Final Project Akshatha

Living Standard and Life Style of Agricultural Labourers in Shikaripura Taluk
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
 PRELUDE
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER SCHEME
 REFERENCES
Smt. Indira Gandhi Govt. First Grade Women’s College, Sagar Page 1
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the source of livelihood for more than half of the world
population. In some countries more than four-fifths of the inhabitants supports
themselves by farming, while in the more industrialised countries proportion
ranges much lower less than three per cent in both the United States and Great
Britain. In general one can say that, when a large fraction of a nation population
depends on agriculture for its livelihood, average incomes are low. This does not
mean that a nation is poor because most of its population is engaged in
agriculture;it is closer to the truth to say that because a country is poor most of its
people must rely upon agriculture for a living.
The importance of agriculture in economic development of any country,
richor poor is borne out by the fact that it is the primary sector of the economy,
which provides the basic ingredients necessary for the existence of mankind and
also provides most of the raw materials which when transformed into finished
products serve as basic necessities of the human race. In India agriculture is the
largest sector of economic activity. It provides not only food and raw materials but
also employment to a very large proportion of the population. Being the dominant
sector the improvement or changes in national output depend on agriculture.
Agriculture forms the back-bone of the Indian economy and despite concerted
industrialization in the last six decades; agriculture occupies a place of pride.
Being the largest industry in the country, agriculture provides employment to
around 65 per cent of the total work force in the country. The data provided by the
census of India reveals that in 1981, about 69 per cent of the total workers were
engaged in agriculture and allied activities; during 1991, the share of agriculture in
total employment slightly declined to 68 per cent. In absolute terms, agriculture
provided employment to 256 million persons in 1997, thus bringing percentage of
economically active population in agriculture to 61 per cent. It is really disturbing
that the proportion of agricultural labourers has increased and the cultivators have
indicated a decline.
Labour is the most important input in increasing production in traditional

agriculture. In the early stage of development, since land was available in plenty
increase in labour supply led to the clearing of more land for bringing it under
cultivation. At this stage of development the increase in labour supply was a boon
to the society. It made positive contribution and helped in increasing agricultural
production. Modernizing agriculture involved introduction of new technology. The
technological innovation required increased use of capital in agriculture. Even with
the use of more capital and new technology a number of farm-operations required
intensification of labour use such as seed bed production, weeding, irrigation and
harvesting. Thus, labour is critical input in modern agricultural development.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Related to labour surplus economies, withdrawal of agricultural labour
from agriculture sector may or may not affect the output growth rate adversely as
Schultz, T.W. (1964) has sited the fact that output in India declined with a decline
in the agricultural working population due to an influenza epidemic. As he has put
in the proof that surplus labour in agriculture was not a true doctrine
Regarding the surplus labour in agriculture, Mehra, S. (1966) states that
the excess of actual over the required work force on farms constitutes such surplus
population on farms. She also points out that the same workers, however, may be
engaged in non-agricultural activities like household industry and may thus be
performing a productive activity but they are surplus in respect of agriculture.
Concerned with the problems of agricultural labourers, the9Fourth Five
Year Plan (1968) reports that in many parts of the country, the agrarian economy is
unable to provide continuous work throughout the year. The slack season extends
from 3 to 6 months, which creates seasonal unemployment in the economy.
Bardhan, P. (1970) made an attempt to examine the impact of the green
revolution on the agricultural labourers. The author concluded that, at the end of
the sixties more than 70.00 per cent of rural population was living below poverty
line. The percentage of rural households below the bare minimum acceptable level
of living apparently doubled during the sixties in rural India as a whole.
Regarding the mechanisation of agriculture, Billings, M.M. and A. Singh

(1971) conducted a study on the impact of technological changes on human labour
demand in Punjab and Maharashtra states representing developed and under
developed regions in India based on the extent of new farm technology. The
adoption of new farm technology such as area under high yielding varieties, power
system of irrigation and use of power thrashers, reapers and tractors, etc. was
higher in Punjab and its cumulative effect on human labour demand was assessed
to be labour replacing by 5.5 per cent during 1968 – 69.
Impact of green revolution on landless labour has been examined by
Aggarwal, A.N. (1971). The author found that with the advent of green revolution,
large farmers were becoming prosperous. They were investing in capital-intensive
equipment in order to enhance their direct control over agriculture. The labourers,
on the other hand, had been losing out in several ways because demand for their
traditional services decreased, availability of land on crop sharing basis reduced
and alternative employment opportunities to remained behind requirements.
Consequently, the two classes were becoming polarized and increasingly
antagonistic to each other.
Rao, C.H.H. (1974) brings out the favourable as well as unfavourable
objectives of new technologies on employment. He states, "If the green revolution
is regarded as a package consisting of HYV and fertilisers, its contribution to
employment has been substantial. Also, tubewells seem to have contributed
significantly to the employment of labour”.
Herdt, R.W. and R.A. Baker (1972), concluded on the basis of their study
that in most parts of India, increases in the demand for labour, as a result of new
technology, which was more labour intensive, were not accompanied by the
increase in the agricultural wages because supply curve of labour came to be
perfectly elastic at the point of intersection with the demand curve in these regions
but increase in employment was marginal. However, in some regions, especially
Punjab, Kerala and Tamilnadu, the supply curve of labour near the point of
intersection with the demand curve was not found perfectly elastic.
Lal, D. (1976) states that the real income of agricultural workers has
increased over the year 1956-57 to 1970-71.
Bhalla, G.S. (1979) undertook a study on the real wage rates of the
agricultural labourers in Punjab from 1961 to 1972. He found that there was a race
on, between rising farm productivity and an increasing labour force. During the
given period, the rise in money wages remained behind price changes, leading to
reduce wage rates for most operations between 1965 and 1968, and again during
1974, 1975 and 1977 except in harvesting.
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the concept of agriculture and agriculture labourers
2. To know the earning pattern of agricultural labourers.
3. To know the sources of income of agricultural labourers.
4. To know the problems of agricultural labourers.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Area of the Study: The study area is living standard and life style of agriculture
labourers in shikaripura taluk.
Scope of the Study: The study is confined to Shikaripura Taluk. Living standard
and lifestyle of agricultural labourers considered for the purpose of study.
Population for the Study: all agricultural labourers constitute population units for
the study.
Sample Design: Responses from 40 agricultural labourers who are working in

various places in Shikaripurataluk are being selected byrandomlysampling method.
Sources of Data: For the purpose of study data has been collected from both
primary and secondary sources. Primary data has been collected with the help of a
structured interview schedule, field survey prepared for the purpose. Secondary
data has been collected from the various books, journals and websites’.
Analysis of Data: Collected data has been analyzed with the help of statistical tool
like, percentage.
CHAPTER SCHEME
The study is presented in five chapters. The content of these chapters are as below:
First Chapter deals with the introduction of agriculture and labour, review of
literature, objectives of study, methodology and limitations of the study.
Second chapter contains introduction, meaning, definition, types, magnitudes of
agricultural labourers, Economic conditions of agricultural labourers in India,
Government measures pertaining to agricultural labourers.
Third chapter contains the profile of shikaripura.
Forth chapter deals with the income, living standard and lifestyle of agricultural
labourers through analysis and interpretation.
Fifth chapter deals with the summary of findings and based on these findings
some suggestions are made it remove the constants to growth of employees and
overall conclusion of the project work.
REFERENCE
1. Krishnaswami O.R Ranganatham.M, Methodology of Research in Social
Sciences, Himalaya Publishing House. Edition 2010.
2. Shashi K.Gupth, Pranitet Rangi, Research methodology, Kalyani publishing
house Fourth Revised Edition 2014
3. C.R. Kothari, Research methodology, Methods and Techniques, New Age
International Publishers, edition 2004
4. Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstrea
5. www.epw.in
6. www.shodhaganga.inflibnet.ac.in
7. Aggarwal.A.N (1980), Indian Agriculture, mitall publication, Delhi
pp.160-160
8. Bardhan.P (1970) Green revolution and Agricultural labourers- Economic
and Political weekly, vd1, No 29-31 pp.52-52
9. Bhalla.G.S (1979) – “Real wage rate of agricultural labourers in Panjab”,
Economic and Political weekly v01. 14, No 2, June pp.45-45
10. Billings.M.M and A.Sing (1971), “the effect of technology on employment
in India”, Development Digest vo1. 9, No 1, pp.98-107
11. Herdt.R.W and R.A Bakes 1972- “Agricultural wages production and kigh
yielding varieties”, Economic and Political weekly, vo1, 21, No.52,
December
12. Lal.D (1974)- Agricultural growth, Real wages and the Real poor in India”
(R of L), Economic and Political weekly, vo1, No,26, June, pp A-47-A-47
13. Mehra.S (1966) “Surplus labour in Indian agriculture. The Indian economic
reviews, vo1 1(new series) No 1 April, p.11
14. Schultz.T.W (1964) “Transforming traditional an agriculture”, NW Haven
: yale university press
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CHAPTER – II
CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURE AND
AGRICULTURAL LABOUR
 INTRODUCTION
 MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
 DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
 TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
 MAGNITUDE OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
 ECONOMIC CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL
LABOURERS IN INDIA
 GOVERNMENT MEASURES PERTAINING TO
AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
CHAPTER – II
CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURE LABOURERS
In this chapter an attempt is made to present theoretical aspects of concept

of agriculture and agriculture labourers
PART – A
CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms
for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal and other products used to sustain and enhance
human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human
civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that
nurtured the development of civilization.
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY

Agriculture is considered as the backbone of the Indian economy. More than
70% of our total population earn their livelihood from agriculture. The following are
some of the important point which explains the role of our economy.
1. Contribution to national income: From the very beginning, agriculture is
contributing a major portion to our national income. In 1950-51, agriculture and
allied activities contributed about 59 per cent of the total national income. Although
the share of agriculture has been declining gradually with the growth of other sectors
but the share still remained very high as compared to that of the developed countries
of the world. For example, the share of agriculture has declined to 54 per cent in
1960-61’48per cent in 1970-71, 40per cent in 1980-81 and then to 19.0 per cent in
2014-15, where as in U.K. and USA agriculture contributes only 3per cent to the
national income of these countries.
2. Source of livelihood- In India over two-thirds of our working population are
engaged directly on agriculture and also similarly depend for their livelihood.
According to an estimate, about 66per cent of our working population are engaged
in agriculture at present in comparison to that of 2 to 3 per cent in U.K and U.S.A ..,
6per cent in France and 7per cent in Australia .Thus the employment pattern of our
country is very much common to other under-developed countries of the world.
3. Source of food supply: Agriculture is the only major source of food supply as it
is providing regular supply of food to such a huge size of population of our country.
It has been estimated that about 60per cent of household consumption is met by
agriculture product. In recent years , India become more or less self-sufficient in
respect of food supply although India had to face a serious shortfall in food
production during the last three decades leading to import of food grains from
foreign countries to the extent of 5per cent of total requirements.
4. Role of agriculture for industrial development: Agriculture in India has been
the major source of supply of raw materials to various important industries of our
country. Cotton and jute textiles, sugar, Vanaspati, edible oil plantation industries
and agro based cottage industries are also regularly collecting their raw materials
directly from agriculture. About 50per cent of income generated in the
manufacturing sector comes from all these agro – based industries in India.
Moreover, agriculture can provide a market for industrial products as increase in the
level of agricultural income may lead to expansion of market for industrial products.
5. Commercial importance: India agriculture is playing a very important role both
in the internal and external trade of the country. Agricultural products like a tea,
coffee, sugar, tobacco, spices, cashewnuts etc. are the main items of our exports and
constitute about 50per cent of our total exports. Besides manufactured jute, cotton,
textiles and sugar also contributes another 20per cent of the total exports of the
country. Thus nearly 70per cent of India’s exports are originated from agricultural
sector. Further, agriculture is helping the country in earning precious foreign
exchange to meet the required import bill of the country.
6. Source of Government revenue: Agriculture is one of the major sources of
revenue to both the central and state Government of country. The Government is
getting a substantial income from rising land revenue. Some other sectors like
railway, roadways are also deriving a good part of their income from the movement
of agricultural goods.
7. Role of agricultural in economic planning: The prospect of planning in India

also depends much on agricultural sector. A good crop always provides imputes
towards planned economic development of the country by creating a better business
climate for the transport system , manufacturing industries , internal trade etc.., A
good crop also brings a good amount of finance to the Government for meeting its
planned expenditure. Similarly a bad crop lead to a total depreciation in business of
the country, which ultimately lead to a failure of economic planning. Thus the
agricultural sector is plying a very important role in a country like India economy
still largely depends upon on agricultural sector.
FEATURES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

The agriculture in India was totally backward at the time of independence.
Due to the application of age – old and traditional techniques applied in agriculture,
the productivity was very poor. In 1950-51, there was only 7 tractors, 62 oil engines
and 16 irrigation pump sets per lakh hectors of gross cropped areas of the country. A
very negligible amount of fertilizer was also applied on agriculture. Due to its low
productivity, agriculture could manage only substance livings to Indian farmers and
the agriculture was not at all commercialized. Some of this sorry state of affairs are
still continuing in India agriculture. These are certain factors which are responsible
for this poor condition of Indian agriculture. All these factors will broadly outline
the features of Indian agriculture in the following manner.
1. Feudal character of Production: The character of agricultural production in India
was totally feudal at the time of independence. During those days the land tenure
system were mostly of Zamindary, Mahalwary, and Rytwari type. The major
portion about 57per cent of the total area was under zamindary system which paved
the way for exploitation of peasants by the Zamindars. Even in the rytwari system
this sort of exploitation was also prevalent.
After the introduction of land reform measures by the state governments for
abolishing intermediaries since independence, the character of that feudal system
paved the way from their land ownership, more specifically through:
I.Cultivation of land through hired laborers’

II.Leasing out of the lands to tenants
III.Usury
IV.Trading in food grains and other commodities.
2. Dualism in labor market: Dualism in the labour market becomes prevalent in
India as due to excessive pressure of population on land, the level of wages in the
agricultural sector became considerably lower in comparison to that of industrial
sector. This dualism started to exist in Indian labour market due to workers
ignorance of better opportunities outside agriculture and also due to their inability to
work in a modern industrial system. This low level of wages in the agricultural
sector is responsible for low per capita income which in turn reduces the labour
productivity to allow ebb. Moreover, cheap agricultural labour paves the ways for
the adoption of labour – intensive cultivation and discourages mechanization of
agriculture.
3. Usurious capital and growing Indebtedness: In Indian agriculture, the use of
various capital is quite huge in volume and this leads to growing indebtedness
among the poor farmers. During the pre-independence entire period, money lenders
and mahajans are supplying the entire portion of agricultural credit at an exorbitant
rate of interest leading to exploitation of farmers’. After independence, although the
government introduced various steps such as- development of co-operative credit
societies, participation of banks in raising rural credit etc.., but all these could not
benefit the small and marginal formers and thus they continue to depend on village
money lenders to fulfill their credit requirements. These money lenders are still
charging exorbitant rates of interest, manipulate their accounts and ultimately seize
the land of these small and marginal farmers illegally. Thus flow of usurious capital
in agricultural credit is responsible for growing rural indebtedness in the country.
4. Orthodox Forming Techniques: Indian agriculture is still characterized by the
use of orthodox farming techniques. Major portion of the agricultural operations are
still depending on biological sources of energy, human and animal labour, rain
water and organic manure. After the adoption of new agricultural strategy in 1966,
modern techniques of production alongwith new HYV seeds were introduced in
some states like Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. This has also resulted
in an inter-regional technological dualism as major portion of the agricultural land
continues to follow orthodox methods while only certain regions started to follow
modern techniques. Inter – personal technological dualism also started to exist in
Indian agriculture as the new technology being costly continues to be adopted by
only large and wealthy farmers and the small and marginal farmers in spite of their
awareness, continue to follow old techniques due to financial constraints.
5. Fluctuations in Agricultural Output: Another notable feature of Indian
agriculture is that total agricultural output of the country is subjected too much
fluctuations. Depends on Indian agriculture on monsoon is the most important factor
responsible for the large-scale fluctuation in agricultural output. Although net
irrigated area of the country has increased from 20.8 million hectors in 1950-51 to
102.8 million hector in 2006-07 but proportion of area irrigated to the total net
sown area ‘gamble of monsoons’ as nature is still playing a dominant role in
determining the volume of agricultural production of the country. Moreover, due to
the application of bio-chemical technology in the post -1965 period the sensitivity of
output to variations in rainfall has increased.
Diversities in Indian Agriculture: Presence of agricultural diversities in an another

notable feature of Indian agriculture. Different regions of the country are having lot
of differences in their natural conditions such as soil content, magnitude of rainfall ,
water availability etc.., Some areas are facing draught conditions whereas some
other areas are facing occurrence of facing occurrence of floods. Some more areas
are facing the problem of water lagging and salinity. Moreover, there exist a
considerable difference in land tenure system and labour relations among various
states of the country. In respect of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings,
substantial regional disparities still exist. Thus in presence of such large diversities
in Indian agriculture it is quite difficult to generalize a problem and to adopt a
common single policy on agriculture for all different regions. Thus while
formulating an agricultural policy all these diversities in local geographical,
economic and social conditions must be taken into account.
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

In a less developed country like India, agriculture has been considered as the
primary occupation. In a country like India. Agricultural practices followed by most
of the peasants are managed on commercial lines. Rather, it is still maintained at the
level of subsistence farming so as to meet the requirements of food for the entire
family throughout the year. Although about 69 per cent of the working populations
are engaged in agriculture but the sector sector is not yet organized in a rational
manner. Most of the working units are still maintained at the household or the family
level instead of a commercially viable organized farming unit. This trend has
resulted a poor show in agricultural practices and yield and also in respect of its
marketable surpluses.
In spite of domination among all the sectors, agricultural sector in India has
been subjected to a number of problems. The following are some of the important
problems responsible for this poor state of Indian agriculture.
1. Inequality in land distribution: The distribution of agricultural land distribution
in India has not been fairly distributed. Rather there is a considerable degree of
concentration of land holdings among the rich landlords, farmers and money lenders
throughout the country. But the vast majority of small formers own a very small and
uneconomic size of holdings, resulting to higher cost per units. Moreover, huge
number of landless cultivators has been cultivating on the land owned by the
absentee landlords, leading to lack of incentives on the part of these cultivator.
2. Land tenure system: The land tenure system practiced in India is suffering from
lot of defects. Insecurity of tenure was a big problem for the tenants, particularly
during the pre-independence period. Although the land tenure system has been
improving during the period after the introduction of various land reforms measures
measures but the problem of insecurity of tenancy and eviction still prevails to some
extent due to the presence of absentee landlords and benami transfers of various
states of the country.
3. Sub-division and Fragmentation of holdings: In India, the average size of
holdings is expected to declaim from 1.5 hector in 1990-91 to 1.3 hectares in
2000-01. Thus the size of agricultural holdings is quite uneconomic, small and
fragmented. There is continuous sub-division and fragmentation of agricultural land

due to increasing pressure of populations and breakdown of the joint family system
and also due to forced selling of land for meeting debt repayment obligations. Thus
the size of operational holdings has been declining year by year leading to
increasing in the number of marginal and small holding and fall in the number of
medium and large holdings. All these have resulted in continuous sub-division and
fragmentation of land holdings in the country. This increasing trend of
sub–divisions and fragmentation has resulted in the efficient use of land almost
impossible leading to the problem of increasing volume of capital equipment on the
farm on the farm along with low productivity.
4. Cropping pattern: The cropping pattern which shows the proportion of the area
under different crops at a definite point of time, is an important indicator of
development and diversification of the sector. Food crops and non – food or cash
crops are the two types of crops produced by the agricultural sector of the country.
As the prices of the cash crops are becoming more and more alternative therefore,
more and more land have been diverted from the production of food crops into cash
or commercial crops. This has been creating the problem of food crisis in the
country. Thus after 50 year planning the country has failed to evolve a balanced
cropping pattern leading to faulty agricultural planning and its poor implementation.
5. Instability and fluctuation: Indian agriculture is continuously subjected to
instability arising out of fluctuations in weather and gamble of monsoon. As a result,
the production of food grains and other crops fluctuates widely leading to
continuous fluctuations of agricultural crops. This has created the element of
instability in the agricultural operation of the country.
6. Conditions of Agricultural labourers: Agricultural labourers are the most
exploited unorganized class in the rural population of the country. From the very
beginning, landlords and jamindars exploited these labourers for their benefits and
converted some of them as slaves or bonded labourers and forced to continue the
system generation after generation. All these led to their wretched conditions and
total deprivation. After 68 years of independence, the situation improved
marginally. But as they remain unorganized, economic exploitations of these
workers still continuous. The level of income, the standard of living and the rate of
wages remained abnormally low. Total number of agricultural labourers has
increased from 55.4 million in 1981 to 74.6 million in 1991 which constituted nearly
23.5% of the total working population of the country. This increasing number has
been creating the problem of surplus labour or disguised unemployment, which in
turn is pushing their wage rates below the substance level.
7. Poor Farming Techniques and Agricultural Practices: The farmers in India have
been adopting orthodox and inefficient method and techniques of cultivation. It is
only in recent years that the Indian farmers have started to adopt improved
implements like steel ploughs, seed drills, hoes etc. to a limited extent only. Most of
the farmers were relying on centuries old wooden plough and other implements.
Such adoption of traditional methods is responsible for low agricultural productivity
in the country.
8. Inadequate use of inputs: Indian agriculture is suffering from inadequate use of
inputs like fertilizers and HYV seeds. Indian farmers are not applying sufficient
quantity of fertilizers on their lands and even the application of farmyard dung
manure is also inadequate. Indian farmers are still applying seeds of indifferent
quality. They have no sufficient financial ability to purchase good quality high
yielding seeds. Moreover, the supply of HYV seeds is also minimum in the country.
9. Inadequate irrigation facilities: Indian agriculture is still suffering from lack of
assumed and controlled water supply through artificial irrigation facilities. Thus the
Indian formers have to depend much upon rainfall which is neither regular nor even.
Whatever irrigation potential that has been developed in our country, a very limited
number of our farmers can avail facilities. In spite of vigorous program me of major
and minor irrigations projects undertaken since 1951, the proportion of irrigated
land to total cropped area now comes to about 53% in 1998-99. Therefore, in the
absence of assured and controlled water supply, the Agricultural productivity in
India is bound to be low.
10. Absence of crop rotation: Proper rotation of crops is very much essential for
successful agricultural operations as it helps to regain the facility of the soil.
Continuous production of cereals on the same plot of land reduces the fertility of soil
which may be restored if other crops like pulses, vegetables etc. are grown there. As
the formers are mostly illiterate, they are not very much conscious about the benefit
of crop rotation. Therefore land loses its fertility to a considerable extent.
11. Lack of Organized Agricultural Marketing: Indian farmers are facing the
problem of low income from their marketable surplus crops in the absence of proper
organized markets and adequate transportation facilities. Scattered and sub –
divided holdings are also creating serious problems for marketing their products.
Agricultural marketing in India is also facing the problem of marketing farmers
produce in the absence of adequate transportation and communication facilities.
Therefore, they fell into the clutches of middlemen for the speedy disposal of their
crops at an uneconomic and cheaper price.
PART – B
CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURE LABOURERS
The importance of agriculture in economic development of any country, rich

or poor is borne out by the fact that it is the primary sector of the economy, which
provides the basic ingredients necessary for the existence of mankind and also
provides most of the raw materials which when transformed into finished products
serve as basic necessities of the human race. In India agriculture is the largest sector
of economic activity. It provides not only food and raw materials but also
employment to a very large proportion of the population. Being the dominant sector
the improvement or changes in national output depend on agriculture. Agriculture
forms the back-bone of the Indian economy and despite concerted industrialization
in the last six decades; agriculture occupies a place of pride. Being the largest
industry in the country, agriculture provides employment to around65 per cent of the
total work force in the country. The data provided by the census of India reveals that
in1981, about 69 per cent of the total workers were engaged in agriculture and allied
activities; during 1991, the share of agriculture in total employment slightly
declined to 68 percent. In absolute terms, agriculture provided employment to 256
million persons in 1997, thus bringing percentage of economically active population
in agriculture to 61 per cent. It is really disturbing that the proportion of agricultural
labourers has increased and the cultivators have indicated a decline. Labour is the
most important input in increasing production in traditional agriculture. In the early
stage of development, since land was available in plenty increase in laboursupply
led to the clearing of moreland for bringing it under cultivation. At this stage of
development the increase in labour supply was a boonto the society. It made positive
contribution and helped in increasing agricultural production. Modernizing
agriculture involved introduction of new technology. The technological innovation
required increased use of capital in agriculture. Even with the use of more capital
and new technology a number of farm-operations required intensification of labour
use such as seed bed production, weeding, irrigation and harvesting. Thus, labour is
critical input in modern agricultural development. Agricultural labourers are
socially and economically poorest section of the society. Agriculturallabourer
households constitute the historically deprived social groups, displaced
handicraftsmen and dispossessed peasantry. They are the poorest of the poor in rural
India. Their growth reflects the colonial legacy of under development and the
inadequacies of planning intervention in the past.
Overcrowding and growth of agricultural labourer continued unabated,
given poor labour absorption in the non- agricultural sector and also inadequacies of
reforms in the agrarian structure. The poverty syndrome among agricultural
labourers needs to be read against such a background of prolonged rural under
development,assetlessness, unemployment, low wages, under-nutrition, illiteracy
and social backwardness constitute the poverty syndrome among agricultural
labourers. These reinforce each other so as to constitute vicious circle of poverty.
There is little inter-generational upward mobility among agricultural labourer
households. Human factor is of supreme importance in any pattern of economic
development. More so are the agricultural labourers of India, the country's largest
unorganized section comprising the poorest workers, toiling on the sunny fields of
India? Most of them hail from the socially disadvantaged sections of our society and
a large number of them continue to live under the poverty condition. Agriculture
sector employed about 193 million or about 67.53per cent of total work force of 286
million in India in 1991. But it contributed only about 24.5 per cent of GDP. It
indicates the low level of the average per-capita productivity of the agricultural
workers leading to very low rates of wages. The new economic policy and
globalization introduced in India in 1991 seemed to have failed to lift this group
from the depths of poverty. The latest trends of falling prices of the agricultural
products and the extension of the period of unemployment have worsened their
living conditions, though not beyond recovery or improvement. Most of these
problems are common to India as a whole, though their nature and extent vary from
state to state and from region to region depending mainly on the agrarian conditions
of the region.
Workers in the agricultural sector are classified into three main categories
namely, cultivators, agricultural labourer and workers engaged in forestry, fishing
and livestock etc. We are primarily concerned with the second category of the above
categories, viz.,agricultural labourer. We shall study the growth of
agriculturallabourer, their problems and the measures of the assistance adopted by
the government. In this chapter an attempt is made to present the meaning and types
of agricultural labourer, their features and problems. Further, the various
government measures adopted to improve the conditions of agricultural labourers
are briefly outlined. At the end the growth of agricultural labour over a period of
time in India, Karnataka and the study area is made in order to present the latest
position of agricultural labourers.
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

Agricultural labourers who are mostly landless and form a significant
section of rural society mainly depend on wage employment in agriculture. Majority
of them belong to the category of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and are
among the worst exploited section of the society. Their income has always been
meagre, resulting in poor living and heavy indebtedness. Much worse are those who
get casual agricultural work merely exist and do not live. Their morning holds no
promise for the evening and they can never sleep without tensions for they have no
stocks left for the morning. Struggling for their morning and evenings they pass
their whole life.
DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

In order to understand the problems of agricultural labour and to formulate
an appropriate policy in this regard, it is necessary to identify these labourers. In
order to identify it is necessary to definethem. Unlike industrial labour, it is rather
difficult to give an exact definition of agricultural labour because in the absence of a
capitalistic type of agriculture in our country, a separate class of workers depending
wholly on wages does not exist. Since the line between agricultural labourers
another agricultural groups is subject to a marginal shift, one class overlaps the
other; -therefore, we cannot compartmentalize the agrarian society into distinct
classes. This overlapping creates difficulties in evolving an exact definition of
agricultural labour. Another difficulty in defining agricultural labour arises from the
fact that many small and marginal farmers work partly on the farms of others to
supplement their income. It is difficult to say to what an extent these farmers may be
included in the category of agricultural labour.This, however, does not mean that no
attempt has been made to define Agricultural labour Different experts and various
committees have been set up by the Government of India to study the problems of
agricultural labour have attempted to provide a precise definition of the term
'agricultural labour'.The basic definition of agricultural labor was provided by the
department of Census, Government of India. According to the Census of India,
1961, all those workers were included in the category of agricultural labour who
worked on the farms of others and received payment either in cash or kind (or both).
The 1971 Census excluded those farm workers from the category of agricultural
labourers for whom working on the farms of others as a secondary occupation. The
First Agricultural Labour Enquiry Committee (1950-51) considered an agricultural
labourer as one who was employed on wages in the process of crop production for
more than one half of the total number of days on which he actually performed work
during the year. According to this definition even those people were included in the
category of agricultural labourer who were having a small piece of land but worked
for 50 or more than50 per cent days on the land of others. The Second Agricultural
Labour Enquiry Committee (1956-57) made the definition more broad and viewed
agricultural labour to include not only labour employed in crop production but also
engaged in allied activities like animal husbandry, poultry and dairy. Thus several
more categories of workers were brought within the scope of the term, "Agricultural
labour" in the second enquiry. In the same enquiry, an agricultural labour household
was defined to include only those households who derived 50 or more than 50per
cent of its income as wages for work rendered in agriculture only. The definition of
agricultural labour in the Rural Labour Enquiry was the same as that of the Second
Labour Enquiry Committee. According to the Census of India 2001 "A person who
works on 100another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share will be
regarded as agricultural labour".She or he has no risk in the cultivation but merely
works on another land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or
contract on land which she/he works. From the above definitions it may be
concluded that "All those persons who derive a major part of their income as
payment for work performed on the farms of others can be designated as agricultural
workers. For a major part of year they should work on the land of other on wages.
TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

Agricultural labourers can be broadly divided into familylabourers, hired
labourers and bonded labourers.
A. Family Labourer
This category belongs to small farmers who are not financially sound to hire
labour. Small farmers are hire labour during peak seasons such as transplanting,
weeding and harvesting. When labour is required in abundance and the operations
have got be completed in a short period of time.
B. Hired Labourer
Hired labour can further be divided into two groups; casuallabour and
attached labour. Attached workers who are more or less in continuous employment,
are under some sort of contract with the employers during the period of
employment, while casual workers are lingers on in India- a relic of the Middle Ages
which might well be regarded as one of the darkest blemishes in the economic life of
the present day India.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

The census of India defines an agricultural labourer as a person who works
on another person's land for wages i.e., money, kind or share. There are certain
peculiar characteristics of agricultural labourthat help us to distinguish them from
industrial labour. Firstly, agricultural labour is unorganized unlike industrial
workers; agricultural workers need not work in unison. A lack of contact between
workers makes it impossible to develop any meaningfulorganization. Secondly,
agricultural workers are basically unskilled; they may not be skilled even in the art
of cultivation. Consequently, their supply is perfectly elastic and therefore whatever
they earn is in the nature of transfer earnings. The employer often uses this position
to be personal gain by contracting to less than what the market forces would have
warranted otherwise.
Thirdly, agricultural labour is migratory in character. It can be drawn from a
distant place to the place of work during a busy season. Fourthly, the employers of
agricultural labour himself may not be a person of high means. This will be a
situation when a small farmer employs to another small farmers who may not have
sufficient work to do by him. A direct contact, therefore, between the employer and
the worker is a distinct characteristic of agricultural labourer.
Finally, agricultural labourer is hardly ever covered by any rules and
regulations. Law, if at all it exists it flouted more often than it is observed.
In brief, it may be observed that the situation of an agricultural labourer
differs substantially from that of an industrial labourer; he is an unorganized lot, his
bargaining power is weak, and generally, the supply of agricultural labourer exceeds
its demand.
MAGNITUDE OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

Overall 350 million people below the poverty line in the country around 300
million are in the rural areas. These consist largely of the landless labourers, small
and marginal farmers, rural artisans and other workers. Over the course of 6½
decades of planning the level of living of the bulk of the landless agricultural
labourers and marginal farmers has undergone little improvement. Various
socio-economic measures such as landreformmeasure, minimum wages to

agricultural labour etc., have not helped to solve the problems of rural poor. Even the
spectacular increase in agricultural production in the regions of green revolution
have not brought uniform and substantial improvement in the wages of agricultural
labour. Thus, "neither the general economic development nor even reform measures
through the instrumentality of state in India seem capable of reaching far enough to
purvey hope and viability to the class of people who bear the burden of immiserating
economic transition under the alien rule, while aliens had at least the alibi of being
aliens, independent India has none in extenuation of her record”. Agricultural
labourers are socially and economically one of the poorest sections of the society.
They constituted 37.73 per cent of the total rural work force in 1981. They have no
assets or assets with low productivity, no regular full time jobs or very low paid jobs.
They are unskilled, unorganized and have dispersed over a large area. Their poor
living conditions affect their working efficiency and productivity in agriculture and
this in turn affects the economy as a whole. The problem of rural labour
unemployment is aggravated by the growth of population and labour force in recent
decades. Excess labour could not be shifted to the manufacturing sector due to the
slower rate of growth of that sector. Agriculture had to bear this burden of excess
labour which has resulted in low productivity in agricultural sector. Thus, casual
nature of employment, ignorance, email size of the establishments with low capital
formation per person employed, and superior strength of the employer, scattered
nature of the establishments, as result of all these agricultural labourers have not
been able to organize themselves in pursuit of a common objective. It is a matter of
some controversy whether a separate class of agricultural labourers existed in the
pre-British rural India. There is, however, enough evidence to show that there was
large scale extensive additions to the ranks of agriculturallabour during the British
rule in India. The policy of free trade by British Government was to help
manufacturers in Britain, which ruined the handicrafts industry in India. Village and
Cottage Industries could not withstand the competition from the manufactured
goods of Britain. The village industries received a setback. Village artisans lost their
jobs and joined the ranks of agricultural labourers. Thus, new land tenure,
monetization
Of transactions and decline of village industries are responsible for the
growth in the number of agricultural labour in India. The growth of agricultural
labourer was a product of a process of disintegration and immiserisation, and not of
a developmental process in the Indian economy. The growth of population has
added to the number of agricultural labourers. The ranks of agricultural labourer
have swelled from 7.5 million in 1881 to 144.3 million in 1981. In one hundred
thirty years the number of agricultural labourers has increased by 136.8 million.
The problems of agricultural labourer have not arisen due to the specific weaknesses
of this class. The basic cause is the lack of sufficiently fast growth which
appropriated with structural and technological changes. Hence, the principal
instrument for tackling these problems is the totality of planned effort for
development. Growth by any means to be followed by removal of poverty is not a
viable strategy for cohesive development of Indian society. “No rate of growth that
can be realistically envisaged could make major impact on the problem within the
foreseeable future if inequality remains as acute as at present, nor could any feasible
egalitarian policies after the position significantly in the absence of an accelerated
rate of growth. Growth and reduction in inequality are both indispensable to a
successful attack on mass poverty”. The growth strategy must seek not only a higher
rate of growth but also reduced inequality in the distribution of income. The
composition of the growth must be such as which would favour the rural and urban
poor.
A. Agricultural Labour Market

The extents to which the employment and wages of agricultural labour can
be increased within the agricultural sector, depends on the supply and demand for
labour. The supply of agricultural labour depends on a number of factors, such as the
size and composition of rural labour force, its initial and seasonal pattern of
employment. The demand for labour in agriculture depends on yield increasing
technologies, extent of irrigation, cropping pattern, mechanization of agricultural
processes and proximity to urban centers.
B. Supply of Agricultural Labour

In our country the decadal census data provides information on the size and
composition of rural and urban force, by sex and age groups. The workers are
further classified according to the type of economic activities who are engaged
especially in agricultural activities. The data has some important limitations which
restrict their usefulness in the study of the labour market. The Census data does not
provide any information about the duration of employment, or unemployment, they
do not throw light on the variations in the work force in different periods of years,
the reference periods specified for collecting data on the worker and non-worker
status of persons is another limitation. The data of different census cannot be
compared as the concepts and definitions get changed from one census to another.
Yet census data can give a broad trend in the growth of agricultural labour force. The
census results clearly show that there has been a tremendous increase in the number
of agricultural labourers from 1881 to 1981. Another important determinant of
supply of labour is the participation rate of potential workers. In the peak season, the
work force swells, women, children and older people join the labour force during the
harvesting season. The important factors which influence the participation rates are
changes in cropping intensity and production, development of the non-agricultural
sector, changes in literacy rate and growth in the population. Pandey S.M. has done
regression analysis on the 1971 census and came to the conclusion that spread of
literacy and the growth of increase in population severely depresses the overall, as
well as the male participation rate in rural areas suggesting that more and more
young children, especially males, are going to school, which reduces the size of
active labour force. The female participation shows no significant effect on either
the over-all or male participation rate. A higher sex ratio increases the male
participation rate. A larger size of non-agricultural sector and a higher level of
cropping intensity tend to depress the rural participation rate especially among
females. The tendency among rural people, particularly females, children and old
males, to withdraw from the active labour force becomes stronger with the
development of agricultural and non-agricultural sectors which results in an increase
in employment opportunities and income of the males. The above conclusions can’t
and as the basis of any sweeping generalizations, as most of the states in our country
are too big and heterogeneous. Such a study for one point of time could be useful
only when it is attempted at such disaggregated level, say for districts. Very little is
known about (a) income-leisure preference of labour households and (b)
intersectoral mobility of labour. An important change in these two aspects can
seriously affect the supply of labour. The composition of the agricultural labour
force among the labourers with land and without land provides a structural feature of
the labour supply. According to Baudhayan Chatterji the structural features can be
represented by (1) the percentage of agricultural labour households among all rural
households, denoting the total supply of agricultural wage labour, (2) the percentage
of casual labourers among all agricultural labourers, representing the supply of free
wage labour,
i.e., labour which is not employed under any obligatory terms, (3) the
average number of unemployed days per casual labourer. In the agricultural
economy of India, the demand for labour is the more significant aspect in
determining the functioning of the labour market. In the short run the supply of
labour is more or less constant.
C. Demand for Labour
On the diagnostic side several factors such as the impact of family labour
employment on the demand for hired labour, the relationship between the size of
farm, extent of irrigation, mechanization of agricultural processes, proximity to
urban centers etc., have been studies by a number of researchers. D, Ghosh has
thrown light (1956-57) on the demand for the services of the hired agricultural
labourers which in parties governed by the same factors that determine the total
demand for labour in agriculture, but in part by force which lead to the substitution
of hired labour by self-employment. He noted that index of agricultural output
increased by 30 per cent between 1950-51 and 1956-57 periods, the gross area sown
was 13 per cent. The irrigated area increased by the same proportion. If one ignores
the differences in the quantum of labour required for cultivating land of different
quality and in bringing fresh land into cultivation, one can conclude that the demand
for agricultural work increased by about 13 per cent as a result of the extension of
the area under cultivation between 1950-51 and 1956-57. Another 5 per cent of the
demand for agricultural labour may be added on account of extensive use of
fertilizers and improved practices. Thus, the total demand for agricultural labour,
hired and self-employed increased as much as, if not more than, the percentage
increase in the number of agricultural labourers viz., 13 per cent. Ghosh concluded
"If wages of hired worker fail to rise, it must have been due to the replacement of
hired labour by the labour of the cultivating owner and his family”.
D. New Technology and Demand for Agricultural Labour: The new agricultural
technology is a very significant development in Indian agriculture. The new
technology which is known as HYV of seeds and other inputs has in certain areas
increased agricultural production substantially. A number of empirical studies in
several parts of the country have indicated that the new technology has increased
employment and wages of agricultural labourer wherever it was introduced.
According to the experts the HYV programme is a labour intensive technology,
some of the developments in technology, such as short duration crops, further it
increases labour absorption capacity because it permits multiple cropping and
intensive use of land. On the other hand there are some other studies that have come
to the conclusion that wages, employment and mechanization have all increased
substantially.
ECONOMIC CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN INDIA

Agricultural labourer is at the lowest rung in the socio-economic set-up of the rural
society as would be seen from the following facts.
i) A major part of agricultural labour households do not own any land. As per the
32nd round of the NSS about 51.37 per cent of the agricultural labour households
did not own any land. The average size of land cultivated per agricultural labour
households was 1.33 acre only.
ii) Agricultural labourer remain as unemployed for a large part of the year, he finds
only seasonal employment. This is the period when he is forced to barrow and fall in
debt. Once if he falls in debt he finds it hard to get out the bondage. iii) Hours of
work in agriculture depends upon natural factors. The working conditions obviously
are fixed by nature. Since they have to work in the open they work both in sun and
rain. The hours of work vary from place to place, season to season and from crop to
crop. The working hours are generally from sunrise to sunset. Sometime they are
made to work during the nights as well for irrigation and threshing. In fact, terms are
dictated to them and they have absolutely no bargaining power.
iv) The household income and consumption expenditure of an average agricultural
labour households are precariously balanced, and that too when they find some
work. Otherwise, most of them are in debt, which they owe to the money lenders and
other local sources. As per NSS estimates, 52.32 per cent of agricultural labour
households were indebted at national level. The percentage of indebted households
was observed to be higher than the national level in many states, like A.P., Haryana,
J&K, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. The highest proportion was found
in Kerala (80.76%) and lowest in Assam (11.75%). The total outstanding debt per
households at the all India level was reported to be Rs. 680. The highest (Rs. 1,808)
was in Rajasthan and the lowest (Rs. 244) in West Bengal.
v) The money wages of agricultural labourer are miserably low. In spite of the fact
that minimum wages legislation has been enacted in most of the states, this is hardly
observed.
vi) Finally the standard of living of agricultural labourers is degrading. The abject
poverty, which is largely the consequence of a meager income level, haunts every
aspect of their living. This can be quantified in terms of low consumption
expenditure on the one hand and the pattern of consumption on the other. As is to be
expected food forms the most significant items of consumption expenditure of these
households. As per the Agricultural Labour Enquiry Reports these households
spend 85.3 per cent of their income on food, 6.3 per cent on clothing and footwear
and 8.4 per cent on services and miscellaneous. The consumption pattern is
indicative of extreme backwardness and unemployment.
GOVERNMENT MEASURES PERTAINING TO AGRICULTURAL

LABOURERS
Since independence, the central as well as the state governments have taken
some measures to improve the economic condition of agricultural labourer. They
include the passing of legislation to fix minimum wages for agricultural labour, the
removal of disabilities, the ceilings on land holding and the redistribution of surplus
land among the landless labourers etc.
A. Indian Constitution
The Indian constitution has declared the practice of serfdom as an offence. It

has abolished agrarian slavery including forced labourer by law but it will take some
time before it is removed from practice.
B. Minimum Wages Act
The minimum wages Act was passed in 1948, according to which every
state Government was asked to fix minimum wages for agricultural labour within
three years. The minimum wages arc fixed keeping in view the total costs and
standard of living. Since conditions in various parts of the country are different, in
many states, the rates are fixed even below the current rates of wages. In practice, it
has failed to increase the wages and earnings of agricultural labour.
C. Other Legislative Measures
The Zamindari system has been abolished by law in all the states and with that
all the exploitation associated with the system has been removed. Besides, tenancy
laws have been passed in most of the states protecting the interests of the tenants and
labourers and enabling them to acquire the lands they cultivated. Many states have
passed legislation fixing ceiling on agricultural holdings by which the maximum
amount of land which a person can hold has been fixed by law. According to these
laws, the surplus land of rich land-owners is to be distributed to the landless
labourers.
D. Organization of Labour Co-Operatives
During the Second Five-Year Plan, efforts were made to encourage the
formation of labour co-operatives. These co-operatives whose members are workers
would undertake the contract of government projects, such as construction of roads,

digging of canals and tanks, a forestation etc. They provide employment to
agricultural workers during off-season and also eliminate the possible exploitation
of workers by the private contractors. The basic idea of the movement is
commendable. The movement has yet to gain momentum in the rural areas.
E. Employment Guarantee Scheme
The Government of Maharashtra introduced in 1977 the Employment
Guarantee scheme under which any able bodied person in rural areas can apply for a
job to the Collector of his district or to his authorized subordinate officials and the
latter will provide him employment within 5 kilometers of his place of residence.
For this purpose, the Government has to prepare and keep in readiness various
public works, such as irrigation works, road construction etc. The rate of wages will
not be such as to attract agricultural workers from their normal employment in
agricultural operations. This was a pioneering scheme which the Government has
been trying to improve upon with the experience gained. Under the scheme, the
State assumes the responsibility to provide work on demand. If work is not provided
in a fortnight from the date of demand a payment of allowance at the rate of Rs. l per
day is to be made. The Maharashtra Employment Guarantee scheme is being
adopted by other states as well, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana launched by the Central
Government in 1989 is a further step in this direction.
F.20-Point Programme
InJuly, 1975, the Government introduced the 20-point economic programme which
included a number of measures to improve the economic condition of the landless
workers and other workers in the community of the villages. These measures were
i) Speedy implementation of ceiling legislation and distribution of surplus land
among landless labourers and small peasants;
ii) Provision of house sites for landless labourers and conferment of ownership
rights of the houses if they have been occupied by them for a certain period;
iii) Abolition of bonded labour;
iv) Liquidation of rural indebtedness and moratorium on recovery of debts from
landless labourers, artisans and small peasants.
REFERENCES
 Aggarwal A N Indian Economy, New age international Publication (p)
Ltd
 Dhar P K Indian Economy, Kalyani publication
 Puri V K Mishra Puri Indian Economy Himalaya publication.
 Somashekara N T Karnataka Economy, Sumukha Book House.
CHAPTER – III
PROFILE OF SHIKARIPURA TALUK
AREA PROFILE
 GEOGRAPHY
 ECONOMY
 DEMOGRAPHY
 RELIGION
 CULTURE
 EDUCATION
 TRANSPORT
 TOURISM
CHAPTER – III
PROFILE OF SHIKARIPURA
Shikaripura is a city located in the Indian state of Karnataka and it is

also a sub divisional and a taluk headquarters. It is a land of Bayaluseeme
and tropical forests of Malenadu, and to the historical places of Balligavi,
Bandalike, Uduthadi, Thalagunda, It is one of the main taluk head in
Karnataka and an important city in the district. It is one of the fastest
growing cities in Karnataka. Shikaripura sub-division consists of Sagara
taluk.
Geography
Shikaripura is located at 14.27° N 75.35° E. It has an average
elevation of 603 meters (1978feet). It lies between Plain land of
Bayaluseeme and Tropical forest of malnadu.
Economy
The economy of shikaripura is mainly driven by Maize, paddy, and
products trade. Paddy is the major cash crop grown in the area. Along with
Paddy, seeds like Cotton, Sun flower seed, Green Gram, Ragi, Rice, Cattel,
Tarmarind Seeds, Green Ginger are grown. The economy of the city highly
volatile and is dependent on the variation in the pricing of these agriculture
products. Shikaripura APMC is one of the main markets for a Maize, Paddy
in Karnataka.
Shikaripura has a relatively high number of Gudigars-Families The
Gudigar men make idols figurines and knickknacks like
penholders,agarbathi stands, cuff links, photo frames and paper clips; the
women are adopt at making garlands and wreaths out of thin layer of scraped
sandalwood.
Transport
Bus service is provided by private bus operators and KSRTC runs
buses that connect Shikaripura to other places in Karnataka and a few buses
to the other states. Shikaripura is well connected by road with Shivamogga,
Bangalore, Mangalore, Hubli, Sirsi, Soraba, Hirekerur, Hangal, Karwar,
Belgaum, Ranebennur, Honnali, Davangere, Hosanagar, Udupi, Honnavar,
Bhatkal, and other major cities. From November 28, 2017 KSRTC
introduces city buses in shikaripura city. The nearest airport is Hubli Airport,
which is about 123 km from shikaripura.
Demography
Shikaripura had a population of 31,508. Male constitute 51% of the
population and female49%. Shikaripura has an average literacy rate of
71%,higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 75% and
female literacy is 67%. In shikaripura, 12%of the population is under 6 years
of age. The former Chief Minister of Karnataka B.S YEDDYURAPPA has
been a legislator of this town from many years.
Religion
The majority of people in shikaripura are Lingayath’s Others are
Edigas, Achars, Charody, Vokkaligas, Saraswat Brahmins, Madiwalas,
Lambanis Christians, Jains, Kurubas, Daivajnas, Muslims, and Marathas,
and other sub-castes. The city has Hindu temples, Mosques, Jainbasadis and
Churches.
Culture
Shikaripura is place of many writters and poets. The Scenic beauty
and breath taking views all around the shikaripura. Many of the notable
writers are produced from shikaripura such as Akkamahadevi from Uduthadi,
G.S Shivarudrappa from Shikaripura.

Rice is the one of the major staple food, the malnad has the verity of
the food, which includes tender mango pickle, akki roti (rice bread), avalakki
and many other. The peoples have special of their own like sweet made from
rice and sugar cane juice, special items like tambuli and thotadevvu.
Education
Lions Banasari School, Kumadvathi Residential central
School[CBSE], Youth Learner Carrier Academy[coaching center], Sri
Channamallikarjuna school[CBSE], Sunni Sultaniya Masjid, Akshara
Residential School, Govt. First Grade College, Kumadvathi College Of
Education[college], Shikaripura Government P U College, SS
Pvt.ITI[vocational College], Kottareshwara school, Prakruthi Convent, Sri
Channamallikarjuna vidya samsthe[state], Govt. Primary school, Govt. High
School and Junior College, Old Govt. Boys middle School, Pushpa High
School, Govt. Girls High School and College,
Tourism
Shikaripura is surrounded by places of historical importance and
natural beauty, one can find these places with the help of milestones and
hoarding which are usually in Kannada.
Balligavi : Balligavi is 20 km from Shikaripura, and 80 km from

Shimoga, This was the Capital of Banavasi nadu during 12 th Century.
Keshareshwara temple, Panchalinga temple, Kaithaleshwara and
Thripuramthakeshwara temple are the architectural beauty.
Bandalike-shankarikoppa: Bandalike is 35 km north of shikaripur. Bandalike

was a well-known center of Jainism, and Kalamukha sect of Shaivism. It has
many temple and Basadies. Four Hindu temples (Trimurti Narayana,

Somesvara, Sahasralinga and the Mahanavami Dibba) are Scattered over 10
acres of mounds and depressions.
Shantinatha Jaina Basadi: It is a short distance from Bandalike

temple Complex. It is also very beautiful. In these temples we find sculptures
and writings of Kadambas and Rashtrakutas period. The importance of the
place is well established by the lithic records of the Rashtrakutas, Kalyani
Chalukyas, Hoysalas, and Vijayanagar. It was a prosperous center in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries during the period of the kalyani chalukyas.
Uduthadi : It is located about 15 km north westerly to Shikaripur.

Uduthadi is the birth place of AKKAMAHADEVI, the famous veershaiva
Kannada poet. The ruins of an ancient fort can also be found here.
Thalagunda : Thalagunda is at a distance of four km from Belligavi.

Several Inscriptions are found in this are Praneshwara temple is worth to
visit. To the east of Thalagunda ‘Prabhudeva Gaddige’ is situated.
Togarsi: This is a village in Shikaripur. It is located 80 km towards

north from district headquarters shivamogga. 24 km from Shikaripura. In
Togarsi mallikarjuna swami temple is very famous. Temple was situated on
hills,the temple was constructed in the early 12th century.
Sri Huchcharaya Swami Temple: It is located in Shimoga District,

Shikaripura taluk. The temple is located in heart of the city. Another name of
this god is ‘Branthesha’. This is one of the Historical Place and the story of
the temple is very interesting.
Data Relating to Shikaripura

Total area of city 21.46 sq.kms
Total population Total-213,590

Males-108,344
Female-105,246
Literacy rate 69.59
Male- 77.92
Female- 61.03
Number of house hold 13,087
Total properties Total-10,920
Total road length 103.28kms
Hospitals Private hospitals-3

Govt.hospital-2
Commercial activities in Average no. of
town vendors in market-181
Total water supply 2.2 MLD
REFERENCES
 Shivamogga District at a Glance 2015-16
CHAPTER - IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER –IV
LIVING STANDARD OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS
– AN ANALYSIS
This unit owes much to analyses primary data collected through field survey with
the help of well-structured interview schedule.
PART - A
SOCIO – ECONOMIC PROFILE
1. Gender
Table 4.1 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of gender.

Table – 4.1
Gender
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Male 30 75.00
Female 10 25.00
Total 40 100.00
Source: Field Survey
Table 4.1 Shows that 75 per cent of respondents are male, 25 per cent of
respondents are Female.
Graph – 4.1
Gender
80
60
40
Percentage
20
0
Male Female
2. Age group
Table 4.2shows the classification of respondents on the basis of their age.

Table 4.2
Age
18 to 25 years 2 5.00
26 to 35 years 17 42.5
36 to 50 years 8 20.00
Above 50 years 13 32.5
Total 40 100.00
Table 4.2 shows that 42.5 per cent are belong to age group of 26 years to
35 years, 32.5 per cent are belong to the age group of above 50 years, 20 per cent
respondents are belong to age group 36years to 50 years and remaining 5 per
cent are belongs to the age group of 18years to 25 years. Graph 4.2 shows
classification of respondents on the basis of age.
Graph 4.2
Age
50 42.5
40 32.5
30 20
18 to 25 years
20
5 26 to 35 years
10
0 36 to 50 years
Above 50 years
3. Education
Table 4.3shows classification of respondents on the basis of education.

Table 4.3
Education
Primary 13 32.50
S.S.L.C 13 32.50
P.U.C 12 30.00
Graduation 2 5.00
Post - graduation - -
Total 40 100.00
Table 4.3 depicts that 32.5 per cent respondents are completed primary
education, 32.5 per cent respondents are completed S.S.L.C, 30 per cent
respondents are completed P.U.C and remaining 5 per cent respondents are
completed Graduation and none of the respondents completed
Post-graduation.Graph4.3 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of
education.
Graph 4.3
Education
40
30
20 32.5 32.5 30
10
5 0 Percentage
0
4. Category
Table 4.4 shows classification of respondents on the basis of their category.

Table 4.4
Category
General 13 32.50
OBC 20 50.00
SC/ST 7 17.50
Total 40 100.00
Table 4.4 presents that 32.5 per cent respondents are come under general
category, 50 per cent of the respondents come under OBC, 17.5 per cent of the
respondents come under the category of SC/ST. Graph4.4 shows the classification
of respondents on the basis of category
Graph 4.4
Category
18%
32%
General
OBC
50% SC/ST
5. Average Monthly Income
Table 4.5shows the classification of respondents on the basis of average monthly

income.
Table4.5
Average Monthly Income
Income ( `) Frequency Percentage
Less than 5000 6 15.00

5000 to 10000 13 32.50
10000 to 15000 12 30.00
15000 to 20000 3 7.50
20000 to 25000 2 5.00
More than 25000 4 10.00
Total 40 100.00
It can be inferred from table 4.5 that 15 per cent respondents’ average monthly
income is less than ` 5,000, 32.5 per cent respondents’ average monthly income is `
5,000 to 10,000, 30 per cent respondents’ average monthly income is `10,000 to
15,000, 7.5 per cent respondents’ average monthly income is `15,000 to 20,000, 5
per cent respondents’ average monthly income is` 20,000 to 25,000 and remaining
10 per cent people average monthly income is above ` 25,000. Graph4.5 shows the
classification of respondents on the basis of average monthly income.
Graph 4.5
Average Monthly Income
Less than 5000

10%
5% 15% 5000 to 10000
7.5%
10000 to 15000
32.5%
30% 15000 to 20000
6. Own Cultivated Land
Table 4.6 Shows the classification of respondents on the basis of own cultivated
land.
TABLE4.6
Own Cultivated Land
Yes 35 87.5
No 5 12.5
Total 40 100.00
Table 4.6 shows that, 87.5 per cent of respondents have their own cultivation land
and 12.5 per cent of respondents have not cultivation land. Graph 4.6 Shows the
classification of respondents on the basis of own cultivated land
Graph 4.6
Cultivated land
100
80
60
Percentage
40 87.5
20
12.5
0
Yes No
7. Area of Cultivation and Crop grown
Table 4.7shows the classification of respondents on the basis of crop growing.
Table 4.7
Area of Cultivation and Crop Grown
Crops /acres
Frequ
ency
%
<2 acre 17 42.5
2-4 acre 15 37.5
4-6 acre 2 5
6-8 acre 4 10
> 8 acre 2 5
Total 40 100
Source:Field survey
Table 4.7 shows that,42.5 per cent of respondents have less than two acre of
cultivation land, 37.5 per cent of respondents have two to four acre of cultivation
land, 10 per cent of respondents have six to eight acre of cultivation land, 5 per
cent of respondents have four to six acre cultivation land, and less than eight acre
cultivation land.
8. Types of family
Table 4.8 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of type of family.
Table 4.8
Type of Family
Nuclear 29 72.5
Joint family 11 27.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
The table 4.8 describes that 72.5 per cent of respondents have nuclear family
and remaining 27.5 per cent of respondents are living in joint family. Graph 4.8
shows classification of respondents on the basis of type of family
Graph 4.8
Type of Family
27.5
Nuclear
Joint family
72.5
9. Members in Family
Table 4.9 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of number of
members in family.
Table 4.9
Members in Family

Four(4) 24 60.00
Five(5) 5 12.5
Six(6) 2 5.00
Above six (> 6) 9 22.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.9 indicates that, 60 per cent of respondents have 4 members in their family,
12.5 per cent of respondents have 5 members are in their family, 5 per cent of
respondents says they have 6 members are in their family and 22.5 per cent of
respondents are says that they have more than 6 members in their family. Graph4.9
shows the classification of respondents on the basis of number of members in
family.
Graph 4.9
Members in Family
Percentage
70
60
60
50
40
30 22.5
20 12.5
10 5
0
Four(4) Five(5) Six(6) Above six (> 6)
10. Working Members in Family

Table 4.10shows the classification of respondents on the basis of number of
members working in family.
Table4.10
Working Members in Family

One(1) 10 25.00
Two(2) 18 45.00
Three(3) 8 20.00
Four(4) 4 10.00
TOTAL 40 100.00
The table 4.10 defects that, 45 per cent respondents have 2 working
members in family, 25 per cent respondents have single working member in family,
20 per cent respondents have 3 working members in family and remaining 10 per
cent respondents have 4 working members in family. Graph 4.10 shows the
classification of respondents on the basis of number of members working in
family.
Graph 4.10
Working Members in Family
50 45
25
20
0 10
One(1)
Two(2)
Three(3)
Four(4)
11. Nature of Work

Table 4.11 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of nature of
work.
Table 4.11
Nature of Work

Seasonal 27 67.5
Unseasonal 13 32.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
The table 4.11 incorporate that, 67.5 per cent respondents do seasonal work
and remaining 32.5 per cent of respondents do unseasonal work. Graph 4.11 shows
the classification of respondents on the basis of nature of work.
Graph 4.11
Nature of Work
70
60
50
40 67.5 Percentage
30
20 32.5
10
0
Seasonal Unseasonal
12. Nature of Wages

Table 4.12 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of nature of wages.
Table4.12
Nature of Wages
Daily wages 26 65.00
Monthly wages 9 22.50
Ad hock basis 5 12.50
TOTAL 40 100.00
It can be inferred from the table 4.12 that 65 per cent of people take daily
wages, 22.5 per cent of people take monthly wages and 12.5 per cent of people
take wages on Ad hock basis. Table 4.12 shows the classification of respondents on
the basis of nature of wages.
Graph 4.12
Nature of Wages
12.50%
Daily wages
22.50% Monthly wages
Ad hock basis
65%
13. Amount of wages per day
Table 4.13 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of amount of wages
per day.
Table 4.13
Amount of Wages per Day

0 to 100 13 32.5
100 to 200 20 50.00
200 to 300 7 17.5
- - -
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.13 shows that 32.5 per cent of the respondents are taking less than `
100 per day, 50 per cent of respondents taken ` 100 to 200 wages per day and
remaining 17.5 per cent of respondents take wages of ` 200 to 300.Graph 4.13
shows the classification of respondents on the basis of Amount of wages per day.
Graph 4.13
Amount of Wages per Day
60
50 50
40
32.5
30 Percentage
20 17.5
10
0 0
0 to 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 -
14. NEREGA Work
Table 4.14 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of their

participation in NEREGA work.
Table4.14
NAREGA work

Always 5 12.5
Occasionally 18 45.00
Rare 10 25.00
Never 7 17.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
It can be understood from the table 4.14 that, 45 per cent of people
occasionally went to NEREGA work, 25 per cent of people rarely went to
NEREGA work, 122.5 per cent of people Always went to NEREGA work and
remaining 17.5 per cent of people are going Never went to NEREGA work.
Table 4.14 shows the classification of respondents of their participation in
NEREGA work.
Graph 4.14
NAREGA work
60
45
40
20 25
12.5
17.5
0 Percentage
15. Expenditure
Table 4.15 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of their expenditure.
Table 4.15
Expenditure of Money
purpose
Medical
Insuran
Educati
Savings
Enterta
Vehicle
inment
needs
Basic
onal
%
%
ce
<20000 8 20 15 37.5 12 30 15 37.5 13 32.5 12 30 18 45
2000-4000 12 30 5 12.5 15 37.5 6 15 8 20 14 35 6 15
4000-6000 7 17.5 6 15 6 15 6 15 9 22.5 4 10 4 10
6000-8000 6 15 8 20 4 10 7 17.5 4 10 6 15 2 5
>8000 7 17.5 6 15 3 7.5 6 15 4 10 4 10 10 25
Total 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100

It can be understood from the table 4.15 that, the respondent spend their money
in different aspects for their fulfillment of needs.
For the basic needs 20 per cent of respondents spend less than ` 2,000, 30 per
cent of respondents spend ` 2,000 to ` 4,000, 17.5 per cent of respondents spend `
4,000 to ` 6,000, 15 per cent of respondents spend ` 6,000 to ` 8,000 and 17.5 per cent
of respondents spend more than ` 8,000 money.
For the Entertainment purpose, 37.5 per cent of respondents spend less than `
2,000, 12.5 per cent of respondents spend ` 2,000 to ` 4,000, 15 per cent of
Respondents spend ` 4,000 to ` 6,000, 20 per cent of respondents spend ` 6,000
to ` 8,000 and 15 per cent of respondents spend above ` 8,000 for entertainment.
For the Education purpose, 30 per cent of respondents spend less than ` 2,000,
37.5 per cent of respondents spend ` 2,000 to ` 4,000, 15 per cent of respondents
spend ` 4,000 to ` 6,000, 10 per cent of respondents spend ` 6,000 to ` 8,000 and 7.5
per cent of respondents spend more than ` 8,000 for educational purpose.
For the Medical purpose, 37.5 per cent of respondents spend less than ` 2,000,
15 per cent of respondents spend ` 2,000 to ` 4,000, 15 per cent of respondents spend `
4,000 to` 6,000, 17.5 per cent of respondents spend ` 6,000 to ` 8,000 and 15 per
cent of respondents spend more than ` 8,000 for medical purpose.
For the savings purpose, 32.5 per cent of respondents spend less than 2,000, 20
per cent of respondents spend 2,000 to 4,000, 22.5 per cent of respondents spend
4,000 to 6,000, 10 per cent of respondents spend 6,000 to 8,000 and 10 per cent of
respondents spend more than 8,000 for savings purpose.
For the Insurance purpose, 30 per cent of respondents spend less than 2,000, 35
per cent of respondents spend 2,000 to 4,000, 10 per cent of respondents spend 4,000
to 6,000, 15 per cent of respondents spend 6,000 to 8,000 and 10 per cent of
respondents spend more than 8,000 for insurance purpose.
For the Vehicle purpose, 45 per cent of respondents spend less than 2,000, 15 per
cent of respondents spend 2,000 to 4,000, 10 per cent of respondents spend 4,000 to
6,000, 5 per cent of respondents spend 6,000 to 8,000 and 25 per cent of respondents
spend more than 8,000 for vehicle purpose.
16. Habit of savings

Table 4.16 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of habit of
savings.
Table 4.16
Habit of Savings

Yes 32 80.00
No 8 20.00
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.16 presents that, 80 per cent of respondents have the habit of
savings and remaining 20 per cent of respondents have not savings habit.
Graph 4.16 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of habit of
savings.
Graph 4.16
Habit of Savings
35
30
25
20
32
15
10
5
0 8
Yes
No
17. Frequency of Savings
Table 4.17 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of frequency of

savings.
Table4.17
Frequency of savings

Regularly 15 37.5
Irregularly 25 62.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
The analysis of the table 4.17 says that 37.5 per cent are regularly save
their money and 62.5 per cent are not regularly save their money. Graph 4.17
shows the classification of respondents on the basis of frequency of savings.
Graph 4.17
Frequency of savings
Percentage
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Regularly Irregularly
Percentage
18. Savings of Average Amount
Table 4.18 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of Savings of

average amount yearly.
Table4.18
Savings of Average Amount
Less than 5000 6 15
5000 to 10000 6 15
10000 to 15000 4 10
15000 to 20000 6 15
20000 to 25000 4 10
25000 to 30000 3 7.5
30000 to 35000 2 5
35000 to 40000 4 10
40000 to 45000 3 7.5
More than 45000 2 5
TOTAL 40 100.00
The table 4.18 describes that 15 per cent respondents save less than ` 5,000,
15 per cent respondents save ` 5,000 to `10,000, 10 per cent respondents save `
10,000 to ` 15,000, 15 per cent respondents save ` 15,000 to ` 20,000, 10 per
cent respondents save ` 20,000 to ` 25,000, 7.5 per cent of respondents save `
25,000 to ` 30,000, 5 percent of respondents save`30,000 to ` 35,000, 10
percent of respondents save` 35,000 to ` 40,000, 7.5 per cent of the respondents’
save ` 40,000 to ` 45,000. 5 per cent respondents save more than ` 45,000.
Graph 4.17 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of frequency of
savings.
Graph 4.18
Savings of Average Amount
Less than 5000

5000 to 10000
6% 15%
10% 15% 10000 to 15000
5%
15000 to 20000
10%
7.5% 20000 to 25000
10% 15% 25000 to 30000
30000 to 35000
35000 to 40000
40000 to 45000
19. Deposit of Money
Table 4.19 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of savings of

money.
Table4.19
Savings of Money

Institutional 23 57.5
Non-institutional 17 42.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
The table 4.19 indicates that 57.5 per cent respondents save their money in
financial institution and remaining 42.5 per cent respondents save their money
in non-institutions. Graph 4.19 shows the classification of respondents on the
basis of savings of money.
Graph 4.19
Savings of Money
100
50
0
Percentage
Institutional
Non-institutional
20. Barrow of Money
Table 4.20 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of barrowed

money.
Table4.20
Loan

Yes 25 62.5
No 15 37.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.20 presents that 62.5 per cent respondents barrowed money and
remaining 37.5 per cent respondents are not barrowed money. Graph 4.20
shows the classification of respondents on the basis of Barrow money.
Graph 4.20
Loan
30
25 62.5
20
15 37.5
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
21. Purpose of Loan

Table 4.21 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of purpose of
loan.
Table4.21
Purpose of Loan
Particular Frequency Rank
Medical 15 I
Childs education 10 II
Purchase gold 5 IV
Purchase house hold 6 III
articles/
utensils/electronic board
To celebrate function / 4 V
festivals
Table 4.21 depicts purpose of loan. As per the analysis of table 4.21 the main
purpose of loan is medical followed by children education, purchase house hold
articles/ utensils/electronic board, purchase gold, to celebrate function /
festivals
22. Sources of Loan
Table 4.22 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of sources of

loan.
Table4.22
Sources of Loan
Institutional 29 72.5
Non - institutional 11 27.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.22 defects that, 72.5 per cent of respondents barrowed loan from
financial institutions and 27.5 per cent of respondents barrow loan from
Non-financial institutions. Graph 4.22 shows the classification of respondents
on the basis of sources of loan.
Graph 4.22
Sources of Loan
100 72.5
50
27.5
0
Percentage
Institutional
Non - institutional
23. Repayment of loan
Table 4.23 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of Repayment

of loan.
Table4.23
Repayment of loan

Always 13 32.5
Occasionally 11 27.5
Rare 11 27.5
Never 5 12.5
TOTAL 40 100.00
It can be inferred from the table 4.23 that, 32.5 per cent of respondents
repay the loan always, 27.5 per cent of respondents repay the loan occasionally,
27.5 per cent of respondents repay the loan rarely and 12.5 per cent of
respondents not repay the loan timely. Graph 4.23 shows the classification of
respondents on the basis of Repayment of loan.
Graph 4.23
Repayment of loan
12.5
32.5
Always
Occasionally
27.5 Rare
Never
27.5
24. Member of SHG
Table 4.24 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of membership

to SHG.
Table4.24
Member of SHG

Yes 22 55.00
No 18 45.00
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.24 shows that 55 per cent of respondents are member of NEREGA, 45
per cent of respondents are not member of NEREGA. Graph4.24 shows the
classification of respondents on the basis of member of SHG.
Graph 4.24
Member of SHG
60
50
40
30 55 Percentage
45
20
10
0
Yes No
25. Sufficiency to Manage Family Requirements
Table 4.25 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of earning

sufficient to manage family requirements.
Table4.25
Sufficiency to Manage Family Requirements

Definitely yes 8 20.00
Yes 15 37.5
Neutral 7 17.5
No 10 25.00
Definitely no - -
TOTAL 40 100.00
It can be understood from table 4.25 that, 20 per cent of respondents says
definitely yes their earning is sufficient to manage their family, 37.5 per cent of
respondents says yes their earning is sufficient to manage their family, 17.5 per
cent of respondents neutral about for their earnings is sufficient and 25 per cent
of respondents says earning is not sufficient to manage their money. Graph
4.25shows the classification of respondents on the basis of earning sufficient to
manage family requirements.
Graph 4.25
Sufficiency to Manage Family Requirements
0%
Definitely yes
25% 20%
Yes
17.5% Neutral
37.5%
No
Definitely no
26. Meeting Family Requirements
Table 4.26 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of managing

family requirements.
Table4.26
Meeting Family Requirements

Loan from friends / 12 30.00
relatives
Advance from 4 10.00
owners
Taking loan from 12 30.00
SHG
Loan from 4 10.00
co-operative
societies
Postponing wants - -
Give-up wants 8 20.00
TOTAL 40 100.00
Table 4.26 incorporate that 30 per cent of respondents take loan from
friends or relatives to manage their family, 10 per cent of respondents take
advance from owners to manage their requirements, 30 per cent of respondents
take loan from SHG to manage their family requirements, 10 per cent of
respondents take loan from co-operative societies to manage the family
requirements and remaining 20 per cent of respondents give-up their wants to
manage the family. Graph 4.26shows the classification of respondents on the
basis of managing family requirements.
Table 4.26
Meeting Family Requirements
30 30 30
25
20 20
15 10
10 10
5
0 0
CHAPTER – V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS
AND CONCLUSION
 MAJOR FINDINGS
 SUGGESTIONS
 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER – V
FINDINGS, SUGGESSIONS, AND CONCLUSION
In this chapter an attempt is made to present findings of the study,

suggestions and conclusion.
MAJOR FINDINGS
1. Majority of the respondents are male.
2. This survey shows that most of the respondents are come under the age
group of 26-35 years.
3. Most of the respondents have education up to SSLC.
4. Majority of the respondents are come under the OBC category.
5. Many of the respondents say that their monthly income is 5,000-10,000.
6. Majority of the respondents they have own cultivated land.
7. From the survey analysis it found that majority of respondent represent the
nuclear family. There are 4 members in a family.
8. In this survey shows that more respondents say the Two working member in
a family.
9. Majority of the respondents depends upon the seasonal work.
10. More respondents earn daily wages. They earn wages Rs100-200 per day.
11. Most of the respondents occasionally went to narrate the work.
12. The most of respondents have the habit of savings money. But they’re not
regularly save the money. Save the money is Rs. 10,000-15,000 in the
financial institution.
13. The most of respondent barrow the money from financial institution and
repay loan always.
14. Most of the respondents are in Self Help Group (SHG).
15. Most of respondents say that their earnings is sufficient to manage their
family requirements.
Suggestions
 Use more and more NEREGA work.
 Respondents should have they habit of regular savings, it can be very
useful for future purpose.
 Save the money in financial institutions gets a fixed rate of interest.
 Most of the respondents repay the loan amount instalment, it affects to
savings of money. So I suggested to them reduced loans and save the

money.
Conclusion:
The present research is an attempt to study the income, living standard
and lifestyle of agricultural labourers in shikaripura. Most of the labourer’s
income is 10000 to 15000 that much of money is not sufficient to manage their
family requirements. In their own land they produce the different crops, what
they earn from agriculture is not sufficient so that reason they can’t save their
money and not repay the loan amount. Providing sufficient works to the
labourers after season also that helps to the labourers to manage their family.
ANNEXURE – I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
1. Aggarwal A N Indian Economy, New age international Publication (p)
Ltd
2. Dhar P K Indian Economy, Kalyani publication
3. Puri V K Mishra Puri Indian Economy Himalaya publication.
4. Somashekara N T Karnataka Economy, Sumukha Book House.
WEB SITE
5. www.epw.in
6. www.Shodhaganga.inflibnet.ac.in
JOURNALS AND ARTICLES
7. Aggarwal.A.N (1980), Indian Agriculture, mitall publication, Delhi
pp.160-160
8. Bardhan.P (1970) Green revolution and Agricultural labourers-
Economic and Political weekly, vd1, No 29-31 pp.52-52
9. Bhalla.G.S (1979) – “Real wage rate of agricultural labourers in
Panjab”, Economic and Political weekly v01. 14, No 2, June pp.45-45
10. Billings.M.M and A.Sing (1971), “the effect of technology on
employment in India”, Development Digest vo1. 9, No 1, pp.98-107
11. Herdt.R.W and R.A Bakes 1972- “Agricultural wages production and
high yielding varieties”, Economic and Political weekly, vo1, 21, No.52,
December
12. Lal.D (1974)- Agricultural growth, Real wages and the Real poor in
India” (R of L), Economic and Political weekly, vo1, No,26, June, pp
A-47-A-47
13. Mehra.S (1966) “Surplus labour in Indian agriculture. The Indian
economic reviews, vo1 1(new series) No 1 April, p.11
14. RCO CHH-1977
Employment Implementations of the green resolution and
Mechanization, in proceeding of a conference held by I.F.A at Bad
Goals berg w, Germany
15. Schultz.T.W (1964) “Transforming traditional an agriculture”, NW
Haven : yale university press
16.Shivamogga District at a Glance 2014-15
ANNEXURE – II
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
Livings Standards and Life Style of Agricultural labourers
In Shikaripura Taluk
1. Name:
2. Gender: Malefemale
3. Age:18-25 b. 26-35 c. 35-50 d. Above 50
4. Education:
a. Primary
b. SSLC
c. PUC
d. Graduation
5. Category:
a. General
b. OBC
c. SC-ST
6. Average monthly income
a. Less than 5000b. 5000-10000 c. 10000-15000
d. 15000-20000 e. 20000-25000 d.Above 25000
7. Do you have your own cultivated land
a. Yes b. No
8. If Yes, Mention the area of land
a. 2 acre b. 2-4 acre
c. 4-6 acre d. 6-8 acre
e. 8-10 acre f. above 10 acre
9. Type of family
a. Nuclear b.Joint family
10. Number of members in your family
a. 4 b. 5
c. 6 d. Above 6
11. Number of working members in your family
a. You only b. Two
c.Three d.Four
12. Nature of your work
a. Seasonal b. Un seasonal
13. Nature of wages
a. Daily wages b. Monthly wages c. Adcock basis
14. Average amount of wages per day...........
a. 0-100 b.100-200
c. 200-300 d.More than 300
15.Are you going to MNREGA WORK?
a. Always b. Occasionally
c. Rare d.Never
16. Give the following details about spending
Particulars Average Amount (per month)
a. Basic needs
b. Entertainment
c. Educational purpose
d. Medical
e. Savings\
Insurance
Vehicle
17. Do you have the habit of Savings?
a. Yes b. No
18. If yes, mention the frequency of savings
a. Regularly b.Irregularly
19.Mention the average amount annually saved by you............
a.<5000 b. 5000-10,000
c. 10,000-15,000 d. 15,000-20,000
e. 20,000-25,000 f. 25,000-30,000
20. Where you deposit saved money?
a. Institutional b. Non- institutional
21.Did you borrow money?
a. Yes b. No
22. If yes for what purpose?(If multiple rank based on amount)
a. Medical b. Child’s Education
c. Purchase Gold d. Purchase Household articles/electronic
e.To celebrate functions/festivals
23. What is/are the sources of loan
a.Institutional b. Non institutional
24. Are you repaying loan instalments in time?
a. Always b.Occasionally
c. Rare d. Never
25.Are you a member of SHG?
a. Yes b. No
26. Your earning is sufficient to manage your family requirement?
a. Definitely yes b. Yes
c. Neutral d. No
e. Definitely no
27. Give-up wants. If no, how do you manage?
a. Loan from friends/relatives
a. Advance from owner
b. Taking loan from SHG
c. Loan from co-op society
d. Postponing wants

Final Project Akshatha

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Living Standard and Life Style of Agricultural Labourers in Shikaripura Taluk

Labour is the most important input in increasing production in traditional

Regarding the mechanisation of agriculture, Billings, M.M. and A. Singh

Sample Design: Responses from 40 agricultural labourers who are working in

In this chapter an attempt is made to present theoretical aspects of concept

ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY

7. Role of agricultural in economic planning: The prospect of planning in India

FEATURES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

I.Cultivation of land through hired laborers’

Diversities in Indian Agriculture: Presence of agricultural diversities in an another

BRIEF REVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

fragmented. There is continuous sub-division and fragmentation of agricultural land

The importance of agriculture in economic development of any country, rich

MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

MAGNITUDE OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

socio-economic measures such as landreformmeasure, minimum wages to

A. Agricultural Labour Market

B. Supply of Agricultural Labour

ECONOMIC CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN INDIA

GOVERNMENT MEASURES PERTAINING TO AGRICULTURAL

The Indian constitution has declared the practice of serfdom as an offence. It

would undertake the contract of government projects, such as construction of roads,

Shikaripura is a city located in the Indian state of Karnataka and it is

G.S Shivarudrappa from Shikaripura.

Balligavi : Balligavi is 20 km from Shikaripura, and 80 km from

Bandalike-shankarikoppa: Bandalike is 35 km north of shikaripur. Bandalike

many temple and Basadies. Four Hindu temples (Trimurti Narayana,

Shantinatha Jaina Basadi: It is a short distance from Bandalike

Uduthadi : It is located about 15 km north westerly to Shikaripur.

Thalagunda : Thalagunda is at a distance of four km from Belligavi.

Togarsi: This is a village in Shikaripur. It is located 80 km towards

Sri Huchcharaya Swami Temple: It is located in Shimoga District,

Data Relating to Shikaripura

Total population Total-213,590

Total properties Total-10,920

Total road length 103.28kms

Hospitals Private hospitals-3

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Table 4.1 shows the classification of respondents on the basis of gender.

Table 4.2shows the classification of respondents on the basis of their age.

Source: Field Survey

Table 4.3shows classification of respondents on the basis of education.

Source: Field Survey

Table 4.4 shows classification of respondents on the basis of their category.

Source: Field Survey

5. Average Monthly Income

Table 4.5shows the classification of respondents on the basis of average monthly

Less than 5000 6 15.00

Less than 5000

Source: Field Survey

6. Own Cultivated Land

7. Area of Cultivation and Crop grown

Table 4.7shows the classification of respondents on the basis of crop growing.

Area of Cultivation and Crop Grown

Source: Field Survey

Particulars Frequency Percentage

10. Working Members in Family

Particulars Frequency Percentage

Source: Field Survey

11. Nature of Work

Particulars Frequency Percentage