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HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT USING NANOFLUIDS

IN THE AUTOMOTIVE COOLING SYSTEM

ADNAN MOHAMMED HUSSEIN

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements


for the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering


UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

DECEMBER 2014
i

THESIS CONFIDENTIAL STATUS

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

DECLARATION OF THESIS AND COPYRIGHT


Author’s full name : ADNAN MOHAMMED HUSSEIN

Date of birth : 20 SEPTEMPER 1974

Title : HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT USING


NANOFLUIDS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE
COOLING SYSTEM

Academic Session: 1, 2014 / 2015

I declare that this thesis is classified as :

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the


Official Secret Act 1972)

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by


the organization where research was done)

OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online


open access (Full text)

I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserve the right as follows:

1. The Thesis is the Property of Universiti Malaysia Pahang.


2. The Library of Universiti Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for
the purpose of research only.
3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic
exchange.

Certified By:

……………………… …………………………
(Student’s Signature) (Signature of Supervisor)

A2835956 PROF. DATO' DR. HJ. ROSLI BIN ABU BAKAR


Passport Number Name of Supervisor

Date: DECEMBER 2014 Date: DECEMBER 2014


ii

SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we have checked this thesis and in our opinion, this thesis is
adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy of Mechanical Engineering.

Signature:
Name of Supervisor: PROF. DATO' DR. HJ. ROSLI BIN ABU BAKAR
Position: PROFESSOR
Date: DECEMBER 2014

Signature:
Name of Supervisor: DR. KUMARAN KADIRGAMA
Position: SENIOR LECTURER
Date: DECEMBER 2014
iii

STUDENT'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for
any degree and is not concurrently submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature:
Name: ADNAN MOHAMMED HUSSEIN
ID Number: PMM12002
Date: DECEMBER 2014
viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION iti
STUDENT’S DECLARATION tv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iu
ABSTRACT uii
ABSTRAK uiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 NANOFLUID 3
1.2.1 Preparation of nanofluid 3
1.2.2 Thermal conductivity of nanofluid 4
1.2.3 Viscosity of nanofluid 4
1.3 FRICTION FACTOR AND HEAT TRANSFER 5
1.4 AUTOMOTIVE COOLING SYSTEM 5
1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 7
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY 8

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION 9
2.2 NANOFLUID SYNTHESIS 9
2.3 NANOFLUID APPLICATIONS 11
2.4 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 13
ix

2.5 FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER 17


2.5.1 Experimental studies of forced convection in a 17
circular tube
2.5.2 Numerical studies of forced convection in a 21
circular tube
2.5.3 Forced convection in a heat exchanger 22
2.5.4 Forced convection in a car radiator 24
2.6 SUMMARY 27

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 29


3.1.1 Introduction 29
3.1.2 Nanofluid Preparation 33
3.1.3 Thermophysical Properties 32
3.1.4 Experimental Setup 38
3.1.5 Experimental Procedure 44
3.1.6 Data Collection and Analysis 45
3.1.7 Uncertainty Analysis 48
3.1.8 Regression Analysis 48
3.2 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 50
3.2.1 Introduction 50
3.2.2 Simulation Model 53
3.2.3 Governing Equations 54
3.2.4 Simulation Procedures 55
3.2.5 Assumptions and Boundary Conditions 60
3.2.6 Grid Independence Test 60
3.3 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS 64
3.4 VALIDATION 65
3.4.1 Friction Factor 65
3.4.2 Heat Transfer Coefficient 65
4.4.3 The overall efficiency 66
3.4.4 Validation with the Experimental Data 66
3.5 SUMMARY 67
x

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION 68
4.2 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 68
4.2.1 Effect of Nanoparticles Volume Fraction 69
4.2.2 Effect of Temperature 76
4.3 FRICTION FACTOR 100
4.3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles Volume Fraction 100
4.3.2 Effect of Inlet Temperature 434
4.4 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 107
4.4.1 Effect of Nanoparticles Volume Fraction 107
4.4.2 Effect of Inlet Temperature 141
4.5 VALIDATION WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA 114
4.5.1 Thermal Conductivity Validation 114
4.5.2 Viscosity Validation 118
4.5.3 Friction Factor Validation 122
4.5.4 Nusselt Number Validation 124
4.6 OUTLET TEMPERATURE 127
4.7 TEMPERATURE CONTOUR 133
4.8 HEAT TRANSFER 136
4.9 HEAT REJECTED 142
4.10 HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT 148
4.11 THE COOLING SYSTEM EFFICIENCY 151
4.12 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 154
4.11.1 The analysis of variance (ANOVA) 154
4.11.2 Surface Plot 163
4.13 SUMMARY 166

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS 167


5.2 CONTRIBUTIONS 168
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 169
xi

REFERENCES 170

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 181

APPENDICES
A EXPERIMENTAL DATA MEASURED 183
B UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 192
C REGRESSION ANALYSIS 200
xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page


2.1 Thermal conductivity enhancement (k %) results of nanofluids 14
2.2 Thermal conductivity models 15
2.3 Nanofluid viscosity models 16
2.4 The laminar forced convection heat transfer enhancement 17
2.5 The turbulent forced convection heat transfer enhancement 19
3.1 Thermophysical properties of nanoparticle and base fluids 32
3.2 Uncertainty of measured data 49
3.3 Thermophysical properties of copper 53
3.4 Grid size test for triangular meshes 61
3.5 Grid size test for quadratic meshes 61
A.1 Friction factor with flowrate for the nanoparticles in pure water 183
A.2 Friction factor with flowrate for the nanoparticles in pure EG 184
A.3 Friction factor with flowrate for the nanoparticles in
185
10%EG+90%W
A.4 Friction factor with flowrate for the nanoparticles in
186
20%EG+80%W
A.5 Heat transfer coefficient with flowrate for nanoparticles in
187
water
A.6 Heat transfer coefficient with flowrate for nanoparticles in EG 188
A.7 Heat transfer coefficient with flowrate for the nanoparticles in
189
10%EG+90%W
A.8 Heat transfer coefficient with flowrate for the nanoparticles in
190
20%EG+80%W
A.9 pH measured before and after tests for SiO2 nanofluid 191
A.10 pH measured before and after tests for TiO2 nanofluid 191
B.1 Tube dimensions measurement 193
xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1.1 The automotive cooling system. 6

Schematic of the experimental setup of laminar flow convective


2.1 heat transfer of nanofluids inside circular tube with constant 18
surface temperature.

Test rig schematic of experimental study of turbulent


2.2 nanofluids flow forced convection heat transfer in a double pipe 23
and plate heat exchangers.

Test rig schematic of forced convection heat transfer to reduce


2.3 circulating water in an automobile radiator under turbulent 24
flow.

2.4 The cooling loop setup of automobile cooling system. 25

3.1 Base fluid and nanopowders used in the experiment. 30

3.2 Stirrers’ apparatus used in this experimental work. 31

The heat capacity and thermal conductivity measuring


3.3 34
apparatus.

3.4 Brookfield DV-I prime viscometer. 36

3.5 Viscosity calibration for pure water. 37

3.6 pH meter apparatus. 37

3.7 The experimental test rig setup. 38

3.8 Car radiator used in the present experimental work. 39

3.9 Thermocouples connecting at the inlet section. 39

3.10 Measurement devices and calibration process. 40

3.11 Calibration data of thermocouple. 41

3.12 Pump, flow meter, tubes and valves. 41

3.13 Manometer tube. 42

3.14 Plastic container, electrical heater, and voltage regular. 42

3.15 Flow meter calibration. 43


xiv

3.16 Flat tube configuration. 51

3.17 Meshing by GAMBIT. 52

3.18 Grid size meshing. 53

3.19 FLUENT simulation procedures. 57

The velocity profile and temperature gradient along the tube


3.20 58
length.

3.21 Nusselt number and friction factor along the tube length. 59

3.22 Velocity at the mid plane of tube. 62

3.23 Grid independence test at different Reynolds numbers. 63

4.1 The effect of the nanofluid volume fraction on the density. 70

4.2 The effect of the volume fraction on the specific heat capacity. 72

4.3 The effect of the volume fraction on the thermal conductivity. 74

4.4 The effect of the nanofluid volume fraction on the viscosity. 76

4.5 The density of nanoparticles in water at different temperature. 77

4.6 The density of nanoparticles in EG at different temperature. 79

4.7 The density of nanoparticles in 10%EG+90%W. 80

4.8 The density of nanoparticles in 20%EG+80%W. 82

4.9 Nanofluid heat capacity at different temperature for water. 83

4.10 Nanofluid heat capacity at different temperature for EG. 85


Nanofluid heat capacity at different temperature for
4.11 86
10%EG+90%W.
Nanofluid heat capacity at different temperature for
4.12 88
20%EG+80%W.
The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of
4.13 89
nanoparticles suspended in water.
The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of
4.14 91
nanoparticles suspended in EG.
The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of
4.15 92
nanoparticles suspended in 10%EG+90%W.
The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of
4.16 94
nanoparticles suspended in 20%EG+80%W.
4.17 The effect of temperature on viscosity of nanoparticles in water. 95
xv

4.18 The effect of temperature on viscosity of nanoparticles in EG. 97

The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of


4.19 nanoparticles suspended in (10%EG+90%W) and 99
(20%EG+80%W).

The effect of the nanofluid volume fraction on the friction


4.20 103
factor for nanofluid with water as a base fluid.

The effect of the nanofluid volume fraction on the friction


4.21 106
factor for nanofluid with EG as a base fluid.

The effect of the nanofluid volume fraction on the friction


4.22 110
factor for nanofluid with 10%EG as a base fluid.

4.23 The effect of the inlet temperature on the friction factor. 113

4.24 Thermal conductivity validation. 117

Comparison of thermal conductivity of base fluid with the


4.25 118
standard.

4.26 Viscosity validation. 120

4.27 Comparison of viscosity of base fluid with the standard. 121

4.28 Validation of friction factor. 124

4.29 Validation of Nusselt number. 126

The outlet temperature at different flowrate for nanoparticles


4.30 128
suspended in water as a base fluid.

The outlet temperature at different flowrates for nanoparticles


4.31 130
suspended in EG as a base fluid.

The outlet temperature at different flowrates for nanoparticles


4.32 131
suspended in 10% EG+90% W, as a base fluid.

The outlet temperature at different flowrates for nanoparticles


4.33 133
suspended in 20% EG+80% W, as a base fluid.

4.34 Temperatures contour for pure water inside flat tube. 135

The coolant heat transfer at different flowrates for nanoparticles


4.35 137
suspended in water as a base fluid.

The coolant heat transfer at different flowrates for nanoparticles


4.36 138
suspended in EG as a base fluid.

4.37 The coolant heat transfer at different flowrates for nanoparticles 140
xvi

suspended in 10%EG+90%W, as a base fluid.

The coolant heat transfer for nanoparticles suspended to


4.38 141
20%EG+80%W, as a base fluid.

4.39 The heat rejected for nanoparticles suspended in water. 143

4.40 The heat rejected for nanoparticles suspended in EG. 144

The heat rejected for nanoparticles suspended in


4.41 146
10%EG+90%W.

The heat rejected for nanoparticles suspended to


4.42 147
20%EG+80%W.

4.43 The effect of volume fraction on the heat transfer enhancement. 149

4.44 The effect of the inlet temperature on the heat enhancement. 150

4.45 The effect of volume fraction on the efficiency. 152

4.46 The effect of the inlet temperature on the efficiency. 153

4.47 The experimental and prediction data regression. 159

Surface plot of Nusselt number and of both Reynolds Number


4.48 161
and the volume fraction.

Surface plot of Nusselt number and of both Reynolds Number


4.49 162
and Prandtl number.

Surface plot of friction factor and of both Reynolds Number


4.50 164
and the volume fraction.

Surface plot of friction factor and of both Reynolds Number


4.51 165
and Prandtl number.
xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Symbol Meaning
𝐴 Area
𝐵 Bias error
𝐶 Specific heat capacity
d Minor dimension of radiator tube
D Major dimension of radiator tube
E Voltage
𝑓 Friction factor
F Force
𝑓𝑠 Skin friction coefficient
g Gravity
ℎ Heat transfer coefficient
I Current
𝑘 Thermal conductivity
L Length
LPM Liter per minute
m Mass
n Number of radiator tubes
N Dimensionless number
p Pressure
P Power
pH Acidity scale
𝑄̇ Heat transfer rate
R Precision error
S Specific gravity
T Temperature
u Velocity
𝑉̇ Volume flowrate
𝑚̇ Mass flowrate
𝜎̅ Average standard deviation
𝜎 Standard deviation
∀ Volume
xviii

 Thermal diffusivity
∅ Volume fraction of solid phase
 Weight ratio of solid phase
 Viscosity
 Density
𝜂 Efficiency
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
EG Ethylene glycol
max Maximum
min Minimum
rpm Revolution per minute

Subscripts
eff Effective
𝑓 Liquid phase
p Solid phase
nf Nanofluid phase
in Inlet
out Outlet
c Coolant
cross Cross section
s Surface
b Bulk
rej Rejected
x x-axis
y y-axis
z z-axis
av Average

Dimensionless Number
Nu Nusselt number
Pe Peclet number
Pr Prandtl number
Re Reynolds number

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