Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DECEMBER 2014
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Certified By:
……………………… …………………………
(Student’s Signature) (Signature of Supervisor)
SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have checked this thesis and in our opinion, this thesis is
adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy of Mechanical Engineering.
Signature:
Name of Supervisor: PROF. DATO' DR. HJ. ROSLI BIN ABU BAKAR
Position: PROFESSOR
Date: DECEMBER 2014
Signature:
Name of Supervisor: DR. KUMARAN KADIRGAMA
Position: SENIOR LECTURER
Date: DECEMBER 2014
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STUDENT'S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for
any degree and is not concurrently submitted for the award of any other degree.
Signature:
Name: ADNAN MOHAMMED HUSSEIN
ID Number: PMM12002
Date: DECEMBER 2014
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION iti
STUDENT’S DECLARATION tv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iu
ABSTRACT uii
ABSTRAK uiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 NANOFLUID 3
1.2.1 Preparation of nanofluid 3
1.2.2 Thermal conductivity of nanofluid 4
1.2.3 Viscosity of nanofluid 4
1.3 FRICTION FACTOR AND HEAT TRANSFER 5
1.4 AUTOMOTIVE COOLING SYSTEM 5
1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 7
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY 8
2.1 INTRODUCTION 9
2.2 NANOFLUID SYNTHESIS 9
2.3 NANOFLUID APPLICATIONS 11
2.4 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 13
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4.1 INTRODUCTION 68
4.2 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 68
4.2.1 Effect of Nanoparticles Volume Fraction 69
4.2.2 Effect of Temperature 76
4.3 FRICTION FACTOR 100
4.3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles Volume Fraction 100
4.3.2 Effect of Inlet Temperature 434
4.4 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 107
4.4.1 Effect of Nanoparticles Volume Fraction 107
4.4.2 Effect of Inlet Temperature 141
4.5 VALIDATION WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA 114
4.5.1 Thermal Conductivity Validation 114
4.5.2 Viscosity Validation 118
4.5.3 Friction Factor Validation 122
4.5.4 Nusselt Number Validation 124
4.6 OUTLET TEMPERATURE 127
4.7 TEMPERATURE CONTOUR 133
4.8 HEAT TRANSFER 136
4.9 HEAT REJECTED 142
4.10 HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT 148
4.11 THE COOLING SYSTEM EFFICIENCY 151
4.12 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 154
4.11.1 The analysis of variance (ANOVA) 154
4.11.2 Surface Plot 163
4.13 SUMMARY 166
REFERENCES 170
APPENDICES
A EXPERIMENTAL DATA MEASURED 183
B UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 192
C REGRESSION ANALYSIS 200
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LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
3.21 Nusselt number and friction factor along the tube length. 59
4.2 The effect of the volume fraction on the specific heat capacity. 72
4.23 The effect of the inlet temperature on the friction factor. 113
4.34 Temperatures contour for pure water inside flat tube. 135
4.37 The coolant heat transfer at different flowrates for nanoparticles 140
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4.43 The effect of volume fraction on the heat transfer enhancement. 149
4.44 The effect of the inlet temperature on the heat enhancement. 150
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Symbol Meaning
𝐴 Area
𝐵 Bias error
𝐶 Specific heat capacity
d Minor dimension of radiator tube
D Major dimension of radiator tube
E Voltage
𝑓 Friction factor
F Force
𝑓𝑠 Skin friction coefficient
g Gravity
ℎ Heat transfer coefficient
I Current
𝑘 Thermal conductivity
L Length
LPM Liter per minute
m Mass
n Number of radiator tubes
N Dimensionless number
p Pressure
P Power
pH Acidity scale
𝑄̇ Heat transfer rate
R Precision error
S Specific gravity
T Temperature
u Velocity
𝑉̇ Volume flowrate
𝑚̇ Mass flowrate
𝜎̅ Average standard deviation
𝜎 Standard deviation
∀ Volume
xviii
Thermal diffusivity
∅ Volume fraction of solid phase
Weight ratio of solid phase
Viscosity
Density
𝜂 Efficiency
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
EG Ethylene glycol
max Maximum
min Minimum
rpm Revolution per minute
Subscripts
eff Effective
𝑓 Liquid phase
p Solid phase
nf Nanofluid phase
in Inlet
out Outlet
c Coolant
cross Cross section
s Surface
b Bulk
rej Rejected
x x-axis
y y-axis
z z-axis
av Average
Dimensionless Number
Nu Nusselt number
Pe Peclet number
Pr Prandtl number
Re Reynolds number