A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed

in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When liquid at high velocity discharges into a
zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is
abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's initial kinetic energy into an
increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat. In an
open channel flow, this manifests as the fast flow rapidly slowing and piling up on top of itself similar
to how a shockwaveforms.
The main advantage of hydraulic jump occurrence in canals is energy dissipation downstream spillways where
accumulation of water behind the gate is associated to the high flow velocity which abruptly declines
downstream gate and thus avoiding bed erosion and scour.
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No. Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump

It is one of the rotary pumps which used kinetic energy of It is a positive displacement type pump which is forced
1. impeller. by piston.

2. It continuously discharges the fluid. It does not discharge the fluid continuously.

In centrifugal pump the flow rate decreases which The pressure does not affect flow rate in reciprocating
3. increasing the pressure. pumps.

4. It is used for pumping high viscous fluid. It is used for pump low viscous fluid.

In this pumps discharge is inversely promotional to the In reciprocating pump viscosity of fluid does not affect
5. viscosity of fluid. the discharge rate.

Efficiency of these pumps are low compare to reciprocating

6. pump. Efficiency is high.

7. Centrifugal pump have problem of priming. It does not have any problem of priming.

8. It uses impellers to transfer energy to fluid. It uses piston cylinder device to transfer energy to fluid.

9. They are lighter than reciprocating pumps. These are heavier compare to centrifugal pump.

10. It gives higher discharge at low heads. These gives higher heads at low discharge.

11. It is less costly. These are costly.

12. These pumps required less maintenance. These required higher maintenance.

Centrifugal pumps are easy to install. These required less These pumps are difficult to install. These required
13. floor space. more floor area.

It is mostly used for domestic purpose and where higher These are mostly used in industries and high viscous
14. discharge at low head required. fluid pumped at a high head.
Difference between Centrifugal Pump and Reciprocating Pump:

Impulse Turbine:
Principle:
Impulse turbine works on the basic principle of impulse. When the jet of water strikes at the turbine
blade with full of its speed, it generates a large force which used to rotate the turbine. The force is
depends on the time interval and velocity of jet strikes the blades. This turbine used to rotate the
generator, which produces electric power.

Construction:
Blades:
The number of blades is situated over the rotary. They are concave in shape. The water jet strikes
at the blades and change the direction of it. The force exerted on blades depends upon amount of
change in direction of jet. So the blades are generally concave in shape.
Rotor:
Rotor which is also known as wheel is situated on the shaft. All blades are pined into the rotor.
The force exerted on blades passes to the rotor which further rotates the shaft.
Nozzle:
A nozzle play main role of generating power from impulse turbine. It is a diverging nozzle which
converts all pressure energy of water into kinetic energy and forms the water jet. This high speed
water strikes the blades and rotates it.
Casing:
Casing is the outside are which prevent the turbine form atmosphere. The main function of casing
is to prevent discharge the water from vanes to tail race. There is no change in pressure of water
from nozzle to tail race so this turbine works at atmospheric pressure.
Braking nozzle:
A nozzle is provided in opposite direction of main nozzle. It is used to slow down or stop the
wheel.
Working:
As we discussed impulse turbine works on basic principle of impulse. Its working can be describe
in following points.

* High pressure water flow form dam (high head) to nozzle (low head).

* This water flows through divergent nozzle where it’s all pressure energy change into
kinetic energy. It forms a water jet.
* The water jet strikes the blade at high speed which rotates the rotor.
* It transfers all kinetic energy of water to the rotor, which further use to rotate the
generator.
* After transferring energy, water flows to the tail race.
* This process run continuously until sufficient power generates.For better understanding
watch the video given below on working of impulse turbine.