Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PII: S0924-4247(16)30420-4
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.sna.2016.08.035
Reference: SNA 9813
Please cite this article as: Md.Rubel Basar, Mohd Yazed Ahmad, Jongman Cho,
Fatimah Ibrahim, An improved resonant wireless power transfer system with
optimum coil configuration for capsule endoscopy, Sensors and Actuators: A Physical
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.08.035
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript.
The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof
before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process
errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that
apply to the journal pertain.
An improved resonant wireless power transfer system with
optimum coil configuration for capsule endoscopy
Md. Rubel Basara,b, Mohd Yazed Ahmada,b,*, Jongman Chob,c, and Fatimah Ibrahima,b
a
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
b
Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
c
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea.
Abstract
Resonant wireless power transfer is a prominent method of powering a biomedical capsule
endoscope, in which the high efficiency of an inductive power link and the electromagnetic
safety of biological tissues are greatly important. This paper presents a complete analytical
model of a resonant wireless power transfer link, where the efficiency is remarkably increased
with the improved power transmission coil configuration. This configuration involves two outer
coils and one middle coil. The separation and turn ratios between the outer coils and the middle
coil are 0.4 times of the coil radius and 3:2, respectively. An analysis of and comparison with the
existing coil configuration show that the proposed configuration relatively attains higher Q-
factor, coupling coefficient, and H-field uniformity, which lead to improvement in power
transfer efficiency, stability, and electromagnetic safety. The analysis is validated through
experiments. With a power receiving coil of ∅11 mm × 8 mm, the proposed power transfer coil
attains a minimum efficiency of around 36.6% at the worst position of the power-receiving coil.
The attained efficiency was 156% higher than the efficiency of 14.62% obtained by the best of
existing coil at the same level of H-field uniformity. Incorporating high permeability core, up to
200 mW of power is transferred with the proposed coil at 300 kHz in accordance with the
electromagnetic safety guideline.
Unfortunately, the efficiency of coupling and resultant power transfer is poor in such systems
because of the tiny size of the PRC and the large distance between the PTC and the PRC. For
example, Jourand et al. [10] developed a WPT system with a PRC of 9 mm diameter. The system
was small enough to be embedded in the existing capsule size. The PTC was 75 cm in diameter
and can cover the whole abdominal region. The power transfer efficiency attained by this system
was as low as at the 37.5 cm transmission distance. In the last few years, significant
research efforts have been dedicated to the development of an efficient WPT system for capsule
endoscopy [8-19]. However, the power transfer efficiency of the existing designs remains low
(0.02% to 3.55%) [9, 19, 20]. Recently, Na et al. [19] proposed four coils based resonant WPT
system, in which the optimal efficiency tracking theory attained the overall power transfer
efficiency of 0.02% at a 7 cm distance. Shi et al. [20] also proposed a portable WPT system for a
video capsule endoscope, in which three different PTC configurations were discussed. The
optimal configuration achieved a power transfer efficiency of 2.8% at the 20 cm transmission
distance. Liu et al. [21] designed a WPT system for a capsule endoscope. Their design
incorporated a new type of PRC, which improved the received power stability. Accordingly, the
power transfer efficiency reached 3.51%. Ke et al. [9] developed an analytical model to calculate
the quality factor of the PTC. This design attained a power transfer efficiency of 3.55% with an
enlarged PTC of 69 cm in diameter. Some other studies on the wireless powered capsule
endoscopy are presented in [22, 23]. However, the important performance indices of the WPT
system are not discussed in detail. Furthermore, a complete modeling of the WPT system
remains limited. The important performance indices, such as Q-factor, coupling coefficient, H-
field uniformity, and efficiency, have not been thoroughly analyzed in the existing design.
Moreover, the electromagnetic effect on the biological tissues has not been investigated by
incorporating the PRC with a high-permeability ferrite core.
On the basis of the summary of existing design limitations, this paper presents a WPT system
for the capsule endoscope with a new PTC configuration to achieve higher coupling coefficient,
quality factor, and magnetic field uniformity and thus improve the power transfer efficiency,
received power stability, and electromagnetic safety. We also provide a complete mathematical
model in detail to assess the performance of the proposed PTC and the WPT system. Given the
provided model, we analyze the performance of the proposed PTC and compare it with that of
the existing PTCs. Finally, we validate the analysis through a rigorous experiment and perform
an electromagnetic safety test incorporating a high-permeability ferrite core in the PRC.
2. System overview
Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the magnetic resonance-based inductively coupled WPT system
for capsule endoscopy. A PTC can be made wearable, and a PRC with a power conversion
circuit (rectifier and regulator) can be embedded within the capsule. The PTC is excited by a
time-varying current ITC (generated by the power amplifier) to produce a time-varying H-field. A
part of the generated H-field interacts with the PRC and induces voltage. Hence, power is being
transferred to the load by the linkage of the H-field. In this setup, the power level at the load can
be adjusted by exciting the PTC with a higher or lower power. However, transferring a high
amount of power with low efficiency does not only waste power but also increases the effect of
the reactive electromagnetic field on the nearby tissues. This electromagnetic effect to the nearby
body tissues increases with the non-uniformity of H-field generated by the PTC. The H-field is
generally not perfectly uniform in this type of non-radiating (near-field) PTC, whereas the field
is much stronger at the positions near the winding of the PTC and weaker in the position a bit
away from the PTC winding [16]. This field characteristic results in a very high power level and
link efficiency in the strong field regions (near the winding) but a low power level and link
efficiency in the weak-field regions (away from the winding) [16, 19]. Consequently, the power
received by the PRC becomes unstable when it moves within the non-uniform fields.
The received power at the PRC in the weak-field region might be insufficient to power up
onboard circuitries. The PTC can be excited with a higher power to boost up the received power
level in the weak-field region. However, a high excitation power at the PTC abruptly increases
the intensity of the reactive field near the PTC over which the patient body tissues is exposed.
Thus, the excitation power at the PTC should be within a limit satisfying the guideline provided
by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the
Standards Coordinating Committee 28 (SCC28) of the IEEE. Additionally, a regulator circuit is
required to trim excessive power across the load when the received power is higher than the
desired voltage. However, the regulator’s input power (received voltage) must not be very high
because excessive power may cause regulator breakdown.
[ ] [ ][ ] (1)
At the resonance, the current IT(t) and IR(t) can be calculated using Eq. (1):
Pout I 2 (t ) RL 2M 2 RL (3)
R
Pin I T (t )Vs (t ) RT ( RR RL ) 2 M 2 RL RR
For M k LT LR , k is the coupling coefficient between the coils, and η can be expressed as
k 2QT QR RR RL , (4)
*
RL RR (1 k QT QR ) RR RL
2
where QT LT / RT and QR LR / RR are the unloaded quality factors of PTC and PRC,
respectively. With the condition of maximum power transfer, RL=RR, η can be simplified as
k 2QT QR . (5)
4(1 k 2QT QR / 2)
(6)
√
As shown in Fig. 3a, the mutual inductance for a PRC position at (y, z) for a loosely coupled
system can be expressed as
(7)
where is the magnetic flux density within the area enclosed by the PRC (SR), and is the
effective magnetic permeability of the core materials used in the PRC.
According to Biot–Savart’s Law, the magnetic field generated by the PTC can be calculated at
point (y, z) as follows:
H z ( y, z ) HYz ( y, z ) ˆj H Zz ( y, z )kˆ (8)
where
IT rT n
2
zSin( )
H Yz ( y, z ) 0 2 2 2 d
3
4
y z r 2 yrCos( ) 2
r yCos ( )
2 d
IT rT n 3
H Zz ( y, z ) 4 y z r 2 yrCos( ) 2
2 2 2
0
Therefore, from (6), (7), and (8), the new expression of k can be given as
written as follows:
Rac L (10)
Z j
(1 2 LC) 2 1 2 LC
The coil model can be simplified with an effective series resistance RES and effective self-
inductance Leff based on this expression (Fig. 3c). In that case, RES and Leff can be provided as
Rac L
RES and Leff (11)
(1 LC )
2 2
1 2 LC
Therefore, the quality factor of the coil can be expressed as follows:
L
QT (1 2 LC ) (12)
Rac
By using (5), (9), and (12), the performance of the PTC and the WPT link can be analyzed
with the variation of the design parameters. The expression of L, Rac, and C for different coil
configurations can be adopted from [7, 24] for this purpose.
3. PTC Configuration
We propose a new PTC configuration to improve the H-field uniformity, coupling coefficient,
and Q-factor. The performance of the proposed PTC is analyzed using the above mentioned
model and compared with that of the three existing PTCs. The configurations of the existing and
proposed PTCs are illustrated in the following subsections.
4. Performance analysis
The key performance indices, including the PTC configurations (i.e., H-field intensity and
uniformity), coupling characteristics, and Q-factor, are analyzed and compared in this section.
4.4 Variation of the link efficiency and field uniformity with PTC diameter
The field uniformity and the link efficiency in the WPT system for capsule endoscopy are
expected to be high to minimize the instability of the received power and the electromagnetic
exposure effect on the patient body tissues. Unfortunately, the link efficiency and the field
uniformity are opposite functions of the PTC diameter. In the existing studies, a PTC diameter
has been chosen in between 40 and 75 cm with the medical viewpoint or seeking of a uniform
field [10, 27, 28].
The correlation of the link efficiency and the field uniformity with the PTC diameter is
illustrated in Fig. 9. The link efficiency is calculated using Eq. (5), whereas the field uniformity
is calculated as follows:
H (0,0) H ( y, z )
Uniformity Min1 *100%
H (0,0) (13)
where H(0,0) and H(y,z) are the magnetic field at the center and coordinate (y,z), respectively. As
shown in Fig. 9, the WPT link efficiency decreases almost exponentially with the increase of the
PTC diameter. The field uniformity increases with the PTC diameter. This increment is abrupt
within a certain range of the PTC diameter and then steadies. Therefore, to attain at least 80%
field uniformity within the y≤±15 cm and z≤±h/2 regions, possible minimum PTC diameter is
40 cm for the IPTC, 45 cm for the THC, 50 cm for the TSC, and 65 cm for the SSC. Thus
ensuring 80% field uniformity with the given coil diameter, the maximum achievable link
efficiency can be 36.05% by the IPTC, 9.6% by the THC, 14.26% by the TSC, and 3.8% by the
SSC as it is highlighted in the Fig. 9. The THC can attain the highest field uniformity with a
larger diameter but may result in the sacrifice of a significant amount of link efficiency.
VRL2 ( y, z ) / RL
( y, z ) (14)
I T2 RT
Fig. 14 shows the analytical and measured power transfer efficiency and its variation with the
position of the PRC. In comparison with the measured result, the analytical result shows good
acceptability of the given efficiency model. In addition, the proposed IPTC configuration
attained the power transfer efficiency significantly higher than that of the existing PTC
configuration. The minimum efficiency attained by the IPTC is around 36.5%, whereas that by
the SSC is nearly 24%.
8. Conclusion
A complete model of a resonant inductive wireless power transfer system with an improved
power transfer coil has been presented for capsule endoscopy. The performances of the improved
power transfer coil and the inductive power link have been analyzed in detail by using the
provided mathematical model. In comparison with the existing power transfer coil, the proposed
coil significantly improves the Q-factor, which is the coupling coefficient increasing the power
transfer efficiency. In addition, the improved coil attains a high H-field uniformity even with a
smaller diameter. With a power receiving coil of ∅11 mm × 8 mm, the minimum power transfer
efficiency attained by the improved coil is 36.05%. The maximum efficiency attained by the
existing coils is 14.26% while maintaining a similar H-field uniformity level. An electromagnetic
safety analysis is performed with a multi-layer homogenous body model and an incorporation of
the high-permeability ferrite core receiving coil. The induced current density is higher around the
high-permeability ferrite core than the other regions. A power of 200 mW can be transferred in
accordance with the electromagnetic safety guideline.
Acknowledgements
This research is financially supported by University of Malaya Research Grant (UMRG:
RP009D-13AET and RP022B-14AFR).
Md. Rubel Basar
Md. Rubel Basar received the BSE degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh and the M.Sc. degree in
Communication Engineering from University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia in 2010 and 2013,
respectively. From 2010 to 2012, he was a RF optimization Engineer of GSM network with 3S
Network (BD) Ltd., Bangladesh. Currently he is pursuing his Ph.D degree in the Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia. His research
interests include wireless power transfer system, antenna and RF circuits.
Mohd Yazed Ahmad received the B.E. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2003 and the M.S. degree from the
Department of Biomdical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, in 2006
and the Ph.D degree from the Center for Health Technologies, School of Electrical, Mechanical
and Mechatronic Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of
Technology, Sydney, Australia in 2013. Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.
His current research interests include localization, positioning, wireless sensors, data fusion,
optimization, instrumentation systems using RF, and embedded systems.
Jongman Cho
Fatimah Ibrahim
Fatimah Ibrahim obtained her Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering degree from
Marquette University, Wisconsin, USA in 1989, Master of Science in Electronics (Medical
Systems) degree from the University of Hertfords-hire, UK, in 1994 and PhD degree in
Biomedical Engineering from University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia in 2005 joint funding
between UM and Yayasan Sultan Iskandar Johor. She was a Senior lecturer in Universiti
Teknologi MARA, from 1990 to 1999. In 1999, she joined the University of Malaya and
involved in setting up the pioneer, Department of Biomedical Engineering in Malaysia. She is
currently the head of Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering(CIME) in Faculty of
Engineering, University of Malaya.
Her research interests are in the detection and monitoring of diseases, physiological modeling
and measurement, BIOMEMS, Nanotechnology based biosensor, and artificial intelligence
application in biomedicine.
References
[1] A. Moglia, A. Menciassi, P. Dario, A. Cuschieri, Capsule endoscopy: progress update and challenges
ahead, Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 6(2009) 353-62.
[2] M.R. Basar, F. Malek, K.M. Juni, M.S. Idris, M.I.M. Saleh, Ingestible Wireless Capsule Technology:
A Review of Development and Future Indication, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation,
2012(2012) 1-14.
[3] G. Ciuti, A. Menciassi, P. Dario, Capsule Endoscopy: From Current Achievements to Open
Challenges, Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Reviews in, 4(2011) 59-72.
[4] R. Carta, J. Thoné, R. Puers, A wireless power supply system for robotic capsular endoscopes,
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 162(2010) 177-83.
[5] M.R. Basar, M.Y. Ahmad, J. Cho, F. Ibrahim, Application of Wireless Power Transmission Systems
in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: An Overview, Sensors-Basel, 14(2014) 10929-51.
[6] R.F. Xue, K.W. Cheng, M. Je, High-efficiency wireless power transfer for biomedical implants by
optimal resonant load transformation, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers,
60(2013) 867-74.
[7] A.K. RamRakhyani, S. Mirabbasi, M. Chiao, Design and Optimization of Resonance-Based Efficient
Wireless Power Delivery Systems for Biomedical Implants, IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Systs, 5(2011)
48-63.
[8] T.J. Sun, X. Xie, G.L. Li, Y.K. Gu, Y.D. Deng, Z.H. Wang, A Two-Hop Wireless Power Transfer
System With an Efficiency-Enhanced Power Receiver for Motion-Free Capsule Endoscopy Inspection,
IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 59(2012) 3247-54.
[9] Q. Ke, W. Luo, G. Yan, and K. Yang, "Analytical Model and Optimized Design of Power
Transmitting Coil for Inductively Coupled Endoscope Robot," IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 63(2016) 694-
706.
[10] P. Jourand, R. Puers, A Class-E driven inductive power delivery system covering the complete upper
body, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 183(2012) 132-9.
[11] B. Lenaerts, R. Puers, Inductive powering of a freely moving system, Sensors and Actuators A:
Physical, 123–124(2005) 522-30.
[12] M. Guanying, Y. Guozheng, H. Xiu, Power transmission for gastrointestinal microsystems using
inductive coupling, Physiological measurement, 28(2007) 9-18.
[13] B. Lenaerts, R. Puers, An inductive power link for a wireless endoscope, Biosensors &
bioelectronics, 22(2007) 1390-5.
[14] K. Shiba, T. Nagato, T. Tsuji, K. Koshiji, Energy Transmission Transformer for a Wireless Capsule
Endoscope: Analysis of Specific Absorption Rate and Current Density in Biological Tissue, IEEE Trans
Biomed Eng, 55(2008) 1864-71.
[15] R. Carta, M. Sfakiotakis, N. Pateromichelakis, J. Thoné, D.P. Tsakiris, R. Puers, A multi-coil
inductive powering system for an endoscopic capsule with vibratory actuation, Sensors and Actuators A:
Physical, 172(2011) 253-8.
[16] G.B. Pan, W.H. Xin, G.Z. Yan, J.L. Chen, A video wireless capsule endoscopy system powered
wirelessly: design, analysis and experiment, Meas Sci Technol, 22(2011).
[17] Z. Jia, G. Yan, Y. Shi, B. Zhu, A wireless power transmission system for an active capsule
endoscope for colon inspection, Journal of medical engineering & technology, 36(2012) 235-41.
[18] W.H. Xin, G.Z. Yan, W.X. Wang, A stable wireless energy transmission system for gastrointestinal
microsystems, Journal of medical engineering & technology, 34(2010) 64-70.
[19] K. Na, H. Jang, H. Ma, F. Bien, Tracking Optimal Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance Wireless
Power Transfer System for Biomedical Capsule Endoscopy, IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 63(2015)
295-304.
[20] Y. Shi, G. Yan, B. Zhu, G. Liu, F. Liu, D.-H. Lee, et al., A portable wireless power transmission
system for video capsule endoscopes, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 26(2015) S1721-S30.
[21] G. Liu, G. Yan, W. Xu, S. Kuang, Dual-head wireless powered video capsule based on new type of
receiving coils, Journal of medical engineering & technology, 39(2015) 246-52.
[22] S. He, G.-Z. Yan, Q. Ke, Z.-W. Wang, W.-W. Chen, A wirelessly powered expanding-extending
robotic capsule endoscope for human intestine, International Journal of Precision Engineering and
Manufacturing, 16(2015) 1075-84.
[23] L. Yan, T. Wang, D. Liu, J. Peng, Z. Jiao, C.-Y. Chen, Capsule Robot for Obesity Treatment With
Wireless Powering and Communication, IEEE Trans Ind Electron, 62(2015) 1125-33.
[24] Z. Yang, W. Liu, E. Basham, Inductor modeling in wireless links for implantable electronics,
Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, 43(2007) 3851-60.
[25] M. Basar, M.Y. Ahmad, J. Cho, F. Ibrahim, A wireless power transmission system for robotic
capsule endoscopy: Design and optimization, RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and
Healthcare Applications (IMWS-Bio), 2014 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on,
IEEE2014, pp. 1-3.
[26] H. Yadong, W. Jianfeng, S. Tianjia, X. Xiang, L. Guolin, G. Yingke, et al., An efficiency-enhanced
wireless power transfer system with segmented transmitting coils for endoscopic capsule, Circuits and
Systems (ISCAS), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on2013, pp. 2279-82.
[27] M. Guanying, Y. Guozheng, H. Xiu, Power transmission for gastrointestinal microsystems using
inductive coupling, Physiological measurement, 28(2007) 9-18.
[28] Q. Ke, W. Luo, G. Yan, K. Yang, Analytical Model and Optimized Design of Power Transmitting
Coil for Inductively Coupled Endoscope Robot, Ieee T Bio-Med Eng, 63(2016) 694-706.
[29] S. Gabriel, R.W. Lau, C. Gabriel, The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric
models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 41(1996) 2271-93.
[30] I.C.o.N.-I.R. Protection, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic
fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz), Health physics, 99(2010) 818-36.
List of Figure
Fig. 1 Schematic of a WPT system with a PTC fixed around the patient body and a WCE consists of a PRC and a
receiver circuit located in the human GI tract.
Fig. 2 Simplified circuit model of the resonant inductively coupled wireless power transfer system.
(b)
(a) (c)
Fig. 3 (a) Coupling model between PTC-PRC, (b) lumped equivalent circuit of a PTC, and (c) effective lumped
equivalent circuit of a PTC.
Fig. 4 Schematic configuration of the existing PTCs: (a) typical solenoid coil (TSC); (b) typical Helmholtz coil
(THC); and c) segmented solenoid coil (SSC), the number of segments is denoted by “nos”.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5 Schematic of the proposed improved power transmission coil (IPTC): (a) basic structure and (b) enlargement
of the axial region with additional middle coil. The outer and middle coils are represented by “OC” and “MC,”
respectively.
Fig. 6 Color map of the H-field distribution in: a) TSC, b) THC, c) SSC, and d) IPTC. The field is shown on the yz
plane at x = 0 for an identical coil radius of 20 cm and inductance of around 460 µH, each of the coil are excited
with AC power of 5 W at 300 kHz.
-3 -3
18 x10 14 x10
16 13
TSC
coupling cofficient ( k)
12 SSC
14 THC
11 IPTC
12
10
10
9
8 8
(a) (b)
Fig. 7 Variation of the coupling coefficient in different PTCs along the radial direction: a) at z = 0 and b) at z = h/2.
The coupling coefficient is calculated for µeff = 210, SR = m2, LT ~460 µH, and LR = 426 µH.
Fig. 8 Unloaded quality factor of the PTCs over the frequency obtained for an identical coil radius of 20 cm and
inductance of around ~460 µH.
Fig. 9 Variation of the minimum H-field uniformity and power transfer efficiency with the diameter of the PTCs.
The maximum efficiency obtained by the different PTCs with ensuring 80% uniformity is indicated.
Fig. 10 Experimental setup for measurement of the coupling coefficient (k) and the quality factor (Q) of the
implemented PTCs.
-3 -3
20 x 10 14 x 10
Coupling cofficient (k)
18 Calculated 13
16 Measured 12
14 11
IPTC
IPTC
12 10
10 SSC 9
SSC
0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15
y distance(cm)@z=0 y distance(cm)@z=h/2
Fig. 11 Comparison of the calculated and the measured coupling coefficient (k) of the implemented PTCs.
550
500
450
400
350
Calculated, IPTC
QUT
250
Calculated, SSC
200
Measured, SSC
150
100k 200k 300k 400k 500k 600k 700k 800k
frequency (Hz)
Fig. 12. Comparison of the calculated and the measured Q factor of the implemented PTCs.
Fig. 13 Measurement of power transfer efficiency of the WPT system: a) circuit diagram of the measurement; b)
experimental setup.
42 42
39 IPTC 39
36 36 IPTC
Efficiency (%)
Calculated
33 33
Measured
30 30
27 SSC 27
SSC
24 24
21 21
0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15
y distance(cm)@z=0 y distance(cm)@z=h/2
Fig. 14 Comparison of the measured power transfer efficiency with that of calculated using Eq. (5).
(a)
σ ε
Skin 0.14402 6012.6
Muscle 0.4069 5226.9
Bone 0.08531 350.43
Intestine 0.6502 10337
(b)
(c)
Fig. 15 Evaluation of the current density: a) analytical model of the simulation setup with homogeneous multi-layer
tissue, IPTC, PRC, and excitation source, b) electrical properties of included biological tissues at 300 kHz , and c)
simulated induced current density for 0.5 A of coil current and 146 mW of output power.
600 6
TSC THC
500 Pout 5
J
400 4
2 2
3 A/m at 300 kHz 3 A/m at 300 kHz
300 3
200 2
100 1
0 0
600 6
SSC
IPTC
2
500 5
400 4
2 2
3 A/m at 300 kHz 3 A/m at 300 kHz
300 3
200 2
100 1
0 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Coil current, IT (A) Coil current, IT (A)
Fig. 16 Output power (Pout) and the induced current density (J) over the coil excitation current IT(t) at the frequency
of 300 kHz. The green line indicates the ICNIRP limit of J.
(a) (b)
Fig. 17 Testing of WPT system’s performance in tissues environment: (a) fresh biological tissues of a slaughtered
goat torso with a PRC inside the tissues, and (b) measurement setup in the biological tissue environment.
List of Tables
TABLE I
SPECIFICATION OF THE IMPLEMENTED POWER TRANSMISSION COIL.
Parameters IPTC SSC
Number of 32 (12 + 8 + 12) 22
turns
Coil diameter 40 cm 40 cm
Physical
TABLE II
SPECIFICATION OF THE IMPLEMENTED POWER RECEIVING COIL.
Parameters Value
Number of turns 130
Coil size ∅: 11.5 mm, h: 8 mm
Physical
RR (Ω) 7.72
µcore 8000
Q-factor 107.1
**AC parameters are measured at 300 kHz