt

2. Lead acetate test

MgSO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbSO4 ↓ + Mg(CH3COO)2

White ppt

Test for Mg+2

Ammonium Phosphate test :
MgSO4 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 → Mg(NH4)PO4↓ + (NH4)2SO4 + H2O

White ppt

V. SrCl2 (Strontium Chloride)

1. Conc. H2SO4 test:

SrCl2 + H2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmatory for Cl-

1. Silver nitrate test

SrCl2 + 2AgNO3 → 2AgCl ↓ + Sr(NO3)2

White ppt

AgCl + 2 NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Soluble complex

2. MnO2 test :

SrCl2 + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → Sr(HSO4)2 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2↑

Confirmatory for Sr+2
SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3 ↓ + 2NH4Cl

SrCO3 +2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 ↑ + H2O

Ammonium Sulphate test

(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 → 2 CH3COONH4 + SrSO4 ↓

White ppt

VI. BaCl2 (Barium Chloride):

1. Conc . H2SO4 test

Bacl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmatory for Cl-

1.AgNO3 test

BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2

White ppt

AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Soluble complex

2. MnO2 test

BaCl2 + MnO2 + 3 H2SO4 BaSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2 ↑

Test for Ba2+

1. BaCl2 + (NH4)2 CO3 BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl

White ppt of BaCO3 dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid.

2. BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

Confirmatory for Ba2+

1. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) test :

(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

(Yellow ppt)
VII. Lead Acetate [(CH3COO)2Pb]
Test for CH3COO-

Conc. H2SO4 test

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

Confirmatory test for CH3COO- :-

1. Oxalic Acid test :

COOH

+ (CH3COO)2Pb (COO)2Pb + 2CH3COOH

COOH

2. Ester test :

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethyl ethanoate (fruity smell)

Test for Pb2+ :

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2HCl PbCl2 +2CH3COOH

White ppt

Confirmatory test for Pb2+:

1. KI test :

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2KI PbI2 +2CH3COOK

Yellow ppt

2. K2CrO4 test:

(CH3COO)2Pb + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2CH3COOK

 Yellow ppt

VIII Magnesium Nitrate [Mg(NO3)2]

Test for NO3-
Conc. H2SO4 Test:

Mg(NO3)2 +H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2HNO3

4HNO3 + C 4NO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

(Paper ball)

Copper Chips Test

Mg(NO3)2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2HNO3

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4+2HNO3 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +2NO

FeSO4 + NO +5H2O [Fe(NO)H2O)5]SO4

Brown Ring

Test for Mg2+

Ammonium Phosphate Test:

Mg(NO3)2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 +2NH4NO3+H2O

IX Ammonium Acetate CH3COONH4

Test for CH3COO-
Conc. H2SO4 Test:

2CH3COONH4 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2CH3COOH

Oxalic acid Test:

COOH COONH4
COOH + 2CH3COONH4 COONH4 + 2CH3COOH

Ester Test:

2CH3COONH4 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2CH3COOH

H+
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O