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The noise temperature of sky is about ____
K. Ans. 30 K
In the context of error detection in satellite
transmission, ARQ stands for: Ans.
Automatic Repeat Request
To cover all inhabited regions of the Earth,
the number of geosynchronous
communication satellites required: Ans. 3
In envelope detection of an AM waveform:
Ans. Both side bands and full-amplitude
carrier are needed
Shannon's Law relates: Ans. noise power
to bandwidth
DWDM stands for: Ans. Dense
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
The loss in single-mode fiber-optic cable due
to a connector is about: Ans. 0.2 dB
Satisfactory performance of a digital
microwave system requires a: Ans. good
energy per bit per noise density ratio
A "circulator" is a device that: Ans.
separates signals among various ports
An "isolator" is a device that: Ans. allows a
signal to pass in one direction only
The dominant mode of a waveguide depends
on: Ans. the shape of the waveguide
The "attenuation of free space" is due to:
Ans. the decrease in energy per square
meter due to expansion of the wavefront
High-speed modems equalize the line to
compensate for: Ans. uneven phase and
frequency response
An advantage of using a switch instead of a
hub is: Ans it reduces the number of
collisions in large networks
The Shannon Limit is given by: Ans. C = B
log2(1 + S/N)
To demodulate both SSB and DSBSC, you
need to: Ans. reinject the carrier
The "envelope" of an AM signal is due to:
Ans. the amplitude signal
In changing the frequency of a cavity, an
adjustable slug or screw is placed in the area
of maximum E lines. The distance d
represents the distance between two
capacitor plates. As the slug is moved in, the
distance between the two plates becomes
smaller and the capacitance increases. The
increase in capacitance causes a decrease
in the resonant frequency. This is known as:
Ans. Capacitive coupling
In rectangular waveguides, as the probe of
the probe coupler increases in diameter, the
bandwidth: Ans. Increases
For the most efficient coupling to the
waveguide: Ans. the loop is inserted at
one of several points where the magnetic
field will be of greatest strength.
In microwave systems, what is known as a
mode at which it is perpendicular to the
length of the waveguide (direction of energy
travel) and part of the magnetic field is
parallel to the length axis? Ans. TE mode
Refresher Course
Radio propagation was predicted
mathematically by : Ans. James Clerk
Maxwell
Who was the first to successfully transmit
wireless radio signals through Earth’s
atmosphere? Ans. Guglielmo Marconi
The first complete system of wireless
communications was provided by: Ans.
Guglielmo Marconi
It is a metallic conductor system used to
transfer electrical energy from one point to
another using electrical current flow. Ans.
Transmission lines
Collection of electronic components and
circuits that accept the transmitted message
from the channel and convert it back into a
form understandable by humans. Ans.
Receiver
It is a medium or any physical facility used to
propagate electromagnetic signals between
two locations in a communications system.
Ans. Transmission medium
Who invented frequency modulation? Ans.
Howard Armstrong
Receiving electromagnetic emission from
stars is called: Ans. Radio astronomy
It is where the electronic signal is sent from
one place to another. Ans. channel
It is a collection of electronic components
and circuits designed to convert the
information into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given communication
medium. Ans. transmitter
It is a broad general term applied to any form
of wireless communication from one point to
another. Ans. Radio
It is the frequency range over which an
information signal is transmitted or over
which a receiver or other electronic
equipment operate. Ans. bandwidth
What is the seventh harmonic of 360 kHz?
Ans. 2520 kHz
It deals with lattices, bonding and behaviour
of splices of crystal material that have been
cut at various angles with respect to the
crystal’s axes. Ans. Crystallography
Which of the following crystals is commonly
used in microphones? Ans. Rochelle salt
Which of the following crystals is often used
for frequency control in oscillators? Ans.
Synthetic quartz
Regardless of whether information is analog
or digital, these signals are referred to as
_________. Ans. baseband
The entire range of frequencies is referred to
as _________. Ans. electromagnetic
spectrum
Ionospheric irregularity caused by solar
flares, which are gigantic emissions of
hydrogen from the sun. Ans. Sudden
ionospheric disturbances, Dillenger
fadeouts, Mogul-Delliger fadeouts
An AM signal without the carrier is called
______. Ans. DSB
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An SSB transmitter has a PEP rating of 1
kilowatts. The average output power is in the
range of : Ans. 250 to 333 W
As a result of reflections from a plane
conducting wall, electromagnetic waves
acquire an apparent velocity of light in space.
Ans. phase velocity
When electromagnetic waves are reflected at
an angle from a wall, their wavelength along
the wall is: Ans. greater than in the actual
direction of propagation
When a particular mode is excited in a
waveguide, there appears an extra electric
component, in the direction of propagation.
The resulting mode is: Ans. transverse
magnetic
The useful power of the transmitter that is
contained in the radiated pulses is termed as
______. Ans. peak power
In radars, the time between pulses is called
______. Ans. rest time
In radars, the duration of the pulse is: Ans.
pulse width
A signal propagated in a waveguide has a
full wave electric intensity change between
two further walls, and no component of the
electric field in the direction of propagation.
The mode is: Ans. TE20
In waveguides, if no component of the E field
is in the direction of propagation the mode is
said to be: Ans. TE
Waveguides act as _____. Ans. high pass
filter
The resonant frequency of a cavity may be
varied by changing any of these parameters
except: Ans. cavity resistance
The smallest free-space wavelength that is
just unable to propagate in the waveguide:
Ans. cutoff wavelength
In waveguides, it is the velocity at which the
wave changes phase: Ans. phase velocity
In waveguides, it is the velocity at which the
wave propagates: Ans. group velocity
The maximum power that may be handled by
a ferrite component is limited by the: Ans.
curie temperature
Type of diversity where the output of the
transmitter is fed to two or more antennas
that are physically separated by an
appreciable wavelengths: Ans. space
diversity
A type of diversity where a single RF carrier
is propagated with two different
electromagnetic polarization. Ans.
polarization diversity
Type of diversity which consists of a
standard frequency diversity path where the
two transmitter/receiver pair at one end of
the path are separated from each other and
connected to different antennas that are
vertically separated as in space diversity:
Ans. hybrid diversity
The imaginary line on the carrier waveform of
the amplitude modulated signal is called
__________. Ans. envelope
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It is a form of amplitude modulation in which
the carrier is transmitted at full power, but
only one of the sidebands is transmitted.
Ans. SSBFC
With single-sideband full carrier, 100%
modulation would mean a carrier power of
how many percent of the total transmitted
power? Ans. 80%
It is a form of amplitude modulation in which
the carrier is suppressed and one of the
sidebands removed. Ans. SSBSC
It is a form of amplitude modulation in which
one sideband is totally removed and the
carrier voltage is reduced to approximately
10% of its unmodulated amplitude. Ans.
SSBRC
It is a form of amplitude modulation in which
a single carrier frequency is independently
modulated by two different modulating signal.
Ans. independent sideband
It is the process of modifying the
characteristic of one signal in accordance
with some characteristic of another signal.
Ans. modulation
Indicate the false statement regarding the
advantages of the phase cancellation
method of obtaining SSB over the filter
method is false: Ans. transmitter circuits
must be stable, giving better spectrum
Indicate which one of the following
advantages of the phase cancellation
method of obtaining SSB over the filter
method is false: Ans. There are more
balanced modulators, therefore the
carrier is suppressed better
It is a type of fading caused by so-called
Faraday effect or Faraday rotation. Ans.
polarization fading
Radio horizon is _________ greater than the
optical horizon. Ans. one-third
An increase in temperature with height which
gives rise to superrefraction or ducting is
known as _________. Ans. temperature
inversion
A region in which superrefraction occurs
which is formed in the troposphere when the
layer of cool air becomes trapped
underneath a layer of warmer air. Ans. duct
A range of frequency little attenuated by the
atmosphere is called. Ans. window
It is defined as either of two acute angles
formed by the intersection of the two portions
of the tropospheric scatter beam tangent to
the earth’s surface. Ans. scatter angle
It is a device that permits two different
transmitters to operate with a single antenna.
Ans. diplexer
It is a gradual shift in polarization of the
signal in the medium. Ans. faraday effect
A diversity scheme wherein the receiver
receives two fading signals from two different
directions. Ans. angle diversity
The radio wavelength known as _________
falls within the medium frequency range.
Ans. hectometric wave
Refresher Course
The frequency band used as sub-carriers, or
signals which carry the baseband modulating
information but in turn modulate another
higher-frequency carrier is _________. Ans.
LF
The range of frequency band termed as
super high frequency (SHF) is within
_________. Ans. 3-30 GHz
What effect do sunspots have on the
ionosphere? Ans. makes more dense and
irregular
What is a double-hop signal? Ans.
ionosphere, ground, ionosphere and back
to ground
What is the major cause of fading? Ans.
ionosphere variation
Where is the skip zone? Ans. between end
of ground and first reflected wave
What wave is the same day or night? Ans.
ground
Why do HF communications system shift
frequencies at different times of day? Ans. to
take advantage of best reflected signals
Scatter transmission is used at what
frequencies? Ans. VHF and UHF
A wide – bandwidth multi-element driven
array is the ______. Ans. log-periodic
It is a linear array antenna consisting of a
dipole and two or more parasitic elements:
one reflector and one director. Ans. yagi-
uda antenna
An antenna which is consists of a cone that
is truncated in a piece of circular waveguide.
Ans. circular horn antenna
Which antenna has a unidirectional radiation
pattern and gain? Ans. yagi
An antenna formed by placing two dipoles at
right angles to each other, 90 degrees out of
phase. Ans. turnstile antenna
What is the bandwidth ration of log-periodic
antenna? Ans. 10:1
Which beam width represents the best
antenna directivity? Ans. 7 degrees
It is the ratio of the highest to the lowest
frequency over which an antenna will
satisfactorily operate. Ans. bandwidth ratio
It is simply a single-turn coil of wire that is
significantly shorter than one wavelength and
carries RF current. Ans. loop antenna
It is group of antenna arrays that when
connected together, function as a simple
antenna whose beamwidth and direction can
be changed electronically without having to
physically move any of the individual
antennas or antenna elements within the
array. Ans. phased array antenna
Conductors in multi-element antennas that
do not receive energy directly from the
transmission line are known as ______. Ans.
parasitic element
The horizontal radiation pattern of a vertical
dipole is a ____________. Ans. circle
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It is a broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is
suited for applications for which radiating
circular rather than horizontal or vertical
polarized electromagnetic waves are
required. Ans. helical antenna
Mode of propagation of helical antenna
where electromagnetic radiation is in the
direction at right angles to the axis of the
helix. Ans. normal mode
Mode of propagation of helical antenna
where the radiation of the antenna in the
axial direction and produces a broadband
relatively directional pattern. Ans. axial
mode
In a Yagi antenna, maximum direction of
radiation is toward the: Ans. director
It is defined as the ratio of the antennas
maximum gain in the forward direction to its
maximum gain in its backward direction.
Ans. front-to-back ratio
An antenna that provides extremely high gain
and directivity and very popular for
microwave radio and satellite
communications link. Ans. parabolic
antenna
Part of a parabolic antenna that houses the
primary antenna which radiates
electromagnetic waves toward the reflector.
Ans.feed mechanism
Which dielectric material has a much lower
dielectric loss than conventional insulating
materials and is used In waveguides? Ans.
air
If the frequency of a signal is decreased so
much that ______ quarter-wavelengths are
longer than the wide dimension of a
waveguide, energy will no longer pass
through the waveguide. Ans. two
Compared to the velocity of propagation of
waves in air, what is the velocity of waves in
waveguides? Ans. slower
The travel of energy down a waveguide
compared to the travel of electromagnetic
waves in free space is _______. Ans.
similar but not identical
A ______ is a data communication system
spanning states, countries, or the whole
world. Ans. WAN
_______ refers to two characteristics: when
data should be sent and how fast it can be
sent. Ans. timing
This was the first network. Ans. ARPANET
A television broadcast is an example of
_______ transmission. Ans. simplex
Which topology requires a central controller
or hub? Ans. star
The _______ layer is the layer closest to the
transmission medium. Ans. physical
When data are transmitted from device A to
device B, the header from A's layer 4 is read
by B's _______ layer. Ans. transport
The physical layer is concerned with the
movement of _______ over the physical
medium. Ans. bits
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In the OSI model, when data is transmitted
from device A to device B, the header from
A's layer 5 is read by B's _______ layer.
Ans. session
In the OSI model, what is the main function
of the transport layer? Ans. process-to-
process message delivery
To deliver a message to the correct
application program running on a host, the
_______ address must be consulted. Ans.
port
The ______ layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next. Ans.
data link
The _______ layer ensures interoperability
between communicating devices through
transformation of data into a mutually agreed
upon format. Ans presentation
TCP/IP is a ______ hierarchical protocol
suite developed ____ the OSI model. Ans.
five-layer; before
________ is a type of transmission
impairment in which the signal loses strength
due to the different propagation speeds of
each frequency that makes up the signal.
Ans. distortion
A _________ sine wave is not useful in data
communications; we need to send a
_______ signal. Ans. single-frequency;
composite
Which encoding method uses alternating
positive and negative values for 1s? Ans.
AMI
___________ conversion involves three
techniques: line coding, block coding, and
scrambling. Ans. digital to digital
_______ provides redundancy to ensure
synchronization and inherent error detection.
Ans. block coding
________ provides synchronization without
increasing the number of bits. Ans.
scrambling
In decoding a digital signal, the receiver
calculates a running average of the received
signal power, called the _______. Ans.
baseline
The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZL are
combined into the ________ scheme. Ans.
Manchester
The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZI are
combined into the ________ scheme. Ans.
Differential Manchester
One eight-bit PCM code is called ______.
Ans. TDM frame
A special device that upgrades signals from
one level to a higher level of the hierarchy in
multiplexing. Ans. Muldem
A transmission of binary data which involves
the transmission of only a single non-zero
voltage level. Ans. Unipolar
Determines the angular aperture of the
reflector, which indirectly determines how
much the primary radiation is reflected by the
parabolic dish. Ans. aperture number
Refresher Course
Type of feed mechanism where the primary
radiating source is located just behind a
small opening at the vertex of the paraboloid
rather than at the focus. Ans. cassegrain
feed
Discone radiation pattern is: Ans.
omnidirectional
Which is properly terminated antenna? Ans.
rhombic
An example of a marconi antenna is
_______. Ans. quarter wave vertical tower
At the ends of a half-wave antenna, what
values of current and voltage exist compared
to the remainder of the antenna? Ans.
maximum voltage and minimum current
What is the directivity of a Hertz antenna?
Ans. 1.64
The standard reference antenna for the
directive gain is the _______. Ans.
isotropic antenna
An antenna which is one-quarter wavelength
long, mounted vertically with the lower end
either connected directly to ground or
grounded through the antenna coupling
network. Ans. monopole antenna
A metallic array that resembles a spoke
wheel placed at the top of an antenna, it
increases the shunt capacitance to ground
reducing the overall antenna capacitance.
Ans. top loading
Indicate the antenna that is not wideband:
Ans. Marconi
Why are verticals sometimes top-loaded?
Ans. to resonate on low frequency
Why is pi-network superior to direct coupling
to an antenna? Ans. reduce harmonic
radiation
Why might L networks be used between an
antenna and transmission line? Ans. step
impedance up
Why are antenna ammeters often shorted
out or disconnected from the antenna except
when readings are desired? Ans. to protect
from lightning
Device to split transmission line current to
two or more antenna towers Ans. phasor
circuit
Helical antenna are often used for satellite
tracking at VHF because of: Ans. the
Faraday effect
A ship-to-ship communication system is
plagued by fading. The best solution seem to
use of : Ans. frequency diversity
It is defined as the ratio of the electric field
intensity of the reflected wave to that of the
incident wave: Ans. reflection coefficient
The surface wave is effective only at
frequencies below about _________ MHz.
Ans. 3
What wave propagation are attenuated within
a few miles? Ans. ground
What happens to wave velocity as it passes
from air to ionosphere? Ans. increases
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What wavelength radiations tend to be
transmitted entirely between ionosphere and
earth? Ans. long
If the active time of the binary pulse is less
than 100% of the bit time. Ans. Return to
zero
A mainframe computer connected to multiple
terminals and PCs usually uses which
configuration? Ans. star
How many voice channels are there in
supermaster group? Ans. 900
In a PAM/TDM system, keeping the
multiplexer and DEMUX channels step with
one another is done by a: Ans. sync pulse
It is a popular type of line encoding that
produces a strong timing component for
clock recovery and does not cause
wandering Ans. Digital biphase, diphase,
Manchester code
Statistical TDMs are also called; Ans
Intelligent TDMs, Asynchronous TDM,
Stat mux
A chip that combines the codec and filter
functions in the same LSI chip Ans. Combo
chip
It is the basic building block of FDM
hierarchy. Ans. Message channel
It is the next higher level in the FDM
hierarchy above the basic message channel
and consequently is the first multiplexing
step for combining message channels. Ans.
Group
It is the modulating signal in a
communications system Ans. Baseband
What type of mastergroup that can be further
multiplexed and used for higher-capacity
microwave radio systems? Ans. U600
It is the same with FDM, where several
signals are transmitted using different
carriers, occupying non-overlapping bands of
frequency and wavelengths. Ans. Wave
division multiplexing
In order to separate channels in the TDM
receiver, it is necessary to use. Ans. AND
gates
To separate channels in an FDM receiver, it
is necessary to use: Ans. bandpass filters
In FDM, multiple signals: Ans. share a
common bandwidth
Frequency modulation in FDM usually
accomplished with a : Ans. VCO
It comprises of either a single L600
mastergroup or up to three U600
mastergroups Ans. Radio channel
It is a multiplexing system similar to
conventional time-division multiplexing
except that it was developed to be used with
optical fibers. Ans. SONET
What method can be used to determine the
feed-point impedance of a vertical antenna?
Ans. resistance substitution
Polarization named for _________
component of the wave? Ans. static
Excel Review Center
The constellation diagram of QPSK has
______ dots. Ans. 4
The sharing of a medium and its link by two
or more devices is called _______. Ans.
multiplexing
In TDM, the transmission rate of the
multiplexed path is usually _______ the sum
of the transmission rates of the signal
sources. Ans. greater than
Which multiplexing technique involves
signals composed of light beams? Ans.
WDM
________ can be achieved by using
multiplexing; ______ can be achieved by
using spreading. Ans. Efficiency; privacy
and antijamming
In ________ TDM, each input connection
has an allotment in the output even if it is not
sending data. Ans. synchronous
_______ is designed to be used in wireless
applications in which stations must be able to
share the medium without interception by an
eavesdropper and without being subject to
jamming from a malicious intruder. Ans.
Spread spectrum
Signals with a frequency below 2 MHz use
_______ propagation. Ans. ground
Signals with a frequency above 30 MHz use
_______propagation. Ans. line of sight
Signals with a frequency between 2 MHz and
30 MHz use ______ propagation. Ans. sky
Circuit switching takes place at the ________
layer. Ans. physical
A _________ network is a cross between a
circuit-switched network and a datagram
network. It has some characteristics of both.
Ans. virtual circuit
The network layer in the Internet is designed
as a __________ network. Ans. datagram
The _______ address in the header of a
packet in a datagram network normally
remains the same during the entire journey
of the packet. Ans. destination
In an HFC network, the downstream data are
modulated using the _______ modulation
technique. Ans. QAM
In ________signaling, a portion of the
bandwidth is used for signaling and another
portion for data. Ans. out of band
Most popular modems available are based
on the ________standards. Ans. V series
In ________ error correction, the receiver
corrects errors without requesting
retransmission. Ans. forward
We can divide coding schemes into two
broad categories: ________ and
______coding. Ans. block; convolution
The ________ between two words is the
number of differences between
corresponding bits. Ans. Hamming distance
Checksums use _________ arithmetic. Ans.
one's complement arithmetic
Refresher Course
_______ control refers to a set of procedures
used to restrict the amount of data that the
sender can send before waiting for
acknowledgment. Ans. Flow
The most common protocol for point-to-point
access is the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP),
which is a _________protocol. Ans. byte-
oriented
It is the result pf non-uniform gain in
amplifiers and filters. Ans. amplitude
distortion
It is a result of harmonic and intermodulation
distortion and is caused by non-linear
amplification. Ans. frequency distortion
When modulation requires a much higher
amplitude modulating signal to achieve a
reasonable percent modulation, this is called:
Ans. high-level modulation
Amplitude modulators that vary the carrier
amplitude with the modulating signal by
passing it through an attenuator work on
principle of: Ans. variable resistance
A circuit which function is to raise the
amplitude of the source signal to a usable
level while producing minimum nonlinear
distortion adding as little thermal noise as
possible. Ans. preamplifier
A circuit that has a low-gain, high-input
impedance linear amplifier which is used to
isolate the oscillator from the high-power
amplifiers. Ans. buffer amplifier
A circuit that monitors the received signal
level and sends a signal back to the RF and
IF amplifiers to adjust their gain
automatically. Ans. automatic gain control
It is the minimum RF signal level that can be
detected at the input to the receiver and still
produce a usable demodulated information
signal. Ans. sensitivity
For ideal AM: Ans. m = 1
It is defined as the difference in decibels
between the minimum input level necessary
to discern the signal and the input level that
will overdrive the receiver and produce
distortion. Ans. dynamic range
A long period with lack of any solar activity.
Ans. Maunder period
As a ground-wave signal moves away from
the transmitter, the ground wave eventually
disappears due to the: Ans. tilting
It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere
where all weather disturbances takes place.
Ans. Troposphere
It is the lower limit of the range of
frequencies that provide useful
communication between two given points by
the way of the ionosphere. Ans. LUF
It causes the picture information to spread
out or crowded at one end of the rater
compared to the opposite end. Ans. Non-
linear scanning
It is the area that lies between the outer limit
of the ground-wave range and the inner edge
of energy return from the ionosphere. Ans.
skip zone
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Variations brought about by the rotation of
the earth around its axis. Ans. diurnal
variation
Function of data link protocol that
coordinates the rate at which data are
transported over a link and generally
provides an acknowledgement mechanism
that ensures that data are received in the
destination. Ans. Flow control
A classification of protocol, which is a
discipline for a serial-by-bit information
transfer over data communications channel.
Ans. Bit-oriented protocol
A LAN device that interconnects two or more
device running identical internetwork
protocols. Ans. Routers
The magnitude of a quantum in quantization
of PCM codes. Ans. Resolution
Higher order TDM levels are obtained by :
Ans. dividing pulse widths
Results when the sample exceeds the
highest quantization interval: Ans. Overload
distortion
Chromatic dispersion can be eliminated by
__________. Ans. using a monochromatic
light source
It is a graphical representation of the
magnitude of the refractive index across the
fiber. Ans. index profile
Pulse code modulation is preferred to PAM
because of its: Ans. superior noise
immunity
In basic radio transmitter, the main
advantage of a single-tube transmitter is:
Ans. Frequency instability
The most common circuit used for
demodulating binary FSK signals: Ans.
phase locked loop
It is caused by the difference in the
propagation time of light rays that take
different paths down the fiber. Ans. modal
dispersion
Amplitude modulation generated at a very
low voltage or power amplitude is known as :
Ans. low-level modulation
In an SSB transmitter, one is most likely to
find a : Ans. class A RF output amplifier
The section of the receiver than down-
converts the received RF frequencies to
intermediate frequencies. Ans. mixer
The circuit that demodulates the AM wave
and converts it to the original information
signal. Ans. detector
It is the input power range over which the
receiver is useful. Ans. dynamic range
It is defined as the output power when the
RF amplifier response is 1-dB less than the
ideal linear gain response. Ans. 1-dB
compression point
It is the measure of the ability of a
communications system to produce, at the
output of the receiver, an exact replica of the
original source information. Ans. fidelity