PROJECT REPORT

ON
Hand Pump Design

By

NAME Roll No
Rixon Xavier 65
Vishnu RC Vijayan 70

Under the guidance

Of
Prof. Johnson Varghese

DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PREMIER AUTOMOBILES ROAD
KURLA(W)
MUMBAI – 400070

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Don Bosco Institute of Technology, the Principal Dr.Prasanna

Nambiar and our HOD, Dr. Sarangi for providing the necessary resources for the
completion of the project.

We would like to express our gratitude to Prof. Johnson Varghese for his constant
encouragement, support and guidance during the entire course of the project.

We express our sincere thanks to all those who have directly and indirectly helped
us in the completion of this project.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled

“Design of Hand Pump”
is a bonafide work of

Rixon Xavier (Roll No- 65)

Vishnu RC Vijayan (Roll No- 70)

Submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the term work of
the subject “Design of Mechanical Systems” [Course Code: MEC801] studied in Semester VIII of
Fourth Year of Mechanical Engineering.

Johnson Varghese
Date: Subject In charge

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 INDEX

SR. NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Introduction 5

3 Types 6

6 Range of suction 6

7 Design Calculation 7

9 Reference 11

List of Figures

Fig. No Representation Pg. No

Fig. 1 A Hand Pump Schematic Diagram 6
Fig. 2 Schematic Sketch of forces acting on lever 9

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INTRODUCTION

[1] Hand pumps are manually operated pumps; they use human power and mechanical advantage
to move fluids or air from one place to another. They are widely used in every country in the world
for a variety of industrial, marine, irrigation and leisure activities. There are many differe nt types
of hand pump available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary vane principle with a
check valve on the entry and exit ports to the chamber operating in opposing directions. Most hand
pumps have plungers or reciprocating pistons, and are positive displacement.

TYPES
Suction and lift hand pumps
Suction and lift are important considerations when pumping fluids. Suction is the vertical distance
between the fluid to be pumped and the centre of the pump, while lift is the vertical distance
between the pump and the delivery point. The depth from which a hand pump will suck is limited
by atmospheric pressure to an operating depth of less than 7 meters. The height to which a hand
pump will lift is governed by the ability of the pump and the operator to lift the weight in the
delivery pipe. Thus the same pump and operator will be able to achieve a greater lift with a smaller
diameter pipe than they could with a larger diameter pipe.

Siphons
Water will always try to find its lowest level. Using this principle, very simple pumps with plastic
or rubber bulb with flap valve at each end are used for emptying fuel or water cans into tanks.
Once the bulb is full, the fluid will flow without further effort from the higher to the lower
container. Many hand pumps will allow the passage of fluid through them in the direction of flow
and diaphragm pumps are particularly good at this. Thus where the levels are correct large volumes
of liquid such as swimming pools can be emptied with very little effort and no expensive energy
use.
Direct action
Direct action hand pumps have a pumping rod that is moved up and down, directly by the user,
discharging water. Direct action handpumps are easy to install and maintain but are limited to the
maximum column of water a person can physically lift of up to 15 m. Examples of direct action
pumps include the canzee pump[ and the EMAS pump.

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 Figure 1 A Hand Pump Schematic Diagram

Range of lift
The range of lift of different types of hand pumps is given below

Type Range

Suction pumps 0 – 7 meters

Low lift pumps 0 – 15 meters

Direct action pumps 0 – 15 meters

Intermediate lift pumps 0 – 25 meters

High lift pumps 0 – 45 meters, or more

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Design Calculation

The components to be designed are

1. Suction Pipe diameter
2. Cylinder diameter and length
3. Piston Rod Diameter
4. Hand Lever

SUCTION PIPE CALCULATION

Suction line Pressure Calculation

P1 = Pa + ρgh [2]
Where
ρ = density of water (1000kg/m3)
P1 = Pressure of water entering the pipe
Pa= Atmospheric Pressure = 101325 Pa
G = 9.81m/s2
H= Suction Head = 10 m

P1 = 101325 + (1000*9.81*10)
P1 = 199425 Pa (1)

From Bernoulli’s Equation

The velocity of the water entering the pump will be the same as the velocity at which the user
propels the hose downward into the well. Assuming in each downward motion the hose travels a
distance of 0.15m and this motion takes 0.5 seconds to execute than the velocity at which the hose
is moving is 0.3m/s. Therefore the velocity of the water entering the hose is V1 =0.3m/s. Since
compressibility effects can be ignored the Bernoulli equation can be used to calculate the exiting
velocity.

(P1 /P) + (V1 2 /2) = (P2 /ρ) + g (h2 -h1 ) + ((V2 2 /2)) [2]
Where ρ = density of water (1000kg/m3)
P1= Pressure of water entering the pipe from (1)
V1 = velocity of the water entering the Pipe = 0.3 m/s
V2 = velocity of the water leaving the Pipe
H2-H1 = the difference in height between the top and bottom of the pipe = 10m (Assumption)
P2 = P2 can be taken as zero since it is equal to the atmospheric pressure [2]
G = 9.81m/s2

Therefore, (199425/1000) + (0.32 /2) = 9.81 X (10) + (V2 2 /2)

V2 = 14.238 m/s (2)

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Suction Pipe Diameter Calculation
Standard discharge of hand pump is 5000 – 6000 L/hr. So assuming the hand pump discharge to
be 5000 L/hr = 1.38*10-3 m3 /s. Using the exit velocity (V2) the diameter of the pipe can be found
with equation

Q=V2 A2 [2]
Where Q = Discharge or Flowrate = 1.38 X 10-3 m3 /s
A2 = Area of the Suction Pipe
V2 = velocity of the water leaving the Pipe = 14.238 m/s (2)

Therefore,
1.38*10-3 = 14.238 *A2
A2 = 9.692*10-5 m2
A2 = π/4 * D2
D = 0.111m = 11.1mm (Suction pipe) (3)

CYLINDER CALCULATION
Volume of the cylinder

𝚷∗𝒅𝒄 𝟐
𝑽=( )*L [3]
𝟒
Where L = static water head = 0.875 + 10 = 10.875m
The distance from ground to the water outlet in the cylinder is assumed to half of a human height
length = 0.875m
Dc = diameter of cylinder
V = Volume of Cylinder = Assuming a bucket of Water = 20 litre = 0.02m3

Therefore,
0.02 = ((𝚷 * dc2 )/4) * 10.875
Dc= 0.0483m=48.3mm = 50 mm (4)
Length of Cylinder = more than 875 mm from ground = 1000 mm (Assumed)

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 PISTON CALCULATION
Piston rod diameter

𝟒𝐅
Dr= From Hall hylowenko Equation [3]
𝛑 𝐗 𝛔𝐚

Where,
F = Weight of water (As 20L is previously assumed as volume so for 20L = 200N)
σa =allowable stress which is limited to 45N/mm2 (Assumed)
Dr = Diameter of the piston rod

Therefore,
Dr = (4* 200)/ ( π ∗ 45)

Dr = 5.65mm (5)

LEVER CALCULATION

Lever calculation

Taking Material: C60 Steel

FOS = 5, Syt = 400N/mm2
(σt ) = Syt /fs = 80N/mm2
Τ = 0.5Syt/fs = 40N/mm2

Figure 2 Schematic Sketch of forces acting on lever

Taking
Fulcrum will be at the center of Cylinder Head
l1 = 1000 mm (Assumed)
l2 = 25 mm (Half of Cylinder Diameter to provide balance)

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Calculation of forces acting on Lever:

F = R+P [4]

Where
F= Force acting on Lever
P = Force applied to the lever by human (Assumed to be 20 N)
R = Force acting at Fulcrum (Weight of piston rod)

Steel Piston Rod Weight Calculation:

R = (d2 *L/160000) = 0.139kg = 1.370 N [4]

Where
d = dia of piston rod = 5.65mm from (5)
L= Length of piston rod = 0.7x of cylinder Length (Assumption) = 700 mm

Therefore,
F = 1.370 + 20
F = 21.370N

Lever rod diameter Calculation:

(σ)b = (M*y)/I [4]

M = P (l1 -l2 ) [4]

= 20*(1000-25)
= 19500 N-mm

Therefore,

(σ)b = (19500*D/2)/ [(π/64)*D4 ] ≤ 80

D= 13.54 mm

Taking,
D = 15mm

Reverse Calculation for Safety

(17946.825*15/2)/ [(π/64)*154 ] = 54.1644N/mm2 less than 80N/mm2
Hence safe

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REFERENCES

[1] “How to build Hand Pump”; www.appropedia.com; accessed on 5th march 2017

[2] “Hand pump Details”; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pump; accessed on 24th march 2017

[3] A Nasir; “Development of manually operated pump”; Department of mechanical

engineering; Federal University; Nigeria; April 2004

[4] VB Bhandari; “Book on Design of Machine Elements”

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