To Study The Delay To Construction Proje PDF

© 2019 JETIR June 2019, Volume 6, Issue 6 www.jetir.
org (ISSN-2349-5162)
TO STUDY THE DELAY TO CONSTRUCTION

PROJECTS – CAUSE, EFFECT AND MEASURES
TO REDUCE
Rahul Razdan & Dr. Akhil Goyal Assistant Professor(Nims University)
Abstract
Delay to projects is one of the foremost concerns of the construction industry in the India. The delays to the
projects are affecting the economies throughout the world. Delay to projects mean the slowdown of development
in all other related fields. The main aim and objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the various types of
delays and the reasons for those delays that are currently affecting the projects in the India. Measures from
previous researches to reduce or eliminate these delays by methods of mitigation or acceleration are analyzed for
the case studies considered for this research. There are various types of delays which are identified. It is
important to identify whether the delay is critical or not as identification of critical delays helps in taking
appropriate measures at the correct time. The delay may be non excusable (contractor caused) for which the
client and the consultant need to have project management tools to effectively manage the delays or compensable
(client caused) delays which are due to the client. The delays may be by either parties and can be concurrent. The
reasons for delays are primarily due to an unreasonable project scope, inadequate early planning and the absence
of risk management systems. The contractor further contributes to delay due to lack of resources and labor
productivity. Over ambitious estimates, incorrect task assessment ,lack of task clarity, design/ approval delays
and interference in the decision making process by the client add on to the delay.
Keywords: - Delay project, Types of project Delay, effects of delay, Preventions of delay
Introduction
Projects are envisaged and visualized with the foresight of achieving the primary objective of timely completion.
Some projects are planned and executed successfully whereas others get delayed due to reasons, some of which
are analyzed and evaluated in this dissertation.
Delay to projects is considered to be one of the common problems in the construction industry. Delays have a
negative effect on the project in terms of performance, time and cost. Thus, it is essential to identify the types of
delays that normally occur in a project .The types of delays can be broadly split in two categories of delay by the
client (compensable delays)and the contractor(non excusable delays).The delays can be identified as critical or
non critical and whether the delay is concurrent or non concurrent. The identification of the types of delays leads
to the reasons of delay.
JETIR1906601 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 115
© 2019 JETIR June 2019, Volume 6, Issue 6 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
The reasons for the delays are identified so that the effect on construction projects can be reduced. The reasons
for delays are client and contractor related. Unreasonable project scope and inadequate early planning are the
prime delays by the client. The client interference and delay in the decision making process also major reasons
for delays. The client in some cases delays the design or changes the design leading to various other changes like
design related changes to drawings and their approval by the authorities. The contractor had delays related to
overambitious estimates and incorrect task assessment which lead to delays and affect the project. In case of lack
of task clarity, an inexperienced contractor or subcontractor may unknowingly delay the works.
The mitigation of delays can be achieved by adopting the process of knowledge management and project
learning which gives insight into the various problems and their solutions. In fact the lessons leant feedback from
projects is a real eye opener and helpful for others to avoid similar issues.
Prevention of delays by adopting innovative and teamwork helps in planning and analyzing the requirements in
detail which will allow the mapping of resources and identifying the risks. The works can then be estimated,
allocated and modularized for execution. The issues that can lead to delays need to be escalated, identified and
resolved on a priority to ensure that they do not become a reason for delay.
Research Objectives
1. Delay due to late decisions like late nominations by client and Unreasonable project scope & inadequate early
planning.
2. Understand the delay due to lack of task clarity and assessment and monitoring tools
3. Calculate the delay due to lack of resources, productivity and overambitious estimates.
TYPES OF PROJECT DELAYS
 Critical delays and Non critical delays: - A critical delays is one that impacts the project’s delivery date. If a
delay has no effect to activities on the project’s critical path, then the delay may not warrant too much attention,
unless of course there is some substantial money involved.
 Non Excusable (Contractor Caused) Delays & Excusable Delays: -Excusable delays are caused by conditions
that are reasonably unforeseen and not within the contractor’s/ owner’s control. E.g.- labor strikes, fires, floods,
earthquake, error or omissions in the plans, design docs and specifications. Non- Excusable Delays are a result of
a delay that was within control of the owner/contractor. The owner/contactor is fully responsible for the activity.
E.g.- Delay mobilization, delayed submission of submittals. Overall late performance and execution, late
performance by suppliers, etc.
 Compensable (Owner Caused) Delay: - A compensable delay is one where there’s going to be some
compensation involved for the delay to the project. That means that the owner or contractor is liable for a
extension of time or cost compensation or both.
 Concurrent delay: - There are many moving parts between an owner and a contractor on a construction project
and, at times, a concurrent delay can occur. This type of project delay happens when 2 or more parties are not
fault. The complexity here lies in determining to what extent each party contributed to the delay.
REASONS FOR DELAYS
There are the many reasons for project delay like: -Unreasonable project scope, Inadequate early planning, Lack
of risk management systems, Lack of resources & Labor productivity, Over-ambitious estimates and incorrect
task assessment. Lack of task clarity, Design delays & Approval of drawings, Owner interference & decision-
making process, Inadequate contractor & Subcontractors experience.
EFFECTS OF DELAYS
There are the many reasons for the effects of delays like: -overtime, Disputes, Negotiations, lawsuits, litigation,
abandonment & over cost.
PREVENTION OF DELAYS
There are many reasons for prevention of delays like: - Plan/Analyze the requirements in detail, Map available
resources, Perform training and knowledge transfer, Identify risks, Estimate and allocate, Modularize work and
Escalate issues.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data Collection
Data which is obtained from the questionnaires will be used to analyzed with an appropriate method which may
result in the successful of the research. Data collection from the different type of questionnaire would be
analyzed and answered to the objective of the study.
Questionnaire Design
A questionnaire survey was designed based on the objectives of the study, which are causes of construction
delays, effects of construction delays and the method rectification of construction delays. A questionnaire survey
was developed to get the opinion and understanding from the experienced respondents regarding to the
construction delays problem. The questionnaires are all classified into 4 sections:
SECTION A : Respondent Background
SECTION B : Causes of Construction Delays
SECTION C : Effects of Construction Delays
SECTION D : Method of Minimizing Construction Delays
DATA ANALYSIS
1. Questionnaire Distribution and Responses
Consultants
36%
36%
Contractors
64%
64%
Based on the figure, the total number of questionnaire distributed to both contractor and consultant are seventy
sets which includes contractor’s 45 sets and consultants twenty five sets. 64% of questionnaire survey have been
distributed while consultants consist of 36% of questionnaire survey have been distributed. The total of 50 sets
questionnaire have been distributed to both consultants and contractors during their meeting and another twenty
sets of questionnaire has been distributed on-site.
2. Factors of Client Related Delays
3.70
3.50
3.30
CONTRACTORS
3.10
CONSULTANTS
OVERALL
2.90
2.70
2.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Where:
1 Late in revising and approving design documents
2 Change orders by owner during construction
3 Delay in approving shop drawing and sample materials
4 Slowness in decision making process
5 Poor communication and coordination
6 Conflicts between joint-ownership of the project
7 Delay to furnish and deliver the site
8 Suspension of work by owner
9 Delay in progress payments
3. Factors of Contractor Related Delays
4.10
3.90
3.70
3.50
3.30
CONTRACTORS
3.10
CONSULTANTS
2.90
OVERALL
2.70
2.50
2.30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Where:
 Delays in sub-contractors work

 Poor communication and coordination
 Inadequate contractor's work
 Ineffective planning and scheduling of project
 Conflicts in sub-contractors schedule in execution of project
 Improper construction methods implement
 Frequent change of sub-contractors
 Rework due to errors during construction
 Conflicts between contractor and other parties
 Difficulties in financing project
 Delays in site mobilization
 Poor qualification of the contractor's technical staff
4. Factors of Consultant Related Delays
4.00
3.80
3.60
CONTRACTORS
CONSULTANTS
3.40 OVERALL
3.00
3.20
2.80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.60
Where:
 Delay in approving major changes in the scope of work

 Mistakes and discrepancies in design documents
 Un-use of advanced engineering design software
 Unclear and inadequate details in drawings
 Delays in producing design documents
 Insufficient data collection and survey before design
 Poor communication and coordination
 Inadequate experience of consultant
5. Factors of Material Related Delays
3.50
3.40
3.30
CONTRACTORS
3.20
CONSULTANTS
OVERALL
3.10
2.80
3.00
2.70
2.90
2.60
1 2 3 4 5 6
2.50
Where:
 Delay in material delivery

 Shortage of construction materials in market
 Changes in material types during construction
 Delay in manufacturing special building materials
 Late procurement of materials
 Damage of sorted material while they are needed urgently
6. Factors of Labor Related Delays
3.60
3.40
3.20
CONTRACTORS
CONSULTANTS
3.00 OVERALL
2.80
2.40
2.20
2.60
1 2 3 4
Where:
 Shortage of labors
 Low productivity level of labors
 Working permit of labors
 Personal conflicts among labors
7. Factors of External Related Delays
3.20
3.10
3.00
CONTRACTORS
2.90
CONSULTANTS
OVERALL
2.80
2.50
2.40
2.70
2.30
2.60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.20
Where:
 Effects of subsurface and ground conditions

 Weather effect on construction activities
 Delay in providing services from utilities
 Delay in obtaining permits from municipality
 Traffic control and restriction at job site
 Changes in government regulations and laws
 Delay in performing final inspection and certification
 Accident during construction
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Recommendation
1. A construction delay occurs mostly during the construction phrase. This is mostly caused by the poor labor’s
skill, supervisor not able to coordinate the project very well and also low quality of material used in the
construction projects. Therefore, contractor need to give awareness on these three factors stated above in order to
minimize the construction delays’ problems.
2. Low technical and managerial skills of contractors are the problems that faced by contractors which might cause
construction delays. Therefore, contractors should organize some training programs for their workers in order to
update their knowledge and improve their management skill.
3. Due to the dynamic nature of project environments, it is inevitable that conflicts among the project team will
arise. All project participants should recognize that conflict are inevitable and actually can be beneficial if
resolved in an appropriate manner. Therefore, the conflict management is a need to produce a good working
environment.
CONCLUSIONS
There are three objectives of this study which have been achieved. The first objective was to identify the major
causes of delays, the effects of delays, and the methods of minimizing delays in construction projects.
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New York: Apr 2004. Vol. 04, Iss. 4; pg. 4, 2 pgs
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 Arain, F.M., Pheng, L.S., Assaf, S.A. (2006)Contractors' views of the potential causes of inconsistencies between
design and construction in Saudi Arabia. College Of Environmental Design > Construction Engineering and
Management Dept. 6790, 2006.
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Morgantown: 2003. pg. RI41.Available from : http://proquest.umi.com/
pqdweb?did=423213571&sid=5&Fmt=4&clientId=44986&RQT=309&VName=PQD(Access ed 30apr09)
 David Arditi, Onur B. Tokdemir, Kangsuk Suh (2001)
Scheduling system for repetitive unit construction using line-of-balance technology ,Engineering Construction
and Architectural Management 8 (2), 90–103
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© 2019 JETIR June 2019, Volume 6, Issue 6 www.jetir.

TO STUDY THE DELAY TO CONSTRUCTION

TYPES OF PROJECT DELAYS

REASONS FOR DELAYS

SECTION A : Respondent Background

SECTION B : Causes of Construction Delays

SECTION C : Effects of Construction Delays

SECTION D : Method of Minimizing Construction Delays

1. Questionnaire Distribution and Responses

2. Factors of Client Related Delays

1 Late in revising and approving design documents

2 Change orders by owner during construction

3 Delay in approving shop drawing and sample materials

4 Slowness in decision making process

5 Poor communication and coordination

6 Conflicts between joint-ownership of the project

7 Delay to furnish and deliver the site

8 Suspension of work by owner

9 Delay in progress payments

3. Factors of Contractor Related Delays

 Delays in sub-contractors work

4. Factors of Consultant Related Delays

 Delay in approving major changes in the scope of work

5. Factors of Material Related Delays

 Delay in material delivery

6. Factors of Labor Related Delays

7. Factors of External Related Delays

 Effects of subsurface and ground conditions

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW

 Ahuja, Hira N., Nandakumar, V. . (1984)ENHANCING RELIABILITY OF PROJECT DURATION

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