Wi-Fi Router Location | 802.11 Coverage https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/wifi-ieee-80...

Wi-Fi Router Location | 802.11 Coverage

electronics+radio

The coverage a of an IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi router can depend on many elements, routers in some
locations perform better than others. We look at how to optimise your W-Fi coverage.

WiFi IEEE 802.11 Includes:

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 introduction Standards Security How to stay safe on public Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Bands Router
location & coverage How to buy the best Wi-Fi router Wi-Fi boosters, range extenders & repeaters Wi-Fi wired &
powerline extender

The choice of location for a WiFi router in the home, office or even a larger area such as a shopping centre, etc. can make a
major difference to the coverage and overall performance.

In the home, changing the location of a Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11 router can significantly improve its performance, allowing
much faster download speeds and better connectivity to be provided where it is needed.

Factors affecting Wi-Fi propagation & coverage

There are many factors that come to play when looking at IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi propagation and coverage.

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Wi-Fi router placement chosen for best propagation coverage

The environment in which routers are located is often far from ideal. The Wi-Fi signals suffer from the interaction with
many objects that are within the environment and are form part of the construction: walls, structural elements, furniture,
windows, ornaments, . . . in fact anything which is within the environment will have some form of effect.

As the home or office environment is so full of objects and structures propagation for Wi-Fi signals is notoriously difficult
to predict. They are affected in a number of ways:

Free space path loss

Reflection
Absorption
Diffraction
Refraction

Wi-Fi propagation: path loss

Like all radio signals, Wi-Fi propagation is subject to the same laws of physics including those of path loss. The Wi-Fi

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coverage will be limited to some extent by the distance alone, although many other factors come in to play.

Under normal free space conditions the signal level is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
transmitter.

Wi-Fi propagation: reflection

With many objects appearing in the signal path in the home, office or commercial / industrial environment, signals will be
reflected by many surfaces and this will have an impact on the Wi-Fi coverage. Everything from walls to metal objects like
desks, domestic appliances, etc . .

These reflections give rise to multiple paths for the signal. Using an antenna technology known as MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output), Wi-Fi is now able to make use of these multiple paths to send data at a faster rate. However in the past, it
would result in interference and reduction in data rates.

Wi-Fi propagation: absorption

Absorption is another key issue for Wi-Fi propagation. In any environment where a Wi-Fi router is located, signals will
need to pass through walls, floors and they will encounter many other objects.

These objects act like a barrier to the wireless signals. Considering the close analogy of light signals, they may be a
complete barrier like a door through which it is not possible to see, opaque glass where the level of light is reduced, or clear
glass though which very little light is lost.

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Barrier
Transmitter

Transmitted Signal attenuated

signal after passing
though barrier
Attenuation resulting from barrier in signal propagation path

The type of medium through which the Wi-Fi signal passes will affect the level of attenuation.

It is not possible to give exact figures for the different media, as specifications, thickness and many other factors determine
the overall level of attenuation. However a table of many common substances will give a guide to the likely affect.

Relative Absorption of Various Materials

Material Relative signal absorption Examples of use of material
Air None Free space outside, etc . . .
Wood Low Wooden furniture, doors, wooden partitioning.
Plastic Low Some partitioning, many plastic items

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Glass Low Plain windows, glass used in partitions

Tinted glass Medium Tinted windows
Water Medium Water tanks, acquariums
Plaster Medium Partitioning, walls, plasterboard walls
Bricks Medium to high Brick walls
Ceramic High Tiles
Concrete High Concrete floors, pillars
Metal High Metal structures

Locating router for optimum Wi-Fi coverage

One of the key ways of optimising your wi-fi coverage to locate the router in the best position.

Although it is not always possible to make major changes to the location of a router, it is often possible to make a different
even by some small changes.

Often routers need to be located near a power point, and also close to the point where the DSL or fibre data line comes into
the house, office or commercial / industrial premises.

When looking at the Wi-Fi propagation and coverage in any premises, it is first worth looking at where the Wi-Fi coverage
is actually needed. In this way, the location of the router can be optimised to ensure that a good signal is present in the
places where it is needed.

A few simple rules can help optimise the Wi-Fi coverage and signal propagation.

Ensure signal does not pass through thick walls: Dense walls, especially those using concrete will significantly
reduce the signal. For optimum Wi-Fi propagation and coverage, make sure the signal does not need to pass through
thick walls to reach any high usage areas.
Locate router above desk height: Most phones, laptops and tablets using a local Wi-Fi signal will be located above
desk height and to gain the optimum signal path with the minimum of obstacles, it is best to locate the router above
the desk height. Desks and other furniture will attenuate any signal, as will the wires and other metalwork associated
with them.

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Don’t locate the router next to many other wires: Although locating a router, for example, in a cupboard next to
the fuse box etc. may be convenient, the wiring is likely to shield the signal from many areas.
Keep router as close to main areas as possible: The Wi-Fi coverage and signal propagation will benefit from being
as close to the main areas of use as possible. Path loss from the distance the signal travels will be minimised and in
addition to this the signal will need to travel through fewer obstacles.

Wi-Fi coverage planning tools

When planning Wi-Fi coverage for a major area like a shopping mall or conference centre, a more rigorous approach is
needed. Software planning tools are used along with a comprehensive site survey using the plans for the area.

These tools look at the Wi-Fi propagation characteristics and then calculate Wi-Fi coverage.

These tools are not normally viable or accessible for domestic installations and small offices. It is for these instances where
the guidelines above some in useful.

Even when automated software tools are used, some practical input helps feed in the relevant data correctly and then adds
value to the output from them.

Other issues governing Wi-Fi coverage

Other factors also help Wi-Fi coverage and router performance. Some of these may need to be found by experimentation.

Locate router away from interference: Locate equipment away from sources of possible interference. Obviously
items like televisions that may be streaming data from a router will need to be able to receive a strong interference
free signal. However the router also needs to be away from interference because it also receives management data
from the remote equipment. If this suffers interference then data rates will be reduced. Sources of interference in the
home are widespread. Microwave ovens transmit in the 2.4 GHz band and will cause interference, but other items
like motors, fans, vacuum cleaners, fluorescent lights and many more create interference.
Band selection: Wi-Fi is currently supported in both the 2.4GHz and 5 GHz ISM bands. 2.4 GHz will provide
better coverage as signals in this band will penetrate walls and floors, etc. better. But against this 5 GHz offers a
wider bandwidth and will be able to achieve a higher throughput under ideal conditions.

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2.4 GHz 5G

By optimising the location of the router, it will be possible to improve the Wi-Fi coverage and this will result in improved
speeds in the areas where it is needed and also coverage in more areas of the premises, whether they are a domestic
residence, office or other premises.

Wireless & Wired Connectivity Topics:

Mobile Communications basics 2G GSM 2G GPRS 2G GSM EDGE 3G UMTS 3G HSPA 4G LTE 5G
LMR / PMR WiFi IEEE 802.15.4 DECT cordless phones NFC- Near Field Communication Ethernet Serial
data USB Z-Wave SigFox LoRa

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