ART, SPACE AND

THE CITY
Pclblic art and arban fcltclres

MALCOLM MILES
 CONTENTS

List ofjgures
vi
Acknowledgements
ix
Introdaction
1
1 THE CITY
19
2 SPACE, REPRESENTATION A N D GENDER
39
3 THE MONUMENT
58
4 T H E CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ART
84
5 ART I N URBAN DEVELOPMENT
104
6 ART A N D METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
132
7 ART IN HEALTH SERVICES
150
o ART AS A SOCIAL PROCESS
164
9 CONVIVIAL CITIES
188
Notes
209
Further reading
239
Bibliography
245
Index
259
 FIGURES
a

1 Jonathon Borofsky, Hammering Man, Seattle

2 Antony Gormley, one of three cast-iron, double-sided figures on the
walls of Derry
3 Rachel Whiteread, House, East London (detail)
4 Richard Haas, mural at the Architecture Centre, Boston
5 Tess Jaray, paving and street furniture, Centenary Square, Birmingham
6 Constantin Brancusi, Gate of the Kiss, Tirgu Jiu, Romania
7 Joyce Scott, You Don't Even Know Me, computer animation, Times
Square, New 'York
8 Schoolchildren and students from the Kent Institute of Art and
Design painting a playground mural
9 Trafalgar Square
10 Villiers Street, London
11 Manhattan seen from Battery Park City
12 The utopia of new Bucharest
13 The Winter Gardens at Battery Park City
14 A notice at Battery Park City
15 A corporate atrium in Manhattan
I 6 Jim Dine's bronzes referencing Venus
17 The Guerrilla Girls, poster commissioned by Public Art Fund,
New York
18 Tourists looking at a bronze Roman Emperor, London
19 US Custom House, New York - Africa
20 US Custom House, New York - America
21 The feet of the colossus of Rameses I1 on which Shelley's poem
Ozymandias is based
?2 Charles Sargeant Jagger's Artillery Memorial in Hyde Park, London
(detail)
 r 23
24
25
26
27
The face of a policeman covered by his helmet, Cable Street Mural
Raymond Mason's Forward in Centenary Square, Birmingham
Kevin Atherton, Platfarms Piece, Brixton Station, London
Kevin Atherton, Pla~omzsPiece (detail)
Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, DC
FIGURES

28 The East Coast Memorial, Battery Park City

E
; 29 Isamu Noguchi, Red Cube, New York
i 30 Richard Serra, Fulcrum, Broadgate, London (detail)
I
31 Richard Serra, Tilted Arc, New York
32 Antony Gorrnley, Virion, Victoria Square, Birmingham
i 33 John Clinch, The Great Blondinis, Swindon
1 34 Battery Park City - a waterside landscape and a viewing platform
designed by Mary Miss
' 35 Children at The Red House, Sunderland
36 The Red House, Sunderland
'
37 A relief depicting Edward II by children in Swansea
38 Valerie Jaudon, Long Division; railings designed for the New York
Subway
39 Eduardo Paolozzi, mosaics for Tottenham Court Road Underground
station
40 Art from the National Gallery in the London Underground
41 Art from the National Gallery in the London Underground (detail)
42 Tom Otterness, figures sawing a column, for 14th Street Station,
New York 148
43 A poster against the MI1 on House 149
44 The interior of the new Outpatient Dept at Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
Gateshead, with Sea Piece by Mike Davis and Kate Watkinson 156
45 An uplighter, with Sea Piece, beyond 157
46 Christine Constant, tile mural of Carlisle at the Cumberland Infirmary 158
47 'We Got It' - a candy bar designed by production workers, Sculpture
in Action, Chicago 168
48 Wood-carving in The Art Studio, Sunderland 170
49 Detail of exhibition space, with work by artists of The Art Studio,
Sunderland, 1996 171
50 Gran Fury, bus shelter installations, New York 175
51 Edgar Heap of Birds, installation in Pioneer Square, Seattle 181
52 Peter Randall-Page, shell form on a footpath in Dorset for Common
Ground 183
53 Somewhere between graffiti and art, on a boarded-up doorway in
Seattle 195
' 54 Paley Park, New York 196
viii FIGURES

55 Greenacre Park, New York

56 Zoning regulations ensure trees but not sociation - spaces remain too
regulated and sterile
57 Siah Armajani, text in railings at Battery Park City
58 Gordon Young, Fish Pavement, Hull
59 Gordon Young, Fish Pavement, Hull
60 House, shortly before demolition
 INDEX
Note: page numbers in italics refer to illustrations where these are separated from
their textual reference.
abjection 50, 132, 161, 164, 173, 189,
223 (n6)
Adorno, Theodore 80
advertising 12, 54, 222 (n3)
advocacy 3, 95-7, 1 0 4 4 , 108-12, 191
AIDS, art 16, 168-9, 172-6, 205
al-Khalil, Samir 67, 71
Albert Memorial 76
Alberti, Leon Battista 23, 33, 47
Alexander, Christopher 191
alienation 27, 62
allegory 69-7 3
Allen, Jerry 97
Ambrose, Peter 107, 124
Anaximander fragment 30, 213 (n22)
Anderson, N. 25
Andors, Rhoda 135
Andrews, Richard 94
anti-monuments 8, 80-3
Apgar, Garry 205
Appleyard, Donald 190, 192
architecture 43, 87-90, 112, 153
Arcosanti, Arizona 192
Armajani, Siah 202, 203
art: see public art
Art for Architecture (DOE) 95-6
The Art of Change 178-9
Art in a City (Willett) 91-3
art history 53-4, 55
Art Studios 169-72
Art Within Rearh (Townsend) 9 3 4
artists: and architects 153; in commu-
nity 207; complicity/criticism 147-8,
151; gender 53-4; in residency 127;
socialist countries 86, 209 (nl)
Artists Agency 126-7, 169, 172
Arts Council 5, 88, 95, 96, 108-9, 111,
210 (n18)
asylum 32
Athens 30-1, 212 (n19)
Atherton, Kevin 8, 79, 77, 145, 219-20
(n22)
Australia, indigenous culture 181
Avalos, David 176
Baghdad, Victory Arch 7 1, 73
Balch, Clifton 25
Baratloo, Mojideh 25
Barcelona 205
Barthes, Roland 39, 42-3
Bartholdi, Frkderic-Auguste 71, 73
Battery Park City 119-24; conflict 225
(1130); critics 94, 1 2 2 4 ; East Coast
Memorial 82, 83; feeding prohibitions
34, 3j; homeless 106; playground use
236 (n9); railings 202; Winter
Gardens 26
Batty, Dora 142
Baudelaire, Charles 17, 25, 34
Baudrillard, J. 186
Beardsley, John 75, 82, 97, 122
Becker, Carol 101
Beleschenko, Alexander 145
Benjamin, Andrew 47-8, 48
Benjamin, Walter 34, 63
Bentley, Ian 205
Berman, Marshall 13, 25, 32, 43
Beuys, Joseph 8, 183, 205
Bigelow, Kathryn 27
Bird, Jon 43, 67, 68, 106, 124
Birmingham, public art 115-17
Blackthorn Medical Centre, Kent 163
Blais, Jean-Charles 148
Bloch, Ernst 190
body, representations 30, 56, 61
Bookchin, Murray 194, 201, 237 (nl91
Border Art Workshop 176
Borenius, Tancred 76
Borofsk~,Jonathan 5, G
Boston 184-5, 191
INDEX
Botero, Fernand 53, 119
Bottle of Notes (Oldenburg and van
Bruggen) 98-9, 104
boundaries 29, 31
bourgeois society 62, 145
Bradley, Laura 135, 203
Brancusi, Constantin 8, 12
Brenson, Michael 167
de Brerteville, Sheila 178
Brighton, Andrew 85, 88-9, 94
British Rail 77
Broadgate development, London 53, 89,
104, 110, 119
Brozgold, Lee 135, 146
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 147
Bryson, Norman 42
Bucharest 23, 24
Buck-Morss, Susan 63
Burgess, E. W. 35-6, 106, 118, 199
Burnham, Linda F. 169
Burton, Richard 110
Burton, Scott 8, 123, 203
Byatt, Lucy 160
Cable Street Mural 8, 7 1 , 7 2 , 219 (1114)
Calder, Alexander 5
Calvino, Italo 42
capitalism 62, 200
Carde, Margaret 183
Cardiff Bay 1 12-14
Carr, Stephen 196
Cartesian dualism 45, 48, 56, 100-1
166-7, 207
Castells, Manuel 123, 177, 200
Ceaucescu, Nicolae 23, 24
de Certeau, Michel 19, 22, 27, 36, 41-2
Cheere, John 60
Chicago School of Sociology 25, 34-6,
236 (n8)
Chin, Me1 176, 182, 185
Cincinnatz Gateway 74-5, 106
citizenship 201
city: alienation 27; as artefact 31; blood
circulation metaphor 32; boundaries
29; concept and form 19, 23;
constructionldestruction 43; exclu-
sionlconfinement 32-4, 213 (1-127);
future/past 28-9; gendered
conceptslspaces 43; identity through
art 117, images 25-9; legibility 193;
liveableness 17, 202-3; popular
culture 25-8; resistance 123; signifiers
41; social reality 193, 194-9; social
value 25-9; sustainability 192; views
20-4; weaving metaphor 30-1, 213
(n24); see also urban development;
urban planning
city types: archaic 29-3 1, 2 12 (n 13,
n19), 213 (1121, n23); ideal 23;
medieval 28-9, 46; modern 25,
29-30, 189
civil society 29, 67, 68
civitas 28, 87
Clinch, John 119, 120
Coles, Peter 153
commodification 62, 75, 164
communications theory 37
community 178-9, 201; alternative 192,
212 (n10); artists 207; as context 93;
general public 99-100; involvement
199; local perceptions 214 (n39);
ownership of art 135; transport
systems 137; urban planning 191,
20 1
confinement, exclusion 32-4, 2 13
(n27)
Constant, Christine 155, 158
Contini, Anita 94
Coombes, Annie 63
Cooper, Robert 138
Coppinger, Siobhan 1 15
Cork, Richard 98-9, 153, 203
corporate fortress 119, 193
corporate greed, and social good 111
Covent Garden, London 107
craftwork 202-5
Creative Time 167-8
Cressey, P. G . 25
Cruikshank 95-6, 97
cultural industries 108
culture: affirmative 62-3; diversity
176-9; domination 85-6; exclusion
zone 51-4; heritage 74, 75, 88, 106,
143; identity 58, 73-4; indigenous
181; popular 14, 25-8, 143, 202
Czech Republic, public space 199
Dallas 114
Darke, Jo 60-1, 77
Davidoff, Paul 190-1, 200-1
Davidson, Gordon 188, 192, 208
Davis, Mike 17, 25, 1-55, 156, I57
death 151, 160-1, 220 (n23), 232 (1144,
1145)
deconstrucrion 165-6
Delacroix, F. V. E. 70
Denny, Robyn 138
Denver, Catherine 143
Derkert, Siri 147
Descartes, Rene 45, 48, 56, 100-1,
207
destruction 25, 4 3
Deutsche, Rosalyn 29, 90, 94, 97, 100,
106, 122-4

DHSS 153
difference 57, 63, 176-9
Diggs, Peggy 15, 100, 102, 167-8.
169, 184, 207
digital imaging 179
Dine, Jim 49
disorder 57, 127, 190, 213 (n29)
Domartic Violence Milk Carton
167-8
domination, cultural 85-6
Dormer, Peter 15, 138
Doss, Erica 75
Douglas, Michael 138
Dring, Lilian 142
Drumrnond, Alan 144
Duncan, James 36, 43
Dunn, Peter 178-9
East Coast Memorial 82, 83
Eco, Umberto 89
ecological factors, barrage 113
ecological healing 182-6
Edward 11, Swansea 130
electronic technology 28, 179
Elsen, Albert 77
empowerment 43, 188; hospital staff
159; participation 103, 188; patient
162-3; performance art 100; urban
dwellers 43, 188, 199-202; workers
76-7
Epstein, Jacob 91
exclusion 32-4, 48-54, 213 (n27)
exclusivity 124
Fanny Adams group 53
Fanon, Frantz 66-7
fantasy 62-3, 88
Featherstone, Mike 101, 109
Felshin, Nina 55, 100, 102
feminine 44, 56-7, 70
feminist cultural criticism 88
feminist writers 5 3 4
Feuer, Wendy 134, 135
Findhorn Community 192
Fisher, Mark 105
Fishman, Robert 25
Forester, John 3 7
Forward (Mason) 77, 7 8 , 119
Foster, Hal 102
Foucault, Michel 19, 32, 37-8,
161
Four Contznents (French) 63-5
French, Daniel Chester 63-5
Freshman, Phil 81, 169
Frohnmayer, John 185
Fuller, Peter 97-8
Furuta, Hideo 118
INDEX
Gablik, Suzi: connectedness 56, 188;
ecological art 182; new genre public
art 172; The Reenchantment of Art
100-1, 102, 164-5, 183, 207-8; on
Serra 53, 89-90; simulation/reality
186-7
Gare, Aaren 201-2
gaze: masculine 44, 50, 54-5; medical
37-8, 161, 163, 232 (n43); planning
37-8; su~eillance21, 197; tourist 74
gendering: artists 53-4; body heat 50;
conceptlspace 1-2, 30, 43, 44, 45,
47, 50-1; difference 56-7; gaze 44,
50, 54-5; representation 47
Gentleman, David 138
gentrification 107-8
geography, women 53 4
George Washington sculpture 66
Gertz, Jochem 8, 80
Ghirardo, Diane 43, 100
di Giorgio, Francesco 41
Girardet, Herbert 28, 191
Glaser, Milton 135
Glasgow, European City of Culture 96
Goldsworthy, Andy 182
Gomila, Francis 97, 104, 222 (nl)
Goody, Joan 191
Gormley, Antony 5, 7, 87, 115, 116,
224 (n24)
Gott, -Ted 174
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jos6 de 71
graffiti 134, 195, 206
Grarnsci, Antonio 66, 68, 123, 200
Gran Fury 173, 174, 175
Greek city 29, 237 (n19); see also Athens
Green, Lynne 115, 117
Green, Oliver 134, 142
Greenberg, Clement 43
Greene, Lesley 147-8
Grey, Annabei 138, 143
grid planning 30-1, 42, 211 (n3)
Griffin, David Ray 167
Grimshaw, Nicholas 145
Griswald, Charles 81-2
Guilbaut, Serge 86
Guimard, Hector 133, 227 ( n l l )
Haacke, Hans 98
Haas, Richard 5, 10
Habermas, Jurgen 37
Haha group 174, 176
Halbreich, Kathy 94
Hall, Peter 199
Hamilton, David 138, 143
Harris, Stacey Paleologos 91, 94
Harrison, Helen and Newton 182
Harvey, David 29-30, 101, 194, 200
262 INDEX

Harvey, William 32, 4 8 Jackson, J. B. 25, 28-9, 41

Hasleden, Ron 115 Jackson, Peter 182
Haussmann, George Eugene 23, 32, 37, Jacob, Mary Jane 8, 100, 167, 176, 205
63, 213 (1126) Jacobs, Allan 190, 192
Hayden, Dolores 80, 101, 176, 177, Jacobs, Jane 34, 111, 133, 193, 197
193, 198 Jacobs, Jane M. 181-2
health care, role of art 160-3; see also Jagger, Charles Sergeant 69
National Health Service Jaray,Tess 5, 8, 11, 115, 203, 205
Heap of Birds, Edgar 102, 177, 179, Jaudon, Valerie 135, 136, 203
180, 181 Jencks, Charles 87, 9 3 4
Heartney, Eleanor 165, 179, 182, 186 John, Saint 27
Heath, Jane 96 Johnson, Edward 134
hegemony 66-7, 68, 123, 128-31, 220
(n4) Kaiser, Leland 160
Henri, Adrian 91 Kaprow, Alan 102
heritage culture 74, 75, 88, 106, 143 Karavan, Dany 8
Hernandez, Esther 173 Kastner, Jeffrey 8
Herrick, F. C. 143 Kauffer, E. McKnight 142-1
Hewison, Robert 74 Keep, P. 159
history and art 63-73, 81 Kings Fund 160
Hock, Louis 176 Kluge, Alexander 123
Hogarth, William 151 Korza 95-6, 97
Hoheisel, Horst 8 0 Kruger, Barbara 8, 55, 177-8
Holden, Charles 142
Holohan, Charles 15 1 La Trobe-Bateman, Richard 203
Holt , Nancy 135 Laboulaye, Edouard de 71, 73
Holtzer, Jenny 8, 80 Laclau, Ernesto 75
Holub, Renate 66-7 Lacy, Suzanne: Crystal Qtrilt 8, 100;
homelessness: Battery Park City 106; intervention 205; new genre public
London Underground 144; Los art 55-6, 101-2, 164, 183, 184;
Angeles 169; New York 122; as performances 167, 200; public art
pollution 105; railway stations framework 97; social healing 169
145 Laenen, Jean-Paul 147
hooks, bell 176, 177, 217-18 (n39) Lang, Fritz 25, 27
Horace Greelq sculpture 65-6 Lang, Peter 17, 25
Horne, David 74 Le Corbusier 27
House (Whiteread) 5, 9, 101, 148, 149, Leeson, Loraine 178-9
206 Lefebvre, Henri 39, 41, 44-6, 61,
Hughes, Graham 77 122-3, 177, 198, 200
Husain, Saddam 71 LeGates, Richard 190, 192, 199, 200,
Hutchinson, Fiona 153 20 1
Huxley, Paul 138 legitimacy 67-9, 87-8
Huysmans, Joris Karl 6 3 Leicester, Andrew 74-5, 135
hydroponics 174, 176 Levitas, Ruth 101
liberty, allegory 70, 71, 73
identity 58, 59-61, 73-4, 117, 218 (n2) Liberty, Statue of 7 1 , 7 3 4 , 2 19 (n16)
Illich, Ivan 33, 49, 151, 161, 169, 200, Lin, Maya 15, 81, 81, 135
208 Lippard, Lucy 165, 167, 177
individualism in art 15, 205 Liverpool 91-3
institutions 15, 85-6, 152-3, 209-10 local authorities, public art 96
(n13), 221 (n13) local people, public art 119, 124,
integration, public art 203, 205 126-8, 226 (n34)
interiority 44, 47-54 Loftman, Patrick 118
internet 8, 209 (n10) Lomax, Tom 115, 203
interventionist art 56, 205-8 London: A l h t Memorial 76; Ash Wall
investment art 110, 220 (1-141 205; Broadgate development 5 3, 89,
Irigaray, Luce 39, 54-5, 57, 217 (1135) 104, 110, 119; Coin Street 191;

Covent Garden 107; Docklands 105,
106, 107-8, 124-5, 178; Holly Street
191-2; Nelson's Column 76; Trafalgar
Square 20, 76; Villiers Street 21
London Underground: 'Changing
Stations' 136-42; Johnson's sans-serif
typeface 134; modernity 142-3;
nostalgia 143-4
Los Angeles 42, 43, 169, 177
Lowe, Nicholas 174
Lynch, Kevin 38, 193
McCarty, Marlene 173
McEwen, Indra Kagis 30, 4L
McEwen, John 93
McInnes, Shona 153
Mackay, David 205
Mackie, Jack 146
McLaughlin, Corinne 188, 192, 208
McLean, Bruce 125
McMillan, Michael 174
Magnus, Dieter 205
Maine, John 203
Malpede, John 169
Manglano-Ovalle, Inigo 172
Manhattan 22, 40
Mapp~ngthe Futures 101
Mapping the Terrain 101-2
Marcuse, Herbert 58, 61, 62-3
marginalisation 31, 34, 49-50, 105
masculine 56-7; see also gaze, masculine
Mason, Biddy 177
Mason, Raymond 77, 78, 115
Massey, Doreen 101; gendered space 39,
45, 50, 51; masculine view 54;
spaceltime 75-6; universals 88; visual
sense 111
Mazeaud, Dominique 8, 182, 1 8 3 4 ,
235 (1129)
meaning, production 67
medical science 56
mega-cities 189
men: as artists 53; gaze 44, 50, 54-5;
masculine principle 56-7; see also
gendering
metro stations, public art 133-6, 147-8,
227 ( n l 1); see also London
Underground
Metropolis (Lang) 25, 27
Meyer, Richard 173, 174
Miles, Malcolm 119
Miners' Memwial, Frostburg 74
Miss, Mary 121
M~stry,Dhruva 115, 117
Mitchell, Juliet 34
Mitchell, W . J. T. 73
Mitchell, William 61
INDEX
modernist art 13, 8 6 7 , 100-1,
165-7
modernity: city 25, 29-30, 189;
exclusion1confinement 33; function-
alism 133; nostalgia 142-4
Moffat, Donald 173
Molyneu, John 74
monument 73-6; anti-monuments 8, 58,
80-3; colonialism 2 18 (n 1); cultural
identity 58, 73-4; democratised
76-83; historylhegemony 63-73;
national identity 58, 59-61
Monument Guide (Darke) 60-1, 73
Moore, Henry 5, 16, 89, 97
Moscow metro 133, 227 (1112)
Moses, Robert 25
mother+hild image 54, 55, 57
Mouffe, Chantal 190, 205, 235 (n4)
Mozingo, Louise 50-1, 198
Mumford, Lewis 19, 28, 29, 212
(n13)
Munro, Nicholas 138
murals 8, 135
Myerscough, John 96, 108, 118
Nairne, Sandy 88
National Health Service: empowerment,
patientststaff 159, 162-3; institutional
art 152-3; national demonstration
projects 154-60; patients' abjection
161; public art 150; visual surround-
ingslrecovery 153, 158-60, 23 1 (1136)
native peoples, art 177, 179-82
naturalism 66, 70
Negt, Oskar 123
Nelson's Column 76
Nevin, Brendan 118
new genre public art 8, 55-6, 102-3,
164, 172, 183, 184
New York: City Hall Park sculpture 66;
Custom House monuments 63-5;
ecologylart 185; Greenacre Park 1 11,
196, 197; homelessness 122; Paley
Park 1 1 1, 194-6; subway 134-6;
zoning regulations 193, 198; see also
Battery Park City; Manhattan
Ngo, Viet 185-6, 187
NHSE 163, 200
Nochlin, Linda 53
Noguchi, Isamu 86, 87
nostalgia 106, 128, 142J
Oldenburg, Claes 98-9
originality 15, 205
otherness 176; see also difference
Otterness, Tom 147, 148
Owens, Craig 54
ownership: landlspace 2 14-1 5 (n4);
public art 135, 205
Ozymandias (Shelley) 67, 68
Pantheon, Rome 67-8
Paolozzi, Eduardo 138, 139
Papanek, Victor 208
Paris: Baudelaire 25; crime 28;
Haussmann 23, 32, 63; sexualised
215 (nl5)
Paris Metro 133, 148, 227 ( n l l )
Park, Robert 35, 37
participation 97, 103, 166, 188
Partners for Livable Places 190
patients: abjection 161; empowerment
162-3; recovery 153, 158-60, 231
(n36)
patriarchy 44
Patten, David 115
Patterson, Ian 160
people of colour 176
Percent for Art 5, 104, 110-11, 135,
146-7, 164
performance art 100, 108
perspective 23, 46
Petersheld, equestrian statue 60-1
Phaophanit, Vong 205
Philbin, Ann 173
Phillips, Patricia 14-1 5, 99-100, 102,
164, 167-8, 184, 207
photography, by women 55
Picasso, Pablo 45, 61
Pick, Frank 134, 136, 142, 227 (nl6,
1-119)
Piper, Adrian 176
place 74, 75; see also space
Planetree community health organisation
161, 162-3
planning: see urban planning
Platforms Piece 77, 79, 80, 219-20
(1-122)
Plunz, Richard 17
polis 29, 237 (1119)
Pollock, Griselda 53, 55
pollution 105-6
poor, marginalised 31, 34
popular culture 14, 25-8, 143, 202
posters: AIDS 16, 173, 175; Guerrilla
Girls 52, 53; resistance 125, 148;
transport 135-6, 142-3, 148, 228
(1119)
postmodernism 17, 165
The Power of Place, Los Angeles 101,
177-8
psychiatric patients, art studios 170-1
public art 1, 5-12; activism 84;
advocacy 3, 95-7, 104-6, 108-12,
191; criticism 3, 97-102; funding 5,
96, 115-28; health 150, 151-2,
154-60, 161, 162-3, 231 (1136);
histories 101-2; integration 203, 205;
interventionist 56, 205-8; as invest-
ment 110, 220 (n4); literature 3-4,
91-4; local authorities 96; and local
people 119, 124, 126-8, 226 (1-134);
monument 61; new genre 8, 55-6,
102-3, 164, 183; participation 97,
103, 166, 188; problematised 85-90;
public reception 12-15, 92, 238
(n35); social comment 147; as social
good 16, 111, 132; in streets 59;
;ourism 113; transport systems
1 3 2 4 9 ; urban decay 17; see also
institutions
public realm 100, 164, 207
Public School, USA 135, 146
public space 1-2, 40, 184, 193-202
public transport 132-3, 1 3 6 4 3 , 144-9
purification, abjection 50, 223 (n6)
Pym, William 128
railways 145, 147; see also metro stations
Randall-Page, Peter 182, 183
Raven, Arlene 85, 100, 165, 167
reality/simulation 186-7
Reason, David 113, 225 (1125)
reason, interiority 47-54
reclamation 56-7
Red House 126, 128, 129
The Reenchantment of Art (Gablik) 100-1,
102, 165, 183, 207-8
regeneration 112-1 3
Reiter, Wellington 138, 142, 147
representation: gendered 47; problem
41-3; space 39, 44-7, 56, 59
resistance 123; accepting difference 176;
city 123; digital imaging 179;
monument democratised 76-83;
posters 125, 148; strategies 54-7;
through vandalism ?05
Rigler, Malcolm 163
Rilke, Rainer Maria 25, 211 (n7)
Ringgold, Faith 146
Rittner, Luke 108
ritual 184
road-building protests 148
Roberts, Marion Salter 96
Roberts, William 143
Rodgers, Peter 108
Rodin, Auguste 76
Rogers, Alan 143
Rogers, Richard 105
 INDEX

Rollins, Tim 172 sociation 36, 112, 1 4 P 9 , 172

Rome, Pantheon 67-8
Rose, Barbara 53-4
Rose, Gillian 50, 56
Rosler, Martha 101, 102, 107, 123, 169
Ross, Nick 159
Roth, Moira 167
Rowland, Jon 201
ruin value theory 67
Russia, public sculpture 59
R~kwert,Joseph 29-30
R~sbrack,Michael 61
Salter, Miffa 193, 198
Sandle, Michael 68
Sassen, Saskia 106, 110, 114, 118
Savage, Mike 36, 37
Savitch, H. V. 107, 119
Scott, Gilbert 152
Scott, Giles Gilbert 76
Scott, Joyce 8, 13
sculpture 8, 16, 59, 112
Seattle 1 4 6 7 , 179-80, 195
Selwood, Sara 91, 96-7, 105, 110, 115,
118, 182
Sennett, Richard: circulation of city 32;
disorder 57, 127, 190; exclusion 33,
192; Flesh and Stone 30, 50; graffiti
134; interiority 44; legitimacy 68;
medieval city 28, 31, 191; public
transport 133; urban diversity 17, 18
sense impressions 47-8, 216 (n24)
Serra, Richard 5, 53, 87, 89-90, 205,
208
Shalev-Gertz, Esther 8, 80
Sharnash, Diane 180
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 67, 68
Sherman, Cindy 55
Shields, Rob 25, 39, 41
Short, John Rennie 38, 194
Sibley, David: car adverts 222 (n3);
Cardiff Bay 113; city boundaries 29,
31; gaze 54; pollutionlpurity 105-6,
223 (n6); purificationlabjection
49-50; zoning 35
Sierhuis, Jan 148
signifiers 39, 41, 215 ( n l l )
Simmel, Georg 34
simulations, and reality 186-7
Sisco, Elizabeth 176
slum-clearance 27-8
Smith, Adam 32
Smyth, Ned 121
social comment 147-8
social good 132, 189
social healing 169-76
social life, urban space 194-9
Soleri, Paolo 192
Sonfist, Alan 185
Sontag, Susan 161
Sorkin, Michael 191, 193-4
space: conceptions 46; gendered 30, 43,
44, 45, 47, 50-1; ideological 122-3;
internet 8, 209 (n10); ownership
2 14-1 5 (n4); production 44-5;
public/corporate 1-2, 40, 184,
193-202; representational 39, 59;
representations 39, 4 4 7 , 56, 59;
time 44-5, 75-6
Speer, Albert 67
splitting 33-4, 166-7
Spretnak, Charlene 165, 166, 187
St Louis, rail system 147
stained glass 152-3
statues 60-1, 71, 73-4, 77, 81; see also
sculpture
Stockholm Metro 147
Stout, Frederic 190, 192, 199, 200, 201
Strange Days 191
street furniture 203
street life 194-9
street plans 41-2
stress, visual surroundings 158-60
suburbia 25
Subvmsive Imagination 101
subways: see metro stations
Sunderland 125-8
surveillance 21, 197
sustainability 105, 188, 192-3,
207-8
Swindon, public art 118-19
Sztaray, Susan 178
tapestry 153
taste 16, 92, 97, 111, 152
Tebby, Susan 153
Tele-VecinLrio project 172
Thamesdown Borough Council 118-1 9
tiling 138, 152
Tilted Arc 89, 90, 165
time, space 44-5, 75-6
Tipping, Chris 138, 143, 144
tourism 74, 113, 143, 179, 181-2
Townsend, Peter 91, 93-4
toxic waste 185
Trafalgar Square 20, 76
Ukeles, Mierle Laderman 8, 102, 182,
183, 184, 200
Ulrich, Roger 159
underclass 27, 134
urban crisis 17, 194, 208
Urban Design Group 192-3, 200-1
INDEX

urban development 105-6; alternative Wates, Nick 201

discourse 190-3; case studies 115-28; Watkinson, Cate 155, 156, 157
future 189; hegemony 128-3 1; local Watney, Simon 173
people 107-8; regeneration 112-1 3 Weekes, John 153
urban dwellers 43, 188, 199-202 Weems, Carrie Mae 177
urban ethnography 34-5 Wehn, James 179
urban planning: action planning 201; Weinstein, Jeff 169, 174
Baroque to Enlightenment 23; White, John 47
community-centred 191, 201; grid Whireread, Rachel 5, 9, 101, 148, 149,
system 30-1, 42, 21 1 (n3); mantism 206
200; public art 188; sociology 36; Whyte, W . H. 14, 51, 94, 111, 114,
zoning 3 1-8 189; Street Life Project 194-7, 199 1
Urban Renaisjance (Arts Council) 108-9. Widgery, David 124-5
113 Wigley, Mark 27, 29, 33, 38, 42
Urry, John 74 Wilbourne, Colin 8
USA: art and participation 97; health Willett, John: allegory 70; Arts Council
and art 152, 153, 154; public art 1 11; Liverpool 91-3; monument 61;
95-6; public transport 144-9; see also public art 85; St John's transformed
city 27; taste 16, 95
i
individual cities
Wilson, Elizabeth 23, 31, 38, 51
value structures 62, 67 Wilson, Larkin 159
van Bruggen, Coosje 98-9 Winkel, Gary 151
Vance, Carol 168 Wirth, Louis 36-7
vandalism 128, 130, 205 Withymoor Village Surgery 163
Venice 31 Wodiczko, Krz~sztof8, 80, 81, 169
victory, allegory 7 1, 7 3 Wolff, Janet 5 1
women: art history 33-11; artists 100, \
Victory A d , Baghdad 71, 73
Villiers Street, London 21 168; feminine principle 44, 56-7, 70,
j

Vilmouth, Jean-Luc 145 marginalised 49-50; medical gaze 218

violence 61, 169, 172, 208, 217 (1129) (n42); representations 2 17 (1129);
visual art, privileged 111 urban space 50-1; see also gendering
Visnal Dallas 114 Wood, F. Dement 69
visual surroundings, health 153, 158-60 Woodin, Mary 143
Vorticism 143 Woods, Lebbeus 25, 43

Wallis, Brian 100, 169 Young, Gordon 8, 203, 204

Walters, Ian 66 Young, James 80
war, idealised in art 68-9
war memorials 61 Zadkine, Ossip 92
Ward, Dick 153 zoning 31-4; Cartesian 45; as classifica-
Ward, John 66 tion 38; concentric 35-6, 106, 118,
Warde, Alan 36, 37 199; cultural exclusion 5 1-11; New
Warner, Marina 70, 73-4 York 193, 198; social 105-6; by
Washington metro 133-4 usage 34, 193
waste recycling 184 Zukin, Sharon 38, 59, 57, 110, 117