8th Math Workbook

4
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Instruction: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.
1. Introduction
Have you ever thought about a life without numbers??? Can you really imagine that?
A life without knowing when you are born!!
A life without mobile phone numbers!! A life in which how much money you have in your
wallet!!
Question 1. The numbers which are used for counting objects are called _____________.
Question 2. The number which is part of whole numbers and not a part of natural numbers is
________.
Question 3. The set of positive and negative integers together with 0 is called ___________.
Question 4. When we divide an integer by another integer, the resulting number is always an integer.
(True/False)
a. Rational numbers
p
Numbers which are represented in the form q where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 are
rational numbers.
Set of numbers and their notation
Set of numbers Notation

Natural numbers N
Whole numbers W
Integers I or Z
Rational numbers Q
Question 5. All the integers are rational numbers. Justify the statement.
Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

5
2. Properties of rational numbers
a. Closure property
Operation Closed (Yes/No)

Addition
3 2 Yes
+ = ________
7 5
4 2
− + = __________
9 3
Conclusion: Rational numbers are closed under addition
Subtraction
3 2
− = ________
7 5
−4 2
− = __________
9 3
Conclusion:
Multiplication
2 −4
× = ________
3 5
4 7
× = _________
7 2
Conclusion:
Division
5 2
÷ = _______
3 9
2
÷ 0 = _________
3
Conclusion:
b. Commutative property
(i) Commutative property for whole numbers and integers.

For any two whole numbers a and b,
a + b = b + a and a × b = ___________
But, a − b ≠ b − a and a ÷ b ≠ ________
Therefore, addition and multiplication are commutative for whole numbers. Subtraction and
division are not commutative for whole numbers.

6
Question 6. Define commutative property for integers.
(ii) Commutative property for rational numbers.
Operation Commutative (Yes/No)

Addition
3 2
+ = ________
7 5
2 3
+ = ________
5 7
Conclusion: Addition is commutative for rational numbers.
Subtraction
3 2
− = ________
7 5
2 3
− = __________
5 7
Conclusion:
Multiplication
2 −4
× = ________
3 5
−4 2
× = _________
5 3
Conclusion:
Division
5 2
÷ = _______
3 9
2 5
÷ = _________
9 3
Conclusion:

7
c. Associative property
(i) Associative property for whole numbers and integers

For any three whole numbers a, b and c;
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
Therefore, addition and multiplication are associative for whole numbers. But subtraction and
division are not associative for whole numbers.
Similarly,
Addition and multiplication are associative for integers. But subtraction and division are not
associative for integers.
(ii) Associative property for rational numbers
Operation Associative (Yes/No)

Addition
2 −1 3
( + ) + = ___________
3 4 8
2 −1 3
+( + ) = __________
3 4 8
Conclusion: Addition is associative for rational numbers
Subtraction
3 2 1
( − ) − = ________
5 3 6
3 2 1
− ( − ) = ________
5 3 6
Conclusion:
Multiplication
−7 1 2
( × ) × = ________
3 4 5
−7 1 2
× ( × ) = ________
3 4 5
Conclusion:
Division
1 1 1
( ÷ ) ÷ = _______
2 3 4
1 1 1
÷ ( ÷ ) = ________
2 3 4
Conclusion:
d. Distributive property of multiplication over addition

For any three rational numbers a, b and c;
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c

8
3 2 5
Question 7. Verify distributive property of multiplication over addition taking the numbers 4 , 3 and 7.
Solution:
3 2 5
×( + )=
4 3 7
3 2 3 5
× + × =
4 3 4 7
Question 8. Simplify the following using commutative or associative property.
6 5 16 14
× × ×
16 14 21 15
Question 9. Simplify the following using distributive property.
2 5 2 3
× + ×
7 8 7 8

9
e. Additive identity
Question 10. What do you get when ‘zero’ is added to a number?
Therefore, zero is called the identity for addition or additive identity for rational numbers.
f. Multiplicative identity
Question 11. What do you get when a number is multiplied with 1?
Therefore, 1 is called the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.
3. Negatives and reciprocals
a. Negative of a number
If sum of two numbers is zero, then one number is called negative of the other number.
Question 12. Negative of a number is also called _____________________.
b. Reciprocal of a number
If the product of two rational numbers is 1 then one rational number is called the reciprocal or
multiplicative inverse of other rational number.
a
Question 13. If is a rational number, then _____ is its reciprocal.
b
Question 14. Given: (x + y + z) × (ab + 1) = 1

Find the value of z if x is additive inverse of y and a is multiplicative inverse of b.

10
Did you know?

There is no rational number
which when multiplied by 0 gives 1.
Thus, zero has no reciprocal.
4. Representation of rational numbers on the number line
Question 15. Mark -3 on the number line given below.
1
Question 16. Mark − 2 on the number line.
4 10
Question 17. Mark and on the number line.
7 7
8
Question 18. Mark − 5 on the number line.
Helping hand: The denominator of the rational number indicates the number of equal parts into
which each unit is to be divided. The numerator indicates how many such parts are to be
considered.

11

5. Rational numbers between two rational numbers
Question 19. How many natural numbers are there in between -5 and 3?
Question 20. Write 6 rational numbers between 2 and 4.
Number of rational numbers between two rational number is not infinite. Any number of rational
numbers can be inserted between two rational numbers.
1 1
Question 21. Find 4 rational numbers between and .
4 6
Helping hand: Take any two rational numbers and find their mean. It is also a rational number.

13

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.
Questions from 1 to 7 are MCQ’s

11
1. For what value of ‘a’ the number − a
is not a rational number.
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
2. Rational numbers are not closed under
A) Addition C) Division
B) Multiplication D) Subtraction
a 7
3. If additive inverse of b is − 29. Then value of (b − a) can be,
A) 22 B) -22 C) -36 D) 73
4. If the multiplicative inverse of 15/3 is a/b, then value of (a + b) can be,
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
a c
5. A rational number b is greater than d if (for all positive a, b, c, d)
A) a > c C) b < d
B) ad < bc D) ad > bc
0.5
6. If x + y = 2 + (3) , then select the correct statements for relation between x and y
A) x is rational and y is irrational C) x can be rational or irrational
B) y is rational and x is irrational D) none of these
61
7. If the sum of three rational numbers is − 15 then what is the sum of the additive inverses of the
three rational numbers?
15 61
A) C)
61 15
15 61
B) − 61 D) − 15
Questions from 8 to are 20 subjective.
8. Division of two irrational numbers can be rational. (True/False)
9. If a + 5 = 10 + b, then any one of a or b can be irrational. Tell whether above statement is
correct or not. Then explain why so?
1 2
10. Write any three rational and irrational numbers between 2 and 3
11. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order
22 21 6 6 1
, π, , , , 3,
7 6 21 22 3
12. Use the following figure and find the value of (A + B + C + D + E) + (J + I + H + G + F)

14
13. Explain whether rational numbers are close under addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division or not. Give at least one example for each operation.
1 3
14. Rakesh earns Rs. 20000 per month. He spends of his income on food; of the remainder on
4 10
5
house rent and of the remainder on education of children. How much money is he left with?
21
15. Set of operations is being done on number A.
i) A is multiplied by 5 to get B
ii) 5 is added to B to get C.
iii) 10 is subtracted from C to get D.
iv) 1 is subtracted from D to get 9.
Find the value of A.
16. Take any positive number find its inverse. Is the inverse is also positive? Same way what will be
inverse of a negative number.
1
17. If you have 50 chocolates and you distributed 12 th of the chocolates among your friends then
number of chocolates remaining with you is ______.
1 5
18. The sum of two rational numbers is − 2. If one of the numbers is 6, find the other number.
33 627
19. A tin holds 2 liters, then how many such tins will be required to hold 2 litres of oil?
20. If one-seventh of a number k is multiplied with itself which in result give the number 7, then find
the value of k.

16
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Linear Equations in One Variable

Instruction: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the
videos proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. What is the difference between variable and constant?
Variable Constant
Question 2. What is an algebraic expression?
Question 3. What is an equation?
Hint: My mother’s age = two times my age
Linear Equation in One Variable: An equation which has highest power of variable as 1.
Note: There is no restriction on the number of variables to classify an equation as linear, but
these variables should appear in power 1 only.

17

Question 4. Find out which of the following are examples of linear equation in one variable.
2x + 4, 2xy – 3, x2, (x + 1) (x – 1), (2x + 1), (yzx – 9)
2. Solving Linear Equations.
In such an equation, the expression on LHS and the expression on RHS are equal and this is true
only for one value of the variable which is called the solution of the equation.
How do we solve these equations to get the value of the variable?
a. Solving equations which have linear expressions on one side and numbers on the other
side.
(i) By adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing by a same number on either side.
The expressions on either side of the equation are always equal to each other. So, If some
mathematical operations are performed on both sides of an equation, the equality does not
change.
Question 5. Multiply both the equations by 2 and check whether they are same or not.
1. 3x + 8 = 2x – 1
2. 2y + 1 = 0
Note: When both sides of an equation are multiplied, added, subtracted or divided by a same non
– zero quantity, the equality does not change. However, division by zero is not permitted, as it is
not defined.

18
Question 6. Find the solution of 3x – 10 = 2
1 5
Question 7. Solve: 𝑥 − = 6.
3 2
(ii) Transposition method.

1 1
Question 8. Solve for y: 9 4 = 𝑦 − 1 3

19
Question 9. Sum of two number is 56. One number is 8 more than the other number. What are the
numbers?
b. Solving equations having the variable on both sides.
Question 10. Find the solution of 4x + 12 = 2x – 2
3𝑡−2 2𝑡+3 2
Question 11. Solve: − = 3 −𝑡
4 3

20
c. Cross multiplication method:

𝑥−2 𝑥−5
Question 12. Solve =
3 2
1 1 2
Question 13. Solve: 𝑥+1
+ 𝑥+2 = 𝑥+10.
d. Application of liner equations to practical problems:
Many day-to-day problems can be solved by framing equations. These problems involve relations
among variables and numbers. The process consists of two parts formulation and solution.

21
Question 14. The perimeter of a rectangle is 36 cm. If the length of the rectangle is 4 cm. Find its
breadth.
Question 15. Sum of digits of two digits number is 8. The digit in tens place is thrice the digit in unit
place. Find the number.
Question 16. Shruti has a piggy bank. It is full of one-rupee and fifty –paisa coins. It contains 3 times
as many fifty paisa coins as one rupee coins. The total amount of the money in the bank is Rs 35.
How many coins of each kind are there in the bank?

22

3. Equations Reducible to Linear Form
Question 17. State whether the following equation is linear or not and try to solve it.
𝑥+1 1
=
𝑥−3 2
Question 18. The ratio of the present ages of Sunil and his wife is 4: 3. After 4 years, the ratio of their
ages will be 9: 7. What is the present age of Sunil?
Question 19. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 5. If the number
is increased by 10 and the denominator is decreased by 3, the new number becomes 2. Find the
original number.

23

Question 20. 50 kg of an alloy of lead and tin contains 60% lead. How much lead must be melted into
it to make an alloy containing 75% lead?
Application of Linear equations in day-to-day life.
The use of linear equations is in their diverse applications; different problems on numbers, ages,
perimeters, combination of currency notes, and so on, can be solved using linear equations.

25

1. The solution of 3x – 4 = -11 is

A. 5 7
D. 3
B. -5
−7
C. 3
𝑥 3 1
2. The value of 𝑥 in 2
+ 4 = 3 is
−5 5
A. 6
C. 6
B. 2 D. None of these
7 17
3. What should be added to rational number 3
to get 6
?
3 −1
A. C.
2 2
1 D. None of these
B. 2
4. The perimeter of a rectangle is 24 cm. if the length of the rectangle is given 3cm. Find its breadth.
A. 9 cm C. 11 cm
B. 10 cm D. 12 cm
5. Ronith is now 20 years old and Isha is 4 years old. In how many years will Ronith be twice as old
as Isha?
A. 16 C. 14
B. 12 D. 18
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions
6. Sindhu is 40 years old and Smita is 20 years old. How many years ago was Sindhu three times as
old as Smita?
7. Two numbers are in ratio 5: 3. If they differ by 18, what are the numbers?
8. How many kilos of tea worth Rs. 72 per kg should be mixed with 10 kg of tea worth Rs. 90 per kg
to produce a mixture which will cost Rs. 78 per kg?
9. A number is twice another number. If their sum is 96, what are the numbers?
10. The difference between two numbers is 18. If their sum is 86, what are the numbers?
11. When a number is multiplied by 4 and then diminished by 7, the result is 65. What is the number?
12. Banu is 20 years older than Binu. In 5 years Banu will be twice as old as Binu. Find their present
ages.
13. Sheela is now 15 years older than her younger brother Sanjay. Ten years from now Sheela will be
twice as old as Sanjay. Find the present age of each.
14. Jaggy has three more five- rupee notes than ten-rupee notes. If he has Rs 195 worth of money by
these two notes. How many of each kind of notes does he have?
15. Find three consecutive numbers whose sum is 48.
16. Find three consecutive even numbers whose sum is 96.
17. Write the equation and solve: Hari’s father gave him 70 rupees. Now he has 130 rupees. How
much money did Hari have in the beginning?

26
𝑥 4
18. Solve the equation: 2 = 5 ( x + 10)
19. One number is three times another. If the larger number is subtracted from 60, the result is 5 less
than the smaller number subtracted from 55. Find the numbers.
5 ( x + 43) 2 (3x + 4)
20. Solve the equation: 2
= 3

28
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Quadrilaterals

videos proceed.
1. Introduction to Geometry
In our day to day life, we come across various plane surfaces such as top of our study table, our
monitor, our T.V. screen, our black board in the class room.
These are the perfect models for a plane surfaces.
Question 1. Give some more examples of plane surfaces.
a. Curve: In mathematics, curve is generally a line but that need not to be straight. In our day to
day life the word ‘curve’ means ‘not straight’.
Open curves: A curve which does not cut itself is called an open curve. It is a curve whose
beginning points and end points are different.
Figure 1: Open curve
Question 2. Can you explain closed curve with an example?

29
Question 3. Define simple closed curve. Explain the difference between closed curve and simple
closed curve.
b. Polygons:
A polygon is a closed figure formed by the line segment such that:
(1) No two line segments intersect except at their end – points.

(2) No two line segments with common end points are coincident.
Question 4. What are diagonals of a polygon?
Question 5. Differentiate between convex polygon and concave polygon.
Convex Polygon Concave Polygon

30
Question 6. State whether rectangle is a polygon or not?
Question7. Differentiate between regular and irregular polygons.
Regular Polygon Irregular Polygon
Polygons are named according to the number of sides they contain.
Figure 2: Polygons
Did you know?

A hundred sided polygon is called Hectogon
A thousand sided polygon is called Chiliagon
A ten thousand sided polygon is called Mariagon

31
c. Angle sum property of a polygon.
Question 8. What is the sum of angles of a triangle?
Question 9. Check the following table.
Figure Side Angle sum

Triangle 3 180°
Quadrilateral 4 2 × 180° = (4 − 2) × 180
Pentagon 5 3 × 180° = (5 − 2) × 180
Hexagon 6 _____________________
Polygon with n sides n _____________________
d. Sum of the measure of the exterior angles of a polygon
Question 10. A regular hexagon is given below.
Figure 3: Regular hexagon
i) What is the sum of the measure of its exterior angles x, y, z, p, q, r?

ii) Is x = y = z = p = q = r? If so why?
iii) What is the measure of each exterior and interior angle?

32
2. Introduction to Quadrilaterals
Let A, B, C and D be four points in a plane such that:
(1) No three of them are collinear

(2) The line segment AB, BC, CD and DA do not intersect except at their end points
Then, the figure made up of the four line segments is called the quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C
and D.
Figure 4: Quadrilateral ABCD
Did you know?

The origin of the word ‘quadrilateral’ is the two
Latin words ‘quadric’, a variant of four, and ‘latus’,
meaning ‘side’
Important terms:
Sides: In a quadrilateral ABCD, the four line segments AB, BC, CD and DA are called its sides.
Angles: The amount of turn between two straight lines that have a common point.

33
Question 11. In the given quadrilateral PQRS,
Figure 5: Quadrilateral PQRS
(A) Name all the adjacent angles and sides.
(B) Name all the opposite angles and sides.
a. Angle sum property of Quadrilateral:
Question 12. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral
Question 13. Three angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 4:6:3. If the fourth angle is 100°. Find the
three angles of the quadrilateral.

34
3. Types of Quadrilateral
Based on sides and angles quadrilaterals have special names.
Did you know?

A quadrilateral is also called a tetragon
a. Trapezium:
Figure 6: Trapezium ABCD
Question 14 .Recognize the pair of parallel sides in the above figure
A trapezium is a quadrilateral which has a pair of sides ____________.
Question 15. Define isosceles trapezium.
b. Kite
In the figure given, ABCD is quadrilateral. Name the pair of equal sides.
Figure 7: Kite ABCD

35
A kite is quadrilateral in which two adjacent sides are _________.
c. Parallelogram:
Question 16. In the given figure, quadrilateral ABCD recognize the sides which are parallel.
Figure 8: Parallelogram
A quadrilateral is parallelograms if it’s ______________________sides are parallel.
d. Rhombus:
Question 17. In the figure given, ABCD is parallelogram. Verify whether all four sides are equal.
Figure 9: Rhombus ABCD
A parallelogram having all sides ______________ is called a rhombus. In other words, a

quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus if AB is parallel to DC, AD is parallel to BC and AB = ____ =
_____ = ______.

36
e. Rectangle
Question 18. In the given figure below, ABCD is parallelogram. What is the measure of each angle?
Figure 10: Rectangle ABCD
A rectangle is a parallelogram in which measure of each angle is _________.
Did you know?

A golden rectangle is rectangle whose sides are in the ratio
1: 1.618 The Greeks called it as Golden Ratio Many used this
ratio in art and architecture, to make them appealing to the eyes.
Here AB = _____, AD= ________ and ∠A= ∠B=∠C=∠D= _________
f. Square
Question 19. In the following figure given, ABCD is rectangle. What is the measure of all four sides?
Figure 11: Square ABCD
A square is a rectangle in which all sides are ___________. Here ∠A= ∠B=∠C=∠D= _________
and AB = ____ = _____ = ______.

37
Question 20. Name the only regular quadrilateral.
4. Properties of kite
Figure 12: Kite ABCD
Question 21. Try to answer the following questions based on the figure given above.
i) Do you see an axis of symmetry?

ii) What can you say about ∠ADO and ∠CDO?
iii) Do you see any pair equal angles?
iv) Are ∠DAO and ∠BAO equal?
v) What about ∠DCO and ∠BCO?
vi) Are any pair of sides parallel?

38
5. Properties of parallelogram
a. Property 1
Consider a parallelogram ABCD given below. Measure all the angles.
Figure 13: Parallelogram ABCD
∠A = ________, ∠B= _____________, ∠C=___________, ∠D=___________.
Question 22. In the above figure, write down your observation with respect to measurement of
angles?
b. Property 2
Consider a parallelogram ABCD given below. AC and BD are ____________
Figure 14: Parallelogram ABCD
Measure the lengths AO =_________, CO=_______, BO=_________, DO=__________.
Question 23. In the above figure, write down your observation with respect t measure of length of
AO, CO, BO and DO.

39
Question 24. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal. What is the measure of each?
6. Properties of special parallelogram

a. Properties of Rhombus
As discussed earlier rhombus is a special parallelogram. So, it satisfies all the properties of a
parallelogram.
Consider a Rhombus ABCD given below. Here AC and BD are ____________
Measure ∠AOB =____________, ∠BOC= __________, ∠AOD = ___________, ∠COD=______________
Also measure AO= ______, CO=_______, BO=________, and DO= ________.
Question 25. In the above figure, write down your observation with respect to measure of angles at
the centre and measure of AO, CO, BO and DO.

40
Question 26. In figure, ABCD is a rhombus with ∠ABC = 56°. Determine ∠ACD.
b. Properties of rectangle
As discussed earlier rectangle is a special parallelogram. So, it satisfies all the properties of a
parallelogram.
Consider a rectangle ABCD given below
Measure the lengths of diagonal AC =_________ and diagonal BD =____________

41
Question 27. In the above figure write down your observation with respect to lengths of diagonals AC
and BD.
Question 28. Do the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other? If so, why?
c. Properties of square
Consider a rectangle ABCD given below.
Figure 18: Square ABCD
Measure the lengths AO= ______, CO=_______, BO=________, and DO= ________.
Measure ∠AOB =_________, ∠BOC= _________, ∠AOD = ___________, ∠COD=____________.
Question 29. In the above figure, write down your observation with respect to lengths of AO, CO, BO
and DO. Also measure the angles at the centre ‘O’.

42
Question 30. Differentiate between Rectangle and square.
Rectangle Square
Question 31. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are as 2: 3. Find the measures of all the angles.
Question 32. The angle between the altitudes of a parallelogram, through the same vertex of an obtuse
angle of the parallelogram is 60°. Find the angles of the parallelogram.

43
Question 33. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD meets at O. If ∠BOC = 44°, find ∠OAD.

45

1. State the name of a regular polygon having 6 sides.

A) Pentagon C) Triangle
B) Hexagon D) Octagon
2. Find the number of sides of a regular polygon who’s each exterior angle has measure of 30°.
A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 14
3. Find the value of x in the given figure:
Figure 20
A) 140° B) 120° C) 130° D) 65°

4. Three angles of a heptagon are 60°, 110° and 130°. The remaining angles are equal. Find the
equal angles.
A) 125° C) 65°
B) 150° D) None of these
5. Find the value of x in the given figure:
Figure 21
A) 80° B) 100° C) 120° D) 50°

46
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions.
6. In the given figure, find the value of x + y + z.
Figure 22
7. Find the value of x in the given figure.
Figure 23
8. The interior angle of a regular polygon is 156°. Find the number of sides of the polygon.
9. The exterior angle of a regular polygon is one – sixth of its interior angle. How many sides the
polygon has?
10. The ratio of two sides of a parallelogram is 3: 5 and its perimeter is 48 m. Find the sides of the
parallelogram
11. Find the value of x + y + z in the given parallelogram ABCD.
Figure 24

47
12. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are as 2: 3. Find the measures of all the angles of a
parallelogram.
13. The diagonals of a quadrilateral are of lengths 6 cm and 8 cm. If the diagonals bisect each other at
right angles, what is the length of each side of the quadrilateral?
14. A mason has made a concrete slab. He needs it to be rectangular. In what different ways can he
make sure that it is rectangular?
Hint: Properties of rectangle
15. Find all the angles of the parallelogram if ∠BCE = 122°
Figure 25
16. Determine the number of sides of a polygon whose exterior and interior angle are in the ratio 1:5.
17. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2: 3: 5: 6. Find the angles of the quadrilateral.
18. A window frame has one diagonal longer than the other. Is the window frame a rectangle? Why or
why not?
19. Find the value of x in the given figure.
Figure 26

49
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Constructions

Instructions: Instruction: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the
sheet as the videos proceed.
1. Introduction
Usually in the geometrical chapters, diagrams are drawn roughly to understand the concepts,
without actual measurements.
Question 1. What if, we need to draw a diagram with actual measurements?
a. Construction of triangles
Recall that, we have learned how to construct triangles.
Question 2. Construct a triangle ABC, given that AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 7 cm.

50
Question 3. Construct a triangle PQR, given that PQ = 3 cm, QR = 5.5 cm and ∠PQR = 60°.
Question 4. Construct ΔPQR if PQ = 5 cm, ∠PQR = 105° and ∠QRP = 40°.
Knowledge of construction of triangles helps us in constructing the quadrilaterals.
b. Construction of quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral has 10 measures- 4 angles, 4 sides and 2 diagonals. It is not necessary to know all
the measures of the quadrilateral to construct a quadrilateral. A minimum 5 measures are
sufficient.

51
Question 5. Can we construct unique quadrilaterals with all combinations of 5 measures? Why?
2. Construction of quadrilateral when, four sides and one diagonal are given
Consider an example,
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given that AB= 5cm, BC= 3cm, CD= 5cm and AD = 4cm and
diagonal AC = 6cm.
Rough sketch:
Figure 1
Note: After drawing the rough sketch try to visualise the triangles in the quadrilateral which
can be drawn.
Method:
➢ Construct a triangle ABC with AB as base.
➢ With A as centre and 4cm radius, draw an arc. Again, with C as centre and 5cm radius, draw
another arc so that it intersects the first arc at D.
➢ Join AD and CD. ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
Figure 2
Alternate method: Draw two triangles, ∆ABC and ∆ADC with AC as common base.

52
Question 6. In the above construction, we constructed ∆ABD with AB as base. What if, we take AD
as base? Does the construction still look the same?
Question 7. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD such that AB = 3.4 cm, CD = 3 cm, DA = 5.7 cm, AC =
8 cm and BD = 4 cm.
3. Construction of quadrilateral when, three sides and two diagonals are given
Consider an example,
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given that AB = 5cm, BC = 7cm, AD = 4cm and diagonal
AC = 9cm and diagonal BD = 6cm.
Rough sketch:
Figure 3
Note: After drawing the rough sketch try to visualise the triangles in the quadrilateral which can be
drawn.

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Method:
➢ Construct Δ ABD with given measurements.
➢ We know that AC = 9cm. So, with A as centre and 9cm as radius, draw an arc.
➢ Also given is BC = 7cm. With B as centre and 7cm as radius draw an arc such that it
intersects the first arc at point C.
➢ Join AC and BC. C and D are two vertices of the quadrilateral. Join DC to get the fourth side
of the quadrilateral.
ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
Figure 4
Question 8. In the above construction, we constructed ∆ABD with AB as base. What if, we take AD
as base? Does the construction still look the same?
Question 9. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3.4 cm, CD = 3 cm, DA = 5.7 cm,
AC = 8 cm and BD = 4 cm.

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4. Construction of quadrilaterals when, two adjacent sides and three angles are given
Consider an example, construct a quadrilateral ABCD, given that AB =7cm, AD = 4 cm, ∠A =

70°, ∠B=50° and ∠D = 100°.
Rough sketch:
Figure 5
Note: Consider a side whose two angles are known, as base of the quadrilateral.
Method:
➢ Draw a line segment AB = 7 cm. Draw ∠XAB = 70° using a protractor.

➢ With A as centre and radius 4cm cut an arc on the line AX. This is the length of the side AD.
So, name the point of intersection of the line and arc as D.
➢ At B, make ∠YBA = 50°
➢ At D, make ∠ZDA = 100°. The rays, DZ and BY meet at a point, let it be C.
➢ ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
Figure 6

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Question 10. Will the quadrilateral ABCD be unique if it is constructed with AD as base?
Question 11. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS in which PQ = 5 cm, QR = 6.5 cm, ∠P = ∠R = 100° and
∠S = 75°.

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5. Construction of quadrilateral when, three sides and two included angles given
Consider quadrilateral ABCD, given that AB =5cm, AD = 4cm, BC = 6cm, ∠A = 100°, ∠B=50°
and ∠B = 120°.
Rough sketch:
Figure 7
Method:
➢ Draw a line segment AB=5cm.

➢ At A, draw ∠XAB = 100°and at B, draw ∠YBA = 120°
➢ Mark the distances AD = 4cm and BC = 6cm on the rays AX and BY.
➢ Join CD. ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
Figure 8

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Question 12. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4 cm, AC = 5 cm, AD = 5.5 cm and
∠ABC = ∠ACD = 90°.
6. Special quadrilaterals
Special quadrilaterals such as parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus and square are constructed based
on their special properties.
Question 13. Following are properties of special quadrilaterals. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
In a parallelogram opposite sides are _____________ and ______________.

In a parallelogram opposite angles are ___________ and adjacent angles are _______________.
In a rectangle, each angle is equal to __________ and diagonal are_____________.
In a rhombus all sides are ___________ and diagonals ___________ each other.
In a square all sides are ___________ and diagonals are ___________.
Note that,
➢ A rectangle can be constructed with just two measurements, length and breadth.
➢ A rhombus can be constructed with just two measurements, length of a side and a diagonal.
➢ A square can be constructed with just one measurement, its side.

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Question 13. Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which BC = 6 cm, AB = 4 cm and ∠ABC = 60°.
Question 14. Construct a parallelogram, one of whose sides is 4.4 cm and whose diagonals are 5.6 cm
and 7 cm. Measure the other side.

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Question 15. Construct a square of side 5cm.
Question 16. Construct a rectangle ABCD whose adjacent sides are 11 cm and 8.5 cm.

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Question 17. Construct a rhombus ABCD in which AB = 4 cm and diagonal AC is 6.5 cm.

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1. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 20 mm and 13 mm. Which of these lengths cannot
represent the length of the third side?
A) 32 mm C) 15 mm
B) 10 mm D) 26 mm
2. Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are (3𝑥 − 2)° and (50 − 𝑥)°. Then the value of 𝑥 is
A) 36 C) 72
B) 66 D) 132
3. Angles ∠A and ∠B are complementary and the measure of ∠A is twice the measure of ∠B. Find
the measure of ∠A.
A) 30° B) 45° C) 60° D) 90°
4. Minimum measures required to construct a quadrilateral are
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5
5. In a rhombus, diagonals bisect each other at
A) 45° B) 60° C) 90° D) 100°
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective
6. Squares and rhombus are quadrilaterals in which all sides are equal and diagonals are equal.
(True/False)
7. In a parallelogram one angle is 40°, then remaining all angles are _____, ______ and _______.
8. Construct a quadrilateral FILE in which FI = 4.2 cm, IL = 6 cm, LE = 5.2 cm, EF = 5 cm and FL
= 8 cm.
9. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS in which PQ = 3.5 cm, QR = 3.5 cm, RS = 4.5 cm, SP = 3cm and
diagonal PR = 5 cm.
10. Construct a quadrilateral LMNO in which LM = 3.5 cm, MN = 3.8 cm, NO = OL = 4.5 cm and
diagonal MO = 5.6 cm.
11. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3.6 cm, BC = 3.3 cm, AD = 2.7 cm, diagonal AC
= 4.6 cm and diagonal BD = 4 cm.
12. Construct a quadrilateral LMNO in which LN = LO = 6 cm, MN = 7.5 cm, MO = 10 cm and NO
= 5 cm. Measure the remaining side.
13. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = BC = 3.5 cm, AD = CD = 5.2 cm and ∠ABC =
120°.
14. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 2.9 cm, BC = 3.2 cm, CD = 2.7 cm, DA = 3.4 cm
and ∠A = 70°.
15. Construct a quadrilateral PQRS m which PQ = 5 cm, QR = 6.5 cm, ∠P = ∠R = 100° and ∠S =
75°.
Hint: Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
16. Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which AB = 5.2 cm, BC = 4.7 cm and AC = 7.6 cm.
17. Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which BC = 5 cm, ∠BCD = 120° and CD = 4.8 cm.
18. Construct a square, each of whose sides measures 6.4 cm.
19. Construct a rectangle PQRS in which QR = 3.6 cm and diagonal PR = 6 cm. Measure the other
side of the rectangle.
20. Construct a rhombus when the length measures of the diagonals are 8 cm and 6 cm.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Data Handling

videos proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. What you mean by ‘data’? Give some examples.
Question 2. How do you predict tomorrow’s weather?
Note: The more data you have, your prediction is more accurate.
Pictographs and Bar graphs
a. Pictographs
It is a pictorial representation of data using symbols.
Question 3. Number of wickets taken by Yuvraj Singh in five consecutive matches is 3, 2, 1, 4 and 5
respectively. Draw a pictograph for the above data.
(Represent one wicket as a small circle.)
Match Number of wickets

1
2
3
4
5

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Question 4. In the pictograph given below, the number of bikes sold in different months is shown.
What is the number of bikes sold in the month 2 months before the month which had maximum
number of bikes sold?
Month
No. of bikes sold ( 1 = 10 bikes)
February 2015
December 2014
October 2014
November 2014
January 2015
b. Bar graphs
(i) Bar graphs and its properties
• It is the simplest and most widely used.

• Numerical data is represented by bars (rectangles).
• Width of all the bars should be _______, of any measurement.
• The gap between consecutive bars should be ________ (equal/unequal)
• The height of the bar is proportional to _____________
Note: In a bar graph, height of the bar represents the numerical quantity; width of the bar has no
meaning.

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Question 5. Draw a bar-graph to represent the following data:
Name of the family A B C D

Number of members 8 10 7 12
Note: If the graph is already given, we can extract some information from it.
Question 6.
Figure 27: Bar graph

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(1) What is the number of students who like baseball?
(2) What is the sum of number of students who like football and number of students who like
soccer?
(ii) Double graph
Question 7. What is the difference between a normal bar graph and double bar graph?
Bar Graph Double Bar Graph
Question 8. Analyze the following graph and answer the questions.
Figure 2: Double bar graph

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(1) Who scored highest marks in half-yearly exam?
(2) Who scored lowest marks in quarterly exam?
(3) What is the difference between Maya’s Half yearly marks and Rita’s quarterly marks?
2. Pie charts
It is a graph in which a circle is divided into parts to represent a proportion of the whole.
a. Analysis of pie charts
Question 9. Complete the following pie chart showing number of students who play different games
and answer the following questions.
Game Football Cricket Badminton Tennis

Number of 75 50 50 25
students
Figure 3: Pie chart

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(1) What is the total number of students?
(2) What is the ratio of the number of students who play badminton?
(3) What is the ratio of the number of students who play Tennis?
b. Drawing pie chart
Note: A central angle is an angle whose apex (vertex) is the center O of a circle and whose legs
(sides) are radii intersecting the circle in two distinct points A and B.
Figure 4: Pie chart
Question 10. Central angle of a semi-circle is _________.

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Question 11. Draw a pie chart for the following information.

Number of students of class 8 using various modes of transport.
School Bus Car Cycle Walk
20 10 30 20
(1) Total number of students is _____
(2) Proportion of the number of students using car is _____
(3) Angle which is proportional to the above fraction is _______

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3. Grouped data
a. Frequency distribution
Question 12. What you mean by raw data?
(i) Frequency
Frequency is a number which tells how many times a particular data is
present in a given set of data.
Question 13. Write frequency of all the numbers in the following data.
8, 6, 8, 5, 6, 4, 7, 9, 7, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 4, 8.
Number Frequency
Frequency distribution: It is a tabular arrangement of data showing their corresponding

frequencies. This table is called frequency distribution table.
Question 14. Consider the following data which gives the number of goals scored by 16 players in a
football tournament.
6, 8, 8, 6, 5, 4, 4, 8, 9, 8, 10, 6, 9, 8, 4, 8
Complete the following frequency table:
Number of Goals Tally Marks Frequency

4
5
6
8
9

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b. Grouped frequency distribution
Question 15. In case of grouped frequency distribution, if 20 – 30 is a class interval which is bounded
between 20 and 30, then
(1) 20 is called ________________

(2) 30 is called ________________
(3) Width or size of the class interval is _____________
Question 16. Given below are the marks obtained by 30 students in an examination:
08 18 35 42 46 24 20 36
07 17 45 10 30 19 29 10
36 47 40 25 23 04 16 21
16 34 46 42 33 01
Taking class interval as 1 – 10, 10 – 20, ….., 40 – 50; make frequency table for the above
distribution
Marks Tally Marks Frequency

1 – 10
10 – 20
20 – 30
30 – 40
40 – 50
(Hint: Marks 10 is included in the interval 10 – 20 not in 1 – 10)
c. Histogram
• It is the graphical representation of continuous frequency distribution.

• Rectangles (bars) are drawn with class intervals as bases and their height represents the
frequency.
• There is no gap between the bars as there is no gap between class intervals.
Note: The scale chosen for both the axes of the histogram need not be the same.

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Question 17. Construct a histogram for the following distribution:
Class intervals 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20

Frequency 4 6 5 2
Question 18. The histogram below shows the heights (in cm) distribution of 30 people.
Figure 5: Histogram

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(1) How many people have heights between 159.5 and 169.5 cm?
(2) How many people have heights less than 159.5 cm?
(3) How many people have heights more than 169.5 cm?
4. Equally likely outcomes
Question 19. What are the equally likely outcomes when you throw a dice?
Question 20. Define an event in probability.

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Question 21. A bag has red balls and 3 blue balls. The balls are identical in all respects other than
colour. A ball is drawn from the bag without looking into the bag. What is the probability of getting
blue balls? Is it more or less than getting a red ball?

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1. The range of the data 30, 61, 55, 56, 60, 20, 26, 46, 28, 56 is
A) 26 B) 30 C) 41 D) 61
2. Which of the following is not a random experiment?
A) Tossing a coin
B) Rolling a dice
C) Choosing a card from a deck of 52 cards
D) Throwing a stone from the roof of a building
3. What is the probability of choosing a vowel from the alphabets?
21 5 1 5
A) 26
B) C) 26
D)
26 24
4. Size of the class 150 – 175 is
A) 150 B) 175 C) 25 D) -25
5. Tally marks are used to find
A) Class intervals C) Frequency
B) Range D) Upper limit
6. Sum of all the central angles in a pie chart is
A) 180° B) 300° C) 360° D) 240°
Questions from 7 to 23 are subjective
7. The following pictograph gives us the number of guests visiting your house for 4 days. On which
day, no. of guests is maximum? On this day, how many more guests came as compared to the
previous day?
Day No. of people (1 = 2 persons)
Thursday
Saturday
Sunday
Friday
8. The following data estimates the amount of water used for various activities in a day at home.
Represent the data using a suitable graph.
Activity No. of litres
Shower 55 𝑙
Washing dishes 30 𝑙
Washing clothes 30 𝑙
Toilet flush 22 𝑙
Washing hands 8𝑙

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9. Following table gives the data collected from 600 students from class 8 to 10 about their favorite
subject. Draw a suitable graph to represent the following data.
Subject Boys Girls

Mathematics 114 54
Physics 72 64
Biology 38 18
English 34 154
Social Studies 26 26
10. Write the tally marks of frequency 18.

11. The numbers of roses in a garden on 30 days of a month are recorded as below. Prepare a
frequency table for it.
40, 45, 43, 50, 62, 56, 50, 45, 40, 50, 52, 65, 62, 56, 45, 50, 60, 62, 68, 62, 55, 42, 45, 50, 60
12. The weights (in kg) of the students in a class are recorded as shown below.
60, 65, 63, 70, 65, 62, 65, 63, 64, 60, 68, 58, 62, 65, 63, 65, 64, 60, 62, 63
Prepare a grouped frequency distribution table using the class intervals 56 – 59, 59 – 62, 62 – 65,
65 – 68, 68 – 71, and answer the following:
a) Find the frequency of the class interval 59 – 62.
b) Write the tally marks for the frequency of variable 65 and the class interval 62 – 65.
13. The test scores of 10 students in a school were 61, 67, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98 and 100. Prepare
a grouped frequency distribution table using the intervals 61 – 70, 71 – 80, …..
91 – 100.
14. A frequency distribution of marks is given below:
Marks 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100
obtained
Number of 5 12 11 4 2
students
Draw a histogram for the above data.
15. A frequency distribution is given below:

Class 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 Total
interval
Frequency 50 40 30 40 160
Draw a histogram for the data.
16. Answer the questions based on the histogram given below.

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a) How many students have height more than or equal to 135 cm but less than 150 cm?
b) Which class interval has the least number of students?
c) What is the class size?
d) How many students have height less than 140 cm?
17. Given below is a frequency distribution table. Answer the questions that follow:
Class interval Frequency
10 – 20 5
20 – 30 10
30 – 40 4
40 – 50 15
50 – 60 12
a) What is the lower limit of the second class interval?
b) What is the upper limit of the third class interval?
c) What is the frequency of the third class?
d) Which interval has lowest frequency?
18. A group of 120 children were asked to name their favourite flavour of ice cream.
Flavour No. of children
Strawberry 22
Raspberry 17
Chocolate chip 46
Vanilla 35
Draw a pie chart for the above information.
19. During a traffic survey, police stopped 270 motorists and checked their vehicles for faults. The
results are given below.
Fault No. of vehicles
Bald tyre 96
Exhaust problem 24
Broken lights 108
No road tax 18
Others 24
Draw a pie chart for the above results.

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20. The following pie chart depicts the expenditure of a state government under different heads.
a) If the total spending is 10 crores, how much money was spent on roads?
b) How many times is the amount of money spent on education compared to the amount spent
on roads?
c) What fraction of the total expenditure is spent on both roads and public welfare together?
21. Classify the following statements under appropriate headings.
a) Getting the sum of angles of a triangle as 180°
b) India winning a cricket match against Pakistan
c) Sun setting in the evening
d) Getting 7 when a die is thrown
e) Sun rising from the west
f) Winning a racing competition by you
Certain to happen Impossible to happen May or may not Happen
22. Shruti picks up a card from the given cards.
Calculate the probability of getting

a) An odd number c) A ‘G’ card
b) A ‘Y’ card d) ‘B’ card bearing number > 7
23. In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the
probability that it is neither red nor green?

82
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Squares and Square Roots

Instruction: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. Find the area of the square whose length of the side is 16 cm?
Observe the following table:
Length of the side of a square Area of the square (in cm2)

1 1×1=1
2 2×2=4
3 3×3=9
4
We notice that the number 1, 4, 9, etc. can be expressed as a product of a natural number with
itself. Such numbers are called square numbers or perfect squares.
In general, a × a = a2 and it is read as ‘a square’.
Note: The square of a number is that number raised to the power 2.
2. Squares: A natural number n is called a perfect square or a square number if there exists a
natural number m such that n = m2
Question 2. Is 225 a perfect square? If so, find the number whose square is 225.

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Question 3. Show that 17640 is not a perfect square.
Question 4. Find the smallest number by which 180 must be multiplied so that the product is a perfect
square.
a. Properties of a square number

• A number having 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place is never a perfect square. In other words, no
square number ends in 2, 3, 7 or 8.
Question 5. Find which of the following is a perfect square?
152, 7693, 14357 and 798328

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• The number of zeroes at the end of a perfect square is always even.
Question 6. Check whether 2600 and 44700 is a perfect square or not.
Note: The number ending with even number of zeroes may or may not be a perfect square.
• The square of an even number is always even number and square of an odd number is always
odd number.
Question 7. Check whether the given statement is valid or not: The square of a natural number other
than 1 is either a multiple of 3 or exceeds a multiple of 3 by 1.
Hint: A perfect square leaves remainder 0 or 1 on division by 3
Did you know?

If the number is a square number, it has to be the
sum of successive odd numbers starting from 1.
• There are 2n non perfect square numbers between the square of the numbers 𝑛 and (𝑛 + 1).
Question 8. How many numbers lie between squares of 25 and 26?

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Question 9. Prove that, for every natural number n, (n + 1)2 - n2 = (n + 1) + n, i.e. the difference of
squares of two consecutive natural numbers is equal to their sum. Give an example.
3. Pythagorean Triplets
A triplet (m, n and p) of three natural numbers m, n and p is called a Pythagorean triplet, if m2 +
n2 = p2.
Note: Pythagorean triplets are the three integer side lengths of a right triangle. But, right
triangles with non-integer sides do not form Pythagorean triplets. For example, the triangle with
sides a = 1unit, b = 1 unit and c = √2 is right triangle, but (1, 1, √2) is not a Pythagorean triplet.
Question 10. Give an example of Pythagorean triplet.
Question 11. Write a Pythagorean triplet whose one member is 14.
Note: For any natural number 𝑚 > 1, 2𝑚, 𝑚2 − 1 and 𝑚2 + 1 forms a Pythagorean triplet.

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4. Interesting Patterns
Question 12. Find a common pattern for the following patterns.
Question 13. Find the pattern for the following:
1 × 3 + 1 = 4 = 22
3 × 5 + 1 = 16 = 42
5 × 7 + 1 = 36 = 62
7 × 9 + 1 = 64 = 82

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Question 14. Observe the following pattern and find the missing digits:
112 = 121
1012 = 10201
10012 = 1002001
100012 = 100020001
1000012 = 1_____2_____1
5. Interesting Methods to Find Squares
This method uses identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 for finding the square of a two-digit number ab.
For example: To find the square of 54, 54 can be written as 542 = (50 + 4)2.
Question 15. Find the squares of the following numbers without actual multiplication.
(i) 99
(ii) 89
6. Square Roots
Question 16. We know 122 = 144 then what is the square root of 144?
Question 17. We know (−9)2 = 81. Is −9 a square root of 81?
Square root is the inverse operation of squaring. Symbolically it written as √
Did you know?

The sign √ is of the form of letter ‘r’, the first
letter of the Latin word radix meaning a root.

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Note: Since, 4 = 22 = (-2)2, therefore 2 and -2 can both be the square roots of 4. However, we agree
that the square root of a number will be taken to be positive square root only. Thus, we have √4 = 2.
Here 2 is called as ‘principal root’of 4.
Question 18. ‘The square root of an even square number is even and that square root of an odd square
number is odd’ Justify this statement with examples.
7. Finding square root through repeated subtraction
We know that every square number can be expressed as a sum of successive odd natural numbers
starting from 1. Repeated subtraction is the method in which we subtract the given square number by
consecutive odd numbers. The number of times we have to perform subtraction to arrive at zero will
be the square root of the given number.
Question 19. Write the square root of 81 by successive subtractions.
Did you know?
The symbol '√' for the square root was first used in print in
1525 in Christoph Rudolff’s Coss (who was also the first to use
the new signs, such as'+’ and '−')

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8. Finding Square Root through Prime Factorization.
Finding the square root by repeated subtraction is convenient for small numbers. But, it is lengthy and
time consuming for large numbers. More efficient methods are there to find out the square root for
large numbers. One of them is through prime factorisation.
Question 20. Find the square root of 11025 by prime factorization.
Question 21. Find the smallest number by which 1100 must be multiplied so that the product becomes
a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.

90
Question 22. An NGO collected Rs 302500 as donation from its donors. If each donor has paid as
much amount as there were donors, find the number of donors.

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Question 23. The area of a square field is 5184 m2. A rectangle field, whose length is twice its breadth
has its perimeter equal to the perimeter of the square field. Find the area of the rectangle field.
Did you know?

The spiral of Theodorus is constructed
using successive square roots.
a. Relation between the digits of perfect square and its square root.
If the number of digits in a square number 𝑛, then the number of digits in its square root is
𝑛
(i) , when 𝑛 is even.
2
𝑛+1
(ii) , when 𝑛 is odd.
2
9. Finding Square Root through Long Division Method

In case of very large number another convenient method used is Long division method.
Question 24. Find the square root of 54756 through long division method.

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Question 25. Find the least number which must be subtracted from 18265 to make it a perfect square.
Also, find the square root of the resulting number.
Question 26. Find the least number which must be added to 306452 to make it a perfect square.
10. Square Roots of Decimals
Recall that the square root of a rational number x is that rational number y which when multiplied
by itself gives the number x. That is,
y2 = x ⇒ √𝑥 = y
For example; √0.16 = 0.4, √0.1681 = 0.41
Note: It is evident from the above calculation that the square of a decimal fraction consists of
twice as many decimal places as given in number.

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Question 27. Find the square root of 0.00008281.
Question 28. Evaluate √50625 and hence find the value of √506.25 + √5.0625
Question 29. Find the square root of 237.615 correct to the three places of decimals.

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Question 30. Find the square root of 3 correct to three decimal places.
2
Question 31. Find the square root of 10 correct to three places of decimals.
3
11. Estimating Square Roots
Shruthi has chart paper of area 125cm2. She wants to make a square shaped greeting card of side
15 cm for her friend. She wants to know if it is possible with the chart paper she has. If that is not
possible she wants to know what is the maximum length of the side of a card that can be made?
In cases as above we need to estimate the square root. Estimating square root means assuming the
square root to its nearest value.

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Question 32. Estimate the value of the following to the nearest whole number.
(a) √80 (b) √1000
Some more interesting methods to find squares (short cuts)
a) Column method
This method uses the identity (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 to find the square of a 2-digit number.
Consider a 2-digit number say 38.
Here 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 8 Make 3 columns and write as follows
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 𝑏2
9 48 64
Underline the unit digit of 𝑏 2 and add its tens digit (if any) to 2𝑎𝑏

9 48 64
+6
54
Underline the unit digit in column 2 and add its tens digit (if any) to 𝑎2

9 48 64
+5 +6
14 54

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Underline the number in column 1
2
𝑎 2𝑎𝑏 𝑏2
9 48 64
+5 +6
14 54
Write the underlined digits at the bottom of each column to get the square of 38
9 48 64
+5 +6
14 54
14 4 4
∴ Square of 38 is 1444.
b) Diagonal method
This method is used to find the square of any number irrespective of the number of digits in the
number.
Consider a number say 293
Write the digits of the number to be squared as shown below.
Multiply each digit on the left of the square with each digit on top of the column and write the
result as shown below.
Starting below the lowest diagonal sum the digits as shown below.

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The required square number is underlined numbers from left-most side i.e. 2932=85849
Applications of Squares and Square Roots in day-to-day life:
1. We often use square and square roots in order to calculate the area of the geometrical
figures.
2. If you need triangles when designing something, then you need the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean triplets are often used to determine the height or elevation of buildings.

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1. Which of the following numbers are perfect squares?
A. 1000 C. 123456000
B. 330550 D. 100
2. Which of the following are Pythagorean triplets?
A. (1, 2, 3) C. (6, 8, 10)
B. (3,5, 6) D. None of these
3. Find the smallest number by which 9408 must be divided so that it becomes a perfect square.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
4. Find the smallest multiple of 2352 which is a perfect square?
A. 7056 C. 4704
B. 14112 D. 16464
5. 5929 students are sitting in an auditorium in such a manner that there are as many as students in a
row as there are rows in the auditorium. How many rows are there are in auditorium?
A. 76 B. 77 C. 67 D. 89
6. Find the least number by which 5808 is to be multiplied so that the product becomes a perfect
square.
7. Find the square root of 5359225.
8. The square area in front of Raman ‘s house is converted into a lawn. He spent Rs. 176,400 at rate
of Rs. 25 per square meter. What is the length of each side of the lawn?
9. Find the value of 62 + 72 + 422
10. Find the square root of 0.064 up to two decimals places.
196
11. Find the value of √ .
729
12. Two buildings are 20 m and 25 m high. If the buildings are 12 m apart, find the distance between
their tops.
13. The area of a town in the form of a square is 729 sq. km. What is its one side?
14. A kite was flying at a height of 40 m just above a tree. The string was 50 m long. How far away
from the tree was the boy flying the kite?
15. Find the greatest 4-digit number which is the perfect square.
16. Express 432 as a sum of three square numbers.
17. Find the smallest square number divisible by each one of the number 8, 9 and 10.
18. Find the square roots of 121 and 169 by the method of repeated subtraction.
19. Find the value of √37.0881
2
20. Find the square root of 10 correct to three places of decimal.
3

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Cubes and Cube Roots

videos proceed.
1. Introduction
We all have seen 3D movies. Have you ever imagined how we can explain the dimensions of a
3D object?
Determination of the cube of large number was very common in many civilizations.
Did you know?

𝐴𝑟𝑦𝑎𝑏ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎, in his famous book 𝐴𝑟𝑦𝑎𝑏ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑦𝑎 explains cube as
“the continuous product of three equals as also the solid having
12 equal edges are called cubes”
Question 1. Can you draw a geometrical figure whose length, breadth and height are 3 cm. Also,
name that geometrical figure.
Question 2. Calculate the volume of cube whose edge is 4 cm.
Hint: Volume of cube = (edge)3

102
2. Cubes and Some Interesting Patterns
a. Cubes
The cube of a number is that number raised to the power 3.

Thus, if ‘𝑎’ is a number, then the cube of 𝑎 is 𝑎3 .
That is, 𝑎3 = ___ × ____×____
For example, 23 = ____ × _____ × _____
33 = ____ × ____ × ______
b. Perfect Cube:
A natural number is said to be a perfect cube, if it is the cube of some natural number.
Question 3. Prove that 8 is a perfect cube and find whether 12 is a perfect cube or not?
c. Procedure to check whether a given natural number is perfect cube or not.
(i) Obtain the natural number.

(ii) Express the natural number as a product of prime factors.
(iii) Group the factors in a group of three such that all three factors in each triple are qual.
(iv) If no other factor is left over in grouping in step III, then the number is a perfect cube
otherwise not.
Question 4. Is 729 a perfect cube? (use the above procedure to verify)

103
Question 5. Is 27000 a perfect cube? If yes, find the number whose cube is 27000?
Question 6. What is the smallest number by which 1323 must be multiplied so that the product is a
perfect cube?
Some important properties of cubes:
➢ Cube of odd number is odd and even number is even.

➢ Cubes of the numbers with last digit as 1,4,5,6 and 9 ends with same digits.
For eg: 113 = 1331 153 = 3375
143 = 2744 163 = 4096 etc
➢ Cubes of numbers with last digit as 2, ends with 8. For eg: 123 = 1728
➢ If a number ends with zero, its cube ends with 3 zeroes.

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Question 7. Prove that if a number is tripled, then its cube is 27th times the cube of the given number.
Question 8. Find the volume of a cube whose surface area is 150 cm2.
Question 9. Write down the cubes of first 10 natural numbers in the table given below:
Number 𝑥 Cube 𝑥 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Question 10. Verify the above results with properties of cube given earlier.

105
d. A shortcut to find cube of a 2-digit number (column method)

We know that (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 .
Using this identity, cube of 2-digit number can be found easily. Let us understand the method
with an example.
Consider 45, a 2-digit number. Then 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 5.

The identity (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 has 4 terms in its expansion so, create 4 columns.
Column I Column II Column III Column IV

𝑥3 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦3
64 3×16×5 = 240 3×4×25 = 300 125
Underline the units digit of 𝑦 and add its tens and other digit, if any, to 3𝑥𝑦 2
3

𝑥3 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 2
𝑦3
64 3×16×5 = 240 3×4×25 = 300 125
12
312
Underline the units digit of column III and add its tens and other digit, if any, to 3𝑥 2 𝑦

𝑥3 2
3𝑥 𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 2
𝑦3
64 3×16×5 = 240 3×4×25 = 300 125
31 12
271 312
Underline the units digit of column II and add its tens and other digit, if any, to 𝑥 3

𝑥3 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦3
64 3×16×5 = 240 3×4×25 = 300 125
27 31 12
91 271 312 125
Write the underlined digits at the bottom of each column.
So, 453 = 91125

106
Question 11. Find the cube of 14 by using column method.
Question 12. Find the cube of 21 by using column method.

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e. Interesting Patterns
Question 13. Observe the following pattern:

13 = 1
1 + 23 = (1 + 2)2
3
13 + 23 + 33 = (1 + 2 + 3)2
Write the next three rows and calculate the value of 13 + 23 + 33 + ……93 + 103 by the above
pattern.
Did you know?

The sum of the cubes of first 𝑛 natural numbers is equal to the
square of their sum i.e., 13 + 23 + 33 … … . +𝑛3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛)2
Activity: Difference between cubes of two consecutive number is 1 more than 3 times their
product. Verify with an example.
Activity: Express 63 as sum of 6 consecutive odd numbers.

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Question 14. Write the cube of 5 natural numbers which are multiples of 3 and verify the followings:
“The cube of a natural number which is a multiple of 3 is a multiple of 27”
Question 15. What happens to the cube of a number if the number is multiplied by
(i) 4
(ii) 5
(iii) 6
Did you know?

In geometry, a cube is a three dimensional solid
object bounded by six squares faces, with three meeting
at each vertex.
Question 16. Evaluate the following: {(52 + 122)1/2}3

109
Question 17. Show that -1728 is a perfect cube. What is the number whose cube is -1728?
2
Question 18. Find the cube of 3.
Question 19. Show that 0.004096 is the cube of a rational number.

110
3. Cube Roots
The cube root of a number is the number whose cube is the given number.
If cube root of number 𝑥 is 𝑦, then cube of 𝑦 is 𝑥.
i.e., If 3√𝑥 = y, then 𝑦 3 = 𝑥.
a. Cube Root by Factorization
Steps:
1. Split the given number into its primes.
2. Form groups in triplets of the identical primes.
3. Take one prime number from each triplet.
4. Multiply all the prime numbers obtained in step 3 to get the required cube-root.
Question 20. Find the cube root of 1728 by prime factorization method.
Question 21. Find the cube root of -2744 by prime factorization method.

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Question 22. Find the smallest number by which 26244 may be divided so that the quotient is a
perfect cube. Also, find the cube root of the quotient so obtained.
b. Cube Root of a Perfect Cube
Question 23. Find the cube root of 857375 if it is a perfect cube.
Question 24. Find the cube root of 175765 if it is a perfect cube.

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Activity: Take the difference between consecutive triangular number and square number, write down
your observation in the table given below. Is the result connected to cube or cube root?
Some important points:
1. For any positive integer, we have

𝟑 𝟑
√−n = − √n
2. For any two integers a and b, we have
3 3 3
(i) √ab = √a × √b
3
3 a √𝑎
(ii) √𝑏 = 3 ,b≠0
√𝑏
𝟑
Question 25. Find the value of √−5832

113
𝟑
Question 26. Evaluate: √−125 × 3375
𝟑 4096
Question 27. Find the value of √
−2197

115

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ
1. If 𝑚 is a positive integer, then (−𝑚)3 is a

A) positive integer B) negative integer
C) natural number D) none of these
2. Cube of all even natural numbers is

A) even B) odd
C) even or odd D) None of these
3. The cube of a natural number of the form 3𝑥 + 2 where 𝑥 is a positive integer is of the form
A) 3𝑥 + 1 B) 3𝑥 + 2
C) 3𝑥 D) None of these
4. The smallest number by which 5400 must be multiplied so that it become a perfect cube is:
A) 2 B) 10
C) 5 D) 3
5. Cube root of 0.064 is:

A) 0.04 B) 0.4
C) 0.004 D) None of these
6. Check whether 8000 is a perfect cube or not.

7. Find the cube root of -13824.
8. Find the smallest whole number by which 256 must be multiplied to obtain a perfect cube.
9. Find the cube root of the following numbers by prime factorization method:
(i) 512
(ii) 10,648
10. Three numbers are to one another 2: 3: 4. The sum of their cubes is 33957. Find the numbers.
11. Divide the number 52728 by the smallest number so that the quotient is a perfect cube. Also, find
the cube root of the quotient.
12. Write the unit and ten’s digit of the cube root of 2197.
13. The volume of a cube is 9261000 m3. Find the side of the cube.
14. Find the smallest number which when multiplied with 3600 will make the product a perfect cube.
Further, find the cube root of the product.
3 3
15. Evaluate: √1372 × √1458
16. Find the cube root 1.331.
17. The volume of a cubical box is 32.768 cubic meters. Find the length of a side of the box.
18. Find the cube root of 17064 by prime factorization.
3 −27
19. Evaluate: √
1331
20. Find the cube root of -571787.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Comparing Quantities

videos proceed.
1. Introduction
Imagine you are going to buy a new TV to your home. How will you choose the best from a list of
many?
You will start comparing their screen size, video quality, price, etc. right? Indirectly, we are
related to comparing quantities in our day-to-day life.
2. Introduction to Fractions and Ratios
a. Fractions and Ratios
Question 1. What is the difference between fraction and ratio?
Fraction Ratio
Question 2. A cake is cut into 10 equal pieces and you get 3 pieces from that. Represent your share in
a fraction.
Question 3. Price of Samsung phone and iPhone is Rs. 12000 and Rs. 24000 respectively. What is the
ratio of their prices?

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3
Question 4. Ratio of heights of Anirudh and Swati is . What is the height of Anirudh, if Swati’s
2
height is 120 cm?
Question 5. Sumit and Priya went for jogging. They covered a distance of 3 km and 1500 m
respectively. Find the ratio between the distance covered by them.
Helping hand: To compare two quantities, the units must be the same
Did you know?

In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same
as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The figure on the right
illustrates the geometric relationship. Expressed algebraically, for
quantities a and b with a > b > 0,
The Golden Ratio is equal to: 1.61803398874989484820
b. Comparing Ratios
We have three methods to compare two ratios.

(i) By converting each ratio into decimals

119

4 12
Question 6. Which is greater among and ?
6 20
Hint: Convert the given fractions to decimals and compare their values.
(i) By making the denominators equal
Question 7. Following is the performance of a football team and the matches it played in two months.
Month Wins Losses

January 7 4
February 9 2
In which month was the performance better? Why?
Hint: Take the ratios between number of wins and losses in each month and compare.
(ii) Cross multiplication method
Note: For any two ratios 𝑎: 𝑏 and 𝑐: 𝑑, if:
(i) 𝑎 × 𝑑 < 𝑏 × 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎: 𝑏 is less than 𝑐: 𝑑

(ii) 𝑎 × 𝑑 > 𝑏 × 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎: 𝑏 is greater than 𝑐: 𝑑
(iii) 𝑎 × 𝑑 = 𝑏 × 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎: 𝑏 is equal to 𝑐: 𝑑
Question 8. Which ratio among 4: 9 or 10: 27 is greater?

120

c. Division of a Given Quantity in a Given Ratio
Question 9. Divide Rs. 63 into two parts in the ratio 2: 5
Solution: Let the parts be 𝑅𝑠. 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑠. 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = ___________
𝑥 = ________
Then, first part = 2𝑥 = ______
Second part = 5𝑥 = ____________
Question 10. The ratio of number of boys and girls in a school of 720 students is 7:5. how many more
girls should be admitted to make the ratio as 1:1?
Hint: If the ratio between number of boys and girls is 1: 1, then number boys and girls will be
equal.

121
d. Continued Ratio
Question 11. If 𝐴: 𝐵 = 3: 4 and 𝐵: 𝐶 = 6: 7 find the continued ratio 𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶.
Solution: In both the given ratios, either make the value of the common term one (unity) or you
can make the value of the common term B, same and then proceed.
a. Since 𝐴: 𝐵 and 𝐵: 𝐶 are given, 𝐵 is common.
Therefore, make the value of 𝐵 one (unity)
For this, 𝐴: 𝐵 = 3: 4 ⇒ 𝐴: 𝐵 = _______
Similarly, 𝐵: 𝐶 = 6: 7 ⇒ 𝐵: 𝐶 = _______
Now, combine the two ratios where value of 𝐵 is unity.
𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶 =
b. Take the LCM of 4 and 6 and change the ratio suitably.
3. Percentages and Use of Percentages
Did you know?

Per cent is derived from the Latin word ‘per centum’
which means ‘per hundred’.
a. Meaning of Percentage
• A fraction whose denominator is 100 is called a percentage and the numerator of such fraction
is called the rate percent.
• Percent and percentage are used in same sense.

122
Question 12. Following table shows 4 players contribution in a cricket match. Complete the table by
writing the percentage of runs made by each player.
Player Runs In fraction In percentage
Arjun 30
Pratik 20
Ajit 30
Rashid 40
Total
Hint: We need to convert the fraction to an equivalent fraction with denominator 100.
Question 13. There are 50 bulbs, 32 of them are damaged. What per cent of bulbs are not damaged?
Number of bulbs which are not damaged = _____ - _____
b. Conversion of Decimals to Percentages
Question 14. Convert the following decimals into percentages.

(a) 0.98
(b) 0.8
(c) 0.003
Helping hand: To convert decimal to percentage, multiply the decimal with 100.

123
c. Conversion of Percentages to Decimals
Question 15. Complete the following table.
Per cent Fraction Decimal

200
200% 100 2.0
125%
85%
40%
8%
d. Conversion of Percentage to “How many”
1
1% of 100 is × 100______
100
99% of 100 is × 100 = ______

100
20
20% of 50 is × 50 =________
_−−_
Question16. In a classroom 60% are boys. What is the number of boys and girls if the total strength is
150?
Number of boys = ________ × 150 = ______
Number of girls = ______ - ______

124
4. Increase or Decrease in Percentages
Amount of change
Percentage increase or decrease = × 100
Initial amount
Question 17. Price of a shirt increased by 25% from Rs. 80. What is its new price?
amount of change
Percentage increase = × 100
initial amount
25 = × 100
Amount of change = ______
New price = 80 + _____ =
Question 18. A number 5 is wrongly read as 5.5; find the percentage error.
Solution:
Error = _____- _____ = _____
Error
Percentage error = × 100 =
Original number

125
Question 19. If the price of rice is increased by 20% today, at what percent should it be decreased
tomorrow, so as to bring down the price back to the original?
Question 20. A number decreased by 20% becomes 400. Find the number
Solution: Let the original number be x.
The number which is decreased from x = 20% of x = ______

x − 0.2x = ________
x = _____________
Solve the above question in an alternative method.
5. Prices Related to Buying and Selling
a. Cost Price and Selling Price
Question 21. Write the definition of the following terms.
Cost Price (C.P)
Selling Price (S.P)

126
Question 22. If Shruti buys a bicycle from Pratik for Rs. 3000 and sells it to Diya for Rs. 4000, then
Rs. 3000 is _____________with respect to Pratik (Selling Price/Cost Price)
Rs. 3000 is _____________ with respect to Shruti (Selling Price/Cost Price)
Rs. 4000 is _____________ with respect to Shruti (Selling Price/Cost Price)
Rs. 4000 is _____________with respect to Diya (Selling Price/Cost Price)
a. Profit and Loss
• If S.P of an article is more than its C.P., there is a profit.

• If S.P of an article is less than its C.P., there is a loss.
Question 23. Write the formula for each of the following in terms of S.P and C.P.
Profit = _____________
Profit% = _____________
Loss = ______________
Loss% = _____________
Helping hand: Profit % and Loss % are always calculated on the C.P and not on S.P.
(i) Find the profit% or loss% when C.P and S.P is given
Question 24. A notebook is bought for Rs. 80 and is sold for Rs. 100. What is the profit or loss
percentage?

127
Question 25. A notebook is bought for Rs. 50 and is sold for Rs. 40. What is the profit or loss
percentage?
Question 26. A shopkeeper purchased 100 notebooks for Rs. 20 each. However, he was not able to
sell 10 notebooks since those were damaged. The remaining notebooks were sold at Rs. 25 each.
Find the gain or loss percentage.
Find S.P when C.P and Profit % or Loss % are given:
In case of profit:
S. P − C. P
Profit, P(%) = × 100
CP
S. P
P% = ( − 1) × 100
C. P
P% + 100 = _________
C. P S. P
=
100 100 + P%
Similarly, in case of loss:

C. P S. P
=
100 100 − L%

128
Question 27. A shirt is bought for Rs. 500. Find its S.P if it is sold at 15% profit.
Question 28. A gown is bought for Rs. 800. Find its S.P if it is sold at 20% loss.
(ii) Find C.P when S.P and Profit % or Loss % are given:
Question 29. A handbag is sold for Rs. 540. Find its C.P if it is sold at 15% loss.
Question 30. Two articles are bought for Rs. 1600. One of them is sold at a profit of 20% and the
other at a loss of 20%. If the selling prices of both are same; find the cost price of each.
Hint: Take the C.P of the article sold at profit as x
When C.P and S.P of different number of articles are given

129
Question 31.A shopkeeper bought chairs at the rate of 10 chairs for Rs. 2000 and sold them at the rate
of 14 chairs for Rs. 3500. Calculate:
(i) His gain percentage.
(ii) The number of chairs he should sell to earn a net profit of Rs. 2750.
Helping hand: When C.P and S.P of different number of articles are given; first find C.P and S.P
of each articles, and then calculate percentage of profit or loss as required.
Profit on all the articles

Number of articles to be sold to get required profit =
Profit on one article
Similarly, in case of loss,
loss on all the articles

Number of articles sold =
loss on one article
c. Overhead Charges
Overhead charges are costs involved in packing, transportation, etc.
Did you know?

Shopkeepers mark price of an item including the overhead charges.

130
Question 32.A shopkeeper buys an article for Rs. 2500. He spends 10% of the cost on its packing,
transportation, etc. and sells it for Rs. 3300. What is the profit percentage?
6. Finding Discounts
Question 33. What is marked price of an item?
Did you know?

Marked price (list price) by the manufacturer includes
cost of the article and his desired profit.
• Discount is applied on marked price.

• Selling Price (S.P) = Marked Price (M.P) – Discount

131
Question 34. Marked price of an item is Rs. 900, at what price the item is sold if the percentage of
discount is 12%?
Question 35. For a manufacturer, cost price of an article is Rs. 700. At what price he should mark the
article to get a profit of 25%?

132
Question 36. A manufacturer marks an article for Rs. 8000 and then sells it to a trader at 25%
discount. Find the profit per cent made by the trader. If he sells this article at:
(i) Its marked price (ii) A discount of 20% on MP
d. Successive Discounts
In case of successive discounts, first discount is calculated on M.P.
Second discount is calculated on the resulting price after the first discount.
Similarly, third discount is calculated on the resulting price after second discount and so on.
Question 37. Marked price of an article is Rs. 1200 and is available at two successive discounts of
10% and 20%. Calculate the selling price of the article.
100−𝑑
Helping hand: 𝑆. 𝑃 = ( )× (𝑀. 𝑃), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ′𝑑′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝑛 %)
100
100−d1 100−d
In case of two successive discounts d1 % and d2 %, S. P = ( 100
) ( 100 2 ) × (M. P)

133
(i) Equivalent Discount
It is the single discount which replaces successive discounts.
Question 38. Find the single discount which is equivalent to successive discounts of 10%, 20% and
10%.
Hint: Take the marked price of an article as 100
7. Sales Tax and Value Added Tax
Question 39. Give some examples where you have come across the word “Tax”.
Did you know?

The word ‘tax’ came from the Latin word ‘taxo’ which means rate.
Question 40. What is tax money used for?
Did you know?

Few countries impose almost no taxation at all,
such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.

134
a. Sales Tax
It is the tax levied by a state government on the sale or purchase of items within the state.
Sales tax is calculated on the sale price.
(Rate of sales tax) × (Sale price)

Sales tax =
100
Question 41. Pratik purchased a pair of shoes costing Rs. 1000. Calculate the total amount to be paid
by him, if the sales tax is 10%.
Solution: Sale price of shoes = Rs. ______
Sales tax = ___% of _____ = Rs. ____
Total amount to be paid by Pratik = _____ + _____ = _______
b. Value Added Tax (VAT)
VAT is a new method of realizing tax on the sale/purchase of goods. In the earlier form of sales
tax, the tax used to be realized at a single point only. The manufacturer or wholesaler or retailer
was liable to pay sales tax to the government.
But in the VAT system, the tax is realized by the government at every point right from the
manufacturer to the retailer.
Question 42. A trader purchases an article for Rs. 1200 at a rate of tax 10%.
(a) What is the amount of tax he pays?
(b) If he sells the article for Rs. 1500, what is the tax he recovers from the customer?
(c) The difference between the tax he recovers and the tax he paid is called _________

135

(d) Value added on the article by the trader, Rs. 1500 – Rs. _____ = Rs. ______
(e) Tax on the value added = Rs. ________ which is equal to _______
8. Simple interest and Compound interest
Question 43. What do you mean by interest?
Question 44. Rate of interest is normally represented in _________.
• Interest is expressed in rupees and rate of interest is expressed in percentage or decimals.
a. Simple Interest (S.I)
In case of simple interest, principal remains the same for the whole time.
Question 45. Write the formula to find the amount of simple interest and define the terms in it.
Question 46. Rahul borrowed Rs. 12000 from a bank at 12% simple interest. What is amount he has
to pay back after 2 years?
Did you know?

When the rate of interest is given in decimals, amount of simple interest is
calculated using the formula; I = P × R × T. Ignore ‘100’ from the standard
equation.

136
b. Compound Interest (C.I)
Compound interest is interest added to the principal of a deposit or loan so that the added
interest also earns interest from then on. In compound interest, principal keeps changing every
P×R×T
year. Compound interest can be found using the formula, I = , where P is Principal, which
100
changes for each period. For any period, compound interest is more than the compound interest of
previous period for the same rate of interest.
Did you know?

Commercial banks use compound interest.
Question 47. Find the amount and compound interest on Rs. 10000 at 9% per annum for 2 years.
Question 48. Find the amount and compound interest on Rs. 10000 at 9% per annum for 1 year if the
interest is compounded half-yearly.
1
Helping hand: If the interest is compounded half-yearly, then 𝑇 = 2.
Did you know?

The period (time) after which the principal changes is called conversion period.

137
Question 49. Calculate the compound interest accrued on Rs. 20000 in 3 years, when the rates of
interest for successive years are 8%, 10% and 12%.
Helping hand: When the rate of interest changes in successive years, calculate interest for each
year taking 𝑇 = 1.
9. Deducing a Formula for Compound Interest
Let A1 , A2 , …. be the amount after first year, second year respectively.

Let P1 , P2 , …. be the principal of first year, second year respectively.
Let SI1 , SI2 , …. be the simple interest for first year, second year respectively.
If the rate of interest is R,
P1 × R × 1
SI1 =
100
A1 = P1 + SI1 = ____________________ = ____________
R
P2 = P1 (1 + )
100
P2 × R × 1
SI2 = = __________________
100
P1 R R
= (1 + )
100 100
A2 = P2 + SI2
= ____________________ = ____________________
= _______________
R 2
A2 = P1 (1 + )
100
Proceeding this way, the amount at the end of n years will be,

138
R n
An = P1 (1 + )
100
In general,
R n
A = P (1 + )
100
Question 50. Find the compound interest on Rs. 16000 in 2 years at 10% interest rate.
Question 51. Calculate the compound interest on Rs. 10000 in 3 years when the rates of interest are
6%, 8% and 10% respectively for the successive years.
𝑅 𝑛
Helping hand: 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 100) is used when the rate of interest is same in every year. When the
rates of interest for successive years are different then:
𝑅
1 𝑅
2 3 𝑅
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 ) (1 + 100 ) … .., where 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 … … are the rates of interest in
percentage for successive years.
10. Rate Compounded Annually and Half Yearly

When the rate is compounded half yearly,
n×2
R
A = P (1 + )
2 × 100
i. e. the rate per cent is divided by 2 and the number of years is multiplied by 2.
Similarly, when the rate is compounded quarterly, A = ________________

139
Question 52. Calculate the compound interest on Rs. 1000 in 18 months at 10% per annum
compounded half yearly.
11. Applications of Compound Interest
a. Growth
When the growth of an industry is considered;

If R is the rate of growth in production,
R n
Production after n years = Initial production (1 + 100)
Question 53. Number of machines produced in a factory is 2000. If the number of machines produced
in the factory is increased by 10% every year, what is the number of machines produced after 3 years?
b. Depreciation
If the value of a machine is reduced by R% every year, then its value after 𝑛 years is found by;
R n
Value after 𝑛 years = Present value (1 − 100)

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Question 54. Present worth of a machine is Rs. 24000. What is the value of the machine after 3 years
if the cost of machine depreciates by 20% every year?
c. Problems Related with Population
If the population of a place increases at a rate R, then population of the place after 𝑛 years is
calculated as;
R n
Population after 𝑛 years = Present population (1 + 100)
Question 55. Present population of a village is 46080. What is the population of the village 2 years
ago if the rate of increase in the population was 20% every year?

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Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s.
1. Monica was very fond of cooking. One day she was watching a cookery show in which they were
showing the ingredients of baking a cake for 3 people. They put 3 bowls of flour, 2 bowls of
sugar. If she wants to bake cake for 6 people, how many bowls of flour & sugar she needs?
A) 6 bowls of flour & 4 bowls of sugar C) 4 bowls of flour & 6 bowls of sugar
B) 3 bowls of flour & 3 bowls of sugar D) 5 bowls of flour & 4 bowls of sugar
2. Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells the scooter
for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is
4
A) 47% C) 10%
5
B) 511% D )12%
3. If the cost price: the selling price = 4:3, then the loss percentage.
A) 23% B) 20% C) 25% D) 17%
4. If selling price is doubled, the profit triples. Find the profit percent.
A) 100% B) 66.66% C) 75% D) 90%
5. Find the single equivalent discount to the successive discounts 30% and 10%
A) 100% B) 30% C) 37% D) 53%
6. The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of 𝑥 articles. If the profit is 25%, then
what is the value of 𝑥?
7. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. Find the ratio of the two
numbers.
8. A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the ratio of 5:2:4: 3. If C gets Rs. 1000
more than D, what is B’s share?
9. In a small town, the population increased from 25,000 people in 1990 to 32,000 people in 2000.
What is the percent increase in population?
10. What is the selling price of an article of marked price Rs 600 if the following successive
discounts are allowed?
(a) 25%, 10%
(b) 30%, 20%, 10%
11. Find the single equivalent discount to the following discounts
(a) 30% and 20%
(b) 10% and 20%
12. The marked price of an article is 25% more than the cost price. If a seller allows 10% discount on
the marked price, what will be his profit percentage?
13. A retailer buys a television at a discount of 20% on the marked price of Rs. 8000. He has to spend
Rs. 100 on transportation. At what price should the retailer sell his article to earn profit of 12%?

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14. Priya visits a departmental store and purchases the following articles:
(1) 2 rain coats for Rs. 500, sales tax at the rate of 12%
(2) One pair of sandals for Rs. 480, sales tax at the rate of 8%
(3) Food articles for Rs. 300, sales tax at the rate of 6%
(4) Clothes for Rs. 1200, sales tax at the rate of 2%
(5) Calculate the total amount of the bill.
15. If 10% VAT is included in the prices, find the original price of a TV bought for Rs. 22000.
16. On selling 17 balls at Rs. 720, there is a loss equal to the cost price of 5 balls. Find the cost price
of a ball.
17. A trader allows successive discounts of 15% and 10% on the marked price of an article.
(a) If the marked price is Rs. 100, what would be the selling price?
(b) If the selling price is Rs. 7650 then find the marked price.
(c) If the marked price is 25% above the cost price, find the cost price and the percentage
profit or loss.
18. Reshma borrowed Rs. 18000 at 10% simple interest. She immediately invested this money at
10% compound interest compounded half yearly. What is Reshma’s gain in 18 months?
19. A man invested Rs. 50000 for 3 years at the compound interest rate of 10% per annum. After 2
years the rate of interest was raised to 10%.
(a) Find the total interest earned by him.
(b) Find the amount he received after 3 years.
20. Find the amount and compound interest on Rs. 40,000 for 3 years at 8% per annum.
21. Find the sum of money which becomes Rs. 14520 in 2 years at a compound interest rate of 10%
per annum.
22. Find the rate of compound interest on Rs. 4000 so that it can amount to Rs. 4410 in 2 years.
23. Find the number of years after which a sum of Rs. 3500 will become Rs. 4390.40 at the
compound rate of 12%.
24. The difference between simple and compound interests compounded annually on a certain sum of
money for 2 years at 4% per annum is Re. 1. What is the value of sum?
25. Arjun buys a machine for Rs. 20000. The rate of depreciation is 10%. Find the depreciated value
of the machine after 3 years. Also find the amount of depreciation.

145
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Algebraic Expressions and Identities

videos proceed.
1. Introduction
We live in a world of numbers. You see them every day: on clocks, in the stock market, in sports,
and all over the news. Algebra is all about figuring out the numbers you don't see. You might
know how fast you can throw a ball, but can you use this number to determine how far you can
throw it? You might keep track of stock prices, but how can you figure out how much money
you've made (or lost) in the market? And you may already know how to tell time, but can you
calculate at what times a clock's hour and minute hands are exactly aligned? With algebra, you
can answer all of these questions, using the numbers you already know to solve for the unknown.
Question 1. Write 3 examples for simple algebraic expressions.
Did you know?

The word ‘Algebra’ came from the Arabic word ‘al-jabr’
meaning reunion of broken parts.
a. Terms, Factors and Coefficients
Question 2. Write down the terms of the expression 8𝑥 2 − 25𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥.
Question 3. Factors of a term are separated by ______________ (Addition/Multiplication).

146

Question 4. Complete the flow chart.
Expression Terms Factors
_____
_____ _____
_____
6x2 - 8xy
_____
_____ _____
_____
Expression Terms Factors
_____
-5m2 _____
_______
6
_____ m
Did you know?

A mathematician who does research
in algebra is called an algebraist.

147
Question 5. Write down the terms of the following expressions and their coefficients.
Expression Terms Coefficients
−9𝑥 3 + 5𝑦 2 − 4𝑥
256𝑚4 − 128𝑛7 + 5𝑥
2𝑥 3
−5𝑦
9𝑧 3
b. Like and Unlike Terms
Question 6. Write down the algebraic factors of the following terms.
Terms Algebraic factors

−104𝑥𝑦
6𝑥 2 2𝑦 2
5𝑥𝑦
−10𝑥 2 𝑦
−2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
12𝑥𝑦 2
Helping hand: Algebraic factors contain only variable.
Question 7. Classify the terms in Question6 as follows.
Terms having same algebraic factors Terms having different algebraic factors

148
Question 8. Write the difference between like terms and unlike terms. Give examples.
Like terms Unlike terms
Following steps help to decide if the given terms are like terms or unlike terms.
• Consider the algebraic factors. Ignore the numerical coefficients.

• Check the variables in the terms. They must be same.
• Check the powers of each variable in the terms. Powers of each variable should be
same.
c. Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial and Polynomial
Question 9. Write down the number of unlike terms in the following expressions.
Expression Number of unlike terms

2 2 2
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 8𝑎
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑥
𝑥 10
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 3
Question 10. Using the table in Question9, define monomial, binomial, trinomial and polynomial.
Give examples.
Monomial Binomial Trinomial Polynomial

149
d. Polynomial
Polynomials come from poly (meaning “many”) and nomial (in this case meaning “term”) …so it
says “many terms”.
A polynomial can have constants, variables and exponents, but it cannot have a variable in the
denominator.
For example; (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 is polynomial in two variables which are 𝑎and 𝑏. 1,2
are the coefficients in the polynomial.
(i) Properties of Coefficients, Variables and Exponents
• A polynomial can have any number of variables in it.

• Coefficients in a polynomial are real numbers.
• The power or exponents of the variable must be a non-negative integer.
• Variable should not be as an exponent (ax). E.g.: 5x
Did you know?

All the polynomials are algebraic expressions
but all the algebraic expressions are not polynomials.
e. Polynomials in one variable
If the variable in a polynomial is 𝑥; the polynomial can be denoted as 𝑝(𝑥), or 𝑞(𝑥) or 𝑟(𝑥), etc.
Similarly, If the variable in a polynomial is 𝑦; the polynomial can be denoted as 𝑝(𝑦), or
𝑞(𝑦) or 𝑟(𝑦), etc.
Did you know?

Polynomials of two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
denoted as 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) or 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑦), etc.
(i) Constant polynomial and zero polynomial
All the real numbers such as -2, 2.5, √5 etc. are constant polynomials. The constant polynomial
‘0’ is called zero polynomial.

150
f. Degree of a Polynomial
(i) When the polynomial contains only one variable
The highest power of the variable is the degree of the polynomial OR The highest exponent
among the terms when the polynomial is expressed in linear combination of monomials
Question 11. Write the degree of the following polynomials.
(a) 5x 3 + 2𝑥 + 4
(b) 7𝑥 − 91𝑥 6 + 8𝑥 7
(ii) When the polynomial contains two or more variables
Following steps have to followed to find the degree of the polynomials in two or more variables.
• Find the sum of the powers of the variables in each term.

• The highest sum will be the degree of the given polynomial.
Question 12. Write the degree of the following polynomials.
(a) 10𝑥 3 𝑦 + 4𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑥 4
(b) 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 6 − 𝑥 8 𝑦 − 6𝑥 5 𝑦 3 𝑧 2
A polynomial of degree 1 is called _____________

151
2. Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions
Sum of two or more like terms is a like term with a numerical coefficient equal to the sum of the
numerical coefficients of all the like terms. Similarly, the difference between two like terms is a
like term with a numerical coefficient equal to the difference between the numerical coefficients
of the two like terms.
Algebraic Expressions Result

2𝑥 + 5𝑥 7𝑥
(6𝑦 + 3𝑦) + (2𝑧 + 6𝑧) _____ + ______
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 7𝑥 ____ + _____
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 + 6𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 4𝑐 _____ + _____ + _____
5𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 2
5𝑥 − 10 − (−2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9)
Question 14. What should be added to 3𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 to obtain 4𝑎2 + 5𝑎𝑏.
Hint: 2 is added to 3 to get 5.
Question 15. Subtract 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 from the sum of 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 5 and 7𝑥 − 8𝑧 + 8

152
3. Questions on Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions
Question 16. Find the total savings of a boy who saves Rs. (8x – 4y), Rs. (5x + 3y), Rs. (5y – 2x) and
Rs. (2y – x) in four consecutive months.
Question 17. The perimeter of a triangle is 18𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 8 and two of its sides are 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 2
and 7𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 6. Find the third side.
Hint: Perimeter of a triangle = sum of the lengths of its three sides
4. Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions
Question 18. Fill in the blanks by using the product law of exponents.
(a) 𝑎𝑝 × 𝑎𝑞 = __________________
(b) 𝑥 3 × 𝑥 4 = _____________
(c) 𝑦 5 × ______ = (𝑦 9 )
(d) 𝑥 3 𝑦 6 × 𝑥 4 𝑦 5 = 𝑥 −−−− 𝑦 −−−− = 𝑥 −− 𝑦 —
(e) 𝑎4 𝑏𝑐 2 × 𝑎2 𝑏 5 𝑐 × 𝑎2 𝑏 4 𝑐 7 = 𝑎−−−−− 𝑏 −−−−− 𝑐 −−−−− = 𝑎−− 𝑏−− 𝑐 —

153
a. Multiplying a Monomial by Monomial
Following steps have to be followed in the multiplication of a monomial by a monomial.
• Multiply the numeral coefficients.

• Multiply the literal coefficients.
• Multiply the results of above two steps.
Question 19. Answer the following.
(a) 12𝑥 3 𝑦 5 × (−3𝑥 6 𝑦 2 ) =
12𝑥 3 𝑦 5 × (−3𝑥 6 𝑦 2 ) = (____ × ____)(𝑥 3 𝑦 5 × 𝑥 6 𝑦 2 ) = _______ × ________ = _________
(b) 4𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 5 × (−6𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑐) × 6𝑎2 𝑏 5 𝑐 2 = (_____ × _____ × _____)(________ × _______ × ________)
= (______)(𝑎−−−−−−−−− 𝑏 −−−−−−−− 𝑐 −−−−−−−−− )
= ______________________
5. Distribution of Polynomials
By distributive property,
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = ____ + ____
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑐) = ________________
a. Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
Multiplication of a polynomial by a monomial is done by multiplying each term of the polynomial

by the monomial.

154
Question 20. Find the product of the following algebraic expressions.
(a) (5𝑥 3 𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 ) × (4𝑥𝑦)
(5𝑥 3 𝑦 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 ) × (4𝑥𝑦)

= [(_______) × (4𝑥𝑦) + (−12𝑥𝑦) × (______) + (6𝑦 2 ) × (4𝑥𝑦)]
=
(b) (2𝑎4 𝑏 + 5𝑎𝑏𝑐) × (6𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 2)
=
b. Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial
Question 21. Multiply 𝑎2 − 6𝑎 − 8 by 𝑎 + 1
Helping hand: Multiplication of a polynomial by a polynomial is done by multiplying each term of

one polynomial by each term of the other polynomial and combining them.

155
Question 22. The base and the altitude of a triangle are (6𝑥 − 8𝑦) and (4𝑥 + 6𝑦) respectively. Find
the area of the triangle.
1
𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = × (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) × (𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)
2
c. Division of Algebraic Expressions
By quotient law,
𝑎𝑚
= 𝑎−−−−
𝑎𝑛
(i) Dividing a monomial by a monomial
Question 23. Divide 15𝑥 8 by −5𝑥 4
Division of a monomial by another monomial = (Division of their numeral coefficients) ×

(Division of their literal coefficients)
(ii) Dividing a polynomial by a monomial

156
Question 24. Divide 12𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 6 by 2𝑥 2
Hint: Divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial and simplify.
(iii) Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial
Question 25. Find the quotient and the remainder, when, 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 is divided by 𝑥 + 2.
Verify the answer using: Quotient × Divisor + Remainder = Dividend.

157
6. Identities
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) =
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2 =
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 [(𝑎 + 𝑏) + (𝑐)]2 =
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3

158
Question 27. Using the above identities, evaluate the following:
(a) (4 + 5𝑥)(4 − 5𝑥)
(b) (𝑎 + 1)(𝑎 − 1)(𝑎2 + 1)
(c) 106 × 94
Hint: [Use the identity (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2]
(d) (103)2 =
Hint: Use the identity (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

159
Question 28. Answer the following.
(a) If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5 and 𝑎𝑏 = 6, find 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1 1
(b) 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 3, find 𝑎2 + 𝑎2

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Algebra

1. Expressions that contain exactly 2 terms are called

A) Monomials C) Binomials
B) Trinomials D) Quadratic
2. The product of a monomial and a binomial is a
A) Monomial C) Trinomial
B) Binomial D) None of these
3. Coefficient of term 𝑥𝑦 in expression 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 3 – 𝑥 5 + 𝑥𝑦 2 is?
2 2
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) -3
4. In a polynomial, the exponents of the variables are always
A) Integers C) 0
B) Natural Numbers D) None of these
5. Which of the following is correct?
A) (𝑎 – 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏– 𝑏 2 C) (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏– 𝑏 2
B) (𝑎 – 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 D) (𝑎 – 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 – 𝑏 2
−𝑦
6. The coefficient of y in the term is
3
1 1
A) −1 B) −3 C) − 3 D) 3
7. The value of (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 – (𝑎 – 𝑏)2 is
A) 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 C) 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2
B) 4𝑎𝑏 D) 2𝑎2 − 2𝑏 2
8. Which of the following is a binomial?
A) 7(𝑎 + 𝑎) C) 4𝑎 × 3𝑏 × 2𝑐
C) 6𝑎2 + 7𝑏 + 2𝑐 D) 6 (𝑎2 + 𝑏)
9. Number of terms in the expression 𝑎2 + (𝑏𝑐 × 𝑑) is __

10. The side of the square of area 9𝑦 2 is __
11. Find the sum of the following expressions
𝑡 − 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 − 14; 15𝑡 3 + 13 + 9𝑡 − 8𝑡 2 ; 12𝑡 2 − 19 − 24𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑡 − 9𝑡 2 + 19𝑡 3 .
12. Each symbol given below represents an algebraic expression written in it:

162

Find the value of
13. Remit’s mother gave him Rs. 3𝑥𝑦 2 and his father gave him Rs. 5(𝑥𝑦 2 + 2). Out of this total money,
he spent Rs. (10 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) on his birthday party. How much money is left with him?
14. Two adjacent side of a rectangle are 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 and 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 .Find its perimeter.
15. Subtract 𝑏(𝑏 2 + 𝑏 – 7) + 5 from 3𝑏 2 – 8 and find the value of the expression obtained for
𝑏 = −3.
16. Find the value of 𝑎, if 𝑝𝑞 2 𝑎 = (4𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑞)2 – (4𝑝𝑞 – 3𝑞)2
17. Verify that (5𝑥 + 8)2 – 160𝑥 = (5𝑥 – 8)2
18. If 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 74 and 𝑎𝑏 = 35, then find 𝑎 + 𝑏.
19. Using a suitable identity, evaluate (35.4)2 – (14.6)2
20. The perimeter of a triangle is 6𝑝2 − 4𝑝 + 9 and two of its adjacent side are 𝑝2 − 2𝑝 + 1
and 3𝑝2 − 5𝑝 + 3. Find third side of triangle.
21. The adjacent sides of a rectangle are (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 2 ) and 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑦 2 . Find its area.
22. The base and the altitude of a triangle are (3𝑥 − 4𝑦) and (6𝑥 + 5𝑦) respectively. Find its area.
23. Add the following expressions
a) 9𝑎𝑥, +3𝑏𝑦 − 𝑐𝑧 , −5𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑧
b) 7𝑎2 𝑏𝑐, −3𝑎𝑏𝑐 2 , 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑐, 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 2
24. Subtract
a) 2𝑎𝑏 + 5𝑏𝑐 – 7𝑎𝑐 from 5𝑎𝑏 – 2𝑏𝑐 – 2𝑎𝑐 + 10𝑎𝑏𝑐
b) 6𝑥 2 – 4𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 from 8𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 – 3𝑥 2
25. Multiply
a) (x2 – 5x + 6) with (2x + 7)
b) (2x – 2y – 3) with (x + y + 5)
26. Simplify
a) (𝑎𝑏 – 𝑐)2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐
b) (3𝑥 + 2𝑦)2 – (3𝑥 – 2𝑦)2
27. Using suitable identities, find the value of the following.104 × 96
a) 104 × 96
b) (132)2 – (68)2
28. Expand the following, using suitable identities.
a) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 2 – 𝑦 2 ) d) (2𝑥– 5𝑦)(2𝑥– 5𝑦)
2 2 2
b) (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) e) (2𝑥 + 9)(2𝑥– 7)
2 2
c) (𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
29. The difference between two numbers is 5 and their product is 14. Find the difference between
their cubes.

163

1
30. If 𝑎 +𝑎 = 2. Find
1
a) 𝑎2 + 𝑎2
1
b) 𝑎4 + 𝑎4

165
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Mensuration

videos proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. What is a perimeter of a figure? Find the perimeter of a square whose side length is 4.5
cm.
Question 2. What is the area of a figure? Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 2.5 cm and
breadth is 1.5 cm.
Question 3. Define volume of a figure. Explain whether we can calculate volume of a rectangle or
not.
Helping Hand: Perimeter of a figure is 1-dimensional quantity.

Area of a figure is 2-dimensional quantity.
Volume of a figure is 3-dimensional quantity.

166
Question 4. Fill up the blanks.
Figure Perimeter Area
------------------ ---------------
------------------- ------------------
-------------------- --------------------
------------------ -------------------

167
Question 5. Find the area of the shaded region.
Figure 1: Combination of parallelogram and a triangle

168

Question 6. The shape of a garden is rectangular in the middle and semicircular in one end and
triangular in the other end (equilateral triangle). Find the area and perimeter of the garden if AB = 7
cm, AC = 20 cm, and height of the triangle is 4 cm
Figure 2: Rectangular Garden

169

2. Quadrilaterals
Question 7. Can you identify the number of triangles in the given quadrilateral ABCD?
Figure 5. Quadrilateral
We can see that when we split a quadrilateral, we get two triangles.
Did you know?

A parallelogram is divided into two congruent
triangles by drawing a diagonal across it.
Figure 6. Quadrilateral

170

Area of quadrilateral ABCD = (Area of ∆ABC + Area of ∆ADC) or (Area of ∆ABD + Area of
∆DBC)
a. Area of Quadrilateral
Area of Quadrilateral = (Area of ∆ABC + Area of ∆ADC)

1 1
= 2 × 𝐴𝐶 × ℎ2 + 2 × 𝐴𝐶 × ℎ1
1
= × 𝐴𝐶(ℎ2 + ℎ1 )
2
1
∴ Area of Quadrilateral = × 𝑑(ℎ2 + ℎ1 )
2
Question 8. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD given below.

171

Question 9. ABCD is a rectangle inscribed in a circle. Find the area of the shaded region in the
following figure.

172

3. Trapezium
A quadrilateral whose pair of sides are parallel is called trapezium. The following geometrical
figure ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are its two parallel sides while AD and BC are
its non-parallel sides.
Figure 3: Trapezium
a. Important terms of Trapezium
Base: Each of the two parallel sides of a trapezium is called a base of the trapezium.
Height or Altitude: The distance between the two bases (parallel sides) is called the height or
altitude of the trapezium.
Now, let’s find the area of the trapezium ABCD having height ‘h’.
Figure 4: Trapezium
Area of trapezium ABCD = Area of ∆ADC + Area of ∆ABC

1 1
= 2 × ______ × ______ + 2 × ______× _____
1
= 2
× (______ + ______) × h
1
= × (Sum of the parallel sides) × (Distance between two parallel sides)
2
Hence, the area of a trapezium equals half the sum of a parallel sides multiplied by altitude.

173

Question 10. Find the area of trapezium whose parallel sides are of length 12 cm and 14 cm and the
distance between them is 6 cm.
Question 11. Find the altitude of a trapezium, the sum of the lengths of whose bases is 7.5 cm and
whose area is 67.5 cm2.

174

Question 12. The cross- section of a canal is a trapezium in shape. If the canal is 10 m wide at the top
6 m wide at the bottom and the area of cross- section is 72 m2. Determine its depth.
Question 13. Sudhir wants to buy a trapezium shaped field. Its side along the river is parallel and
twice the side along the road. If the area of this filed is 10500 m2 and the perpendicular distance
between the two parallel sides is 150 m, find the length of the side along the river.

175
Question 14. Define Isosceles trapezium. Try to find out area of Isosceles trapezium.

176
4. Polygons
We split a quadrilateral into two triangles and find its area. Similar method can be used to find the
area of polygon.
To find the area of pentagon ABCDE
Figure 7. Pentagon ABCDE
By constructing two diagonals AC and AD. The pentagon ABCDE is divided into three parts.
So, the area ABCDE = area of ∆ABC + area of ∆ACD + area of ∆AED
Activity: Try to construct one diagonal and two perpendicular BF and CG on diagonal AD.
Now try to find the area of pentagon ABCDE.

177
Question 15. Find the area of the following polygon, if AL = 10 cm, AM = 20 cm, AN = 50 cm, AO
= 60 cm and AD = 90 cm. Also the perpendiculars FM = 20 cm, EO = 60 cm, BL = 30 cm and CN =
40 cm.

178
Question 16. A regular hexagon PQRSTU of side 6 cm is divided into two different ways by Shruti
and Rashid. Find the area of hexagon using both ways.
5. Solid shapes
In our daily life, we come across objects like a wooden box, a match box, a tea packet, a chalk
box. All these objects have similar shapes. In fact, all these objects are made of six rectangular
plane regions.
a. Cuboid: A cuboid is a solid bounded by ________ rectangular plane regions.
Number of faces in the cuboid is ______.
Any two adjacent faces of a cuboid meet in a line segment, which is called ______ of the cuboid.

179
Question 17. Define vertex of a cuboid.
(i) Surface Area of cuboid
We have seen that the surface of a cuboid consists of six rectangular faces. So, the surface area
of a cuboid equals to sum of the areas of its six rectangular faces. Let’s derive the formula for the
surface area of a cuboid.
Consider a cuboid whose length is 𝑙, breadth is 𝑏 and height is ℎ cm as shown in figure.
Total surface area of cuboid = sum of the areas of all its six faces.
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
= _________________________________________________
=_________________________________________________
Note: For the calculation of surface area of a cuboid, the length, breadth and height should be
expressed in the same units.

180
Question 18. A cuboid has total surface area of 80 m2 and its lateral surface area is 26 m2. Find the
area of its base.
1
Question 19. Length of a room is two times its height and its breadth is times its height. The cost of
3
white – washing the walls at the rate of Rs. 1.60 per m2 is Rs. 179.20. Find the cost of tiling the
floor at the rate Rs. 6.75 per m2.

181
Question 20. The perimeter of a rectangular floor of a room is 30 m and its height is 3 m. Find the
area of four walls of the room.
(ii) Volume of a cuboid
Volume of a cuboid = length × breadth × height

i.e., 𝑉 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ
Question 21. A match box measures 4 cm by 2.5 cm by 1.5 cm. What will be the volume of a packet
containing 12 such match boxes? How many such packets can be placed in a cardboard box
whose size is 60 cm × 30 cm × 24 cm?

182
b. Cube
A cube is a special type of a cuboid whose length, breadth and height are all equal.
(i) Surface area of Cube:
Area of one face on a cube= ______.
Total number of faces in a cube = ________.
Surface Area of a cube = Total number of faces × Area of one face of a cube.
∴ Surface Area of a cube = ______________.
(ii) Volume of cube:

Volume of a cube = (side)3
∴ Volume of cube = _________.
Question 22. Find the surface area and volume of a cube whose side is 5 cm.
Question 23. Three cubes of sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm are melted and a new cube is formed. Find the
side of the new cube.

183
Question 24. What will be the labor charges for digging a cubical pit of 8 m at the rate of Rs.15 per
m3.
c. Cylinder
We know that volume of cuboid can be found by finding the product of area of base and its
height. Similarly, cylinder has got a top and a base which are congruent and parallel to each other.
Its lateral surface area is also perpendicular to base just like cuboid.
(i) Volume of cylinder
Volume of cylinder = Area of base × height

= ________ × _______.
∴ Volume of cylinder = _________.
(ii) Lateral surface area
Lateral surface area = Area of rectangular strip × breadth ‘h’

= 2r × h
= 2rh
(iii) Total surface area
Total surface area= Lateral surface area + area of base

= ___________ + _________
= ___________

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Question 25. Find the curved surface area and the total surface area of a right circular cylinder whose
height is 15 cm and the radius of the base is 14 cm.
Question 26. Sumit had to make a cylindrical lamp stand. He wanted to use chart paper to make the
curved surface of the cylinder. What should be the area of chart paper required by him, if he
wanted to make of length 15 cm and 2.1 cm radius?

185
Question 27. In a temple, there are 25 cylinders pillars. The radius of each pillar is 21 m and height is
6 m. Find the total cost of painting the curved surface area of pillars at the rate of Rs. 8 per m2.
Helping Hand:
(i) 1 cm3 = 1 mL
(ii) 1L = 1000 cm3
1 m3 = 1000000 cm3 = 1000L

187

1. The relation between 1 liter and centimeter is

A) 1 𝑙 = 100 cm C) 1 𝑙 = 100 cm3
3
B) 1 𝑙 = 1000 cm D) 1 𝑙 = 1000 cm2
2. Surface area of a cube having edge l units is:
A) 5 sq. units. C) 8 sq. units
B) 6 sq. units D) None of these
3. The volume of a right circular cylinder is given by
A) r2h B) 2rh C) 2r3 D) 2rh2
4. The perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 80 cm and breadth is 40 cm is,
A) 129 cm C) 140 cm
B) 120 cm D) 240 cm
5. The length of a diagonal of a square whose side is 2 cm is
A) 4√2 cm C) 2√2 cm
B) 2 m D) None of these
6. The length of a rectangle is twice its breadth. If the area of the rectangle 520 cm2. Find the
length and breadth of the rectangle.
7. How many cubes of side length 6 cm can be obtained from a cube whose edge is 12 cm?
8. Find the height of a cuboid whose volume is 275 cm3 and base area is 25 cm2?
9. Three cubes of sides each 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm are melted and a new cube is formed. Find the
side of the new cube.
10. The diameter of the base of a right circular cylinder is 42 cm and its height is 10 cm. Find the
curved surface area and total surface area of the cylinder.
11. Find the height of the cylinder whose radius is 21 cm and total surface area is 968 cm2.
12. What will happen to the volume of a cube if its edge is tripled?
13. A cuboidal wooden block contains 1323 cm3 wood. If it be 7 cm long and 4.5 cm high, find
its breadth.
14. The area of square ABCD is 16 cm2. Find the area of the square joining the mid –point of the
sides.
15. The dimensions of a room are 16 × 14 × 10 meters. There are 4 windows of 1.3 m × 1.4 cm and
2 doors of 2m × 1m. What will be the cost of white washing the walls and painting the doors
and windows, if the rate of white washing is Rs.5 per m2 and rate of painting is Rs.8 per m2.
16. An athletic track 14 m wide consists of two straight sections 120 m long joining semi-circular
ends whose inner radius is 35 m. calculate the area of the shaded region.

188
17. The area of a rhombus is equal to the area of a triangle whose base and the corresponding altitude
are 24.8 cm and 16.5 cm. If one of the diagonal of the rhombus is 22 cm, find the length of the
other diagonal.
18. Find the area of a rhombus, each side of which measure 20 cm and one of whose diagonals is 24
cm.
19. The area of trapezium is 440 cm2. The lengths of the parallel sides are respectively 10 cm and 14
cm. Find the distance between them.
20. Find the sum of the lengths of the bases of a trapezium whose altitude is 11cm and whose area is
0.55 m2.

190
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Exponents and Powers

videos proceed.
1. Introduction:
Question 1. Can you explain with an example how addition and multiplication of a number is
connected?
Question 2. Is there any difference between the two terms: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 and 24? Explain.
2. Visualization of powers and exponents
A power is the product of multiplying a number by itself. The number which is being
multiplied is called the base and how many times the number is multiplied is called the
exponent. The exponent is written on the right top of the base.
Did you know?

The term power was first used by Greek
mathematician Euclid for the square
of a line.

191

• Misconception: ‘Powers’ and ‘Exponents’ are same.
• Clarification:
Figure 28:Exponential form of a number
In the above figure, ‘𝑥’ is base.

‘𝑎’ is exponent.
𝑥 𝑎 as a whole is power.
Question 3. Evaluate:
a. 24
b. 2-1/2
c. 10-2
1
Hint: For any non-zero integer 𝑎, 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 where a is a positive integer.
Did you know?

The word exponent was introduced
in 1544 by Michael Stifel
Question 4. A small cubical box is considered as 2 units. Can you find the number of cubical box
present in a large one if it is considered as 24?

192

a. Value of 𝒂𝟏
By the definition, the exponent shows how many times the base is multiplied by itself. Here
it's multiplied only one time, that is why it equals itself.
∴ 𝑎1 = 𝑎
b. Meaning of negative exponents.
In a number 𝑎𝑛 , it is not always necessary that 𝑛 should be a natural number, 𝑛 can be even
negative number also.
The reciprocal of 𝑎𝑛 is written as 𝑎−𝑛 .
Note: 𝑎−𝑚 is the multiplicative inverse of 𝑎𝑚 because if you multiply 𝑎−𝑚 and 𝑎𝑚 , you end up
getting as product.
3. Laws of exponents
a. Product law or law of multiplication
If 𝑎 is non-zero rational number and 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers, then
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … … … 𝑚 times
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × ……….𝑛 times
Now, 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … … 𝑚 times) × (𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … … 𝑛 times)
= 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … . ( 𝑚 + 𝑛)times
= 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
Thus, 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
This is called Product Law or law of multiplication.
Note: The Product law can be extended to more powers. For example, 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑎𝑝 =
𝑎𝑚+𝑛+𝑝
1 1
Question 5. Simplify (64)−3 × (64)3

193

𝑚 𝑚
Note: (−𝑎) = 𝑎 ; if 𝑚 is an even number.
(−𝑎)𝑚 = −𝑎𝑚 ; if 𝑚 is an odd number.
b. Quotient law or law of division
Case 1: If a is non-zero rational number and 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers, where 𝑚 ˃ 𝑛, then
𝑎𝑚 𝑎 ×𝑎 ×𝑎 ×…….𝑚 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎 ×𝑎 ×𝑎 ×……..𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
On canceling n factors in the numerator with those in the denominator, we will be left
with 𝑚 – 𝑛 factors in the numerator, since 𝑚 ˃ 𝑛.
Therefore, the quotient becomes 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … . . (𝑚 – 𝑛) times.
Thus, 𝑎𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
Case 2: When 𝑛 ˃ 𝑚, there will be more factors in the denominator than in the numerator.
Thus, 𝑎𝑚 1
=
𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛−𝑚
Case 3: When 𝑚 = 𝑛, Number of factors of numerator and denominators are same.
𝑎𝑚 𝑎 ×𝑎 ×𝑎 ×…….𝑚 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑚
= 𝑎 ×𝑎 ×𝑎 ×……..𝑚 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 1
(i) The value of 𝑎0

Using the above case 3 we can prove 𝑎0 =1
𝑎1 𝑎
Proof: 𝑎0 = 𝑎1−1 = 𝑎1 = 𝑎
=1
∴ 𝑎0 = 1
Question 6. Simplify (3−7 ÷ 3−10 ) × 3−5
c. Power law or law of powers

194

If a is non-zero rational number and m and n are integers, then
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑚 × … . . 𝑛 factors
= 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑚 + 𝑚 + …….𝑛 times
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
The law of powers is
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
2 −1
−1 −2
Question 7. Simplify [{( 5 ) } ]
d. Powers of a product
If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are non-zero rational numbers and 𝑛 is an integer, then
(𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = (𝑎𝑏) × (𝑎𝑏) × … . 𝑛 factors
= (𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … . 𝑛 times) × ( × 𝑏 × 𝑏 × … . 𝑛 times)
= 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛
∴ (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛
Question 8. Simplify 3−4 × 2−4 × 5−4
e. Power of the quotient

195

If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are non-zero rational numbers and 𝑛 is an integers number, then
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
(𝑏 ) = 𝑏
× 𝑏 × ……. 𝑛 factors
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
( ) =
𝑏 𝑏𝑛
5 −7 8 −5
Question 9. Simplify ( ) ×( )
8 5
Note: All the laws of exponents are applicable for negative and fractional indices.
𝑎 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏𝑛
Note: If is any non-zero rational number and 𝑛 is a positive integer, then (𝑏 ) = (𝑎) = 𝑎𝑛
𝑏
f. Principal of 𝒏th root:
For any real number 𝑎 > 0 and a positive integer 𝑛, the principal 𝑛th root of 𝑎 is the unique
positive real number 𝑥, such that 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎.
𝟏
𝑛th root of number 𝑎 is denoted as 𝒂𝒏 or 𝒏√𝒂
g. Rational exponents:
𝑝 1
𝑝
For any real number 𝑎 > 0 and a rational number 𝑞
(q > 0), 𝑎𝑞 = (𝑎𝑝 )𝑞
4. Questions on law of exponents.
Question 10. Find the value of (15559)0.

196

−1
256 4
Question 11. What is the value of ( ) ?
81
𝑥
2𝑦 –
Question 12. If 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 4, then what is the value of (𝑥) 2 ?
Question 13. Solve: 2𝑥 + 23 = 24

197

-1 -1 -1 -1
Question 14. Evaluate [{(3 ) } ]
−1 −2
16 4 27 3
Question 15. Find the value of (81) × (64) × 20 .
5. Uses of exponents
Exponents are used to express very large numbers or very small numbers effectively. The
number in the new form is called standard form.
Question 16. Express the following numbers in their standard form:

a. 0.000000132
b. 0.00000000000542
c. 0.00000000000089

198

Question 17. Express the following numbers in their normal form:
a. 3.02 × 10-9
b. 11.26 × 10-4
Applications of Exponents and Powers in day-to-day life:
• Exponents are used to compare very large numbers and very small numbers.
For example: To compare the diameter of the sun and diameter of the moon
Diameter of the sun = 1.4 × 109km
Diameter of the moon = 3474 km
Hence, we can conclude that sun is larger than moon but when seen from earth they appeared
to be of same size.

200

1. Find the value of (a7 × a-4).

A) a11 B) a-3- C) a2 D) a3
-1 -1
2. Write the following in the simplest form: (a + b ) ÷ (a + b)
A) ab C) (ab)-1
-1
B) ab D) None of these
2x – 5
3. Find the value of ‘x’: 9 × 3 = (27)
x
17 3 4 12
A) B) C) D)
5 5 5 5
4. Simplify the following: am × a-n × a2n ×a-m × a-n
A) amn B) 0 C) 1 D) am + n
5. Simplify the following: am× am × am × ……… n factors
A) a2m C) an
mn
B) a D) None of these
6. If 2160 = 2a × 3b × 5c, find a, b and c. Hence calculate the value of 3a × 2-b × 5-c.
7. Solve: 22x + 3 – 9 × 2x + 1 = 0
8. Evaluate: 33 × (243)-2/3× 9-1/3
9. If a = b2x, b = c2y and c = a2z show that 8xyz = 1
27 2/3
10. Evaluate: 161/4 × 811/2 × ( )
125
1
11. Evaluate: √ + (0.01)-1/2
16
12. Simplify: (8x3 ÷ 125y3)2/3
13. If x = 3 and y = -2, find the value of: x2x + yx
14. If 2x = 4 × 2y and 9 × 3x = 3-y, find the value of x and y.
15. If 32x – 1 = 27 × 34, find the value of x.
16. Evaluate: 70 × (25)-3/2 – 5-3
17. If 3x = 4y = 12z, then prove that (x + y)z = xy
18. Solve: 7x –y = 49, 7x + y = 343
19. Simplify: (64)1/3 + (64)-1/3
20. By what number should (-24)-1 be divided so that the quotient may be 3-1?

202
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Direct and Inverse Proportion

videos proceed.
1. Introduction
If the variation of two quantities depend on each other in such a way that a change in one results
in a corresponding change in the other, then the two quantities are said to be in proportion.
Let us consider the distance travelled by a car in a given interval of time and its speed. We
observe that if the speed is more, the car will travel more distance in a given period of time. So,
we can say that the speed of a car and distance covered by it, in a given period of time are in
variation.
Question 1. Give some more examples of two or more quantities which are in proportion.
2. Direct Proportion
Consider following examples,

Ridhima types 540 words in half an hour. How many words would she type in?
(i) 6 minutes
(ii) 1 hour
Rohit bought 12 books for Rs 156, What would be the cost of:
(i) 7 Books
(ii) 15 Books
Hint: Use unitary method

203
In both the above examples, you notice that increase in one quantity results in increase in other
quantity. Also decrease in one quantity results in decrease in other quantity.
If two quantities are so related to each other that an increase in first quantity causes a proportional
increase (or decrease) in the second quantity, the two quantities are said to be vary directly.
Alternate method:
Let x and y represent two quantities in direct proportion, then all corresponding values of 𝑥 and 𝑦,
𝑥
the ratio is always the same. That is, if 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are the values of 𝑦 corresponding to the
𝑦
𝑥1 𝑦1
values 𝑥 1 and 𝑥 2, then = .
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎
Note: Thus, if two quantities 𝑎 and 𝑏 are in direct variation, then the ratio is always constant.
𝑏
This constant is called the constant of variation.
Question 2. If 5 pen cost Rs. 8, what is the cost of 15 pens?
Question 3. A private taxi charges a fare of Rs. 230 for journey of 150 km. How much would it travel
for Rs. 540?
204
Question 4. The amount of extension in an electric spring varies directly as the weight hung on it. If a
weight of 150 gm produces an extension of 2.9 cm, then what weight would produce an extension
of 17.4 cm?
Question 5. Rohan bought 8 oranges for Rs. 4. 80. If Ravi has Rs. 7.20, how many oranges, more than
Rohan can he buy?
Question 6. Radha takes 315 minutes in walking a distance of 252 meters. What distance would she
cover in 125 minutes?
205
3. Inverse Proportion:
Consider the following example,
A project is assigned for a group of students. They decided to complete the project by dividing the
group into smaller groups. So, they made 5 groups of 4 each for different tasks and a time frame
of 1 week was given for each group to complete their task.
After 3 days, 2 groups were ahead of their time but 3 groups were lagging.
To complete the project on time on time, what should they do?
We observe that the time taken to complete the work ______________ if we increase the number
of workers and the decrease in the number of worker lead to ____________ in the time of
completion.
If two quantities are so related to each other that an increase (or decrease) in first quantity causes
a proportional decrease (or increase) in the second quantity; then the two quantities are said to be
vary inversely.
Alternate method:
Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 represent two quantites in inverse proportion, then for all corresponding values of 𝑥
and 𝑦, the product 𝑥𝑦 is always the same.
That is, if 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are the values of 𝑦 corresponding to the values 𝑥 1, 𝑥 2 of 𝑥, then 𝑥 1𝑦1 = 𝑥 2𝑦2.
206
Question 7. If 18 men can do a piece of work in 36 days. How many men would do it in 27 days?
Question 8. If 56 men can do a piece of work in 42 days. In how many days 84 men will do it?
Question 9. Six pipes are required to fill a tank in 1 hour 20 minutes. How long will it take, if 5 pipes
of the same type are used to fill the same tank?
207
Question 10. A fort is provisioned for 42 days, after 10 days, a reinforcement of 200 men arrives and
the food will now last only for 24 more days. How many men were there in the fort?
4. Questions on Direct and Inverse Proportion
Question 11. Cost of 6 identical articles is Rs. (2𝑥 + 3) and the cost of 10 similar articles is Rs.
(4𝑥 – 5). Find the value of 𝑥.
208
Question 12. Six men can do a certain piece of work in (5𝑥 + 6) days and 11 men can do the same
work in 3𝑥 days. Find the value of 𝑥.
Question 13. Raghav has enough money to buy 75 machines worth Rs. 200 each. How many
machines can he buy if he gets a discount of Rs. 50 on each machine?
209
Question 14. In an NCC camp with 200 cadets, there is just enough food supplies to last 10 days. If
50 more cadets join the camp, how many days will the same food last?
a. Comparison between Direct and Inverse Proportion
Direct Proportion Inverse Proportion
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐵1 = 𝐴2 𝐵2
=
𝐵1 𝐵2
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘
𝑦 =
𝑥
211

1. If 14 kg of pulses cost Rs 441, what is the cost of 22 kg of pulses?

A) Rs. 627 C) Rs. 671
C) Rs. 649 D) Rs. 693
2. If 36 men can do a piece of work in 25 days, in how many days will 15 men do it?
A) 50 B) 56 C) 60 D) 72
3. 20 men can build a wall 56 meters long in 6-days. What length of a similar wall can be built by 35
men in 3 days?
A) 49 m B) 36 m C) 52 m D) 42 m
4. A garrison of 500 men had provisions for 24 days. However, a reinforcement of 300 men arrived.
The food will now last for:
1
A) 15 days C) 17 2
B) 16 days D) 18 days
5. If 40 m of a cloth costs Rs.1940, how many meters can be brought for Rs.727.50?
A) 15 B) 20 C) 17 D) 18
6. An Ola cab driver charges a fare of Rs.300 for a journey of 175 km. How much would it travel for
Rs.320
7. Anandi types 450 words during 30 minutes. How many words would she type in 6 minutes?
8. Rohit bought 12 registers for Rs.156, find the cost of 7 such registers.
9. A car is travelling at the average speed of 60 km/hr. How much distance would it travel in 15
minutes?
10. A worker is paid Rs.200 for 8 days work. If he works for 20 days, how much will he get?
11. 120 men had food provision for 200 days. After 5days, 30 men died due to an epidemic. How
long will the remaining food last?
12. 18 men can reap a field in 35 days. For reaping the same field in 15 days, how many men are
required.
13. Bananas are selling at Rs.30 per dozen. How many would you get in Rs.20?
14. Mamta earns Rs.540 for a working week of 48 hours. If she was absent for 6 hours, how much did
she earn?
15. A fort has ration for 180 soldiers for 40 days. After 10 days, 30 soldiers leave the fort. Find the
total number of days for which the food will last.
16. Shalu cycles to her school at an average speed of 12 km/hr. It takes her 20 minutes to reach the
school. If she wants to reach her school in 15 minutes, what should be her average speed?
17. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 vary inversely as each other, and 𝑥 = 10 when 𝑦 = 6. Find 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 15.
18. Tom can do a piece of work in 6 days working for 10 hours per day. In how many days can he do
the same work if he increases his working hours by 2 hours per day.
19. If 52 men can do a piece of work in 35 days, in how many days 28 men will do it?
20. If 56 men can do a piece of work in 42 days. How many men will do it in 14 days?

213
VIII CBSE Mathematics – Playing with Numbers

videos proceed.
1. Playing with 2-digit and 3-digit Numbers
The number 67 can be written as,
67 = 65 + 2
67 = 60 + 7
67 = 50 + 17
67 = 10 + 57 etc …
Similarly,
Write below how 123 is formed in different ways
123 = ___________
123 = ___________
123 = ___________
123 = ___________
a. Numbers in General Form
(i) General form of a two-digit number

To get a general form; any two-digit number, for example 76 is written as,
76 = 70 + 6 = 7 × 10 + 6
Similarly,
43 = 40 + 3 = ___ × 10 + ____
98 = ____ × ____ + ______
In general,
we can write any two-digit number 𝑎𝑏
[𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers and 𝑎𝑏 is not equal to 𝑎 × 𝑏] as,
𝑎𝑏 = ___ × ____ + 𝑏
Question 1. Write the following numbers in generalised form
(a) 89 = ______________________
(b) 29 = ______________________

214

Question 2. Find the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 from the following statements.
6 × 𝑎 + 3 = 63
𝑏 × 10 + 5 = 45
3 × 10 + 𝑐 = 39
(ii) General form of a three-digit number

To get a general form; any two-digit number, for example 76 is written as,
136 = 100 + 30 + 6 = 1 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 6
Similarly,
573 = 500 + 70 + 3 = ___ × 100 + ____ × 10 + _____
864 = ____ × ____ + ___ × ____ + ______
In general,
we can write any three-digit number 𝑎𝑏𝑐,
𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ___ × ____ + 𝑏 × ____ + _____
Question 3. Write the following numbers in generalised form.
(a) 569
(b) 795

215
Question 4. Form the number 𝑎 × 100 + 𝑏 × 10 + 𝑐 from the following statements.
𝑎 × 100 + 4 × 10 + 6 = 246
𝑏 × 100 + 3 × 100 + 𝑐 = 438
b. Number Games
(i) Reversing the digits
Consider the two-digit number 𝑎𝑏,

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 × 10 + 𝑏
Reverse of the number is ______
𝑏𝑎 = ___ × 10 + ___
Similarly, consider the three-digit number 𝑎𝑏𝑐,
Reverse of the number is _______

Its generalized form is,
_______ = ____ × 100 + ___ × 10 + _____

216
(ii) Games with numbers
Question 5. Consider the two-digit number (in general) 𝑎𝑏 and take 45 as an example,
Complete the following table.
Steps to be followed Example In general
Guess a number 45 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 × 10 + 𝑏 = 10𝑎 + 𝑏
Reverse it 54 ____ = ____ × 10 + ____ =
Add the number and its ____ + ____ = ____ (10𝑎 + 𝑏) + (10𝑏 + 𝑎)
reverse = __________
Divide the number by 11 and 11𝑎 + 11𝑏

find the quotient and =
11
remainder
Conclusion:
Question 6. Take 32 as another example and verify it.

217

Question 7. Similar to the Question5 taking 75 as an example, complete the following table.
Guess a number 75 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 × 10 + 𝑏 = 10𝑎 + 𝑏
Reverse it ____ ____ = ____ × 10 + ____ =
Take the difference between ____ − ____ = ____ (10𝑎 + 𝑏) − (_________)

the number and its reverse = __________
Divide the number by 9 and

find the quotient and
remainder
Conclusion:

218

Question 9. Consider the three-digit number (in general) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 and 258 as an example,
Guess a number
258 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 100𝑎 + 10𝑏 + 𝑐
Reverse it
852 𝑐𝑏𝑎 = ______________________
Take the difference between (100𝑎 + 10𝑏 + 𝑐) − (100𝑐 + 10𝑏

____ − ____ = ____
the number and its reverse + 𝑎) = _______

remainder
Conclusion:
Question 10. Take 469 and verify the above.

219

Question 11. Consider the three-digit number (in general) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 and 345 as an example, complete the
following table.
Guess a number [original 345 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 100𝑎 + 10𝑏 + 𝑐

number]
Shift the ones digit of the 534 𝑐𝑎𝑏 = ______________________

original number to the left
end
Shift the hundreds digit of the ______

original number to the right
end
Add the above three numbers ____ + ____ + _____

= ____

remainder
Conclusion:

220

2. Letter for Digits
This is a puzzle in which letters are given in place of numbers in addition and multiplication
problems and you have to find the numbers.
Here are two rules we follow while doing such puzzles.
• Each letter in the puzzle must stand for just one digit. Each digit must be represented by just
one letter.
• The first digit of a number cannot be zero. Thus, we write the number “fifty two” as 52, and
not as 052, or 0052.
a. Addition
Question 13. Replace ‘x’ by a suitable number in the following addition problem.
To get 8 in the ones place of the answer, ‘x’ in the top number must be ___________.
If we replace ‘x’ in the bottom number by the same, the addition is correct.
Therefore, x = _______

221

Question 14. Find the value of X + Y + Z.
A = _____
B = _______
C = ______
X = _____
Y = ______
Z = ______
X + Y + Z = _______

222

Question 15. Find the value of X and Y.
Hint: Notice that the three X’s in the ones place must add up to a number whose ones place is
again X. That is X+X+X must have end in X.
b. Multiplication
Question 16. Find the value of A and B in the following multiplication.
Hint: There are two values possible for ‘B’. Choose the one which gives the value of ‘A’.

223

Question 17. Find the value of A and B from the following multiplication.
3. Divisibility Rules
a. Divisibility by 10
Question 18. Write some multiples of 10.
You know that a number is divisible by 10 if the ones place of the number is ______.
This is justified as follows.
Consider the number 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑.
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝑎 × 1000 + ____ × ____ + 𝑐 × ____ + 𝑑
It is obvious that, first three numbers are divisible by 10. And so for the number to be a multiple
of 10, 𝑑 has to be _____.
Did you know?

If you know that a number is divisible by the number n, then you can skip-count by n
to find more numbers that are also divisible by the number n

224

Question 19. What are the possible values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 568𝑥0 and 4565𝑦 are divisible by 10?
Helping hand: A number is divisible by 10 if the ones place of the number is 0.
b. Divisibility by 5
Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20 ….

Therefore, the units place of the numbers which are multiples of 5 are either ___ or ____.
Justification of the above statement is as follows.
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝑎 × ______ + ____ × ____ + ____ × ____ + ____
If all the 4 terms are to be divisible by 5, then ‘d’ has to be ____ or ____
Question 20. If the remainder obtained when a number N is divided by 5 is 3, what should be the last
digit of N?
c. Divisibility by 2
We know that every even number is divisible by 2. i.e., a number is divisible by 2 if its ones digit
is a multiple of 2.
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = __ × ______ + ____ × ____ + ____ × ____ + ____
Since first three terms i.e., 1000𝑎, 100𝑏 and 10𝑐 are divisible by 2, the number 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 is divisible
by 2 when 𝑑 = _____________________
Did you know?

Take the last digit, double it, and subtract it from the rest of the number;
if the answer is divisible by 7 (including 0), then the number is also.

225

Question 21.A number ‘N’ is divided by 5 leaves 2 as remainder. The same number ‘N’ leaves 1 as
remainder when divided by 2. What must be the one’s digit of ‘N’?
Hint: The number ‘N’ should satisfy both the conditions given.
d. Divisibility by 3 or 9
We know that a number is divisible by 3 or 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3 or 9

respectively.
This is illustrated as follows.

Consider the number 𝑎𝑏𝑐,
𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎 × _____ + 𝑏 × ____ + _____
= 99𝑎 + 9𝑏 + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
= 9(___𝑎 + 𝑏) + (___ + ___ + ___)
Since 9(11𝑎 + 𝑏) is divisible by 3 and 9,

Divisibility of the number 𝑎𝑏𝑐 by 9 (or 3) is possible if __________is divisible by 9 (or 3).
Take the number 2673 as example,

2673 = 2 × ____ + _____ + _____ + _____3
= 2(999 + 1) + 6(___ + 1) + 7(___ + 1) + 3
= 2 × 999 + ____ × 99 + ___ × 9 + (2 + ____ + ____ + ___)
The first three terms are multiples of 999, 99 and 9 respectively are multiples of 3 and 9.
Now, if the given number will be divisible by 3 and 9 if the last term is also a multiple of 3 and 9
respectively.
Here, last term is 2 + 6 + 7 + 3 = _______ which is divisible by ______

226

Question 22. Is 1720442 divisible by 3? If not, what is the smallest number to be added to it to make
it divisible by 3?
Question 23. What is the biggest value of ‘x’ for which the number 13x58 is divisible by 3?
Question 24. What is the smallest number that should be subtracted from 2068134 to make it a
multiple of 9?

227

e. Divisibility by 4
Consider the number 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑,

𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 = 𝑎 × 1000 + ________ + _______ + 𝑑
First two terms 1000𝑎 and 100𝑏 are divisible by 4. Therefore, for divisibility by 4,
_______ should be divisible by 4.
Conclusion: A number is divisible by 4 if ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Did you know?

If the last three digits form a number divisible by 8,
then so is the whole number.
Question 25. What is the smallest number to be added to 132567 to make it a multiple of 4?
f. Divisibility by 6
Factors of 6 are ____________.

Therefore, a number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 as well as 3.
In another words, every even number is divisible by 6 if
___________________________
Did you know?

If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4, it is also divisible by 12.

228
Question26. Check whether 258936 is divisible by 6.
g. Divisibility by 11
Consider the number 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒,

𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑒 = 𝑎 × 10000 + 𝑏 × _____ + 𝑐 × ____ + 𝑑 × _____ + 𝑒
= 𝑎 × (9999 + 1) + 𝑏 × (1000 − 1) + 𝑐(99 + 1) + 𝑑(11 − 1) + 𝑒
= 9999𝑎 + 1000𝑏 + 99𝑐 + 11𝑑 + [(𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑒) − (________)]
The first four terms are divisible by 11 because ________________________________
For the last term to be divisible by 11,
(𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑒) − (𝑏 + 𝑑) should be a multiple of 11.
Write the above statement by taking odd and even places of the number into
consideration.

229
Question 27. Check whether 1084237 is divisible by 11 or not.
Did you know?

Delete the last digit from the number, then subtract 9 times the deleted
digit from the remaining number. If what is left is divisible by 13,
then so is the original number.
Activity – I
This is a game to played with your friend.
Give the following instructions to your friend.
Step 1: Write down any 3-digit number without showing it to you.
Step 2: Write the same number again next to the original number and get a 6-digit number.
Step 3: Divide this 6-digit number by 7.
Step 4: Divide the quotient by 11. (it will divide exactly again)
Take the final quotient from your friend and just divide by 13. That will be your friend’s number.
Find how the above trick works.
Activity – II
Who am I?
"I am between 50 and 100.
I am divisible by 3 and by 4.
My tens digit is double my ones digit."
Activity - III
Find the divisibility condition for a number to be divisible by 7.

231


1. Generalized form of a four-digit number 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 is
(a) 1000𝑎 + 100𝑏 + 10𝑐 + 𝑑 (c) 1000𝑎 + 100𝑏 + 10𝑑 + 𝑐
(b) 1000𝑎 + 100𝑐 + 10𝑏 + 𝑑 (d) 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 × 𝑑
2. The usual form of 1000𝑎 + 10𝑏 + 𝑐 is
(a) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (b) abc0 (c) a0bc (d) ab0c
3. Let 𝑎𝑏𝑐 be a three-digit number. Then 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑏𝑎 is not divisible by
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 18 (d) 33
4. Let 𝑎𝑏𝑐 be a three-digit number. Then, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐𝑎 + 𝑐𝑎𝑏 is not divisible by
(a) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 (c) 37
(b) 3 (d) 9
5. A four-digit number 40𝑏5 is divisible by 55. Then the value of 𝑏 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 5
6. A six-digit number is formed by repeating a three-digit number. For example, 256256, 456456 etc.
Any number of this form is divisible by
(a) 7 only (c) 13 only
(b) 11 only (d) 1001
7. 5𝐴 + 𝐵3 = 65, then the value of 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
(a) 𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 3 0 (c) 𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 1
(b) 𝐴 = 3, 𝐵 = 2 (d) 𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 2
8. 𝐴 3 + 8𝐵 = 150, then the value of 𝐴 + 𝐵 is
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 17 (d) 15
Questions from 9 to are 23 subjective questions.
9. If 5𝐴 × 𝐴 = 399, find the value of 𝐴.

10. 6𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴8𝐵. Find the value of 𝐴 − 𝐵.
11. If 54𝑋 is a multiple of 3, where 𝑋 is a digit, what is the value of 𝑋?
12. Answer. In each case, explain why or why not.
(i) Is 8 a factor of 100?
(ii) Is 7 a factor of 3,500?
(iii) Is 9 a divisor of 50?
13. Change one of the digits in the number 2,38,882 so that it is divisible by 3, but not divisible by 2.
14. Who am I?
“You’ll find me between 110 and 140…
I don’t end in zero.
And I am divisible by 12.”

232
15. Find the values of the letters in the following and give reasons for the steps involved.
17. If 31x5 is a multiple of 9, where x is a unit digit, what is the value of x?

18. 212x5 is a multiple of 3 and 11. Find the value of x.
19. Find the value of 𝑘 where 31𝑘2 is divisible by 6.
20. 1𝑦3𝑦6 is divisible by 11. Find the value of 𝑦.
21. 756𝑥 is a multiple of 11. Find the value of 𝑥.
22. A three-digit number 2𝑎3 is added to the number 326 to give a three-digit number 5𝑏9 which is
divisible by 9. Find the value of 𝑏 − 𝑎.

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4

VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Set of numbers and their notation

Set of numbers Notation

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

2. Properties of rational numbers

Operation Closed (Yes/No)

(i) Commutative property for whole numbers and integers.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 6. Define commutative property for integers.

(ii) Commutative property for rational numbers.

Operation Commutative (Yes/No)

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

(i) Associative property for whole numbers and integers

(ii) Associative property for rational numbers

Operation Associative (Yes/No)

d. Distributive property of multiplication over addition

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 8. Simplify the following using commutative or associative property.

Question 9. Simplify the following using distributive property.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 10. What do you get when ‘zero’ is added to a number?

Question 11. What do you get when a number is multiplied with 1?

Therefore, 1 is called the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.

3. Negatives and reciprocals

Question 12. Negative of a number is also called _____________________.

Question 14. Given: (x + y + z) × (ab + 1) = 1

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Did you know?

4. Representation of rational numbers on the number line

Question 15. Mark -3 on the number line given below.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Question 20. Write 6 rational numbers between 2 and 4.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

Questions from 1 to 7 are MCQ’s

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Rational Numbers

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Linear Equations in One Variable

Question 1. What is the difference between variable and constant?

Question 2. What is an algebraic expression?

Question 3. What is an equation?

Hint: My mother’s age = two times my age

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Linear Equations in One Variable

2x + 4, 2xy – 3, x2, (x + 1) (x – 1), (2x + 1), (yzx – 9)

2. Solving Linear Equations.

How do we solve these equations to get the value of the variable?

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Linear Equations in One Variable

Question 6. Find the solution of 3x – 10 = 2

(ii) Transposition method.

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VIII CBSE Mathematics – Linear Equations in One Variable

b. Solving equations having the variable on both sides.

Question 10. Find the solution of 4x + 12 = 2x – 2