MUMBAI UNIVERSITY BUSINESS ETHICS

Project Report

On

“Corporate Social Responsibility”

Submitted By,

Mr. Akshay Sanjay Girkar

S.Y.B.M.S.

Submitted To,

University Of Mumbai

In Partial Fulfilment Of B.M.S.

Under The Guidance Of

(Asst. Prof. GeetashreePawar)

SantRawoolMaharajMahavidyalaya,

Kudal

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(2018-2019)

DECLARATION

I, Undersigned, Hereby, Declared That This Project Report

“CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY” For Academic Year 2018-
2019 Submitted Is Prepared By Me Under The Guidance Of ASST. PROF.
GEETASHREE PAWAR Is My Original Work. The Empirical Finding In
This Case Based On Data Collected By Me. The Matter Presented In This
Project Is Not Copied From Any Way The University Authorities Deem To
Be Fit. This Work Is Humbly Submitted To University Of Mumbai For The
Award Of The Bachelor Of Management Studies.

PROJECT GUIDE STUDENT

SIGNATURE
Prof. GEETASHREE PAWAR MR.AKSHAY SANJAY GIRKAR

Date: 05-04-2019
Place: Kudal

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INDEX

CHAPTER TITLE OF CHAPTER PAGE NO.

NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 HISTORY 5

3 THE SCOPE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL 6

RESPONSIBILITY

4 NEED OF CSR 9

5 TYPES OF CSR 10

6 PRINCIPLES OF CSR 13

7 ADVANTAGES OF CSR 17

8 DISADVANTAGES OF CSR 19

9 CONCLUSION 22

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

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1. INTRODUCTION

In today‟s changing world, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a

growing area of interest for academics, practitioners and entrepreneurs, in terms
of both theory and practice. Corporate social responsibility is a form of corporate
self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-
in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active
compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms.
In some models, a firm's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance and
engages in "actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests
of the firm and that which is required by law." CSR is a process with the aim to
embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact
through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities,
stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be
considered as stakeholders.
The term "corporate social responsibility" became popular in the 1960s
and has remained a term used indiscriminately by many to cover legal and moral
responsibility more narrowly construed.
As the world is shrinking due to globalization the concept of Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR) has acquired an undeniably high degree of relevance
and scope in a large number of sectors. Many academicians and practitioners are
developing theory and practices of this concept of social responsibility among
entrepreneurs
Proponents argue that corporations make more long term profits by
operating with a perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from the
economic role of businesses. Some argue that CSR is merely window-dressing, or
an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful
multinational corporations. CSR is titled to aid an organization's mission as well
as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its consumers.

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2. HISTORY OF CSR

 American President Calvin Coolidge said in the 1920s that “the chief business
of the American people is business.” It was a popular observation in a time of
economic prosperity, when issues such as energy security and climate change
were practically nonexistent.
 Almost a century later, things are very different. Now, more than ever, private
enterprise is being called upon to exercise social responsibility, especially
when it comes to the environment. This trend reflects the view that companies
ought to do more than simply meet the letter of the law and the bare minimum
of ethical business behavior. Today we discuss the idea of “corporate social
responsibility.”
 President Coolidge, like many American presidents before and since, kept
government out of the affairs of business as much as possible. But starting in
the 1960s and 1970s, the environmental impact of an ever-expanding
economy was generating more and more protest from citizens. The result was
a wave of legislation designed to reduce the pollution produced by business
activity. Those laws had positive effects and are now vital parts of the
American regulatory framework. But despite these regulations, controlling
pollution continues to be a challenge. And now there are even larger problems
on the horizon.
 Even though businesses today are more efficient and use fewer resources to
make goods—thanks to technological advances— many ecosystems continue
to suffer. This is because the scale of economic activity grows every year,
despite environmental improvements by individual enterprises.
 Starting a few years ago, many citizens in the U.S. and around the world
began calls for more action from private enterprise on these social issues—
beyond compliance with regulations and traditional charity-related work. The
result was a new movement known as corporate social responsibility, or CSR

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3. THE SCOPE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

Applicability of CSR:

Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 is applicable to every

company registered under the Act, and any other previous Companies Law, with
a net worth of Rs 500 crore or more, or a turnover of over Rs 1,000 crore or a net
profit exceeding Rs 5 crore in any financial year. The circular further explains that
‘any financial year’ implies any of the three preceding financial years.

No role for government in CSR monitoring:

The Circular emphasizes that the government has no role in monitoring CSR
activities; it lays the onus on the board of the company to ensure the quality and
efficacy of a CSR project. The circular states that the government has no role in
appointing an appropriate authority for approving and implementing CSR
programmes of a company or in engaging external experts in monitoring the
efficacy of CSR expenditure of companies such as for impact assessments.

Companies’ boards will decide all aspects of CSR:

The board of the company takes a call on the CSR expenditure and qualifying
activities as CSR.CSR projects (and any changes thereof) and their monitoring are
subject to the approval of the company’s board on recommendations of its CSR
committee. Boards or committees are fully competent to engage third parties to
have an impact assessment of CSR programmes to validate compliance of the
CSR provisions of the law.

Current tax exemptions valid for CSR spend:

No specific tax exemptions are extended to CSR expenditure. However, certain

activities such as contribution to Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund (Section
80G), scientific research (Sections 35(1)(ii), 35(1)(iia), 35(1)(iii), 35(2AA)), rural
development projects (Section 35AC), skill development projects (Section
35CCD), agricultural extension projects (Section 35CCC), etc. aligned to
Schedule VII already enjoy exemptions under different sections as indicated

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under the Income Tax Act, 1961. Further, the Finance Act 2014 clarifies that the
CSR expenditure does not form part of business expenditure.

No carry forward for CSR spend:

The Circular provides clarification that in case of CSR spend greater than the
prescribed CSR spend (2% of average net profit of three preceding financial
years), then the excess cannot be carried forward to the subsequent years against
that year’s prescribed CSR spend. For any unspent amount of the prescribed CSR
spend, the board can chose to carry forward to the subsequent years, provided it is
over and above that year’s prescribed CSR spend.

CSR policy and reporting must for all qualifying companies:

The Circular confirms that the contents of the board-approved CSR Policy must
be disclosed in the board of directors’ report and on the company’s website. All
qualifying companies must report in the format provided by the Companies (CSR
Policy) Rules, 2014 on the annual report on CSR. Further, a foreign
company unless otherwise exempted by the central government, should attach a
report on its CSR activity as an annexure to the balance sheet document that it
submits to the Registrar of Companies every calendar year.

Investing in government schemes as CSR:

The Circular states that the objective of the CSR Law is to promote innovative
ideas and corporate’s enhanced management skills in discharging social
responsibility that results in greater efficiency and better outcomes. Therefore,
CSR should not be interpreted as a source of financing the resource gaps in
government schemes. The board may decide to supplement government schemes
should it be deemed to qualify under the CSR provisions of the law.

Employee volunteering and in-kind donations:

The Circular states that while companies should be encouraged to involve

employees in their CSR activities, monetisation of the pro-bono services provided
by employees will not be counted towards CSR expenditure. Contribution in kind
cannot be monetised to be shown as CSR expenditure unless the company spends
the amount as per Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013.

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The Circular reiterates that those activities that benefit only the employees or their
families, one-off events, expenses towards fulfilment of regulatory statutes,
contribution to political parties, activities as part of normal course of business or
those undertaken outside of India do not qualify as CSR expenses. It also
reiterates that the contribution to corpus of a trust/ society/ Section 8 companies
etc. will qualify as CSR expenditure as long as the entity is created exclusively for
undertaking CSR activities or where the corpus is created exclusively for a
purpose directly relatable to a Schedule VII item.

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4. NEED FOR CSR

1. Better Public Image:

Each firm must enhance its public image to secure more customers, better
employees and higher profit. Acceptance of social responsibility goals lead to
improve public image.

2. Conversion of Resistances Into Resources:

If the innovative ability of business is turned to social problems, many resistances

can be transformed into resources and the functional capacity of resources can be
increased many times.

3. Long Term Business Interest:

A better society would produce a better environment in which the business may
gain long term maximization of profit. A firm which is sensitive to community
needs would in its own self interest like to have a better community to conduct its
business. To achieve this it would implement social programmes for social
welfare.

4. Avoiding Government Intervention:

Regulation and control are costly to business both in terms of money and energy
and restrict its flexibility of decision making. Failure of businessmen to assume
social responsibilities invites government to intervene and regulate or control their
activities. The prudent course for business is to understand the limit of its power
and how to use that power carefully and responsibly thereby avoiding government
intervention.

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5. TYPES OF CSR
Many researcher have tried to describe the various forms of CSR but the most
accepted model is Carroll`s four part model of corporate social responsibility.
Carroll (1991) organized different corporate social responsibilities as a four
layered pyramid model and called it the pyramid of responsibilities. The four
different responsibilities – economical, legal, ethical, and philanthropic are the
layers of the pyramid

A stakeholder model is represented by the pyramid of CSR where the

different stakeholders are affected by the different responsibilities. If the business
is not profitable economic responsibilities will directly affect employee and
owners. Legal responsibilities are vital to the owners, but it is also necessary in
the relation with employee and consumer stakeholders. Ethical responsibilities are
impact on all stakeholders, but most frequently they engage consumer and
employees. The major effect of the philanthropic responsibilities are on the
community, but there is also impact on the employee since the company`s
philanthropic performance influence the employee morale. According to Corral
and Buchholtz, the pyramid of responsibilities should be seen as a whole and
different part should not be separated.

 Economic responsibilities
To be profitable as a company, minimize cost and maximize sales or make
sensible strategic decisions – these are at the base of economic
responsibilities. Economic performance is required by the society. This
lies at the very base of the pyramid.
Economic responsibility focouses on practice that facilitate the long term
growth of the business, while also meeting the standard set for ethical,
environmental and philanthropic practice. By balancing economiic
growth with their overall effects on the society, businesses can improve
their operations while also engaging in sustainable practice. An example
of economic responsibility is when a company is modifies its
manufacturing processes to include recycled products, which could benefit
the company by potentially lowering the cost of materials and also benefit
society by consuming fewer resources.

 Legal responsibilities

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The second layer is the legal responsibilities and it is also required by

society. As per this responsibilities companies are expected to obey the
law, because the law shows what the society regards as acceptable. Laws
are the codification of do`s and don`ts in society.
The legal responsibilities of a cpmpany demand that business abide by the
laws and play the rules of the game. Should companies choose to “bend”
or ignore their legal responsibilities, the price can be very high for the
business. Corporate history is rreplete with cases where violation of laws
has resulted in closing down of operations, social rejection and boycott of
the firm Enron, Union Carbide are cases to prove this point.

 Ethical responsibilities

The difference of the ethical responsibilities from the first two

responsibilities is that the ethical responsibilities are not required but
expected by society. To assert ethical leadership, avoid questionable
practice or operate above responsibilities the minimum standard of the
lawa could be example for the ethical.

The primory focus on ethics is to provide fair labor practice for businesses
employees as well as the employees of their suppliers. What this means is
that ethical corporate social responsibilities usually considers the entre
supply chain. For example, some companies that source clothes from asia
have corporate social responsibilities program mes to make sure that the
people that work to produce the clothes that they buy are treated fairly.
This may include a minimum wage or certain standard to be met in the
factories. Some of this can be quite different to enforce in the supply
chain. Another example is that small farmers in developing countries that
supply produce such as coffee, bananas or other crops are paid in fair price
for their goods. Ethical corporate social responsibility is not just limited to
making sure that people in less develop countries are treated fairly. It is
also focused on making sure that all stakeholders receive fair treatment.
This includes employees, but also customers, stakeholders and other
stakeholders that the company may impacts through its activities.

One company that has made impressive strides with ethical corporate
social responisibility is Nestly. Nestly was ranked highly by KPMG in a
study to see which companies were the most sustainable. This is the big
turnaround for the organisation that was once criticized for the fact that its
powdered milk product were leading to malnutrition in children in
developing countries.

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 Philanthropic responsibilities
The philanthropic responsibilities stands at the top of the pyramid and to
be a good corporate citizen and improve the quality of life for the society
is the aim of these responsibilities. Corporate contribution, to support the
community by providing programs or engagement in volunteerism can be
example for the Philanthropic responsibilities. To some extent the
philanthropic responsibilities are desired and expected by the society.
Philanthropic initiatives include the donation of time, mony or
resources to charities and +organisation at local, national or international
level. These donation can be directed to a verity of worthy causes
including human rights, national disaster relief, clean watre and education
progrsams in underdeveloped countries. For example, microsoft co-
founder Bill Gates has donates billions of dollars to the Bill and Melinda
Gates foundation, which supports numerous causes including education,
the education of malaria and agricultural development. In 2014, Bill
Gates was the single largest giver in the world, donating $1.5 billions in
microsoft stockto the bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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6. PRINCIPLE OF CSR
Principle 1

 Business should conduct and govern themselves with ethics, transparency

and accountability
 Business should develop governance structure, procedure and practice
that ensure ethical conduct at all level and promote the same across its
value chain.
 Business should communicate transparently and assure access to
information about their decision that impact relevant stakeholders.
 Business should not engage in practice that are abusive, corrupt or
anti-competition.
 Business should truthfully discharge their responsibility on financial
and other mandatory disclosure.
This principle will insure revenue growth for the company, cost
saving, higher productivity, improved image and thereby better access
to capital and human resources.

Principle 2

 Business should provide goods and services that are safe and contribute to
sustainability throughout their life cycle.
 Business should assure safety and optimal resource use over the
lifecycle of the product, from design to disposal (cradle to grave
approach)
 Business should ensure that everyone connected with it are aware
of their responsibility
 Business must raise consumer awareness through education,
product labeling, appropriate marketing communication, and
information about safe usage and disposal
 Business must regularly review and improve on the product and
processes
 Business must promote sustainable consumption including
recycling of resources, as over consumption results in exploitation
of their planets resources

Principle 3

 Business should promote the wellbeing of all employees

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 Business should respect the right to freedom of association

participation, collective bargaining and provide for adequate
redressal mechanisms
 Business should provide equal opportunities and not use child
labour or form of involuntary labour
 Business should help employee maintain a work-life balance
 Business should provide a workplace environment that is safe with
facilities for those with special needs and upholds the dignity of
employees
 Business should ensure continuous skills and competence
upgrading of all employees by providing access to necessary
learning opportunities, on a equal and non-discriminatory basis.
 Business should create systems and practice to ensure a harassment
free workplace where employees feel safe and secure in
discharging their responsibilities

Principle 4

 Business should respect the interest of, and be responsive towards all
stakeholders, especially those who are disadvantaged, vulnerable
marginalized
 Business should systematically identify their stakeholders,
understand their concern, define purpose and scope of engagement
and commit to engage with them
 Business should acknowledge, assume responsibility and be
transparent about the impact of their policies, decisions, products
and service and associated operations on the stakeholders
 Business should give special attention to stakeholders in areas that
are undeveloped
 Business should resolve differences with stakeholders in a just fair
and equitable manner

Principle 5

 Business should respect and promote human rights

 Business should understand the human rights content of the
constitution of India, national laws and policies and the content of
international bills of human rights. Business should appreciate that
human rights are inherent, universal indivisible and interdependent
in the nature

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 Business should integrate respect for human rights in management

system, in particular through assessing and managing human rights
impact of operational, and ensuring all individual impacted by
business have access to grievance mechanisms
 Business should within their sphere of influence, promote the
awareness and realization of human rights across their value chain

Principle 6

 Business should respect, protect, and make efforts to restore the

environment
 Business should utilize natural and manmade resources in an
optimal and responsible manner and ensure the sustainability of
resources by reducing, reusing, recycling and managing waste
 Business should take measures to check and prevent pollution
 Business should continuously seek to improve their environmental
performance by adopting cleaner production method, promoting
use of energy efficient and environment friendly technologies and
use of renewable energy
 Business should develop environment management system (EMS)
and contingency plan and process that help them in preventing,
mitigating and controlling environmental damage and disasters,
which may be caused due to their operation or that the number of
its value chain
 Business should report their environmental performance, including
the assessment of potential environmental risk associated with their
operations, to the stakeholders in a fair and transparent manner
 Business should proactively persuade and support its value chain
to adopt this principle

Principle 7

 Businesses, when engage in influencing public and regulatory policy,

should do so a responsible manner
 Business while pursuing policy advocacy, must ensure that their
advocacy positions are consistent with the principle and core
elements contained in these guidelines
 To the extent possible, business should utilized the trade and
industry chamber and association and other such collective
platform to undertake such policy advocacy

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Principle 8

 Business should support inclusive growth and equitable development

 Business should understand their impact on social and economic
development, and response through appropriate action to minimize
the negative impact
 Business should innovative invest in product, technologies and
processes that promote the wellbeing of society
 Business should make effort to complement and support the
development priorities at local and national level, and assure
appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation and communities who
have been displaced owing to their business operation
 Business operating in region that are undeveloped should be
especially sensitive to local concerns

Principle 9

 Business should engage with and provide value to their customer and
consumers in responsible manner
 Business, while serving the needs of their customers, should take
into account the overall well-being of the customers and that of
society
 Business should ensure that the do not restrict he freedom of
choice and free competition in any manner while designing
promoting anf selling their products
 Business should disclose all information truthfully and factually
through labeling and other means including the risk to the
individual to society and to the planet from the use of the product
so that the customers can exercise their freedom to consume also
educate their customers on the safe and responsible usage of their
product and services
 Business should promote and advertise their product in ways that
do not mislead or confuse the consumers
 Business should exercise due care and caution while providing
goods and services that result in over exploitation of natural
resources or lead to excessive conspicuous consumption
 Business should provide adequate grievance handling
mechanisms to address customers concerns and feedback

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7. ADVANTAGES OF CSR

 Public Relations. Each CSR effort can offer many public relations and media
opportunities. Example: If a company makes a donation to a community
service project, they would likely send a press release to relevant media
outlets. Their story could be picked up and included in publications,
broadcasts and online news sites, thereby spreading their company message in
several directions for little additional cost.
 Human Resources. Corporations that can demonstrate their commitment to
the social good can be attractive to top talent who share their set of values. For
example, Generation(also known as the Millennial Generation) is often
identified as a very civic minded population who would be attracted to
employers with socially responsible values.
 Sponsorship Marketing Opportunities. Corporate sponsorship of charitable
events can keep the company's name and brand in front of target audiences in
a more subtle way than traditional sales efforts. If an audience realizes that a
company shares their own personal values, they may be more likely to buy
from that company.
 Team Building. Particularly when a company's values are shared by
employees, charitable efforts can become team building exercises that
improve staff morale and job satisfaction.
 Reduced Costs. While CSR projects do have costs, often those costs can be
less than traditional marketing channels. As well, the resulting benefits of the
efforts can reduce other costs. For example, as discussed above, CSR efforts
can attract top talent which can reduce human resource recruitment costs.
Green and sustainability initiatives could reduce waste and its associated costs.
Projects that generate positive mentions in the media can reduce the need for
paid marketing and advertising.
 Expanded Customer Prospect Base. While most buyers buy on "value,"
there are some groups of customers that buy on "values." This is particularly
the case for union organizations and many non-profits. An example would be

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labor unions who traditionally buy made in the USA and union made goods in
support of fellow union members. Another example would be a non-profit for
children that buys fair trade merchandise to avoid potential scandals from
purchasing goods made with sweatshop or child labor. Green initiatives may
also steer buyers into purchasing recycled or biodegradable products.

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8. DISADVANTAGES OF CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility has not been specifically defined anywhere.

Though in its general meaning, it requires organizations to consider the
company’s impact on society and the environment as they conduct business.
Technically it is a good principle and is meant to benefit the society and also
to take care of nature, but when its practicability is considered, there are a lot
of problems which arise in its implementation, which the companies have to
deal with. The blog would try to cover all those reasons which seem apparent
to the author.
1. Cost and Workload
The first and foremost point which goes against implementing the social
responsibility is that the cost which is required for its proper implementation is
very high. Further, at the initial stage, it requires a high labor workload. It
requires for early planning and troubleshooting strategies, which usually
require massive time and cost, thus would lay a burden on the company. The
company has to make long-terms strategies which would have such impact on
maximizing the benefit while taking care of its social responsibilities. Risk
awareness as a result of the implementation has to be taken into consideration
and monitored.
2. Business Objective
Unlike public services which function to serve the public needs, the main aim
of most of the private businesses is to maximize profit. Their main aim behind
such incorporation thus makes it difficult to implement the social
responsibility accounting system, as it requires a substantial amount of money.
For example, it might happen that the policies and procedures, of a company,
on disposal of chemical waste, is in accordance to the rules and regulation in
that regard. However, it may not be sufficient to achieve the target of
accommodating environmental and social needs.

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3. Staff Morale
The implementation process requires heavy workload, and this may
deteriorate the morale of the staff working in a company. Logically thinking,
if some employees have to work extra than their scheduled hours without
getting any extra pay for the same, they would prefer to quit their job and
would seek some other place to work. Thus, this will increase the labour cost
of the company as they would be left with no other option than to recruit new
staff and equip them with the necessary training, which would further be a
burden on the capital of the company.
4. Shareholder Interests
Proper implementation of corporate social responsibility requires a lot of
changes to be made to many processes, which includes increased reporting.
Companies usually hire some additional personnel to manage CSR initiatives.
These require money, and thus the rivals in the market point out that the
money spent on CSR comes directly from shareholders’ pockets, and that the
company is thus taking steps which could hamper the interests of the
shareholders. Elaine Sternberg, one of the most vocal opponents of the effects
of CSR on shareholder profits, is of the opinion that CSR initiatives incur a
great cost with the little measurable return.
5. Corporate Reputation
While many companies carry out CSR initiatives with the purpose of
bolstering their public images, these initiatives can at times necessitate a
company to release certain information which could have an opposite effect to
what is intended. The incident which happened in the year 2003, is a good
example of this. Coca-Cola, as part of CSR initiative, released a report which
included information about chemicals found in its products. However, the
report resulted in lowering the reputation of the company instead of increasing
it because of the company suffered huge revenue loss.
6. Competitive Disadvantages
Proper implementation of corporate social responsibility initiatives might
require a company to makeshift in their working model, and this might turn

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out as an impediment to a business to operate. For example suppose a

Company X, which due to the CSR initiatives undertaken by them, before
supplying its products subjects it to strict regulations on product quality and
also maintains the employee working conditions, and incurs huge amount for
all this, company Y on the other hand concerns itself only with the rules and
regulation which are mandatory and doesn’t spend any amount on these extra
initiatives. Thus, Company Y which is a competitor of Company X can
operate at lower costs and turn out products more quickly.
7. Expenses
Another reason, which provides a possible explanation as to why companies
object to participating in CSR, is the associated costs which are attached to it.
While implementing corporate social responsibilities, the company need to
pay for environmental programs; they have to provide their employee more
training and also to take steps for efficient waste management programs.
8. Shareholder Expectations
Another challenge which comes up is the possible negative perception of
shareholders. Traditionally, companies had a primary focus on maximizing
shareholder value, but now they must balance the financial expectations of the
shareholders with the social and environmental requirements of other
stakeholder groups.
9. Author’s comment
All factors which go against the compulsory corporate social responsibility
have already been mentioned in the blogpost. In my view, the corporate social
responsibility is a very good step but only if it is on the discretion of the
companies, as making it compulsory would do more harm than good to the
industries. The large companies and corporations can very well perform their
responsibilities as they have sufficient capital to do so.

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9. CONCLUSION

 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encourages businesses

accountability to a wide range of stakeholders, shareholders, and
investors.
 The key are of concerns are the environment protection, and the
social wellbeing of people in society, both now and in the future.
 CSR has a variety of policies such as giving to organization,
providing products and services to consumers, reducing harmful
waste, and treating their employees with moral ethics.
 Corporate social responsibility is the best thing that was
implemented into businesses both large and small, in this was the
environment and society can be treated the way it supposed to,
with respect.
 CSR is something that everyone can benefit from, when
businesses adopt its policy.

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10.BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.REFERENCE FROM BOOK

 Textbook of Ethics and governance

2.REFERENCE FROM WEBSITE

 Google.com
 Wikipedia.com etc.

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