Computer Architecture and Maintenance (G-Scheme-2014) 1

CHAPTER-1
MOTHERBOARD & ITS COMPONENT SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
CPU – Concept like address lines, data lines, internal registers.
Modes of operation of CPU – Real mode, IA-32 mode, IA-32 Virtual Real Mode.
Process Technologies, Dual Independent Bus Architecture, Hyper Threading
Technologies & its requirement.
Processor socket & slots.
Chipset basic, chipset Architecture, North / South bridge & Hub Architecture.
Latest chipset for PC
Overview & features of PCI, PCI –X, PCI express, AGP bus.
Logical memory organization conventional memory, extended memory, expanded
memory.
Overview & features of SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, DDR3.
Concept of Cache memory:
L1 Cache, L2 Cache, L3 Cache, Cache Hit & Cache Miss.
BIOS – Basics & CMOS Set Up.
Motherboard Selection Criteria.

CPU – Concept like address lines, data lines, internal registers

Q.What is Bus , Address , data and control Bus
Ans.A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a
computer to another.When used in reference to personal computers, the term bus
usually refers to internal bus. This is a bus that connects all the internal computer
components to the CPU and main memory. There's also an expansion bus that enables
expansion boards to access the CPU and memory. Also a bus is a common pathway
through which information flows from one component to another. This pathway is
used for communication purpose and can be established between two or more
computer components.
A bus is capable of being a parallel or serial bus and today all computers utilize
two bus types, an internal bus or local bus and an external bus, also called the
expansion bus. An internal bus enables a communication between internal
components such as a computer video card and memory and an external bus is capable
of communicating with external components such as a USB or SCSI device.
A computer or device's bus speed is listed as a MHz, e.g. 100MHz FSB. The throughput
of a bus is measured in bits per second or megabytes per second.

Prepared By – Prof. Manoj.kavedia (9860174297 – 9324258878 ) (www.kavediasir.yolasite.com)

Computer Architecture and Maintenance (G-Scheme-2014) 2
Address Bus
It is a group of wires or lines that are used to transfer the addresses of Memory
or I/O devices. It is unidirectional. In Intel 8085 microprocessor, Address bus was of 16
bits. This means that Microprocessor 8085 can transfer maximum 16 bit address which
means it can address 65,536 different memory locations. This bus is multiplexed with 8
bit data bus. So the most significant bits (MSB) of address goes through Address bus
(A7-A0) and LSB goes through multiplexed data bus (AD0-AD7).
Each wire in an address bus carries a single bit of information. This single bit is a
single digit in the address. The more wires (digits) used in calculating these addresses,
the greater the total number of address locations. The size (or width) of the address bus
indicates the maximum amount of RAM a chip can address. The bus contains multiple
wires (signal lines) that contain addressing information that describes the memory
location of where the data is being sent or where it is being retrieved. Each wire in the
bus carries a single bit of information, which means the more wires a bus has the more
information it can address. For example, a computer with a 32-bit address bus can
address 4GB of memory, and a computer with a 36-bit bus can address 64GB of
memory.
64-bit AMD/Intel

Address Bus 40-bit

Bytes 1,099,511,627,776

KiB 1,073,741,824

MiB 1,048,576

GiB 1024

TiB 1
The data bus and address bus are independent, and chip designers can use whatever
size they want for each. Usually, however, chips with larger data buses have larger
address buses. The sizes of the buses can provide important information about a chip’s
relative power, measured in two important ways. The size of the data bus indicates the
chip’s information-moving capability, and the size of the address bus tells you how
much memory the chip can handle.

Data Bus:
As name tells that it is used to transfer data within Microprocessor and
Memory/Input or Output devices. It is bidirectional as Microprocessor requires to send
Prepared By – Prof. Manoj.kavedia (9860174297 – 9324258878 ) (www.kavediasir.yolasite.com)
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