EXAM QUESTIONS

AQA TRILOGY

INFECTION AND
RESPONSE

Q1-6 FOUNDATON

Q3-9 HIGHER

MARK SCHEME AT THE END OF

ALL THE QUESTIONS

Page 1 of 30
Q1.
Figure 1 shows one type of white blood cell.

Figure 1

(a)  What is structure A?

Tick one box.

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

(1)

(b)  White blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens.

How do the white blood cells do this?

Tick three boxes.

Clone pathogens

Engulf pathogens

Produce antibiotics

Produce antibodies

Produce antitoxins

Page 2 of 30
 Produce toxins

(3)

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

Figure 2 shows the number of cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and
2015

Figure 2

(c)  Use Figure 2 to calculate the decrease in the number of cases of measles between
2012 and 2015

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Answer = ______________________ cases

(2)

(d)  Suggest one reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles between
2012 and 2015

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 3 of 30
(e)  Antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f)  Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by a bacterium.

Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one other way to control the spread of gonorrhoea.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

A scientist investigated how effective different antibiotics were at killing gonorrhoea

bacteria.

This is the method used.

1.   Grow gonorrhoea bacteria on agar in a Petri dish.

2.   Place one paper disc soaked in water onto the agar.
3.   Place four other paper discs, each soaked in a different antibiotic, A, B, C, and D,
onto the agar.
4.   Use the same sized paper discs and the same concentration of each antibiotic.
5.   Incubate the Petri dish for 3 days.

Figure 3 shows the scientist’s results.

A clear area around the disc means the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Figure 3

(g)  Give one control variable the scientist used.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 30
 (1)

(h)  Suggest why one disc was soaked in water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(i)  Which antibiotic in Figure 3 would be the best to treat gonorrhoea?

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic ___________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q2.
Antibiotics are used to kill some types of pathogen.

(a) Which illness could be treated with an antibiotic?

Tick one box.

AIDS

Measles

Salmonella

Type 2 diabetes

(1)

Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin.

He noticed that one of his Petri dishes containing bacteria had become contaminated with
a fungus.

The diagram shows the Petri dish.

Page 5 of 30
(b) Read the information about the discovery of penicillin.

Draw one line from each piece of information to its description.

Information Description

Conclusion

Fleming noticed that there

were only a few bacterial
colonies growing near the
fungus.

Hypothesis

Fleming thought the fungus

must have produced a
chemical (penicillin) that killed
the bacteria around it.

Investigation

He injected 8 mice with

bacteria and gave 4 of these
mice an injection of penicillin.

Observation

The 4 mice injected with

penicillin survived. The 4 mice
not given penicillin died.

Result
(4)

(c) Look at the diagram of the petri dish.

The greater the distance from the fungus the more bacteria grew.

Suggest one reason for this.

Page 6 of 30
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give two reasons why Fleming’s discovery was important.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q3.
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.

(a) Draw one line from each disease to the way the disease is spread.

Way the disease is

Disease
spread

Animals that draw blood

Drinking contaminated
Cholera
water

Droplets in the air when

Cold
people cough or sneeze

Eating food that is

Malaria
contaminated

Breathing air polluted with

carbon dioxide
(3)

(b) One way the human body protects itself against the entry of pathogens is by
producing antimicrobial chemicals.

Antimicrobial chemicals kill pathogens.

Give two other ways the human body protects itself against the entry of pathogens.

1. _________________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 30
 ___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Measles is a childhood disease caused by a microorganism.

Measles is not treated by antibiotics.

Give the reason why.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Vaccinations help people become immune to infections.

In 2013, 92% of children in the UK had two vaccination injections against measles.

The figure below shows how the concentration of antibodies in the blood changes
after each measles vaccination.

Suggest what day the second vaccination was given.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) What is the highest concentration of antibodies produced by the first vaccination?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) How will the number of children getting measles change as more children are
vaccinated against measles?

Give a reason for your answer.

Page 8 of 30
 Change ___________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4.
There are several methods of contraception.

(a)  Draw one line from each method of contraception to how the method works.

Method of
How the method works
contraception

diaphragm prevents embryo implanting

intrauterine device prevents release of the egg

oral contraceptive prevents sperm reaching the egg

(2)

(b)  When a new oral contraceptive is tested on volunteers, the contraceptive is first
given at a low dose. Later, the dose is increased.

Why are new drugs given at low doses at first?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)  The table below shows information about three methods of contraception.

Oral Hormone skin

Condom
contraceptive patch

Percentage (%)
98.0 99.7 99.8
effectiveness

How From shops

contraception is or sexual From doctor or sexual health clinic
obtained health clinic

Headaches, Headaches,
Possible side No serious
nausea, high nausea, blood
effects side effects
blood pressure clots

Evaluate the use of these contraceptive methods.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 30
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 9 marks)

Q5.
Food poisoning can be caused by eating food that is contaminated with Salmonella
bacteria.

(a) Give one difference between a bacterial cell and an animal cell.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The table shows the number of confirmed cases of salmonella food poisoning in the UK.

Confirmed cases per

Year
100 000 population

2006 23.82

2007 22.24

2008 18.82

2009 17.17

2010 15.39

2011 15.12

2012 14.00

2013 13.16

2014 12.63

Page 10 of 30
 2015 14.50

It is estimated that in the UK, for every confirmed case of salmonella poisoning there are
another 3 unconfirmed cases.

(b) Estimate the total probability of suffering from salmonella food poisoning in 2015.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Describe the trend in the number of confirmed cases of salmonella food poisoning
between 2006 and 2014.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Suggest two reasons for the trend in the data between 2006 and 2014.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) The graph shows the number of confirmed cases of salmonella food poisoning in
the UK during one year.

Page 11 of 30
 Suggest one reason for the high number of cases of salmonella food poisoning in
the summer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q6.
Scientists at a drug company developed a new pain-killing drug, drug X.

(a) Painkillers do not cure infectious diseases.

Why?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The scientists compared drug X with two other pain-killing drugs, drug A and drug
B.
In their investigation the scientists:
• chose 600 volunteers. The volunteers were all in pain
• gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug A
• gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug B
• gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug X.

Over the next seven hours the volunteers recorded how much pain they felt.

To get valid results the three groups of volunteers should be matched for as many
factors as possible.

Suggest two of the factors that should be matched.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 30
 (2)

(c) The graph shows the results of the investigation.

(i) How much pain did the volunteers still feel, four hours after taking drug A?

______________________________ percent
(1)

(ii) Give one advantage of taking drug A and not drug B.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Give two advantages of taking drug B and not drug A.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Drug X is much more expensive than both drug A and drug B.

A pharmacist advised a customer that it would be just as good to take drug A and
drug B together instead of drug X.

Do you agree with the pharmacist’s advice?

Give reasons for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 30
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q7.
White blood cells protect the body against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

(a) (i) Pathogens make us feel ill.

Give one reason why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) White blood cells produce antibodies. This is one way white blood cells protect
us against pathogens.

Give two other ways that white blood cells protect us against pathogens.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Vaccination can protect us from the diseases pathogens cause.

(i) One type of virus causes measles.

A doctor vaccinates a child against measles.

What does the doctor inject into the child to make the child immune to
measles?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 30
 (2)

(ii) A few weeks after the vaccination, the child becomes infected with measles
viruses from another person.

The graph shows the number of measles antibodies in the child’s blood from
before the vaccination until after the infection.

More measles antibodies are produced after the infection than after the
vaccination.

Describe other differences in antibody production after infection compared with

after vaccination.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) Vaccination against the measles virus will not protect the child against the
rubella virus.

Why?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 15 of 30
 (c) What is the advantage of vaccinating a large proportion of the population against
measles?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q8.
Malaria is a disease caused by a microorganism carried by mosquitoes.

The microorganism is transferred to humans when adult female mosquitoes feed on

human blood.

The figure below shows the life cycle of a mosquito.

© watcharapon/iStock

The World Health Organisation estimates that 3 × 108 people are infected with malaria
every year.

Scientists estimate that malaria kills 2 × 106 people every year.

The people who are infected with malaria but do not die, may be seriously ill and need
health care for the rest of their lives.

(a) Based on the estimated figures, what percentage of people infected with malaria die
from the disease?

___________________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 30
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) An internet article states:

1 Mosquito larvae are at the start of the food chain for some fish.
2 Adult mosquitoes provide food for bats and birds.
3 Mosquitoes are also important in plant reproduction because they feed from
flowers of crop plants.

(i) The first sentence in the article is not correct.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) A company plans to produce genetically modified (GM) adult male

mosquitoes.
The GM mosquitoes will carry a gene from bacteria. The gene causes the
death of offspring before they become adults.

Male mosquitoes do not feed on blood.

Scientists are considering releasing millions of adult male GM mosquitoes into
the wild.

Do you think scientists should release millions of male GM mosquitoes into the
wild?

In your answer you should give advantages and disadvantages of releasing

GM mosquitoes into the wild.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 17 of 30
 (iii) Describe the process for creating a GM mosquito.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q9.
In 2014 there was an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Africa.

At the time of the outbreak there were:

• no drugs to treat the disease

• no vaccines to prevent infection.

(a) By March 2015 there were an estimated 9 850 deaths worldwide from EVD.

The number of deaths is an estimate.

Suggest why it is an estimate rather than an exact number.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Why were antibiotics not used to treat EVD?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) After the outbreak began, drug companies started to develop drugs and vaccines for
EVD.

A drug has to be thoroughly tested and trialled before it is licensed for use.

Testing, trialling and licensing new drugs usually takes several years.

Draw one line from each word about drug testing to the definition of the word.

Word about drug testing Definition

Page 18 of 30
 Dose Side effects making the person ill

The concentration of the drug to be

Efficacy used and how often the drug should be
given

Whether the drug works to treat the

Toxicity
illness
(2)

(d) The results of drug testing and drug trials are studied in detail by other scientists.

Only then can the results be published by the drug company.

Suggest one reason why the results are studied by other scientists.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) The number of deaths from EVD continued to increase.

The World Health Organization (WHO) decided it was ethical to use unlicensed
drugs.

The WHO said unlicensed drugs could only be given to people who gave their
permission.

Also, any results had to be shared with other researchers and drug companies.

Some vaccines had shown positive results in animal testing, but the vaccines had
not been tested and trialled in humans.

The supplies of the vaccine were low.

At first the vaccines were only used for health workers.

How would the use of a vaccine reduce the spread of EVD?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Evaluate the use of unlicensed drugs and vaccines during the EVD outbreak.

Give a conclusion.

Page 19 of 30
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 20 of 30
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)  cell membrane
extra ticks negates marks
1

(b)  engulf pathogens

1

produce antibodies
1

produce antitoxins
1
extra ticks negates marks

(c)  2050 − 100

1

= 1950
allow 1 mark for a correct subtraction of incorrect
values
1
an answer of 1950 scores 2 marks

(d)  any one from:

•   (more) people vaccinated
ignore injections / treatments / medicines
unqualified
allow vaccine produced
allow (more people given) MMR (vaccine)
do not allow antibiotics
ignore less people infected

•   (more) people immune

•   no new measles strain
1

(e)  any one from:

•   measles is (caused by) a virus
allow measles is not caused by a bacterium

•   viruses cannot be killed / destroyed by antibiotics

allow antibiotics only kill / destroy bacteria
ignore harmed / treated
1

(f)  any one from:

•   use of a barrier method of contraception
ignore use of diaphragm

•   use of a condom

ignore use protection / safe sex

Page 21 of 30
 •   vaccination / immunisation
•   avoid sexual intercourse / contact
do not accept less sexual intercourse / contact
1

(g)  any one from:

•   size / shape/ type of paper disc
ignore paper disc unqualified

•   concentration of antibiotic

allow strength / dosage of antibiotic
•   volume / amount of antibiotic
•   (incubation) time
allow 3 days
•   (incubation) temperature
ignore size of petri dish
1

(h)  to check that the disc / water did not have an effect
or
to make sure it was the antibiotic that had an effect
allow for comparison with the antibiotics
allow as a (experimental) control
do not accept as a control variable
1

(i)  (antibiotic) A
no marks if wrong antibiotic given
1

any one from:

•   (antibiotic A) had the largest clear area around it
•   (antibiotic A) killed the most bacteria
1
[13]

Q2.
(a) salmonella
1

(b)

1
1
1
1

Page 22 of 30
 (c) lower concentration of antibiotic / chemical further from the fungus
allow less antibiotic / chemical further from the fungus
1

(d) lead to mass production of antibiotics

or
lead to development of other antibiotics
1

reduced infection by bacteria

or
antibiotics have saved many lives
1
[8]

Q3.
(a) Disease Way the disease is spread

extra lines from left cancel the mark

3

(b) any two from:

• skin acts as a barrier

• blood clots (over cuts)
• nose (hairs) catch particles (breathed in)
• mucus (in trachea / bronchi) traps microorganisms
• acid in stomach kills microorganisms
2

(c) because measles is a virus

1

(d) 28 / twenty eight

± 0.5 small square tolerance
1

(e) 2.5
1

(f) number will decrease

1

less likely to come into contact with someone with measles / the disease
1
[10]

Page 23 of 30
Q4.
(a)

2
2 marks for all 3 correct
allow 1 mark for 1 or 2 correct

(b)  to test for safety / toxicity

or
to test for dangerous / harmful side effects
ignore to test for side effects unqualified
1

(c)  Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a sufficient

range of correct reasons, is given.
5−6

Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also be a simple
judgement.
3−4

Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked.
1−2

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

allow converse where applicable

•   condom effectiveness is lower than oral contraceptive and patch
•   hormone patch slightly more effective than oral contraceptive
•   all are highly effective
•   condoms more easily accessible
•   condoms have no serious side effects, oral contraceptive and patch
have possible side effects
•   only condoms protect against STIs / STDs or named STIs / STDs
•   side effects don’t affect all women
•   could forget to take oral contraceptive, but patch is applied for long time
•   could forget to replace patch
•   patch is visible

ignore costs
ignore how the contraceptive works
[9]

Q5.
(a) any one from (bacterial cell):

Page 24 of 30
 • has a cell wall
• has plasmids
allow converse
• has a single DNA loop
• has no nucleus
• is much smaller
1

(b) 14.50 × 3 = 43.5

1

43.5 + 14.50 = 58
or
14.50 × 4 = 58
allow 58 for 2 marks
1

(58 / 100000 =)

0.00058 or 0.058%
an answer of 0.00058 or 0.058% scores 3 marks
1

(c) decreased (from 2006 to 2014)

1

(d) improved hygiene (for food preparation)

allow stricter food hygiene regulations
1

vaccination of poultry
1

(e) any one from:

• warmer weather so number of bacteria increases faster
• more cold / precooked food (rather than hot food) being eaten
• food not cooked properly on barbeques
1
[8]

Q6.
(a) don’t kill pathogens / bacteria / viruses / microbes / microorganisms
allow don’t contain antibiotics
ignore antibodies / attack / fight
allow only treat symptoms / pain
ignore kill disease / germs
1

(b) any two from:

• age

• gender

• extent / severity of pain

or how long had pain before trial

Page 25 of 30
 • type of pain / illness / site of pain
accept ‘the pain’ for 1 mark, if neither extent or type given
ignore pain threshold

• (body) mass / weight / height

allow body size / physique

• other medical issues / drugs taken / health / fitness

• ethnicity
2

(c) (i) 75
ignore calculations / %
1

(ii) faster pain relief / decrease

allow pain relief sooner
or it works quicker

or more pain relief at start / in first 1 / 1 hours

1

(iii) decrease of pain higher / more

ignore more effective unless qualified by time > 1 hours

allow effect lasts longer
1

decrease of pain is longer lasting

1

(d) any three from:

ignore yes or no

(Yes because)

• rapid pain relief (from A)

• long lasting pain relief (from B)

• and it costs less

• the sum of the pain relief (from A + B) is greater (than X)

(No because)

• drug X gives more pain relief

• (A + B / they ) might interact with each other

• could result in overdose

• could be more / new side effects

if neither points gained
allow (more) dangerous

Page 26 of 30
 3
[10]

Q7.
(a) (i) any one from:

• (produce) toxins / poisons

• (cause) damage to cells

kill / destroy cells
allow kills white blood cells
1

(ii) produce antitoxins

1

engulf / ingest / digest pathogens / viruses / bacteria / microorganisms

accept phagocytosis or description
ignore eat / consume / absorb for engulf
ignore references to memory cells
1

(b) (i) dead / inactive / weakened

accept idea of antigen / protein
1

(measles) pathogen / virus

ignore bacteria
1

(ii) (after infection)

accept converse if clearly referring to before vaccination
1

rise begins sooner / less lag time

steeper / faster rise (in number)

1

longer lasting or doesn’t drop so quickly

idea of staying high for longer
ignore reference to higher starting point
1

(iii) antibodies are specific or needs different antibodies

accept antigens are different or white blood cells do not
recognise virus
1

(c) reduces spread of infection / less likely to get an epidemic

accept idea of eradicating measles
1
[10]

Page 27 of 30
Q8.
(a) 0.67(%)
allow
allow 1 mark for evidence of (2 × 106) ÷ (3 × 108)
or
allow 1 mark for 0.0067 or 0.6
2

(b) (i) idea that food chains start with plants / producers
allow food chains do not start with animals or larvae are
consumers
1

idea that these make food (for other organisms in the chain)
allow idea that plants / producers photosynthesise or plants /
producers get energy from the sun
allow mosquito larvae do not make food / photosynthesise or
mosquito larvae do not get energy from the sun
1

(ii) any four from:

• reasoned argument for or against release
must refer to at least one advantage and one disadvantage.
max 3 marks for either only advantages or only
disadvantages

advantages:
• fewer mosquitos biting or spreading malaria
• fewer people get / die from malaria
allow people won’t get / die from malaria
• lower medical costs (for those infected or for treatment) or less
healthcare needed
• better economically for developing / tropical countries.

disadvantages:
• fewer crops reproduce
allow fewer crops pollinated
• poorer crop yield
• possible starvation (of people)
• high cost of GM production / mosquito release
• less food for bats / birds or bats / birds die
allow disruption to food chain / ecosystem or reduction of
biodiversity
• gene could ‘escape’ into other wildlife / species
ignore into plants
4

(iii) any three from:

• gene from bacteria cut out
allow allele for gene
• ref to enzymes (anywhere in process)
allow at any point in process, ie in cutting or in splicing
• (gene) transferred to chromosome of mosquito
allow DNA for chromosome
• at an early stage of development
allow egg / embryo

Page 28 of 30
 3
[11]

Q9.
(a) any one from:

• not all deaths recorded

• not all causes of deaths recorded
allow cause may not be known
1

(b) antibiotics do not kill viruses

allow antibiotics only kill bacteria
1

(c)

all correct for 2 marks

1 or 2 correct for 1 mark
2

(d) any one from:

• to prevent false claims

• to make sure the conclusions are correct / valid
• to avoid bias
1

(e) some people would be immune to EVD

allow those vaccinated would not contract the disease
1

if less people (in a population) have EVD less chance of it being passed on
1

(f) Level 3 (5–6 marks):

A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided which considers a range of
arguments for and against the use of unlicensed drugs and comes to a conclusion
consistent with the reasoning.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

An attempt to give arguments for and against the use of unlicensed drugs is made.
The logic may be inconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

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Discrete relevant points made. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion, if
present,
may not be consistent with the reasoning.

0 marks:
No relevant content

Indicative content

pros
• might save some lives
• vaccine could reduce chance of future outbreaks
• patient made aware of risk and agreed to use of drug
• sharing of results could speed up development of effective vaccines / drugs
• used mainly for health workers who were risking their lives to help

cons
• could be dangerous
or
vaccine could harm a healthy person
• goes against legislation / laws governing drug development
• might set a precedent for other drugs not to be fully tested
• unfair as not available to the African people

a justified conclusion
6
[13]

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